4-H clothing project effects on state winners' life - Susan Lively (Southwestern State University, 1994)
Master of Education degree

A 4-H communication curriculum: the effect of instruction on verbal behaviors of adolescents - Janet Louise Anderson (Iowa State University, 1994)

4-H consumer life skills project: A test of knowledge and skills for making major purchasing decisions - Carol M. Roberts (Texas Woman's University, 1994)

4-H leaders planbook - Bonnie Rookus (California Polytechnic State University, 1994)

4-H leadership project for youth and a 4-H leaders' guide for 4-H volunteers - Pamela A. Paletta (Penn State University, 1994)
Master of Extension Education

4-H Missions in Space: Changing student conceptions through experiential learning - Christopher James Franlin Burke (University of Illinois, 1994)

4-H youth leadership organizations in Hidalgo County: Youth leadership survey results - Brenda S. Seevers; Thomas J. Dormody (Journal of Agricultural Extension, 1994)

4-H youth participation in leadership development activities: A tri-state study - Brenda S. Seevers; Thomas J. Dormody (Journal of Agriculture Education, 1994)

Accuracy of HIV/AIDS knowledge of Puerto Rican 4-H members, ages seven to twelve - Mildred E. Feliciano (Penn State University, 1994)
The purpose of this study was to investigate the accuracy of knowledge held about HIV/AIDS by 4-H members ages 7 to 12 who reside in the Arecibo region of Puerto Rico. Overall 4-H members were found to use multiple sources to obtain HIV/AIDS information, but mass media, specifically television was their main source of information. Specific HIV/AIDS information sources appeared to vary among members age 10-12, according to their gender, age, place of residence and time enrolled in the 4-H program. The results of this study were very similar to those studies involving children in the U.S. and Canada. Cognitive maturity was a better predictor of Puerto Rican 4-H members' accuracy about HIV/AIDS information than was their age, gender or place of residence. The study concluded that culturally sensitive education program for Puerto Rican 4-H members should be community-based integrating the school, the mass media and parents.
Translated by Bianca M. Vazquez Marrero

Action research: Evaluating and implementing a shared vision in the Cornell Cooperative Extension, 4-H Youth Development Program - Mhora Newson-Stewart (Journal of Agricultural Education, 1994)

An assessment of the knowledge and perceptions of agriculture by selected fourth grade teachers in Oklahoma - Charles Bryan Cox (Oklahoma State University, 1994)
The purpose of the study was to assess the knowledge and perceptions of agriculture by selected fourth grade public school teachers in Oklahoma. An analysis of the demographic data revealed that 48.3 percent of the teachers in the study had resided on a farm or ranch in their lifetime and 92 of the teachers had been in 4-H and/or FFA. The study also revealed that of the majority of teachers taught fewer than 50 hours of science concepts that related to the various areas of agriculture during a school year.

Correlates of the levels of cognition in the Ohio State University Extension 4-H volunteer training programs - Shinshin Chen (Ohio State University, 1994)
The study was descriptive-correlational research with the major purpose of assessing the relationship between level of cognition of instruction by OSU Extension 4-H county agents and the level of cognition of participation in the OSU Extension 4-H volunteer training programs. Five instruments were used to collect data; three instruments were developed by researcher. A stratified random sample was comprised of 20 4-H county Extension agents in Ohio. The researcher adopted Newcomb and Trefz's taxonomy to measure actual levels of cognition and Flanders' classroom interaction analysis system to measure the level of participation. The study had a response rate of nearly 99%. The higher the level of cognition, the level of participation tended to be higher. There was little or no relationship between the level of cognition and the attitude of 4-H volunteers.

Developing 4-H curriculum on an electronic database - Jan F. Scholl (Journal of Extension, 1994)
Article 2FEA7

Developing a leadership training weekend for the San Luis Obispo County 4-H Program - Karen L. Stevenson (California Polytechnic State University, 1994)

Development and evaluation of a 4-H curriculum pilot test model - Lisa Kaufman Haygood (Purdue University, 1994)
A curriculum evaluation model was developed and tested during a 4-H curriculum pilot test. The model was developed and tested during a 4-H curriculum pilot test regarding the effectiveness of  new 4-H member activity manuals and leader guides. One sixth of the member population was surveyed and another one sixth was interviewed. Ten leaders from each county were surveyed and five were interviewed. All of the extension educators were interviewed. Dissemination reports were submitted to the curriculum coordinators heading each project and these coordinators were interviewed to assess the curriculum evaluation model. It was found that the model needed refinement and a more in-depth analysis of the results might prove insight into confounding factors such as the fear of change and weakness of implementation procedures.

EM*Powered to action: Evaluation of the environmental management power 4-H youth project - Nancy Medlin; Mark Patterson (1994)

The image of the North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service among the general public and key county government officials - Thomas Walter Knecht (North Carolina State University, 1994)

The impact of demographic, parental monitoring variables and family structure on Asian eighth grade youth relative to participation in non-formal education - Bruce Allen Richards (Penn State University, 1994)
This study utilized previously collected data relating to the demographic factors, parental monitoring variables and family structure on two groups of Asian youth. The overall findings of the study showed little difference between Asian youth and non-Asian youth relative to their participation in non-formal education. Participation in service-learning programs was suggested as a possible alternative for bridging non-formal education.

Mentoring activities and the career paths of women earning B.S. degrees in Agricultural Education at Penn State University - Mary Martha "Meecee" Baker (Penn State University, 1994)
The purpose of this study was to describe the mentoring activities and career paths among women with B.S. degrees earning in agricultural education form Penn State University who entered and remained in the profession of teaching agriculture, those who entered and left and those who never entered. The population for the study was 80 living female graduates. Sixty-three (79.9%) of the women responded. Data were collected via telephone interview. Descriptive statistics were used in the analysis. Women entered agricultural education because of their desire to teach and their interest in agriculture, but many left the field because they couldn't get hired. Most graduates were reared from rural areas. The mean age of all graduates was 35.5 years and 77.8 percent were married. Less than one-half had children. More women who were currently teaching agriculture had held membership in 4-h and FFA and were enrolled in agricultural classes in high school. The current agriculture teachers reported having more mentors before and after graduations. Most mentoring relationships tended to be long term.
Modified NAL abstract

A perfect fit: Involving youth with disabilities in 4-H - Roger L. Tormoehlen; W. E. Field (Journal of Extension, 1994)

Personal benefits of 4-H public speaking as perceived by state public speaking winners in Oklahoma from 1953 to 1993 - Deborah L. Sharp (Oklahoma State University, 1994)

Philosophical orientations of Extension educators - David Wiley Price (University of Missouri, 1994)

Predicting youth leadership life skills development among FFA members in Arizona, Colorado and New Mexico - Thomas J. Dormody; Brenda S. Seevers (Journal of Agricultural Education, 1994)

A qualitative assessment of Iowa 4-H middle management volunteers' perceptions of key aspects of their roles and responsibilities - Jane Hayes-Johnk (Iowa State University, 1994)

The relationship between perceived effectiveness of the collaborative relationships of the USDA youth at risk coalitions and selected situational factors and structural dimensions - Daney G. Jackson (Ohio State University, 1994)

The roles of Tennessee extension 4-H specialists as perceived by agents, specialists and administrators; A Delphi study - Carla Nekell Carver (University of Tennessee, 1994)

Use of the experiential learning model with adolescent county 4-H council members - Vanette M. Grover (University of Northern Iowa, 1994)

Using non-reactive methods to study and improve 4-H programs - Jan F. Scholl; Dan Lago (Journal of Extension, 1994)

Workforce related skills and competencies in 4-H curriculum materials - Gwenneth Western El Sawi (University of Maryland, 1994)

4-H community ATV safety program: Off the road again: Evaluation research progress report 1990-1993 (1993)

4-H volunteer leader guide for a swine project in the Santa Barbara County - Jodi Rogers (California Polytechnic State University, 1993)

4-H/EFNEP summer nutrition program: At risk teens reaching at-risk youth - Sue Pleskac (1993)

An analysis of factors influencing Hispanic youth involvement in the Fort Bend County 4-H program - Lizabeth Hernandez Gresham (Prairie View A&M University, 1993)

Analysis of personality types associated with 4-H livestock judging participants - Sara J. Sannes (University of Wisconsin, River Falls, 1993)
Date may be incorrect. This citation is just a mention. I don't have documentation as to whether the student completed the study.

Attitudes of county extension agents toward agent specialization - Jose M. Huerta (Ohio State University, 1993)

Attitudes of professionals, volunteer leaders and 4-H members toward competitive, cooperative and individual learning styles related to the 4-H program in Tennessee - Darrell Edward Hale (University of Tennessee, 1993)

Benefits of participation in the Wilson County livestock projects as perceived by selected former exhibitors - Mitchell Clark Beaty (University of Tennessee, 1993)

Beyond conceptualization: Youth/organization partnerships - Ellen G. Murphy (University of Minnesota, 1993)

Community service & service learning: Rationale, research and the link with 4-H - Daniel F. Perkins (1993)

Comparison of traditional and electronic methods of developing curriculum for Extension Youth Programs - Jan F. Scholl (Summaries of Research in Agricultural Education, 1993)
The project represents a first attempt at using a database to develop, review and manage educational materials for a specific educational effort.

Competency, coping and contributory life skills development of early adolescents - Jeffrey P. Miller; Blannie E. Bowen (Journal of Agricultural Education, 1993)

Developing shared meaning: Application of assimilation theory to 4-H, Cornell Cooperative Extension - Mhora Currie Newsom-Stewart (Cornell University, 1993)

Evaluation of human resource development competencies through Iowa 4-H projects - Ond Pedro DeHegedus-Hetzel (Iowa State University, 1993)

Factors associated with 4-H enrollment levels in the Alabama Cooperative Extension Service - Annette Mitchell Ellis; Janet L. Henderson (Journal of Agricultural Education, 1993)

Factors associated with 4-H enrollment levels in the Alabama Cooperative Extension Service - J. Henderson; Annette Mitchell Ellis (Journal of Agricultural Education, 1993)

Factors associated with enrollment choice of freshmen students entering programs of agriculture at Texas A & M University as compared to freshmen students entering programs of agriculture at public community colleges in Texas - Melissa Lockard Lester (Texas A&M University, 1993)

Factors associated with the retention of 4-H volunteers in northeast Oklahoma as perceived by 4-H volunteers - Randell Wayne Burris (Oklahoma State University, 1993)

Family diversity in a youth organization: Involvement of single-parent families and stepfamilies in 4-H - Lawrence H. Ganong (Family Relations, 1993)
Purpose of study was to evaluate the involvement of childen from single-parent and stepparent households in 4-H clubs. A case study approach was taken, with data collected via interviews and mailed questionnaires. Children from single-parent households were found to be underrepresented, as were stepchildren to a lesser extent. Suggestions for 4-H and similar youth programs are offered.

Final report on "Generation Celebration" - Dan Lago; Jan F. Scholl (1993)

Floral design section for the 4-H organization's horticulture program - Jennifer E. Lupul (California Polytechnic State University, 1993)

Impact of the 4-H after school curriculum on latch-key children - Jeff Wayne Howard (Texas A&M University, 1993)

Importance-performance analysis of 4-H camps in North Carolina - Cynthia Lee Bingham (North Carolina State University, 1993)

The influence of selected 4-H agent and program characteristics on program enrollment - Catherine L. Denison (Louisiana State University, 1993)

Integrating Indochinese-American youth into American society: A handbook for Cooperative Extension agents - David S. Tang (Penn State University, 1993)
Master of Education degree

Inter-agency collaborative efforts of Pennsylvania field-based 4-H professionals - S. Paige Taylor-Hart (Penn State University, 1993)
Master of Extension degree

Involving minority youth in 4-H - Jamie Cano; Joanne Bankston (Journal of Extension, 1993)

Manager and employee perceptions of factors that inhibit or enhance creativity in land-grant university communication units specializing in agricultural, home economics, youth and community and natural resource development programs - Sherrie Renee Whaley (Ohio State University, 1993)

Nationwide participation in 4-H during the 1980s: Information from the office of education NELS: 88 study - Sara M. Steele; T. Miller; K. Rai (University of Wisconsin, Madison, Extension Service, 1993)
Authors summarized the analysis as follows: Teens could profit greatly from some teen-developed and controlled activitites which yield benefits both to the community and to themselves. Extension could help volunteers in community understand teens. Too few agencies and organizations controlled by adults are currently making the right activities available. Some Extension agents and volunteers have provided a forum for the kinds of experiences that teens need. Few programs for early teens will be developed and succeed because too few adults are able to accept the kind of adult role needed to successfully help teeenagers to continue their learning.

Optimizing the 4-H exchange - Truda Roper (Journal of Extension, 1993)
Ideas at Work 4IAW2

Overcoming barriers to a global outlook in 4-H - Arlen Etling; Kimberly K. Reaman; Gwen El Sawi (Journal of Extension, 1993)

Perceptions of 4-H club members, parents and leaders of competitive activities in Mayes County, Oklahoma - Stan Fimple (Oklahoma State University, 1993)

Professional competencies needed by extension agents in the Louisiana Cooperative Extension Service - William Blaine Reynolds (Louisiana State University, 1993)

The role of 4-H junior leaders in planning 4-H youth programs in rural Ohio counties - Judy Jordan Steritz (Ohio State University, 1993)

A semantic differential study of Idaho and Washington Cooperative Extension System (CES) 4-H horse program leaders' perceptions of 4-H horse program - L. S. Nickerson (University of Idaho, 1993)

Single family camp - Ellen M. Bjelland (University of Missouri, 1993)

A study of the twenty-two elementary agricultural education pilot projects in Illinois for 1989 to 1990 - Steven W. Launius (Southern Illinois University, 1993)

Use of total management practices in 4-H and FFA livestock projects - Julia Garmon (Mention in Summaries of Research in Agricultural Education, 1993)

Why youth drop out of 4-H - Robert Merle Ritchie; Kendra M. Resler (Journal of Extension, 1993)
Ten dropouts between 10-13 years old and 10 between 14-18 years old from 10 counties in Indiana. The final selection process yielded 100 and out of this 92 youth could be contacted. Youth and their parents were interviewed over the phone. Youth represented a balance of rural, urban and mixed counties.The most common reason given by youth who dropped out was related to displeasure with 4-H clubs, ranging from boring meetings to not getting enough help with projects. The second reason was that youth were too busy with sports and third, that youth were too busy with a job.
Research in Brief 1RIB3

The youth/4-H beef education program: A needs assessment using a Delphi study - Ching-Chung Shih (Iowa State University, 1993)

4-H adult volunteers' attitudes towards 4-H members - Roxanne F. Price (Penn State University, Harrisburg, 1992)
Master of Education degree

The 4-H Great Lakes natural resources camp: A follow-up study - Murari Prasad Suvedi (1992)

4-H microbial ecology curriculum development - David Roland Myers (Penn State University, 1992)
Topics covered in this paper are: general curriculum development, learning theory, instructional design, science curriculum development and 4-H curriculum development. The materials were reviewed by extension agents in five Pennsylvania counties and curriculum specialists at the University.

4-H programs in the nation's largest cities - Joel Robert Soobitsky (1992)

4-H programs in the nation's largest cities - Joel Robert Soobitsky (1992)

An analysis of adult 4-H club leader perceptions regarding county 4-H newsletters from the University of Wisconsin Cooperative Extension Service Western District - Cindy A. Peeters (University of Wisconsin, River Falls, 1992)

An analysis of power base preferences of selected Cooperative Extension agents/program assistants and readiness levels of 4-H middle management volunteers in Washington - Janet Hutchinson Hiller (Gonzaga University, 1992)
The purpose of the study was to determine the relationship between the perceived power bases of selected Washington Cooperative Extension agents/program assistance, and the perceived readiness level of adult volunteers in 4-H middle management roles to assume additional responsibility. The power bases studied were: coercive, connection, expert, information, legitimate, referent and reward. Two aspects of readiness levels were studied: ability and willingness. Hersey and Blanchard's Situational Leadership Model was used to compare the data. Nearly ninety percent of the 76 agents/program assistants responded to the Power Perception Profile and 72 percent to the Readiness Scale. T-tests for the independent samples were used for analysis purposes. Significant differences at the .05 level occurred between he agent and the volunteer perceptions of the agent/program assistance power base preference in three of the seven categories: referent, expert and reward. Agents ranked all three higher than did the volunteers. Volunteers ranked themselves as "moderate-high" and "high" readiness levels with ninety-three percent of the responsibilities they listed as part of their middle management role. The researcher concluded that the data fit the Situational Leadership Model well and, based on the literature review, that there is an empowering relationship between the agents/program assistants and volunteer middle managers in the Washington 4-H program.
Modified NAL abstract

California 4-H alumni perceptions of their 4-H experience - Melinda M. Hogan (Souers) (University of California, Davis, 1992)
Master of Education degree

Cognitive style and its relationship to selected characteristics of 4-H members in Central Ohio - Cathy L. Martinez (Ohio State University, 1992)
The purpose of this exploratory study was to examine the relationship between cognitive style of 4-H members and member characteristics, such as their perceived satisfaction with their overall 4-H experience, length of tenure, awareness of their cognitive style, self-reported behavior related to cognitive style, attitude toward 4-H activities and behavior. No significant relationship was found between cognitive style and participation in 4-H projects or activities, with the exception of 4-H camp for senior members. There was also a moderate relationship between cognitive style and length of tenure for junior members. Further research was recommended.
Modified NAL abstract

Competency, coping and contributory life skill development of senior 4-H members: A comparison rural and non-rural 4-H youth - Deborah Jean Jackson Thomason (Clemson University, 1992)
The study investigated the development of competency, coping and contributory life skills as perceived by rural an non-rural senior 4-H members in South Carolina. The Life Skill Development Instrument (LSDI) was sent in a mailed questionnaire to 365 randomly selected senior 4-H members in 23 South Carolina Counties. T-tests and a one way analysis of variance were used to analyze the data. Learning and citizenship subscales showed significant differences at the .05 level. Those senior 4-H members with participation in three or less 4-H project areas scored lower on the total LSDI and subscales of learning, career orientation, leadership and citizenship. No significant differences were found in the development of life skills and gender, race, or categories of years enrolled in 4-H. Mean scores on the LSDI were higher in the group who had been enrolled in 4-H for more than 8 years.
Some sources note Ph.D., but not NAL. Modified NAL abstract

Cultural appropriateness in education and development: The case of the 4-H Yukon River fisheries education and youth development program - Jean LaVerne Marcey (Oregon State University, 1992)
The 4-H River Fisheries Education and Youth Development Program was created to help youth escape from the social ills of substance abuse, teen pregnancy low academic achievement and suicide that plague rural Alaskan villages. The study focused on the program in the village of Kaltag, Alaska using ethnographic methods guided by Coombs and Ahmed's (1974) "Guidelines for Preparing Case Studies of Nonformal Education in Rural Areas" and Nelson's (1982) "Descriptive Profile of Culturally Appropriate Instructional Resources." Respondents indicated that the program in the study indicated the program was both effective and culturally appropriate. Community support, relevance to community needs ad program integration with the school were found to be interrelated and interdependent and related to the program's effectiveness and cultural appropriateness. The program's transferability to other communities may be determined by these three aspects.
Modified NAL abstract

A demographic profile and attitudinal study of donors of the Tennessee 4-H program - Phyllis Lee Bohannon (University of Tennessee, 1992)
The purposes of the study were to: 1) develop demographic profiles of both individual and corporate donors to the Tennessee 4-H program, study the relationships of selected demographic characteristics with donor attitudes, and respondent's philanthropic giving patterns. A random sample of 567 respondents from a population of 2,900 donors were identified to participate in the study; 40% returned the mailed survey. Findings indicated that most of the donors have a generally high opinion of the organization, its objectives, and its ability to teach youth life skills. Many respondents, however, indicated a need for a "modernizing" or "more contemporary changes" to the Tennessee program. A large percentage of donors held advanced degrees. The majority of existing donors were former 4-H members. An important finding was that many donors were receptive to the idea of a "more aggressive" attempt at fund raising for the organization. Individual donors were more receptive to this idea than corporate donors.

Descriptive profile of Trempealeau County Extension homemaker and 4-H family, home and health volunteer leaders - Cynthia Y. Jacoby (University of Wisconsin, Stout, 1992)

Developing life skills in youth - Barry L. Boyd; Don R. Herring; Gary E. Briers (Journal of Extension, 1992)

Development of an interactive computer program on cuts of beef for 4-H - Melanie E. Barkley (Penn State University, 1992)
Master of Education degree

An evaluability assessment of the Louisiana Cooperative Extension Service 4-H program - Robert Felix Richard (Louisiana State University, 1992)
A representative work group of Extension agents, specialists and administrators identified and developed an educational effects matrix for each of five target audiences of the 4-H program--4-H youth, other youth, family members, leaders and policy makers, abstracted themes emerging from telephone interviews of 95 stakeholders and developed a logic model comprised of seven main events: assess needs, define Extension's role and nature of commitment, assess resources and develop program, acquire and/or train staff, initiate networks and coalitions, create awareness and promote program and provide educational experiences. The group also identified underlying activities and indicators for each event and the possible barriers and barrier reductions impeding the flow of the model's events to ultimate consequences. The work group concluded that: Louisiana 4-H has a positive image and that it should expand its audience and subject matter. Administrative approval and a commitment to accept the model with its implications were critical to its implementation. The researcher made a number of recommendations and conclusions including that LCES should actively hire personnel from non-traditional academic backgrounds and that additional research should be conducted.
Modified NAL abstract

Evaluation of a 4-H youth development program in conjunction with adult night school in Knights Landing. Benefits to the Hispanic clientele - Carlos H. Soto-Alberti (University of California, Davis, 1992)
Master of Education degree

Expectations of current 4-H members compared to the outcomes perceived by past 4-H members in West Virginia - Nikki Cavalier (West Virginia University, 1992)
The purpose of the study was to determine if the West Virginia 4-H program meets the expectations of its members. Data were obtained from 226 past and current members using a mailed questionnaire. Current members attached significantly less importance to the value of charting class, being a teen/junior leader, being a camp counselor, being a chief at camp, and just being a 4-H member than did past members. It was concluded that past 4-H members did benefit more in leadership experiences and activities and personal development skills than current 4-H members expect to benefit from them.

Facilitating change with volunteer leader boards - Kathleen Elizabeth Vos (University of Wisconsin, Madison, 1992)
The readiness for change study, groups scoring high on Values Orientation and low on Emotional Resistance showed a tendency to be more open to change. The Readiness for Change survey was based on Howard Davis' A VICTORY THEORY OF CHANGE. The sample for the study were 80 volunteer leaders from eight county 4-H leader boards and eight 4-H youth agents. All participants completed a Readiness for Change pre-and posttest. At the same time an Innovation survey was administered to board presidents and 4-H youth agents. Four of the eight counties were randomly selected to participate in the treatment, an 8 hour Vision-to- Action Workshop. Significant changes in scores for board presidents were evidenced in the areas of needs assessments, management strategies, and Vision of the Future scales. 4-H youth agents showed significant changes in Vision of the Future scores. In the Readiness for Change survey there were significant changes in Vision in Atmosphere force and Values Orientation force. However, in groups with high Values Orientation scores, no significant differences were found. In groups with low Emotional Resistance scores, a significant difference was found only in the Recruiting and Staff Availability scores. In groups with both high Values Orientation and low Emotional Resistance scores, only the Staff Availability scale showed significance.
Modified NAL abstract

Factors related to recruitment and retention of ethnic minority youth in the Ohio 4-H program - Joanne Bankston (Ohio State University, 1992)

Factors which influence participation and non-participation of ethnic minority youth in Ohio 4-H programs - Jamie Cano; Joanne Bankston (Journal of Agricultural Education, 1992)
The purpose of the study was to explore factors associated with participation and non-participation of ethnic minority youth in the Ohio 4-H program. The study also identified the perception of minority parents regarding their children's participation and non-participation in Ohio 4-H. Minority youth found 4-H to be a positive experience which was meaningful, educational and kept them off the streets. Youth were most often influenced to join through a parent; a relative who served as an agent, a program assistant, or leader or friend. Youth perceived inequity of judging at the state fair and feeligns of isolation experienced at events as barriers to participation. Advertisements depicting 4-H programs did not generally include minority youth, nor wre they written so that minority audiences could understand program offerings. Parents also cited the lack of minority adult role models as a barrier to participation. Inconsistencies at judging events and inequitable treatment by other parents and leaders and the lack of interaction between minorities and whites were other barriers expressed by parents.

Handbook development and evaluations of the national 4-H wildlife habitat evaluation program - Edward L. Neilson (Colorado State University, 1992)

The impact 4-H has upon the career development of Oklahoma Key Club members - Regina R. Wylie (Oklahoma State University, 1992)

The impact of the 4-H system manager training on child care providers' perceptions of quality school-age child care - Eddie Lee Locklear (North Carolina State University, 1992)
The primary purpose of this study was to determine if the 4-H system manager training program made a significant different in school-age child care (SACC) providers perceptions of quality child care. The influences of individual and facility characteristics of providers' perceptions was analyzed. A mailed questionnaire was used to collect data from SACC providers in 10 North Carolina counties. Treatment group respondents, those who participated in the 4-H System Manager training, returned 138 pre and 98 posttests. Control group respondents returned 60 pre and 27 posttests. T-tests were used to analyze data. No significant differences were found between participants and nonparticipants in the 4-H System Manager Training Program. When individual characteristics were considered, a significant difference was found for educational background and child care experiences. Staff stability and salary were significant when facility characteristics were examined. When the independent variables were controlled, tenure in present position was found to have a significant difference on providers perceptions. This study supports the need for higher salaries and training for SACC providers.
Modified NAL abstract

The influence of clubs such as Boy Scouts, Girl Scouts, and 4-H on the willingness of ninth grade students to take higher level science courses - John R. Wallace (State University of New York, Brockport, 1992)

Judging team members reflection on the value of livestock, horse, meats and wool judging programs - J. S. McCann; M. A. McCann (Professional Animal Scientist, 1992)

Leadership and power: A comparison of perceptions between state 4-H leaders and state 4-H specialists within the Cooperative Extension Service - Wendellyn Jane Freeman Stivers (Ohio State University, 1992)

The learning styles of youth in nonformal agricultural education programs - Timothy J. Rollins; Jan F. Scholl; Dennis C. Scanlon (Journal of Agricultural Education, 1992)

Michigan Early Adolescent Survey II: 14-18 year olds and their parents: An assessment of developmental needs - Joanne Keith (1992)

Nebraska adolescent health survey: Adolescent stress and coping strategies survey of Nebraska 4-H youth - Eva Burns Bachman (University of Nebraska, 1992)

Nutrition curriculum component for Pennsylvania 4-H dairy project - Kathleen J. Johns (Indiana University of Pennsylvania, 1992)

A public relations program to improve the image of 4-H - Karla Hale (California Polytechnic Institute, 1992)

Social background and attitudinal factors associated with volunteering in 4-H among adult 4-H leaders in the Southern region - James Timothy Flanders (University of Georgia, 1992)

State Fair: Culture and agriculture in Iowa, 1854-1941 - Chris Allen Rasmussen (Rutgers University, 1992)
The study identifies a distinctive middle western nineteenth and early twentieth century cultural institution, the Iowa State Fair. The researcher's main narrative is to show the fair's transformation from a scientific exhibition to a mass-entertainment carnival and to demonstrate how the fair created an image of Iowa's happy, prosperous farm life, primarily through its art and exhibits. The fair became a showcase for agricultural Extension and 4-H clubs. A study of Phil Stong's 1932 novel, State Fair and the film by the same title, depicted--according to the researcher--a place that still existed to a nation craving reassurance during the Great Depression.
Modified NAL abstract

Volunteers!: A study of professionals' and volunteers' attitudes regarding volunteer involvement in 4-H program management - Grace Fujiyama Fong (1992)

1991 Iowa State Fair 4-H Active Learning Center - Julianne Orth Primmer (Iowa State University, 1991)

4-H and non-4-H participants' development of competency, coping and contributory life skills - Jeffrey Paul Miller (Penn State University, 1991)
The main purpose of this study was to determine the level of life skills development of eight grade students enrolled in Ohio public schools and to determine if differences existed between the life skills development of 4-H and non 4-H participants. The secondary purpose was to determine which variables contribute to life skills development of competency, coping and other contributory skills.
Abstract from AGRICOLA 9 of 440 dated 12/91.

4-H instructional unit for feed identification - Stacy Lynn Barlow (California Polytechnic Institute, 1991)

4-H'ers anticipated and actual Iowa State Fair life skill experience outcomes - Debbie Johnson Hall (Iowa State University, 1991)
The objectives of this study were to determine if the stated state fair objectives for 4-H participants were consistent with perceived and actual outcomes of 4-H members exhibits. 4-H members with advanced entries in communication, livestock, clothing programs and judging contests at the 1989 Iowa State Fair were studied. A random stratified sample of 850 youth were selected and surveyed in advance and after the fair. Response rates were 79.5% and 51.6 percent respectively. Analysis included the calculation of means, standard deviation, t-tests, analysis of variance, and posthoc Scheffe set at the .05 level. Females had a consistently higher expectation than males and to a less extent reported higher outcomes than mail. Major differences were also found by departments for both expected and actual outcomes. When contrasting anticipated outcomes and actual outcomes the actual outcomes were consistently lower.
Modified NAL abstract

Achieving correct fit through draping methods - Dolores Marie Sandmann (Texas Woman's University, 1991)
The study was designed to develop a course outline to teach 4-H members 14-17 and adult volunteer leaders (age 20+) the basic principles of draping fabric over the upper torso. The curricula was divided into three sessions: (1) draping a basic blouse with shoulder and waistline darts, (2) drafting a master pattern, (3) draping a blouse with a French dart. Data were analyzed to determine the degree of agreement among judges in assessing garment appearance and fit and in assessing the validity of the curriculum. Results revealed that the level of agreement among the judges was highly significant (p=1.001). The mean rank indicated that the participants had significant difficulty in mastering the draping of the sleeve and armhole. All areas of the curriculum received either an excellent or good rating, indicating that the curriculum was adequate for teaching purposes.
Modified NAL abstract

Adult volunteerism in the 4-H program - Karen S. Sipple (University of Wisconsin, Stout, 1991)

Analysis of 4-H participation and leadership life skill development in Texas 4-H club members - Barry Lynn Boyd (Texas A&M University, 1991)
The purposes of the study were to determine if Texas 4-H members developed leadership life skills and if this skill was related to their participation in the Texas 4-H program and if these 4-H members differed from 4-H youth. All 4-H members 13 to 19 in Texas in the spring of 1991 were considered the population. The non 4-H members were selected from a random cluster sample of 28 schools using one English/Language arts class. Major findings were: 4-H members perceived themselves as having a significantly higher level of life skills; 42% of 4-H respondents participating in the 4-H program at an above average level, 3) a moderate relationship existed between 4-H participation and the leadership scale. A low relationship existed between 4-H participation and the life skills of: communication, working with groups, decision making and understanding self. Four-H members were significantly more active in career, subject matter, junior livestock and church youth groups and clubs than non-4-H youth. A low positive relationship existed between age and all five leadership life skill scales, and a low positive relationship existed between years of participation in 4-H and the life skills indicated above.

An analysis of Alabama 4-H member project selection and participation - John Anthony Cook (Auburn University, 1991)
The study focused on aspects of a process by which youth were enrolled in a 4-H educational program and by which they selected projects or subject areas of participation in Alabama. Because of extremes in project enrollment at the time, a relatively large sample was necessary to obtain adequate data for many of the project titles. Four thousand eight hundred and six youth in 155 4-H clubs in 50 of the 67 counties were included in the study. An instrument was developed to obtain responses from youth regarding the extent of their own participation in projects in which they had expressed an interest. An instrument regarding extension agent support in each of the 45 projects in individual counties was also developed with responses from 88 agents. Data analysis included cross tabulations, chi-square tests and simple correlations between the participation of the youth and the support of extension agents. Demographic factors were also studied. Of the findings, one indicated that female members participated to a greater extent than expected and males less than expected in several projects. There also seemed to be more than expected participation among members of clubs with both male and female members.
Modified NAL abstract

Analysis of Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service 4-H agents utilization of program volunteers - Frederick S. Edmonson (Oklahoma State University, 1991)
The intent of the study was to analyze the 4-H agents utilization of 4-H program volunteers in Oklahoma. A list of 84 CES agents received a survey instrument; 83% (75) responded. Based on findings, personal contact was concluded to be the most currently used and most effective technique of recruiting volunteers. Volunteers were oriented by the 4-H agents on an individual basis with some orientation occurring at special volunteer meetings. The respondents indicated that the lack of time was the most difficult constraint when recruiting volunteers.

Analysis of selected northwest Wisconsin 4-H alumni responses regarding 4-H dairy quiz bowl participation - Francis G. Ginther (University of Wisconsin, River Falls, 1991)
The primary purpose of the study was to assess selected personal characteristics and perceptions of 4-H alumni who participated in 4-H dairy quiz bowl contests. Data were collected by mailed questionnaire from 112 4-H alumni in Wisconsin. The results are as follows: The majority of 4-H alumni quiz bowl participants were female and maintained 4-H membership for 9 or 10 years. Most have a farm or ranch as their current home. Though few of the variables in the study were significant, it was recommended that extension administration recognize the benefits of traditional 4-H community club activities and implement policies encouraging their expanded use.

Attitudes and beliefs of 4-H volunteers towards matters of concern in the North Carolina Four-H program and volunteer values - Heriberto Noel Martinez (North Carolina State University, 1991)
The purpose of the study was to investigate North Carolina 4-H volunteers' beliefs, attitudes and values. Volunteers felt undecided about a number of issues that were basically administrative or organizational. A significant relationship was determined between 4-H volunteers' beliefs and attitudes towards matters of concern, race, age and marital status. Typical volunteer values were found to center around family matters, a sense of commitment to the community, and religious beliefs.
Modified NAL abstract

Commitment of 4-B (Malaysia) youth leaders towards volunteerism - Turiman B. Suandi (Ohio State University, 1991)
A representative sample of 368 4-B leaders were randomly selected to see if the following variables related to commitment to volunteerism: demographic variables, attitudinal factors, motivational factors and need factors. A Pearson Product Moment correlation analysis and semi-partial multiple regression coefficient was obtained for each variable set and a stepwise multiple regression analysis found that altruisma and attractiveness of 4-B were the best predictors of commitment.

A comparative study of professionals' and volunteers' attitudes regarding volunteer involvement in program management: A focus on 4-H - Grace Fujiyama Fong (University of Hawaii, 1991)
This study examined the attitudes of Extension professionals and 4-H volunteers regarding the use of volunteers to manage county-level 4-H programs. Within-group and between-group differences were studied. Seventy-seven percent of the Extension professionals (n=83) and 50% of the 4-H leaders (n=351) who were active in Hawaii at the time of the study responded to a mailed questionnaire. Analysis of Variance, Multivariate Analysis of Variance, and the Student-Newmand-Keuls procedures were used to analyze the data. Extension agents differed when compared by type of CES position held. Human Resource/4-H professionals had a more favorable attitude toward the idea of using volunteers in program management and they rated more tasks as appropriate for volunteers than did agriculture professionals. Ranking of the importance of having particular tasks performed by volunteers also differed. Volunteers differed in their attitudes and perceptions when grouped by motives for volunteering. Those strongly other-directed had a significantly more favorable attitude about using volunteers in program management. The volunteers who were more highly self-directed perceived the greatest number of tasks to be appropriate.
Modified NAL abstract

Curriculum development in a time of change: A clothing and textiles case study - Cynthia Jasper; Kathleen Elizabeth Vos (1991)

Decision making in youth groups - Deryl E. Waldren (California State University, Chico, 1991)

Educational orientation and job satisfaction: A study of extension agents and their supervisors - Murari Prasad Suvedi (Michigan State University, 1991)
The study investigated the educational orientation of Michigan Extension Agents and their level of satisfaction in Extension work. These Extension agents were found to hold a moderate to strong orientation toward andragogy and pedagogy. No significant relationships were found among the demographic characteristics of age, sex, position, experience, graduate degree, prior experiences as a school teacher and educational orientations. Males tended to possess a stronger pedagogical orientation than female agents and home economics, agricultural, and marketing agents were different from 4-H youth agents in terms of andragogical orientation scores. Respondents with high andragogy scores were found to possess lower pedagogy scores, but those with high pedagogy were not found to hold low andragogy scores. Extension agents were satisfied with the content and context of their jobs. The andragogy score was  positively related to job satisfaction. There was no significant differences in job satisfaction found related to the educational orientations of the agent and the educational orientation of their supervisor.
Modified NAL abstract

Evaluation of knowledge and skills of 4-H volunteers in Tulsa County who participated in the volunteer training: "Young People as Learners" - Charlotte Leven Richert (Oklahoma State University, 1991)

Factors affecting agents' involvement of volunteers in Cooperative Extension - Sylvester C. (Bill) Umscheid (Jr.) (Cornell University, 1991)

Health status and sexual abuse survey of Nebraska 4-H youth - Lindy L. Bixler (University of Nebraska, 1991)

Higher impact instructional videos - Susan Jane Barkman (Journal of Extension, 1991)
Article 1FEA4

The impact of exhibiting 4-H animal projects as perceived by selected participants, parents and extension in Mississippi - Joe Porter Baker Jr. (Mississippi State University, 1991)

In-service training for Costa Rican 4-S professionals - D. Kerchis; R. Weathers; A. Etling (Summaries of Research in Agriculture Education, 1991)
The purpose of this project was to improve the utilization of high school Central American Peach Scholars students after they returned from 10 months of study in the U.S. Their host families in the U.S. were all 4-H families and were in 4-H activities to give them ideas to take back to their country. A needs assessment team from National 4-H Council in 1990 interviewed 20 professionals selected by USAID. In 1991, a team of trainers from National 4-H Council returned to San Jose to evaluate the program and to provide follow-up training. Evaluation documented increases in skills, knowledge and attitudes among the trainees and an imporvement in the utilization of the students upon their return to Costa Rica.
abstract

Leaders guide to the 4-H Holstein steer production project - Zoann Parker (Penn State University, Harrisburg, 1991)
Master of Education degree

Linking 4-H youth development programs with adolescent development theory: A review of literature - Jeffrey P. Miller (1991)

Managerial and marketing strategies and techniques of non-profit residential camps - Diane Marie Wishart (Southern Connecticut State University, 1991)

Needs assessment of 4-H Cloverbud leaders -- 1991 - Lisa K. Gross (University of Wisconsin, Stout, 1991)

Perceptions of junior high and senior high school educators in Greene County regarding the educational impacts of 4-H - Demetra Cloar Brundige (University of Tennessee, 1991)

The perceptions of Minnesota County Extension agents on the criteria for judging their qualities of excellence - Piying Liu (University of Minnesota, 1991)
The study addressed the question of what qualities identified the agents from their own perspective. A Q-sort technique was adopted as agents identified and ranked criteria for selecting agents considered to be of the highest quality. The entire population of county agents in North Carolina were surveyed, providing between 39 and 55 percent response rates. The 34 criteria involved personality (14), general-professional (7) and extension-specific attributes. Agents placed a high value on attributes that described the interpersonal nature of their job and on skills associated with communication, teaching and knowing their clientele. Agents tended to consider their professional organization activity, personal continuing education, personal appearance or involvement in community development to have a limited association with their job responsibility and/or performance. Male and female agents differed little in their perceptions on the importance of given criteria. Agents of home economics viewed certain extension specific attributes to be of more importance and certain personality attributes as less important than other agents. The reverse tended to be true for 4-H agents. Perceptions of agriculture agents tended to fall in between. There were no distinctive patterns for general professional attributes.
Modified NAL abstract

The perceptions of Minnesota county extension agents on the criteria for judging their qualities of excellence - L. Pi Ying (University of Minnesota, 1991)
The study addressed the question of what qualities identified the agents from their own perspective. A Q-sort technique was adopted as agents identified and ranked criteria for selecting agents considered to be of the highest quality. The entire population of county agents in North Carolina were surveyed, providing between 39 and 55 percent response rates. The 34 criteria involved personality (14), general-professional (7) and extension-specific attributes. Agents placed a high value on attributes that described the interpersonal nature of their job and on skills associated with communication, teaching and knowing their clientele. Agents tended to consider their professional organization activity, personal continuing education, personal appearance or involvement in community development to have a limited association with their job responsibility and/or performance. Male and female agents differed little in their perceptions on the importance of given criteria. Agents of home economics viewed certain extension specific attributes to be of more importance and certain personality attributes as less important than other agents. The reverse tended to be true for 4-H agents. Perceptions of agriculture agents tended to fall in between. There were no distinctive patterns for general professional attributes.

Perceptions of the 1980 extension program in Texas by 1862 extension personnel and suggestions for improving the Cooperative Extension relationships between the two extension organizations in Texas - Linda Williams-Willis (Texas A&M University, 1991)

Perceptions of Washington State 4-H leaders regarding project materials and training - Ronda D. Cordill (Washington State University, 1991)
Master Adult and Continuing Education

A professional research and knowledge taxonomy for youth development: Communication, 1990-91 - Rebecca S. Thompson (1991)

A professional research and knowledge taxonomy for youth development: Educational design, 1990-91 - Rebecca S. Thompson (1991)

A professional research and knowledge taxonomy for youth development: Youth program management - Rebecca S. Thompson (1991)

Promoting youth development: Strengthening the role of youth serving and community organizations - K. Pittman (1991)

The relationship between critical thinking skills and 4-H judging activity success among Nebraska 4-H program participants - Susan J. Kowalski (University of Nebraska, 1991)
Master of Education degree

The structure underlying extension agents' educational program decisions - Lee Frank Hamilton (Penn State University, 1991)
The study examined the decision-making process used by Pennsylvania Extension agents to implement educational programs. The study used Ajzen's Theory of Planned Behavior (1985, 1987) to confirm the presence of a multidimensional influence. Five external variables on program influences were also evaluated. Regression analysis revealed the importance attached to the four influence components to be a function of an agents' gender, administrative role, years of experience and/or region of employment. Concerning these four variables, females were more likely than males to be influenced by the behavioral outcomes associated with implementing an educational program. Females also placed more importance on the availability of organization resources than did males. Agents in an administrative role were less likely to be influenced in their decisions by the social normative expectations of significant others. They placed more importance on the availability of organizational resources than nonadministrators. Extension agents from counties further in distance from the university also tended to place more importance on the availability of organization resources. Agents with more longevity in the Extension organization placed less importance on the availability of organizational resources when deciding to implement educational programs.
Modified NAL abstract

Use of the full value contract in 4-H challenge programs to improve self-concept - Catherine Elizabeth Day (Washington State University, 1991)
Master Adult and Continuing Education

The value of 4-H according to parents of 4-H club members in Somerset County, NJ - Keith George Diem (1991)

Value of Washington State 4-H fair - Washington State CES (1991)

1990 4-H communications audit: Executive summary - Thomas J. Stevenin (1990)

1990 Communications Audit - T. M. Stevenin (Marketing Resources, Inc., 1990)

4-H experiences contributing to leadership and personal development of 4-H alumni - Rama B. Radhakrishna; Megan E. Sinasky (NAE4-H Proceedings, 1990)

An assessment of the professional competencies needed by 4-S teachers/advisors in Costa Rica - Juan Caliva (Iowa State University, 1990)

An assessment of youth development/community service programs from Iowa public school superintendents' perspective - Charles Ronald Sallade (Iowa State University, 1990)
Four hundred and thirty-three Iowa public school superintendents were surveyed related to the degree of participation in selected youth programs, their perceptions of which youth programs would be the most beneficial, and their recommendation of at least one existing program which was especially effective. It was concluded that beyond youth organizations such as scouting, 4-H, and sports, youth participation in community service programs was at a moderately low level. Those most desirable in light of unmet needs were: parent education, drug abuse prevention, family crisis counseling, peers helping/peer tutoring and individual crisis counseling. Data from the survey were submitted to human services personnel, policy makers and community service personnel to assist in the determination of future public policy.
Modified NAL abstract

Barriers to youth-at-risk programming - Gary Wayne Gerhard; Roger Alan Rennekamp (1990)

Characteristics associated with the level of 4-H club enrollment in the Alabama Cooperative Extension System - Annette Mitchell Ellis (Ohio State University, 1990)
The study described characteristics associated with the level of 4-H club enrollment in Alabama. This was a descriptive correlational study which determined the extent to which relationships existed between the percentage of the county's youth population enrolled in the 4-H program and county demographics, 4-H program factors, characteristics of Extension agents, and characteristics of 4-H members. Sixty-seven county Extension coordinators (n=67) and the Alabama 4-H statistical summaries for 1988-89, population projections for Alabama counties, and the 1980 population census. The 1988-89 4-H enrollment data were used as the basis for calculating the enrollment level and the percentage of the county's youth population (9-19 years of age). The youth population was 722,056. The 10-14 age group represented 50% of the youth population and 89% of the 4-H enrollment. The 15-19 age group represented 50% of the population and 11% of the 4-H participation. The highest percentage of 4-H enrollment was in rural counties. Ten percent of the youth population (10-19 years of age) held membership in 4-H. Fifty percent of the variance in 4-H enrollment level was explained by the linear relationship with factors: type of county (urban or rural), the number of 4-H television programs, 4-H judging events, economics status of families (percent of the families below the poverty level) and participation in 4-H achievement programs.
Modified NAL abstract

Communicating a change in structure for the Wisconsin 4-H program - Patricia A. Wagner (University of Wisconsin, Stevens Point, 1990)

A comparison of volunteer leaders in 4-H with volunteer leaders in related urban youth group - Laksman Premanath (University of Arizona, 1990)
A comparative study was performed to identify personal characteristics and motivation of volunteer leaders from two youth groups: 4-H and Campfire. Data analysis was based on the responses obtained from 64 volunteer leaders. The characteristics investigated included: expected period of service, support and encouragement, time spent on volunteer activities, satisfaction from service rendered, enrollment of volunteer leaders children, place of residence, length of residence, educational level, employment status, age, gender and ethnicity. Affiliation, achievement and power motivation were also assessed. Most of the personal characteristics investigated were determined to be similar among the two groups. Both 4-H and Campfire volunteer leaders were highly achievement and affiliation motivated.
Modified NAL abstract

Computer applications and computer technology transfer by Mississippi Extension personnel: An evaluation of involvement, competencies and training - Donald Zinn Goode Jr. (Mississippi State University, 1990)
The study was used to determine the involvement of Mississippi Cooperative Extension personnel in computer applications and computer technology transfer and to determine the training needs and responsibility perceptions of MCES personnel. This descriptive study used a mailed questionnaire to gather data. Administrators, agricultural agents, home economists, 4-H agents, secretaries and specialist were surveyed. The population size was 476. With stratified sampling 343 questionnaires were mailed and an 86% response rate resulted. Most MCES personnel indicated they used a computer 6 hours each week--one of the hours spent in software experimentation. An average of 13 interactions per month with other personnel and or clientele on computer interactions. Most respondents (93%) had access to at least one MS-DOS (IBM compatible) computer. The most frequently listed audience for technology transfer efforts was "farmers". Other audiences listed were: youth and volunteers, business and industry, homemakers, change agents, government officials, the unemployed and schools. Most respondents indicated that they looked to administration for support in keeping current with computer technology.
Modified NAL abstract

Design and evaluation of a contemporary 4-H clothing project - Elaine Brown Dietz (Washington State University, 1990)

The effectiveness of the beginning scholars program in attracting high ability students to the College of Agriculture and home economics - Melissa K. Lester (University of Arkansas, 1990)

Effects of spousal satisfaction and selected career factors on job satisfaction of extension agents - Michael Hebert; Joe W. Kotrlik (Journal of Agricultural Education, 1990)

An evaluation of the impact of a contemporary 4-H clothing project on fashion and consumer awareness in the junior high school - Elaine T. Brown (Washington State University, 1990)

An evaluation of the national 4-H executive development institute - John Mark Pettitt (North Carolina State University, 1990)
The study measured changes in 29 behaviors related to the objectives of the National 4-H Executive Development Institute as reported by the Institute participants. The population consisted of Extension professionals selected by their states and a national selection committee. The purpose of the institute was to prepare these professionals for assuming chief executive leadership roles in state 4-H programs. The institute was held over a two year period and included five intensive six day group sessions, held approximately 6 months apart. Questionnaires for this study were distributed by mail to the participants 10 months after the final session. Forty-seven participants (85%) returned completed questionnaires along with 40 supervisors (73%) and forty-five colleagues (80%). Participants reported significant changes for the 29 behavior and constituents validated that they had observed all but five behaviors to exist at the same level as reported by the participants. The greatest behavioral changes related to the Institute session on Politics, Policy and Extension.
Modified NAL abstract

Factors related to successful participation by older youth in 4-H clubs in Ohio using the Expectancy Valence Model of Human Motivation - Melissa Lynn Beaver (Ohio State University, 1990)

How youth find out about 4-H and why they join - Keith George Diem (Summary of Research in Extension, 1990)
abstract

Institutional constraints affecting county extension agents in Arizona - Ratnayake Mudiyanselage Nandasiri (University of Arizona, 1990)
The purpose of this study was to determine the extension agent's perceptions of institutional constraints to the performance of their duties within the Arizona Cooperative Extension System. The population of the study was 66 county extension agents. Considerable variation was observed among respondents in their perceptions of the severity of the constraints. Important findings included that: 4-H agents perceived constraints that were more severe than agricultural or home economics agents and those with more than 5 years of service perceived more constraints in the area of personnel evaluation than agents with five years or less service.
Modified NAL abstract

Intergenerational occupational mobility: Effects of aspirations and parental status on occupational attainments of college graduates in agriculture - Rebecca S. Myrick; John E. Dunkelberger (Rural Sociological Society, 1990)
A study of agriculture students enrolled in a college or school of agriculture at a southern land-grant institution. Agriculture, particularly farming has traditionally been marked by intergenerational transfer of occupational status through various stages, begining with a youth's entry into the 4-H program and/or enrollment in high school vocational agriculture courses.

International programming delivered by county 4-H professionals - Kimberly K. Reaman (Penn State University, 1990)

Motives, incentives and disincentives of older adult volunteers in youth development and other youth organizations - Shirley B. Rouse (University of North Carolina, 1990)

New Mexico State 4-H Youth Leadership Project: Relationships between elements of leadership participation and self-esteem - Laurie L. Blackwell (New Mexico State University, 1990)

Organizational mechanisms for clientele input into decision making of the Cooperative Extension Service as perceived by the clientele - Michael Anthony Warnakulasooriya (Michigan State University, 1990)

Perceived influences on youth in swine projects - Julia Andrew Gamon (1990)
This was a study of influences on participation in swine projects, improvement of skills in swine production, needs for information on swine, and life skills improvement. A mailed questionnaire assessing perceptions of influences was sent to two hundred randomly selected Iowa 4-H'ers with swine projects; return rate was 56%. A family farm operation and the opportunity to make money wre very strong influences on participation. Perceived improvemens in swine productions were in selling pigs and visual assessment of quality and weight. The highest needs for more information were: producing animals with certain carcass or grain characteristics, and using approved drugs to promote faster growing animals. Respondents perceived that their participation in swine projects helped them improve the following life skills: feeling better about themselves, making better decisions, increasing communication skills, developing leadership skills and coping with changes.

A professional research and knowledge taxonomy for youth development: Volunteerism - Sandra L. Facinoli (1990)

The relationship between marketing activities, promotional methods and county 4-H club membership in North Carolina - Mary Elizabeth Fanning (North Carolina State University, 1990)

Relationship of temperament type to retention of 4-H membership in Saunders, Sarpy and Lancaster Counties, Nebraska - Kevin K. Kock (University of Nebraska, 1990)

A study of the health care concerns and experiences of professional county extension personnel of the Mississippi Cooperative Extension Service - Igusti Ketut Swastika (Mississippi State University, 1990)
The study examined health care concerns and experiences of Mississippi county extension staff. One hundred and fifty-nine respondents were selected from 203 Extension professionals in 1989. Data were collected using the Educator Health Care Assessment Instrument (1988) and were analyzed using descriptive measures, frequency distributions, one-way analysis of variance, regression and discriminant analysis Findings showed six leading health care problems experienced by the respondents were: job stress, fatigue, colds, respiratory problems, headaches and personal stress. Five major reasons for absence from work because of health care problems were: major surgery, childbirth, maternity/paternity needs, personal stress and colds. Health care problems of major and minor surgery, job stress, depression, insomnia and colds were more prevalent among extension 4-H youth agents than among Extension home economics or Extension agricultural agents. The extension 4-H youth agents also missed more days, especially for childbirth and were more concerned about fatigue and insomnia than were the extension agricultural agents and extension home economics agents. The respondents missed an average of 10.57 workdays per year.
Modified NAL abstract

A study of the motivation to volunteer in the 4-H program of Cooperative Extension in Massachusetts - Otis Freeman Curtis IV (University of Massachusetts, 1990)
The problem addressed in this study was the limited available knowledge of why people volunteer. An instrument was developed which would be useful in subsequent research among volunteers. Eighty-seven questions pertaining to potential reasons for volunteering were developed giving a range of seven responses from "not a reason" to " extremely important reason." Demographic questions were added. The instrument was mailed to 453 Massachusetts volunteers; yielding a 76% response rate. The theory was found to be operationally useful. The reasons for volunteering were found to cluster in groups corresponding to values. (The factor analysis revealed that individuals responded to questions regarding motivation in accordance with individually held values.) Additional research was recommended to include exploration of differences among motivation factors.
Modified NAL abstracts

A text development process to improve the comprehensibility of educational text - Penny Risdon (Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1990)
This study investigated a systematic process for improving the understanding or comprehensibility of the educational publications produced by the Cooperative Extension Service. A model of a publication development process based on learning principles was created. This study investigated the effectiveness of the model with Extension subject-matter specialists developing publications for 4-H youth. Specifically, this study was conducted in three parts: the model of the text-development process was taught to subject matter specialists; the specialists in turn used the model to develop educational texts for 4-H youth; and finally comprehensibility testing of the text passages produced by the specialists with 4-H youth members and adult leaders was conducted. This study confirmed that the utilization of learning principles within the text-development process can improve the comprehensibility of subject matter information presented in Extension educational publications.

4-H EFNEP volunteer involvement: A case study of a Cooperative Extension effort to involve short-term, Four-H EFNEP helpers in on-going, independent 4-H volunteer leadership roles - Kathleen Sullivan Tajeu (Cornell University, 1989)
The study examined a program designed to involve short-term introductory Cooperative Extension (4-H EFNEP) volunteers in on-going independent 4-H volunteer leadership roles. The study identified factors that facilitated and impeded on-going participation among a group of predominately limited resource women. Program contexts, volunteers' socio-demographic and personal characteristics, organizational involvement strategies used, reported outcomes and barriers reported by the paraprofessionals working with the volunteers. A mix of qualitative and quantitative methods were used within the context of a four-phased exploratory case study. Structured and unstructured interviews, reviews of program documents and logs, site visits and questionnaires were used to collect data. Volunteers with a high school degree were most likely to make the transition to on-going volunteer leadership roles. No other volunteer socio-demographic or personal characteristic was significantly linked to transition. Implementation factors and volunteer outcomes were more important in explaining the likelihood of transition: content of training, institutional support for an introductory experience, institutional support for 4-H exposure, positive feelings during the 4-H EFNEP meetings, and the belief that 4-H EFNEP experience had resulted in new connections of people and information. Forty-four percent of the variation in transition outcome could be explained by the institutional support for the 4-H exposure; another 14% was explained by the belief that 4-H EFNEP experience resulted in new connections of people and information.
Modified NAL abstract

Analysis of 4-H participation and leadership life skill development in Texas 4-H club members - Barry Lynn Boyd (1989)

An analysis of staffing patterns and their effect on programs as perceived by 4-H agents in Virginia - Yvette G. Robinson (University of Maryland, College Park, 1989)
This study was mentioned in the January 1989 issue of Research Summaries in Agricultural Education. It is not known whether or not the student completed the study. The citation indicates that the student was working with R. J. Seibel.

Characteristics of national recognized leaders who were members of 4-H - Jayne McBurney Cubilla (Ohio State University, 1989)

Characteristics related to retention and dropout of teenage 4-H youth in Oklahoma - Nancy Lynn Thomason (Oklahoma State University, 1989)

A comparative study of agent, teenage member and state 4-H staff perceptions of teen leadership tasks in the Georgia 4-H program - Clyde Wesley Taylor (University of Georgia, 1989)
Master of Agriculture Extension degree

Competencies and pre-service training in light horse subject matter received by Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service 4-H agents and their relationship to educational programs - Robin Janette Edwards (Oklahoma State University, 1989)

Competition in 4-H - USDA ES (1989)

Contemporary youth and 4-H: Test of a study design - USDA ES (1989)

Design of a workshop to train PSU faculty as international consultants in youth development - Janbaz Khan (Penn State University, 1989)
Master of Education degree

Determining staff development needs of field-based 4-H professionals in Pennsylvania: A professional paper in extension education - Patrick J. Carroll (Penn State University, 1989)
The purpose of the study was to determine areas of professional competence in which field-based 4-H professionals in Pennsylvania needed additional training. A questionnaire, based on 25 professional competencies derived from the 4-H Professional Research and Knowledge Taxonomy (4-H PRK) and two skills relating to "youth at risk," was mailed to all county-based 4-H professionals in Pennsylvania. Respondents perceived themselves as least skilled in dealing with legal concerns of volunteers. In general, competence in those skills relating to youth issues programming was perceived as lower than other skills. Respondents felt that skills relating to youth issues programming were important to their professional responsibilities as 4-H agents. Some differences were found within six demographic variables when respondents' perceptions of the importance of "youth at risk" skills were examined. The majority of respondents (52.3%) identified regional in-service training as the one method they believed would be most appropriate to learn needed skills.

Development of a curriculum model for planning life skills for 4-H young people - Virginia Claire Gobeli (Boston University, 1989)
This study covers the development of a model for curriculum planning for youth development programs in non-formal educating programs. The development was identified with life skills (understanding self, communicating and relating with others, problem solving and decision-making, using information, managing, and working with others). It identified guidelines for developing the model. As a base for planning youth development programs it includes: mission and philosophy; life skills as outcomes; developmental levels; characteristics, needs, and tasks for youth; and description of an enabling structure. A review by 4-H professional staff indicated it to be appropriate for 4-H.

The effect of inserted questions requiring overt responses on learning a complex procedural skill through instructional video - Susan Jane Barkman (Indiana University, 1989)

The effectiveness of the food and nutrition 4-H project in improving dietary practices and food consumption patterns of high school students in Louisiana - Saralene Brandon Seals (Louisiana State University, 1989)
The primary purpose of the study was to determine the effectiveness of the foods and nutrition project in Louisiana. This project area traditionally enrolls about one-fourth of the total membership. A second purpose was to identify personal and household demographic characteristics that may influence dietary practices and food consumption patterns. Telephone interviews were conducted by Extension home economists with a random sample of 277 4-H foods and nutrition project members 278 non 4-H members. Findings indicated that the 4-H foods and nutrition program appears to be making a positive impact on 4-H project members' dietary practices and food consumption patterns. Mean scores were significantly higher for 4-H members than for non-4-H youth. the greatest impact on dietary practices measured appears to be in the areas of planning and preparing meals and grocery shopping. Eating a variety of foods, consuming more foods high in vitamins A and C and less foods high in fat, sugar and salt than do non-4-H'ers. Recommendations included the expansion of program efforts to reach greater numbers of both 4-H and non-4-H youth.
Modified NAL abstract

Environmental attitudes of participants in the Oklahoma 4-H Philmont Outdoor Adventure Program - Patricia Ann McNally Trotter (Oklahoma State University, 1989)
The purpose of this study was to determine if differences existed in the environmental attitudes of current and past participants in the Oklahoma 4-H Philmont Outdoor Adventure program. The Millward-Ginter Outdoor Attitude Inventory was the instrument utilized to pre and post-test subjects on overall outdoor attitude and specific attitudes toward environment, socialization, education and pollution. Sixty-eight youth and 26 adults were surveyed. Findings showed that demographics characteristics did differ in the participation of the subjects, the age of the subject and the family income of the male subjects. Participants had a positive attitude toward the outdoors both at the entry and completion of the experience. Adults had a more positive attitude toward the outdoors than the youth. First-time participants pretest socialization attitude was not as positive as that of returning and non-returning participants. Positive attitudes were strengthened, but the change was not found to be statistically significant.
Modified NAL abstract

Ethical issues and perceptions of importance and frequency by adult educators in the Cooperative Extension Service - Shirley Lake Barber (Ohio State University, 1989)
This study examines 27 ethical value dilemmas utilizing a self-report questionnaire to identify (1) the perceived importance of ethical issues in selected dilemmas, and (2) the frequency with which the ethical issues have been experienced. Rest's Four Component Model (1981) posits four psychological processes are necessary conditions for moral behavior. This study is limited to Component I concerning the ability to recognize moral problems as they arise. The faculty of the Minnesota Extension Service including 4-H agents, administrators and specialists comprised the subjects (N=526) for the study. Procedures for data analysis used descriptive statistics and univariate tests for analysis of variance (ANOVA).
Abstract 12 out of 440 in AGRICOLA, entered 12/91.

An evaluation of community-based organizations serving children and youth at risk in the Eden area of Alameda County - Gail Steele (University of San Francisco, 1989)
M.P.A., a Nonprofit Organization Management degree

Extracurricular activities of youth in Lancaster County - Patricia A. Gordon (1989)

Factors associated with adult 4-H volunteers' evaluation of life skills development among participants in the Kentucky 4-H program - David Carroll Jeffiers (North Carolina State University, 1989)
Through a mail questionnaire 394 4-H volunteers evaluated the level of influence 4-H participation had on each of 45 life skills and rated the life skills for the value each had for achieving success in life. Results were computed using the t-test to determine differences in mean evaluation scores by a number of personal, situational, and social/psychological factors. Pearson's Product-Moment coefficient of correlation and partial correlation coefficients were also used to test for selected relationships. Stepwise multiple regression was used to develop predictive models of respondents' evaluations of the impact of the 4-H program on life skill development. Findings indicated that adult 4-H volunteers place a high value on the life skills addressed by the 4-H program and indicate that 4-H programs are effective in life skill development among program participants. Satisfaction with the job as an adult 4-H volunteer and the value one places on life skills for success in life are the factors that are associated with volunteers' evaluation of the 4-H program relative to program participants' acquisition of life skills.

Factors associated with volunteering in 4-H: Difference between rural and urban school teachers - Philip Rosser Torrance (University of Georgia, 1989)
Master of Agriculture Extension degree

Factors related to student participation in senior high school 4-H clubs - David Leonard Pichon (Louisiana State University, 1989)

A feasibility study for Missouri 4-H foundation - Nike Whitcomb Associates, Inc. (1989)
described as a report

Final report of the Cooperative Extension system youth curriculum development task force - Joseph Kurth; others (1989)

Funding the Montana 4-H program - J. F. Connor (Montana State University, 1989)
Not sure whether the student completed his/her paper. Cited in Research Summaries in Agriculture Education, January 1989, p. 127.

The influence of Swedish 4-H farm camps on attitudes of urban Swedish children about farmers and farming - Jerry H. Reyburn (Summaries of Research in Agricultural Education, 1989)
Not sure study was published. Cited as research in progress.

Leadership effectiveness of county extension directors: A comparison of perceptions between county extension agents and county extension directors within the North Carolina Agricultural Extension Service - Donald Wayne Cobb (North Carolina State University, 1989)
The purpose of the study was to compare extension agent perceptions of the leadership effectiveness of their County Extension Director (CED) to self-perceptions made by the CED in order to determine the effects certain variables have on CED leadership. Findings: No significant differences were found in the perceptions of CED leadership effectiveness were perceived by county extension agents and their directors within the North Carolina Extension Service. CEDs having attended the Extension Executive Development Institute had leadership effectiveness equal to CEDs who had not attended, individuals who had held a CED position for 10 years or less had leadership effectiveness ratings equal to those who had held a CED position from 11 to 31 years. CEDs who held 4-H, home economics or community and rural development agent positions before becoming a CED had leadership effectiveness equal to those CEDS who held agricultural positions before becoming a CED, CEDs located in counties where staff members exhibited low levels of teamwork had leadership effectiveness ratings lower than CEDs located in counties where staff members exhibited high levels of teamwork. There was no difference in CED leadership effectiveness ratings due to the level of staff performance.
Modified NAL abstract