Self-perceptions of leadership skills of 4-H volunteers attending the 2000 South Region 4-H Volunteer Leader Forum - Glen Edward Wolfenbarger [Jr.] (University of Tennessee, 2001)

Unethical practices in exhibiting animals as observed by West Virginia Extension agents and high school agriculture teachers - Jared N. Nestor (West Virginia University, 2001)

Usefulness and timeliness of information resources used by extension agents - Jari Sanae Sugano (Michigan State University, 2001)

Youth, family and club experiences and adult civic development - Beth E. Van Horn (Penn State University, 2001)
Purpose of the study was to ascertain the extent to which youthful participation in various types of organizations and activities are associated with adult involvement and leadership. Data for the analysis was obtained from a mail survey of 48 4-H alumni and 81 of their non-4-H peers matched on high school class, gender, level and type of extracurricular activity as documented in high school year books and who graduated between 1980 and 1985 from a high school in south-central PA. Religious participation and community service involvement were linked respectively with adult engagement in adult religious activity and various forms of adult community service, including social/service/ professional activities and participation in youth-centered activities and leadership roles. Youth involvement in sports and social cultural activities did not lead to adult participation in the variables studied. There was no evidence that 4-H membership was associated with later adult participation.

4-H teens as science teachers of children - R. Ponzio; S. Jung; Martin H. Smith; S. S. Mangalallan; K. Peterson (Advances in Youth Development Programming, 2000)

An analysis of leadership life skills development through 4-H in the North Texas district - Patricia Gail-Fountain Richey (Texas A&M University, 2000)

Balancing family, volunteer and work roles: The relationship among strategies, situations and satisfaction - Janet E. Fox (University of Nebraska, 2000)

Beliefs about change in the Indiana 4-H/Youth Development Program: A case study analysis - Renee Krieg McKee (Purdue University, 2000)

A comparison of traditional and World Wide Web methodologies, computer anxiety and higher order thinking skills in the in-service training of Mississippi 4-H extension agents - Julie Steadman Sexton (Mississippi State University, 2000)

A description of community service projects conducted by Oklahoma 4-H'ers - Kyle K. Worthington (Oklahoma State University, 2000)

Development and formative evaluation of a 4-H environmental education curriculum - Carrie Elise Hartz (University of Minnesota, 2000)

Differences in the solution-oriented conflict style of selected groups of 4-H youth development volunteer leaders - Mary Deen (Journal of Extension, 2000)

The educational value of 4-H activities as perceived by Louisiana 4-H agents - Michael F. Burnett; Earl Crawford Johnson; Lanette Hebert (Journal of Agricultural Education, 2000)

The educational value of 4-H activities as perceived by Louisiana 4-H agents - Michael F. Burnett; Earl Crawford Johnson; L. Herbert (Journal of Agricultural Education, 2000)
The primary purpose of the study was to determine the educational value of 4-H activities as perceived by Louisiana 4-H agents. Data were obtained using a research designed survey completed by 914 agents. Findings indicated that 4-H camp had the highest educational value rating and was the only activitiy perceived as having a very high educational value. Activities recommended for addition were: career development events, area short course, wildwood wanderings, agriculture in the classroom and health and fitness activities. Researchers recommended that any program identified for elimination be further examined on the basis of the number of clientele being reached.

Efectividad comparativa de dos methodos de ensenanza para el adiestramiento de jovenes 4-H para la competencia en cafe (Trans. title: Effective comparison of two teaching methods to train 4-H youngsters for the coffee competition) - Angel A. Rivera Nazario (University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez, 2000)

Effectiveness of the Indiana 4-H Tractor Program at Instilling Safe Tractor Operating Behaviors and Attitudes in Youth - H. Carrabbam; W. E. Field; Roger L. Tormoehlen; B. Talbert (Journal of Agricultural Safety and Health, 2000)
Also see Journal of Agricultural Education

The effects of a supervised educational gardening program on participants relative to eight critical elements of youth development - Jacqueline Rene Lansman (University of Missouri, 2000)

Enrollment in Arapahoe County 4-H - John L Adams (Regis University, Denver, 2000)
Degree as indicated

Evaluation of the International 4-H Youth Exchange (IFYE) program - Mary Elizabeth Williams (West Virginia University, 2000)

An evaluation of the Pennsylvania 4-H sports fish program: Children's attitudes, motivations and constraints towards angling - Marisa E. Oliva (Penn State University, 2000)

Factors influencing the retention of adult volunteer leaders in the Louisiana Cooperative Extension Service 4-H program - Ismet Boz (Louisiana State University, 2000)

Factors that influence reenrollment of youth ages nine through twelve in Muskegon County 4-H club programs - Betty A. Shelby (Michigan State University, 2000)

A focused look at using project-based learning to prepare youth for the work place and life - Kari Fruechte (University of Minnesota, Duluth, 2000)
Master of Education degree

A focused look at using project-based learning to prepare youth for the work place and life - Julie Knobloch (University of Minnesota, Duluth, 2000)
Master of Education degree

Identifying effective collaboration strategies among nonprofit and public youth serving agencies - Anthony J. Castiglia (Arizona State University, 2000)

Marketing strategies for recruiting 4-H members in West Virginia - Gary J. Wingenbach; Cheryl Nestor; Layle D. Lawrence; Stacey A. Gartin; Jean Marie Woloshuk; Patricia Mulkeen (Journal of Agricultural Education, 2000)
The purpose of this study was to learn which 4-H marketing methods and messages influenced West Viriginia youth to join the program. 4-H youth between the ages of 13 to 18 were surveyed to determine the most effective methods. Electronic media and word-of-mouth were considered the most effective methods for recruiting. Active messages, particularly those stressing camps, fun, friendships were considered the most effective marketing messages for retaining youth in the 4-H program. A statewide plan needs to be developed using those methods and messages was the conclusion.

A model linking formal and informal education: Field trips, curriculum standards and the 4-H children's garden at Michigan State University - Stacy Lynn Messenger (Michigan State University, 2000)

Motivation and recognition preferences of 4-H volunteers - Susan Fritz; John E. Barbuto Jr.; David Marx; Arlen Etling; Shawn Burrow (Journal of Agricultural Education, 2000)
This study explored motives and identified strategies for service recognition of a sample (714) of Nebraska 4-H organizational andproject volunteer leaders. On average, volunteers sampled were 43 years of age, parents of children in 4-H, and had been involved as a 4-H member more than 7 years. Respondents were predominately motivated by affiliation, and, therefore, identified most strongly with volunteering because of a desire to help others, associate with youth, and to be with their children involved in 4-H. Volunteers preferred to be recognizedfor their service by 4-H members in various forms. No relationship was established between motives to volunteer and preferred forms of recognition.

The organizational commitment of Ohio State adult 4-H volunteers - Chang-lung Hsieh (Ohio State University, 2000)

Perceived job satisfaction and self-efficacy of 4-H professionals - Paula Marie Davis (Auburn University, 2000)

Perceptions of South Dakota youths and adults regarding the impact of youth development 4-H programs - Carolyn Lee Clague (South Dakota State University, 2000)

Quality middle school after school programs - Spring A. Williams (Concordia University, 2000)

Recruiting and retaining minority 4-H volunteers in Tampa Bay area, Florida - Diana Lanier Smith (Michigan State University, 2000)

The self-perceived impact of participation in the Texas 4-H council by former council members - Kalico Karr (Texas Tech University, 2000)

Self-perceived leadership and life skills of youth involved in the 4-H Teen Leadership Training Camp and the summer camp staffs of the Trapper Trail Council Boy Scouts of America - David William Francis (Utah State University, 2000)

Small farm rabbit production and consumer demands in South Texas - Andrea Alejandra Vidal (Texas A&M University, Kingsville, 2000)

A study of adult volunteers and their perceptions of selected aspects of the Oklahoma 4-H shooting sports program - Tomas Joe Manske (Oklahoma State University, 2000)

Value of adult volunteer leaders in the New Mexico 4-H programs - Juli Koleen Hutchins (New Mexico State University, 2000)

Why parents and guardians choose to send their child(ren) to North Carolina 4-H camps - Larry Birchel Hancock (North Carolina State University, 2000)

Youth leadership life skills development of participants in the West Virginia 4-H camping program - Rebecca Diane Duncan (West Virginia University, 2000)

4-H alumni perceptions regarding the impact of the Indiana 4-H program - Steven McKinley (NAE4-HA Conference Proceedings, 1999)
abstract

4-H alumni perceptions regarding the impact of the Indiana 4-H program - Steven Kenneth McKinley (Purdue University, 1999)

4-H contest winners in Utah: Risk and protective factors - Ann Elizabeth Henderson (Utah State University, 1999)

4-H projects: Is completion important - Jean Marie Woloshuk; Guendoline Brown; Gena D. Wagaman (Journal of Extension, 1999)

Adolescents as co-researchers: An examination of the effects of a participatory research project on adolescent development - Gregory Matysik (NAE4-HA Conference Proceedings, 1999)
abstract

An analysis of leadership life skills development at the 1998 Texas 4-H Congress - Karla Marie Friesenhahn (Texas A&M University, Kingsville, 1999)

An assessment of computer related skills needed and possessed by county extension professionals in the Mississippi State University Extension Service - Jackie Lynn Courson (Mississippi State University, 1999)

An assessment of the Idaho 4-H Know Your Government program - Marla Kay Lowder (University of Idaho, 1999)

Associated factors in recruitment and retention of 4-H members in West Virginia - Gary J. Wingenbach; T. Meighan; Layle D. Lawrence; S. Gartin; Jean Marie Woloshuk (Journal of Agricultural Education, 1999)
The study was designed to determine effective recruitment and retention techniques for increasing enrollment in the West Virginia 4-H program. Data were collected by questionnaires to 165 county 4-H club leaders and 55 Extension Agents. A total of 115 (52%) of usable questionnaires were returned. The highest rated recruitment techniques were: having exciting active clubs to entice others to join; word of mouth--friends telling friends about 4-H; allow 4-H members to participate and take active roles in the club; and make members feel welcome. The highest rated retntion techniques were: an effective county agent, staff and 4-H leader; must be pro 4-H, fun camping programs, and providing praise, motivation and encouragement; let older members know how important they are to the success of the club and provide efficient and fun meetings, programs and activities.

Attitudes of Extension professionals toward diversity education in 4-H programs - Patreese D. Ingram (Journal of Extension, 1999)

Building an asset-based program for 4-H - Daniel F. Perkins; Judith R. Butterfield (Journal of Extension, 1999)

Changes and challenges in 4-H (Part 2) - Beth E. Van Horn; Connie A. Flanagan; Joan S. Thomson (Journal of Extension, 1999)

A comparison of life skill achievement of 4-H clothing members and other non-livestock 4-H members - Mary C. Forster (Ohio State University, 1999)

The development, implementation, and evaluation of the Michigan 4-H new volunteer orientation and training program: A research-based rationale - Jennifer Ann Wagester (Michigan State University, 1999)

Educational philosophies and teaching styles of University of Florida Cooperative Extension agents - Brenda Cunningham Williams (Florida Atlantic University, 1999)

Effectiveness of a conservation education program in changing youth knowledge about wetlands - Amy E. Kresta (Texas A&M University, 1999)
The MarshMALLOW project taught wetland conservation issues using an experiential technique that reinforced process skills. Students and 4-H members participated between 1997 and 1999. Eleven to 12 year olds and 15-16 year olds improved more than 13-14 year olds and 8-10 year olds.

Effectiveness of experiential education programs in promoting environmental awareness of youth - Stacy Dean Whitt (Texas A&M University, 1999)

Effects of feeder design on growth performance of finishing pigs and an outlook on the future of 4-H - Carla Sue Nemecek (Kansas State University, 1999)

An evaluation of 4-H's approach to teen programming - Katherine A. Watier (Hampshire College, 1999)

Factors associated with the retention of 4-H members in LeFlore County, Oklahoma - Rebecca Marie Foster (Oklahoma State University, 1999)

A fighter to the end: The remarkable life and career of Laura Jane Harper - Saranette Miles (Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1999)

Forging leadership through mentoring - Janet Fox; Jha LaDeane (NAE4-HA Conference Proceedings, 1999)
abstract

Handling all those 4-H project questions: Technology helps - Joyce Smith; Bridgette Sloan (ITAA Extension Outreach Preconference Paper, 1999)

Hispanic adult volunteerism-Myth or Substance? - Dave Snell; C. Sousa; P. Gregory; J. Camarillo (NAe4-HA Conference Proceedings, 1999)
abstract

History of Virginia congressional district agricultural high schools - Cathy McNeely Sutphin (Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1999)

Increasing the 4-H participation of youth from high-risk environments - Beverly B. Hobbs (Journal of Extension, 1999)
Research in Brief 1RIB4

An instrument for measuring change among low-income youth (EFNEP) - Angela Wood Dunham (Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1999)

Job satisfaction, dissatisfaction and career commitment among community based youth development professionals - Alice P. Kersey (NAE4-HA Conference Proceedings, 1999)
abstract

Kentucky 4-H agents' perceptions of the level of competency and frequency of use of volunteer development activities - Bradley Scott Kohlhagen (Ohio State University, 1999)

Making the connection: Cooperative Extension and school-age care - Barbara D. Vandenbergh (Concordia University, 1999)

Recognizing tenured 4-H adult volunteers - Kenneth Culp III; V. Schwartz (Journal of Agricultural Education, 1999)
NAE4-HA abstract, p. 49

The relationship between cognitive style and selected characteristics of Ohio 4-H members - Nicole Gruenschlaeger Hawk (Ohio State University, 1999)

The relationship between tenure status of Extension faculty of West Virginia University and their job satisfaction - Patrick Nestor (NAE4-HA Conference Proceedings, 1999)
abstract

State 4-H youth development administrators' and volunteer contacts' attitudes regarding volunteer risk management - Douglass A. Swanson (Ohio State University, 1999)

Tractor safety certification: A multi-curricula approach - Roger L. Tormoehlen; Randall Reeder; Ernest Sheldon (NAE4-HA Conference Proceedings, 1999)
abstract

Understanding the difference 4-H clubs make in the lives of New York youth: How 4-H contributes to positive youth development (final report) - J. P. Mead; E. Rodriguez; T. A. Hirschel; S. E. Goggin (1999)

Work life issues of Extension employees - Ann Wells Clutter; Ruben Neito (NAE4-HA Conference Proceedings, 1999)
abstract

4-H livestock judging manual - Clint Cummings (California Polytechnic State University, 1998)

Analysis of perceptions of the 1997 Louisiana legislature toward the Louisiana Cooperative Extension Service - Pamela Burgess Hodson (Louisiana State University, 1998)
The study explored the perceptions of the members of the Louisiana Legislature in 1997 toward the Louisiana Cooperative Extension Service (LCES) to distinguish what influenced such perceptions. Familiarity and participation with the LCES programs, opinions of success, sources of LCES information were considered in the study. The study also examined the correlation of legislatures characteristics and their perceptions. The study found that legislators were familiar with LCES programs, in particular the 4-H program. Agriculture and 4-H programs were viewed as effective, but printed material, personal contacts, newsletters and newspaper articles gave moderate publicity to LCES. Age, years in the legislature, familiarity and participation did not influence perception greatly. Party affiliation was the best predictor of familiarity. Agriculture committee membership was the best predictor of the effectiveness of LCES programs as well as exposure to LCES information sources. The study recommends programs that will strengthen the image of LCES and help rural and urban legislators understand the mission and programs of LCES.
Abstract by Ginger Larson

Assessing the needs of 4-H'ers - Cathy L. Butler; Janette B. Bowman (Journal of Extension, 1998)

Benefits of participation in Tennessee 4-H junior high academic conference as perceived by selected former participants - Emmanuel E. Bedwell (University of Tennessee, 1998)

Choice of faculty or administrative professional career tracks by Ohio State University Extension agents - Rosemary R. Gliem (Ohio State University, 1998)
This descriptive-correlation study sought to describe Ohio State University Extension Agents who are more likely to choose the faculty or administrative and professional tract, to examine their attitudes toward the institution, balancing work and family and the influences of research criteria differences and then to develop a model to predict if agents will choose the faculty of the A & P track. Age, gender, racial/ethnic background, title, appointment, marital status, highest level of education, number of household occupants and the employment status of the household occupants were demographic variables taken into consideration. Agents in general were more likely to choose the A & P tract which younger agents and male agents would more than likely choose the faculty track. Those who chose the faculty track indicated positive attitudes toward research and nonformal teaching. Full-time 4-H/youth development and FCS agents were more likely to choose the A & P track and those who chose A & P tracks were not as influenced by salary.
Abstract by Ginger Larson

Computer anxiety levels of Virginia Cooperative Extension field personnel - Brenda Lee Martin (Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1998)

A descriptive study of 4-H school enrichment programs in Ohio - Roxann Lorraine Sommers (Ohio State University, 1998)

A descriptive study of the Dunn County 4-H volunteer leaders - Jerry Risler (University of Wisconsin, Stout, 1998)

Developing youth curriculum using the targeting life skills model: Incorporating developmentally appropriate learning opportunities to assess impact of life skill development - P. A. Hendricks (1998)

The development and evaluation of an international 4-H youth course for Hungarian youth educators - Nancy M. Kadwill (Penn State University, 1998)
Master of Extension Education degree

The effect of service-learning in developing leadership life skills - Reyes Issac Rodriquez (Texas A&M University, 1998)

Every home a laboratory: Arizona farm women, the Extension service, and rural modernization, 1932-1952 - Amy Elisa Ross (Arizona State University, 1998)

Exploring the feasibility of developing partnerships between Hispanic-serving organizations and the 4-H clubs in the state of Texas in both urban and rural communities - Reyes Isaac Rodrigues (Texas A&M University, 1998)

Factors related to the retention of Ohio teen 4-H members - Pamela Lynn Thompson (Ohio State University, 1998)

Families, 4-H and nutrition accomplishments (1998)
Fiche

The first fifty years of the 4-H program (Part 1) - Beth E. Van Horn; Constance A. Flanagan; Joan S. Thomson (Journal of Extension, 1998)

Guam Cooperative Extension Service: The Public's Perception - Carmen Leon Guerrero Pearson (North Carolina State University, 1998)

Identification of volunteer screening procedures, associate with liability issues, and volunteer involvement for selected Ohio youth programs - Ryan Joseph Schmiesing (Ohio State University, 1998)

Job satisfaction, dissatisfaction and career commitment among community based youth development professionals - Alice Page Kersey (University of South Florida, 1998)

Leadership as collaboration: A means to improve a community's quality of life for the 21st century - Linda Lee Carr (Kansas State University, 1998)
The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of the Family Community Leadership program according to participants in Kansas. All 296 participants since 1988 were mailed a survey instrument, developed by W.K. Kellogg Foundation by Rosenblum, Bringham and ABT Associates. Results of the survey indicate that the training increased leadership roles in public policy as well as more self-confidence and an increased feeling of self-worth. The study concludes that there should be more leadership development opportunities for all people including youth groups like 4-H and Scouts, and to incorporate leadership training into middle and high school curriculum. The study suggests this could be done through joint efforts between the Extension Service, Kansas Association of Family Community Education with schools, businesses, Chamber of Commerce, etc. at the local state and national levels.
Abstract by Ginger Larson

Leadership skill development of teen leaders - Scott Kleon; Susan Rinehart (Journal of Extension, 1998)

Middle/Late Woodland settlement systems: An analysis of prehistoric locational behavior in the Central Des Moines Valley - Stephen Wallace Parrish (Iowa State University, 1998)

Motivational functions of volunteerism: Similarities and differences between low and high risk audiences - Deborah L. Cole (Glassboro State College [Rowan University], 1998)

An occupational analysis comparing 4-H youth development agents serving traditional and non-traditional clientele - Lynne M. Borden; William Harris (Journal of Agricultural Education, 1998)

Ohio 4-H agents' perceptions of the level of importance and frequency of use of the eighteen components of the Gems Model of Volunteer Administration - Catherine A. Deppe (Ohio State University, 1998)

Personality changes of American teenage participants in a Japanese youth exchange - Michael Henry Stitsworth (Indiana University, 1998)

The relationship between participation in 4-H and community leadership in rural Indiana - A. Tharp (Purdue University, 1998)

The relationship between temperament and self-concept: Adolescent females participating in Washington State 4-H equestrian programs - Shannon Lee Curfew (Washington State University, 1998)

Targeting life skills model - P. Hendricks (1998)

The value of 4-H competitive activities as perceived by the parents of 4-H members - T. Lance Keith; Paul Vaughn (Journal of Agricultural Education, 1998)

Work/life issues of Cooperative Extension system professionals - Ann Wells Clutter (Ohio State University, 1998)

4-H recruitment possibilities among Tennessee suburban seventh grade students: A focus group - Sharon A. Davis (University of Tennessee, 1997)

An assessment of in-service training needs of Cooperative Extension field staff in Oklahoma - P. Mario Villaquiran (Oklahoma State University, 1997)

Assessment of Ohio's health and safety officer program - Shelly Dee Jepsen (Ohio State University, 1997)

An assessment of teaching of teaching/training style preferences among Oklahoma Cooperative extension field staff - Sonia Guadalupe Morales Osegueda (Saint Louis University, 1997)
The purpose of this study was to assess and give a clear description of the teaching styles used by Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Field Staff. Several objectives guided the research: determining demographic characteristics and teaching styles of the OCES field staff, comparing the demographic and teaching styles, and then using the Principles of Adult Learning Scale, describe the OCES staff's teaching style preferences. A 67-item mandatory survey was mailed to 234 OCES staff in the fall of 1995 which examined demographics, perceptions of teaching and teaching style preferences. A response of 200 was place in nominal, interval and summative rating scales to analyze the data. The results indicated that nearly 84 percent of the respondents were field staff, about 11 percent were area specialists, and 5 percent were district field staff. Over 58 percent of field staff believed their role as an educator was "to be objective." Overall, the OCES field staff views themselves as "facilitators" and "providers" and are by far teacher-centered. This evidence suggests more training and development opportunities should be offered to field staff in order to strengthen their abilities to meet the needs of their varied clientele.
Abstract by Ginger Larson

Assessment of the national 4-H general health curriculum in Oklahoma - Sarah MacDonald Johnson (Oklahoma State University, 1997)

Associated factors in recruitment and retention of 4-H members as perceived by 4-H club leaders and extension agents in West Virginia University - Terence G. Meighan (West Virginia University, 1997)

Attitudes toward the incorporation of a political multi-cultural approach into the 4-H youth development program curriculum - Pamala Victoria Morris (Purdue University, 1997)
The objective of this research was to record and analyze the attitudes of Indiana 4-H/Youth Development policy council board members, Extension administrators, and professionals (state and county level) toward including a political multicultural approach into the 4-H/Youth Development program curriculum. The following questions were asked to the aforementioned persons: what knowledge and beliefs do you have in regards to multicultural education, what are your perceptions of the existing 4-H/Youth Development curriculum as it relates to multicultural education, how do your beliefs and ideas about a political multicultural approach influence how the curriculum is developed, implemented and evaluated, what are the implications for policy and administration of programs as a result of the incorporation of a political multicultural approach into the 4-H Youth Development program curriculum? Participants were interviewed from four-selected counties in Indiana. The data resulted in the following conclusions: the 4-H Youth Development program is valuable for youth currently, varied backgrounds and perceptions affected ideas of multicultural education, a comprehensive and joint decision-making process for a curriculum design would be required, but also recognized as difficult and discrepancies exist between policy and practice. Mind-sets toward political multicultural approach to 4-H programs will need to be changed before curriculum can be developed and implemented. This should start with training, especially with relationships since relationships are the foundations of an organization.
Abstract by Ginger Larson

Beyond 4-H community service to community service learning - A. Smith (1997)

Community service: What 4-H youth groups do to make a difference - Ellen Taylor-Powell; Greg Hutchins; Robyn Reed (4-H Impact Study Abstract, 1997)

Dairy cattle judging teaches critical life skills - Larry D. Gutrie; J. Lee Majeskie (Journal of Dairy Science, 1997)

Dairy youth programming: Where we've been and where we go from here - C. A. Schwanke (Journal of Dairy Science, 1997)

Differences in the solution-oriented conflict style of selected groups of 4-H youth development volunteer leaders - Mary Young Deen (University of Idaho, 1997)
The purpose of this study was to learn if 4-H volunteer leaders differ in their solution-oriented conflict style. Selected subgroups of 4-H Youth Development volunteers in Washington State were studied based on the three categories with the largest enrollments in the state--Horse, Challenge and Foods and Nutrition--and if volunteers had participated in conflict resolution training. Participants completed a written survey that determined their primary style of conflict resolution. Descriptive and inferential (anovas and t-tests) statistics were used to analyze the data. The results show that solution-oriented conflict styles vary between areas, with Challenge and Horse volunteers having much higher scores. Finally, volunteers who went through training had higher scores than those who had not taken solution-oriented training.
Abstract by Ginger Larson

Does an urban 4-H program make differences in the lives of children? - T. Fleming-McCormick; N. C. Tushnet (American Educational Research Association, 1997)

Elements of success in environmental education, through practitioner eyes - Theodore Scott May (University of Tennessee, 1997)

An evaluation of a training center which provides educational and vocational aid to underprivileged children - Michael Anthony Underwood (Saint Louis University, 1997)
This study examined if high school seniors in agricultural education in the Midwest US had the equivalent knowledge that is presented in introductory animal science courses at the college level. About one quarter of the students earned a 70 percent on the exam. Characteristics that corresponded with high achievement were post high school education plans and the amount of completed semesters in agricultural education. In addition, living location, interest and experience with animals, 4-H and FFA membership and grade point average also influenced student performance on the exam. Teachers who had completed more semesters in animal science in college had an impact on the students. The study found high school seniors in agricultural education programs possess the knowledge covered in entry level college animal science courses and recommended that both high school and college curricula be evaluated.
Abstract by Ginger Larson

An examination of learning style among selected Ohio 4-H adolescents - Lisa D. McClain McCutcheon (Ohio State University, 1997)

Factors associated with clothing care practices of adolescents enrolled in 4-H programs - Joyce A. Smith; Kathryn June Cox; Norma A. Pitts; Hak P. Tam (Journal of Extension, 1997)

Factors contributing to retention of 4-H volunteer organizational club leaders in Louisiana - Layne N. Arceneaux (University of Southwestern Louisiana, 1997)

Factors influencing exposure of children to major hazards on family farms - Barbara C. Lee; Louise S. Jenkins; James D. Westaby (Journal of Rural Health, 1997)

Factors influencing the retention of senior 4-H members in rural Tennessee: A focus group study - Stephen E. Cole (University of Tennessee, 1997)

Framework for youth development in Uganda based on characteristics of Oklahoma FFA and 4-H programs - John James Okiror (Oklahoma State University, 1997)

High school student's knowledge of college-level animal sciences: Implication for articulation - Jill King Webster (Iowa State University, 1997)

History of Virginia's 4-H camping program: A case study of events leading to the development of the 4-H educational centers - Robert Ray Meadows (Educational Administration, 1997)
The purpose of this dissertation is to document and analyze the theories that formed the basis for the development of Virginia 4-H camps which led to the creation of 4-H educational centers. The methodology use din this paper included the documentation of historical records as well as interviews with 4-H camp founders that delved into the issues of the camps' formation, procedures and rationale. The case study represents four objectives in that it documents the camping movement in the US and the start of 4-H, examines the creation of the 4-H camping movement, documents the people, activities and inauguration of the 4-H camping program in Virginia including the historically segregated white and African-American camping programs, and finally, gives the history of the six 4-H educational centers in Virginia.
Abstract by Ginger Larson
Keywords: 4-H; camping; cooperative extension; educational centers; virginia 4-H

Holland's theory of vocational personalities and work environments applied to students majoring in family and consumer sciences - Deborah Cade Mumme (Texas Tech University, 1997)
The objective of this study was to apply Holland's theory of vocational personalities and work environments to students at a southwest university. The researcher developed a Basic Information Questionnaire to collect students' demographic information. Congruence was used to analyze the compatibility between students' SDS self-summary scores and Holland's predetermined occupational codes. Analyses of variance were conducted to examine the relationships between the level of congruence (dependent variable) and independent variables (course, gender, age, ethnicity classification, enrollment in secondary home economics, participation in 4-H, participation in FHA/HERO, participation in other organizations, and volunteer and work experiences related to the major. The results showed that demographics and backgrounds had no effect on students' compatibilities with interests and majors. Holland's theory, therefore, is a practical application for students in the family and consumer sciences.
Abstract written by Ginger Larson and revised by Jan Scholl

The image of Ohio 4-H held by Ohio 4-H volunteers - Laryssa Leah Lackman (Ohio State University, 1997)

Influence of knowledge of adolescent development on self-efficacy of youth educators - Katherine Wolfe (Colorado State University, 1997)

A method of effective communication between 4-H and FFA programs at the local level - Kenneth Spoto (Journal of Extension, 1997)
Ideas at Work 2IAW4

Motivating and retaining adult volunteer 4-H leaders - Kenneth Culp III (Journal of Agricultural Education, 1997)

Nebraska adolescent health survey: Adolescent self-esteem body image survey of Nebraska 4-H youth - Kim Jeannine Bearnes (University of Nebraska, 1997)

Ohio 4-H youth development agents' perceptions of the importance of and their competence with selected volunteer management competencies - Jeffrey Edward King (Ohio State University, 1997)

Perceptions of Union County 4-H members about the 4-H program - Christine Fisher Leeds (Ohio State University, 1997)
The objectives of this study were to examine 4-H members' perceptions about the 4-H program, if that perception varied with age, and to test this process of gathering youth input in order to implement it in other areas. Eleven focus group interviews made up 77 randomly selected 4-H members were held. The results of the interviews show that 4-H members enjoy learning and doing new things, meeting new people, working with animals and having fun. No members could make improvement recommendations for the 4-H program. The only county level 4-H event that was discussed was 4-H camp, so members drew primarily from their individual club experiences. Members indicated they value items of recognition rather than cash awards. The 14-18 age groups revealed they were slightly aggravated that clubs were designed more for younger children. This study supports the model Union County 4-H Program Development designed for this study by showing that youth are willing to participate by giving input for program development if the opportunity is made available to them.
Abstract by Ginger Larson

The phenomena of winning in the south plains 4-H livestock show program: A qualitative study - T. Lance Keith (Proceedings of the National Agricultural Education Research meeting, 1997)

Professional research and knowledge bases for non-formal rural youth programmes - Mary Kay Munson (1997)

Program planning and adult education: Extension professionals' attitudes and practices at Ohio State University Extension - Dilek Bostan Budak (Ohio State University, 1997)
The purpose of this study was to describe and explain the nature and strength of relationships among variables through a descriptive-correlation design. Edgar J. Boone's Conceptual Program Model (Boone, 1985) was used for this study. OSU Extension professionals ranked processes used for program development in order of importance and regular use to determine the common processes and attitudes Extension professionals have towards programming. Zinn's Philosophy of Adult Education Inventory (Zinn, 1994) was used to identify the respondents philosophical orientation. Male respondents preferred progressive, radical and liberal philosophical orientations. Progressive by Agriculture Natural Resource, Behaviorist by Family and Consumer Sciences, Humanistics by 4-H, an Radical preferred by Community Developers to determine the proportion of variance in the implementation of program development processes multiple regression analysis was used. Fifty eight percent of the variance in the implementation of program development processes was accounted by the linear combination of perceived importance, knowledge levels on needs assessment and evaluation techniques and professional teaching experience other than Extension. Attitude was also another predictor of the implementation of program development processes.
Abstract written by Ginger Larson and re-written by Jan Scholl

Programming parameters for 5 to 8 year old children in 4-H - Scott D. Scheer (Journal of Extension, 1997)
Article 4FEA2

A qualitative education of the effectiveness of Louisiana Cooperative extension Service cotton advisory committees using focus group interviews - John W. Barnett (Louisiana State University, 1997)
The purpose of this study was to establish the usefulness of Extension cotton advisory committees according to parish Extension agents and clientele. The study was held statewide in Louisiana with a sample of agents and clientele representing the two major cotton producing areas. Six focus group interviews were conducted. The results of the qualitative data are reviewed taking special note of how members are involved in decision making. The study makes recommendations for cotton advisory committees and Extension programs.
Abstract by Ginger Larson

Self-perceived youth leadership life skill development among Iowa 4-H members - C. Morris (Galaxy Summit Extension Conference, 1997)

Strategies for increasing senior enrollment and participation within the Tennessee 4-H club program as perceived by administrators, 4-H club specialists and 4-H agents: A Delphi study - Susan M. Perrin (University of Tennessee, 1997)

Using the Delphi technique to assess educational needs related to Extension's 4-H beef program - Ching-Chung Shih; Julia Andrew Gamon (Journal of Agricultural Education, 1997)

The value of 4-H competitive activities as perceived by the parents of 4-H members - T. Lance Keith (Texas Tech University, 1997)
The purpose of this study was to explore 4-H parents' opinions with regard to the educational value for competition in two Texas Extension districts. Furthermore, the study examined the relationship between certain demographic variables and perceptions of parents. A mailed questionnaire was distributed to 250 randomly selected parents of currently enrolled 4-H members in Texas Districts II and IV taken from a list supplied by Extension administrators, the response was 70%. Almost 90% were Caucasian/American and were currently married. Nearly half of the parents were raised on a farm or ranch, over 60% responded that they were former 4-H members, and 80% were serving as a volunteer leader. Overall, the responding parents indicated a positive view of 4-H competition, cooperative efforts and individual activities. Parents reported that personal skill development and self-esteem were the motivation for enrolling their child in the 4-H program. Concerns over competition included too much parental participation and ethical problems. Those who were more positive toward competition included senior volunteer leaders rather than junior leaders, 4-H camp participants and former 4-H members who joined at a later age.
Abstract by Ginger Larson

Youth at risk and extension education - Deborah Nistler (Oregon State University, 1997)
An online survey was used to determine 4-H alumni currently community engagement as it relates to the five constructs of social capital: groups and networks, trust and solidarity, cooperation, collective action, and empowerment and political action. Results determined that service learning in 4-H develops competencies that will be continued into adulthood. 4-H alumni demonstrated higher levels of empowerment and political action and groups and networks social capital than a comparison group of non-4-H persons. Empowerment and political action was associated with the Florida 4-H legislature program. Other relationships appeared to be associated with years of 4-H membership, educational level, and years of participation in the 4-H legislature programs. Using social capital to measure community impact provides 4-H an opportunity to demonstrate public value as a youth development organization in both citizenship and communities. It was recommended that Florida 4-H integrate social capital measurement into its evaluation system.
Master of Agriculture degree

4-H night at the movies: A program for adolescents and their families - Anthony P. Jurich; Olivia P. Collins (Adolescence, 1996)

4-H pet care leader's guide - Frederick Rudy (Penn State University, Harrisburg, 1996)
Master of Education degree

Agriculture teacher education: A profile of preservice teacher education students, teacher educator departments and programs that prepare agricultural education teachers - Kirk Andrew Swortzel (Ohio State University, 1996)

Attitude to and likelihood to continue in 4-H and young farmers' clubs in Trinidad - Deokee Bholasingh (University of the West Indies -- St. Augustine, Trinidad, 1996)
Master of Philosophy degree

Benefits of participating in 4-H judging activities as perceived by former Giles County 4-H members - Kevin L. Rose (University of Tennessee, 1996)

The challenge: Designing meaningful experiences with QuickTimeTM VR - Matthew Stephen MacQueen (Michigan State University, 1996)
This thesis examines how QuickTime Virtual Reality (VR) can be combined with intelligent information architecture and interface design to produce virtual experiences that can then be distributed globally via the World Wide Web. Photography, maps, text and interactive QuickTime VR movies were created to authenticate a walk-through of the Michigan State University's 4-H Children's Garden. This study reviews a comparison of the real life and virtual gardens and concludes with future recommendations for how QuickTime VR can be used.
Abstract by Ginger Larson

Changing the system: Perspectives from the Strengthening Our Capacity to Care initiative evaluation (Search Institute, 1996)

Developing sportsmanship: A resource for use by volunteers and teen leaders in preparing youth and their families for participation in competitive programs and events - Kathryn June Cox (1996)

Employment process handbook for 4-H program assistants in the Ohio Cooperative Extension Service - Jacqueline Ellenor LaMuth (Ohio State University, 1996)

Evaluating the educational effectiveness of new entomology curricula for 4-H members and leaders - Tracy L. Newton (Penn State University, 1996)
Master of Education degree

An evaluation of perceptions of total quality management (TQM) livestock practices of Iowa 4-H'ers who received new instructional materials - Mukiri Wa Githendu (Iowa State University, 1996)
This study sought to evaluate 4-H youth's awareness of quality livestock management and the production of safe food before and after they were exposed to the new Total Quality Management (TQM) for Youth Producers. The sample was made up of 800 4-H'ers randomly chosen from a list of 4-H'ers with livestock projects provided by Iowa's State 4-H office. The questionnaire had an initial overall Cronbach alpha reliability score of .78. 4-H'ers were asked their perception of 20 quality management practices using a 5-Point Likert-type scale. There was a 49% return on the mailings for the pretest and a 58% return for the posttest. The posttest was mailed a year later to respondents of the pretest. The results show that 4-H'ers regard themselves as good providers of space and protection for livestock. Awards, regular record keeping and judging animals were rated lower. Years of enrollment in 4-H and gender affected the ratings. The study concluded that the 4-H program was already making a positive influence on TQM awareness but that record keeping needed to be addressed in the 4-H curriculum. Although a paired t-test between pre-test and post-test showed a slight increase in TQM ratings the role of teaching materials could not yet be established which should be further investigated. Maturation of 4-H'ers over the years is an extraneous variable that should also be considered.
Abstract by Ginger Larson

The facilitator's role in 4-H series - Norma L. Chavez (California Polytechnic State University, 1996)

How different types of relationships within athletics influence the self-evaluations of early adolescent women - Christiana Willett (Washington State University, 1996)

Identification of stress levels, common stressors and use of stress management techniques by Ohio 4-H teens - Lisa Oxender Lemons (Ohio State University, 1996)

Identifying continuing and non-continuing adult 4-H volunteers: How have they evolved over time - Kenneth Culp III (Journal of Agricultural Education, 1996)

Kolb's Learning Theory and the relationship of learning style preferences and teaching style preferences of extension educators - Richard Michael Rudowski (Penn State University, 1996)
A literature review indicated assumptions that teachers teach the way they learn and that comparing learning and teaching style instruments is difficult. The Trainer Type Inventory (TTI) and the Teaching Style Inventory (TSI) were conceptually based on Kolb's model of learning theory represented by the Learning Style Inventory (LSI). A theoretical basis was created to demonstrate the relationships between the four dimensions on these three instruments. Pennsylvania (non-formal) Extension educators completed the LSU, TTI, TSI and a demographic data page. The highest score on a dimension (out of four for each instrument), shows strongest preference to learn on the LSI, train (teach) on the TTI, use the listed teaching methods and techniques on the TSI. Based on the theoretical comparison of dimensions, the results from individual's highest scores were organized to show the type of relationship between instruments. Slightly over a third of PA educators showed a direct relationship between dimensions on the LSI, TTI and the TSI, indicating a preference to teach the way they learn. Under one third prefer to teach opposite of how they learn. Demographic data indicate 48.5% of 4-H and youth development Extension agents show a direct relationship between preferences to learn and to teach. In the program area of family living, 42.8% of agents shift their preferences with 37.8% of agricultural agents teach opposite of how they prefer to learn. Racial background of the audience was not a conclusive factor in the preferences to teach or learn.
Abstract by Ginger Larsen

Leadership in non-formal youth groups. Does style affect youth outcomes? - Kirk Astroth (Journal of Extension, 1996)

The leadership life skills gained through the Georgia 4-H camp counselor program - Lori Purcell (University of Georgia, 1996)
Master of Extension degree

Life skill development of Montana 4-H campers - Kelly Jo Maleski Wingard (Montana State University, 1996)

Life skill development related to participation in 4-H animal science projects - Carol K. Ward (Journal of Extension, 1996)

Life skills development of collegiate 4-H youth as related to 4-H learning experiences utilizing critical thinking skills - Joy Sharp (Ohio State University, 1996)

Parent and child values associated with 5 to 8 year old youth participation in livestock competition - April Denise Bullin (University of North Carolina, 1996)

Perceptions held by leaders of the National Young Farmers Educational Association regarding international agriculture: Implications for agricultural and extension education - Kamal Eldin Ali Elbashir (Iowa State University, 1996)

Perceptions of 4-H by public school educators in Johnson County, Tennessee - Ricky L. Thomason (University of Tennessee, 1996)

Public service announcement for San Luis Obispo 4-H Science and Technology - Kristiaan N. Gilbert (California Polytechnic State University, 1996)

Self-perceived youth leadership life skills development among Iowa 4-H members - John Charles Morris (Iowa State University, 1996)

Shaping a new role for the rural woman: Home demonstration work in Augusta County, Virginia, 1917-1940 - Ann Elizabeth McCleary (Brown University, 1996)
This dissertation explored the historical effect of the home demonstration club movement on women's lives, work, and homes in one Virginia county from 1917 to 1940.

The teaching styles of adult educators at the Buckeye Leadership Workshop as measured by the principles of adult learning scale - Dennis Lee Elliott (Ohio State University, 1996)
The study described the factors related to the teaching style of the instructors at the 1994 Buckeye Leadership Workshop (BLW) as measured by scores on a modified Principle of Adult Learning Scale (PALS). Two major conclusions were drawn: It was concluded that the teaching styles of the classes were not strongly related to the teaching styles of the instructors who planned and conducted them. Because the culture of the location was so strongly supportive of the learner centered style, that instructors planned and presented learner-centered classes regardless of their personal preference in teaching style. Second, learners evaluated the teaching style of the classes as even more learner centered in style than the instructors' evaluations. This finding was in conflict with previous studies that found teachers rating courses higher than students.

Welcome to the club: Education where the bell never rings - Kirk Astroth (Montana State University, 1996)
Qualitative and quantitative methods were used in this descriptive research study exploring the 4-H experience from participants' perspectives to determine if the nation's largest non-formal youth development program is effective in developing life skills. Three counties were randomly selected where all 4-H leaders were asked to take an inventory to assess their orientation towards working with youth. Based upon the leadership roles--control oriented or more autonomy-oriented five 4-H clubs were chosen for the study. 4-H promoted more life skill learning, was more fun, and was a more satisfying club experience for members in clubs led by autonomy-oriented leaders than those of control-oriented clubs. Based on this research, characteristics of effective clubs are given.
Ginger Larson Abstract

Work patterns and occupational hazard exposures of North Carolina adolescents in 4-H clubs - Lisa Cohen; Carol Runyan; Kathleen Dunn; Michael Schulman (Injury Prevention, 1996)
Fourteen to 17 year old 4-H club members were asked to complete a self-administered questionnaires regarding their lifetime experience of work, hazard exposure, and injuries. More than three-quarters of teens in this study who worked on farms reported being injured there and 100% were exposed to at least one farm hazard. Conclusions: Prevention efforts should target specific hazards youths are exposed to rather than the general work site.

4-H communication project manuals: A composite picture - Mark A. Esfeld (Kansas State University, 1995)

4-H member knowledge and perception of agriculture - Martin J. Frick; R. J. Birkenholz; K. Machtmes (Journal of Agricultural Education, 1995)
This study was conducted to assess the knowlege and perceptions of 4-H members in a midwestern state regarding agriculture, food and natural resources. Data were collected from 550 respondents but did not constitute a representative sample of all 4-H members. The 4-H members group produced lower (more positive) perception mean scores for natural resources and animal science concept areas and the least positive scores in the policy concept area. 4-H members who lived on a farm produced higher knowledge of agriculture scores. 4-H members living on a farm produced less positive perceptions of agriculture, unless their farms were between 10 and 50 acres and they were enrolled in high school agricultural education. Inservice programs should be developed to assist 4-H youth personnel in their efforts to increase the agricultural literacy level of 4-H members.

4-H youth involvement in clubs and groups (1995)

Agent turnover in Ohio State University Extension - Laith M. Rousan (Ohio State University, 1995)
The main purpose of the study was to determine why agents voluntarily left Ohio State University Extension between January 1, 1990 and December 31, 1994. The study found that those who voluntarily left were more likely to be Caucasian females in their early thirties holding a Master's degree who were married with no children. They are were also more likely to be in a non-tenure track position in a single county working in the 4-H program area. Recommendations were given.

Attitudes and aspirations of selected youth at-risk participating in the Franklin County Youth Engaged in Service (YES!) program - Deborah K. Lewis (Ohio State University, 1995)

Attitudes of adult volunteers toward juvenile delinquent youth and volunteer willingness to bolster their protective factors of resilience - Bonita E. Williams (North Carolina State University, 1995)
Participants represented 4-H, girl scouts, and YMCA. Statistical procedures were outlined in detail in the First Search abstract, but no further information was cited.

County extension directors' perceived behavior as a manager or leader as compared to county extension agents' perceptions of CED's behavior - Wanda Dickerson Sykes (North Carolina State University, 1995)
The purpose of this research study was to study basic behaviors, outside perceptions of behavior and self-perceptions of County Extension Directors. The directors perceived more leader behaviors in themselves than the agents perceived in them. Female directors and those younger than 45 years perceived more leader behaviors in themselves. African-American CEDs and those with prior extension agent experience indicated more leader behaviors than white CEDs or those without prior experience. The level of education, tenure, and size of county staffs were not found to be related to behaviors of the CED as a leader or manager. While the study showed that those perceived to have higher leadership ability were rated higher there was no evidence that the CED who ranked higher evidenced higher level performers among their county staff.

Developing a scale to research and evaluate youth leadership life skills development - Brenda S. Seevers; Thomas J. Dormody; D. Clason (Journal of Agricultural Education, 1995)

Factors affecting length of service of adult volunteer 4-H leaders in Indiana - Kenneth Culp III (Purdue University, 1995)
Thirteen Indiana counties were randomly selected to satisfy three stratification layers: CES area, county population and Extension educator stability. 494 current and forty former 4-H leaders returned a mail survey which identified the typical leader as a 41-year old married woman whose children are in 4-H. County population differences had no effect upon demographic indicators, except that rural leaders raised larger families. Factors causing 4-H Leader resignation included: being unwanted, unappreciated, burned out, lack of help and low completion rate; lack of time, job, retirement, own children leaving 4-H. Leaders identified "an assistant leader, upgrade of facilities or a regular meeting place as their primary unmet need, followed by problems with CES personnel , rules or policies. Training was most often cited in order to make the 4-H leader position more positive. Length of service was positively correlated to support levels by all groups and individuals.

A guide for developing successful oral reasons for 4-H dairy cattle judging - Jean H. Kummer (Penn State University, 1995)
Master of Education degree

The image of 4-H as perceived by selected Tennessee seventh graders - Deanna Lee Essington (University of Tennessee, 1995)

Leadership life skills development: Perceptions of senior 4-H youth - Brenda S. Seevers; Thomas J. Dormody (Journal of Extension, 1995)

Organizational effectiveness: 4-H as a case study - Lyndon Anthony Glenn Stewart (University of Guelph, Canada, 1995)
Master of Science

Perceived benefits of the national 4-H forestry invitational and the differences in attitude and forestry knowledge between 4-H invitational participants and other 4-H members - Bonita B. Sparks (University of Tennessee, 1995)

Perception of Gallatin County 4-H members regarding animal projects - Matthew David Dalbey (Montana State University, 1995)

The role of 4-H volunteerism in adult development in male 4-H leaders - Kristi Ann Wallace Cooper (Iowa State University, 1995)

Strategic planning for North Carolina 4-H and year-round school audiences - Donald Weston McCorkle (North Carolina State University, 1995)

A strategic planning framework for developing an education plan for a residential environmental education center: Upham Woods 4-H Environmental Education Center - Michael J. Hibbard (University of Wisconsin, Green Bay, 1995)

A study of early adolescents' time spent in clubs or organizations outside of school - Cathy J. Newkirk (Michigan State University, 1995)

Volunteer programs and risk management - Kelly Renee Schultz (Cardinal Stritch College, Milwaukee, 1995)

Why Do Teens Drop Out?: A Developmental View - Anne L. Heinsohn; Robert B. Lewis (Journal of Extension (JOE), 1995)
Participants in youth programs and organizations tend to drop out when they reach adolescence. An examination of adolescent development shows that a major portion of teen drop out is developmentally appropriate and normative. Youth organizations need to adjust their expectations for teen participation and remember that teens participate voluntarily.