A needs assessment of Wisconsin 4-H dairy leaders - Sandra Ann Kracht (University of Wisconsin, 1989)
The study provides challenges to the 4-H dairy program and its leadership development. The study identified training and material needs of 4-H leaders. It also determined the leader's knowledge of 4-H youth dairy opportunities and why leaders are involved in the program. The leaders are receptive to training and desire information for creative methods to reach 4-H members.

Partners for action: The roles of key volunteers - Sara M. Steele; others (1989)

Perceived effectiveness of fund raising methods utilized by county 4-H programs in Oklahoma - Roger Paul Moore (Oklahoma State University, 1989)

Perceptions of county agents and 4-H leaders toward fund-raising activities by the Montana 4-H Foundation - J. F. Connor (Montana State University, 1989)

Perceptions of the agriculture secondary school students toward the effectiveness of the 4-S program in Guanacaste Province, Costa Rica - Juan Caliva (Iowa State University, 1989)

Personal factors associated with volunteering in 4-H among middle school teachers - Frederick Richard Rohs; G. B. Lee (Association of Voluntary Action Scholarship Conference, 1989)

A professional research and knowledge taxonomy for youth development: Youth Development - Sandra L. Facinoli (1989)

A professional research and knowledge taxonomy for youth development: Communication - Sandra L. Facinoli (1989)

Quality of life indicators: Adolescents' perceptions - Darlene Zeh Baker (Texas Woman's University, 1989)
The study was identified adolescents' perceptions of quality of life indicators and to examined the affect of selected demographic characteristics on indicator selection. In the summer of 1988, a two-part instrument was administered to 190 Arkansas teens who participated in one of four state summer 4-H activities. The instrument collected demographics in Part I and Part 2 was a Q-sort of 61 quality of life indicators which the respondent sorted into one of seven stacks according to what they personally felt gave their lives the most quality. SAS linear models (GLM) procedure for unbalanced ANOVA and the means separation test were used in data analysis. Findings of the study indicate that individual characteristics do influence what adolescents' perceive gives their life quality. Sex, race, place of residents and parent's marital status affect quality of life indicator selection by 4-H adolescents. Social/psychological and personal areas gave their lives the most quality.
Modified NAL abstract

Readability of mass mailing written material produced at the county level of the Alabama Cooperative Extension Service - Earl Crawford Johnson (Louisiana State University, 1989)
The objective of the study was to ascertain the readability of mass mailing written material produced in Alabama counties. A mailed questionnaire to 100 randomly selected county agents was used with a 98% response rate. The readability was assessed using the Fry Readability Graph. Descriptive statistics and correlation coefficients were calculated. Stepwise multiple regression was set at the .05 level. Findings indicated that the respondents spent about 6 hours a week writing educational materials for Extension clientele. Forty-two percent had taken no college writing course; 45% had taken only one college writing course. Agricultural material was written at a readability level of one grade above home economics materials. Two-thirds of the agents wrote for adult audiences with an average readability of 10th grade or higher, which is above the reading level of the average adult in the U.S. Three-fourths of the agents wrote for adult audience with an average readability of 8th grade or higher, while 75% of Alabama 4-H members are in grades 4-7. Readability grade level of the material tended to increase with educational attainment and with increase in communications in-services attended. The level decreased as agents spent more time writing for Extension clientele. Males who wrote only agricultural materials, tended to write materials at a higher readability level than females, who wrote only home economics materials. Conclusions indicate that Extension materials are being written at levels too high for intended audiences.
Modified NAL abstract

Relationships between 4-H youth leadership involvement and self-esteem - Dawn Marie Mueller (Washington State University, 1989)
This study investigated the belief that 4-H youth leadership involvement improves self-esteem. Eight hundred sixty-eight youth received the survey; 402 responded; yielding a 46% response rate. 4-H believes that leaders help build self-esteem by involving youth in planning, implementing, and evaluating activities. Self-esteem was correlated with each of the abovementioned components of involvement. A significant relationship (r=.162 p<.01) and evaluating the activity which youth perceived as most helpful in developing leadership skills (r=.223 p<.001). No significant relationship was found between self-esteem and involvement in planning activity (r=.124 p>.05). Forty-three percent of the youth reported frequent involvement in planning the activity, 63% reported frequent involvement in implementing the activity, and 52% reported frequent involvement in evaluating the activity. Ninety percent of the youth reported that they get along with their leaders.

The role of the land-grant institution in responding to youth at risk issues as perceived by selected university and Cooperative Extension faculty, staff and administrators of Oklahoma State University. - James Andrew Rutledge (Oklahoma State University, 1989)
The purpose of the study was to determine how faculty, staff and administrators perceive their university responding to contemporary youth related problems. During the spring of 1989, 107 individuals completed telephone interviews which included university administrators and regents, campus faculty and staff, CES administrators and 4-H staff. Interviews gathered both quantitative and qualitative data through forced-choice open-ended and scaled questions. Of the 107 individuals selected for the study, 107 participated in the interviews. All groups agreed that teen pregnancy and substance abuse were the two most serious problems facing Oklahoma youth. University administration were in agreement that additional research would be the most appropriate action to address youth at risk issues, while Extension administration and staff felt developing coalitions would be most appropriate. All felt that developing instructional programs to be appropriate. Private foundations and the federal government were perceived to be the most likely sources of funds for "youth at risk" programs. Lack of funding and personal commitment were perceived to be the two biggest challenges. Non-Extension groups were aware of the 4-H program, but only 75 percent were aware of Extension's "youth at risk" initiatives.
Modified NAL abstract

The role of volunteer leaders in the Cooperative Extension 4-H youth development program in selected counties in Iowa - Michael Jackson Akpan (Iowa State University, 1989)

Staffing model for state 4-H youth development for the future - James R. Helt (1989)

A study of the allocation of county extension agents by geographic and disciplinary areas within Cooperative Extension - Milton Anthony Wright (University of Idaho, 1989)
Budgetary reduction and new education program initiatives required that county extension staffing patterns be changed in Washington state. A multivariate multiple regression analysis indicated that there was an overall significant relationship between the principal components of the general population and agricultural activity and FTEs. Agricultural FTEs were significant related with positive coefficients with the two principal components. The family living and 4-H youth equation coefficients were significantly different than the ANR regression equations. The number of FTEs in family living and 4-H youth program areas was positively related to the general population, but negatively related to agricultural activity. There was no significant difference between family living and 4-H equations. A cluster analysis, using principal components placed counties into five categories. The model was shown to be useful for administrators making staff allocations. Multi-county and area agent specialties were also examined.
Modified NAL and PRK abstracts

A study on the motivations and characteristics of mature (age 50 and older) 4-H volunteer advisors in Ohio - Jeanette Kay Rea (Ohio State University, 1989)

A study to determine the effects of 4-H attributed family stress on the family - Deborah A. [Dietrich] Price (Penn State University, 1989)

Taking the lead in leadership: Relationship between 4-H youth leadership involvement and self esteem - Dawn Marie Mueller (Washington State University, 1989)

Volunteer management training for extension/4-H professionals - Kelly S. Preble (Penn State University, 1989)
Master of Education degree

Volunteer youth programs: 4-H and youth at risk - Sonya S. Leavitt (University of Idaho, 1989)

Work motivational factors associated with the job performance of county extension agents in Ohio - Marilyn R. Spiegel (University of Toledo, 1989)
The purpose of the study was to determine what motivational factors were associated with the job performance of county extension agents in Ohio. Herzberg's Motivation-Hygiene theory was the basis of this descriptive correlational study. Data were gathered in February 1989 by a mailed questionnaire. Job performance scores were collected from central administration. The population consisted of all county extension agents in Ohio (n=184); 176 (95.6% response rate). Findings suggested that the sample was well balanced by program area and gender and the average length of service was 11.3 years. More than half of the agents were high performers. Overall the 4-H youth development agents had lower job performance scores than the agricultural and home economics agents. Agents were motivated both by intrinsic and extrinsic motivational factors. Among other factors, agents desired the potential for personal challenge and development. In the relationship between work motivational factors and job performance, significant differences were found among the major program areas and the gender of the agent.
Modified NAL abstract

4-H advisory committee survey - University of Maryland (1988)

4-H alumni - USDA ES (1988)

4-H Image study - Mary Hartman (1988)

4-H in the inner city of Detroit - J. Fitzpatrick; W. Mills; M. Wimbush (1988)

4-H leader perception of support by club members' parents - Judith S. Baillere; Sara Crane (1988)

4-H members, parents, leaders and agents perceptions of 4-H competitive events in three urban central Oklahoma counties - Rebecca Lynn Larkin (Oklahoma State University, 1988)
During April 1988, a questionnaire was mailed to a group of 330 parents, leaders and agents in Canadian, Cleveland and Oklahoma counties. Fifty randomly sampled 4-H members from each of the counties, 50 randomly sampled parents from two counties and 37 from the third county. The group responded to a five part survey. The data indicated that all respondents felt that competitive events were valuable. There was a consensus that competitive events help members in their everyday lives. They provide additional information for members' projects and encourage younger members to take part in new projects. There was little difference of opinion among responding groups concerning present practices of conducting competitive events for 4-H members. Comments noted that some of the events needed revision.
Year of Study may be 1989

4-H volunteerism (volunteer recruitment and training), FY 1987 Impact Study - Diana Lugo de Martinez (1988)

4-H youth programming with Alaska's multicultural youth audiences a report prepared for the Cooperative Extension Service - Susan W. Halbert (1988)

4hprk: Youth Development: a professional research and knowledge taxonomy for youth development - Kthleen C. Hayes; Sandra L. Facinoli (1988)

Assessing the impact of on former members in North Carolina: Impact study - R. David Mustain (1988)
A random sample of 836 adult alumni were studied to identify community-related activities in which they are currently engaged. 47% reported that they had belonged to other youth organizations. Souces most helpful in their project work were: adult leaders, family members, county Extension staff, project materials, club meetings, junior leaders and references. Alumni of 4-H felt their experiences contributed (more than alumni of other organizations) to personal development, leadership skills, ability to communicate and setting goals. Fifty-six percent left program while still eligible.

A comparative study of agent and teenage member perceptions of leadership tasks in the Georgia 4-H program - Roger Coleman Ryles Jr. (University of Georgia, 1988)
Master of Agriculture Extension degree

A comparison of leadership attributes of senior high 4-H club members and non-4-H club members - Kenneth Joseph Guidry (Louisiana State University, 1988)

Competition and youth research based implications for 4-H - J Allen; T. Iyechad; others (1988)

Development of life skills of 4-H club members in Louisiana - Bruce G. Waguespack (Louisiana State University, 1988)
The purpose of this study was to investigate the development of competency, coping and contributory life skills as perceived by 4-H club members in Louisiana. Two parishes from each of the nine LCES areas, were randomly selected to participate in the study. Data were collected from junior and senior high school 4-H club members in Louisiana. Two parishes from each of the nine LCES areas, were randomly selected to participate in the study. Data were collected from junior and senior high school 4-H club members during the spring of 1988. The 60-item Life Skill Development (LSD) instrument contains three major skills to measure self perceived development of the major 4-H life skill areas (competency, coping, and contributory), and nine sub-scales representing the 4-H program objectives (health, learning, career dev., resource management, self-confidence, cooperation, leisure, leadership, and citizenship). The results indicated that 4-H members agreed that, generally, they have acquired the life skills contained in the 4-H objectives. Non-junior leadership club members were more advanced in overall life skill development and competency and coping life development. Female 4-H members were more advanced in development of competency and coping life skills than males. Seniors were more advanced in overall life skill, competency, and contributory life skill development. 4-H members with more years enrolled in 4-H were more advanced in contributory life skill development. 4-H members that indicated more years in the junior leadership program were more advanced in contributory life skill development.

Ethical value dilemmas of 4-H professionals in the cooperative extension system - Shirley Lake Barber (1988)

An evaluation of training materials for county 4-H councils - Arlene Kay Shew (Washington State University, 1988)
This study focuses on county 4-H council training materials developed by Kentucky 4-H. The purpose is to make recommendations for maintaining or strengthening the content of the training materials against training objectives. An analysis of the training material content identified three categories: objectives, topics, and sub-topics. An audit of the materials determined that all sub-topic and topic content categories supported a training objective. Two survey instruments were developed to measure the response of training participants to content ideas presented in two sessions. The study indicates response of participants of perceptions of change in understanding of content ideas resulting from training and recommendations made.

Experiential education and legal justification for Cooperative Extension, 4-H (historical study) - V. Milton Boyce (1988)

Factors affecting 4-H professionals making significant changes in their volunteer programs - Gerald Gilbert Gast (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1988)
This research explores "the relationships between change in the 4-H professional's perceived functionality of the volunteers' role behavior, perceived change in the volunteers' job satisfaction, related learning activities, and other variables identified as potentially facilitating or limiting 4-H professionals making significant changes in their volunteer programs." A randomly selected sample of 624 4-H professionals were surveyed by questionnaire of which 73.7% responded. Six conclusions are listed along with implications of the study.

Factors associated with mastery of the 4-H professional research and knowledge base by extension agents, 4-H in Ohio - Gary Wayne Gerhard (Ohio State University, 1988)
The purpose of this study was to explore within the population of Extension Agents, 4-H, the effects of fourteen critical events in their academic, professional and personal lives related to knowledge acquisition, and to determine the best predictors of overall mastery from those events. All 66 Extension Agents, 4-H of the Ohio Cooperative Extension Service submitted 4H PRK Mastery Tests and background information sheets. Reviews of transcripts and employment records were completed to obtain historical data. Performance was similar on all sub-tests except volunteerism, where the agents displayed significantly greater proficiency. Analysis identified cumulative post-secondary grade point average as the only significant variable loading on 4H PRK.
Modified NAL and PRK abstracts

Factors influencing the decline in enrollment of junior high 4-H members - Michael F. Burnett; Rick M. Louque (Proceedings of the fifteenth National Agricultural Education Research Meeting, 1988)

Factors relating to the retention of older teens in Tennessee 4-H - William Alan Bruhin (University of Tennessee, 1988)

Factors which influence retention of first-year 4-H leaders - Terry Lawrence Wolfe (Montana State University, 1988)

Findings relative to 4-H: The Gallup Study of Public Awareness and Image of Voluntary Youth agencies - USDA; Gallup Organization (1988)
Part of study of youth organizations, similar to 1974 study

A follow-up evaluation of "Nutrition in Action": A videotaped course for 4-H leader education - Judith Lynn Hall (Penn State University, 1988)
Master of Education degree

Host families' perceptions of the Tennessee 4-H/LABO exchange program - Teresa Ann Goddard (University of Tennessee, 1988)

Identification and comparison of factors influencing Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service agents to remain in the profession - Charles Bryan Cox (Oklahoma State University, 1988)

The impact of volunteers in Extension 4-H programs - USDA ES (1988)
One of a series of reports from Volunteer study 1983-87 University of Wisconsin

Influence of the 4-H incentive system on the development and retention of 4-H members - Sheila Harris Forbes (Oklahoma State University, 1988)

Kansas 4-H impact study: 1983-1987 - G. S. Hanna (1988)

Leadership practiced by Rhode Island 4-H alumni compared with other adults and related to experiences as 4-H youth - J. Whitney Bancroft (1988 NAE4-HA Conference Abstracts, 1988)

Marie Samuella Cromer Seigler (4-H Clubs of America, South Carolina) - Margaret Anne Dickert (University of South Carolina, 1988)
In 1910, Marie Cromer, organized a girls' tomato club in Aiken County, South Carolina. The membership was 47 girls who each planted one tenth acre of tomatoes. These tomatoes were canned and sold for profit. In three years, the tomato clubs grew into an organization covering the entire south and serving 30,000 girls. These clubs united with the boys' corn clubs and became 4-H clubs of American. The historical study concluded that Marie Cromer Seigler was an originator of the 4-H clubs of America.
Modified NAL abstract

Microcomputers and 4-H volunteer leaders: A study to determine attitudes, experiences and self-perceived training needs of Pennsylvania 4-H volunteer leaders with regard to microcomputer use in traditional 4-H programs - M. K. Doebler (Penn State University, 1988)
The purpose of the study was to determine the attitudes, experience and self-perceived training needs of Pennsylvania's 4-H volunteer leaders with regard to microcomputer use in 4-H. The study also investigated volunteer leaders' receptivity to potential uses for the microcomputer in four traditional program areas: animal sciences, plant and crop science, food nutrition and clothing and textiles. A cluster sampling from 15 randomly selected PA counties and a random sample of 357 volunteer leaders was drawn from the 1,271 in the initial sample. Data were collected via a mailed questionnaire from 195 leaders, yielding a return rate of 55 percent. Respondents were found to be limited in their microcomputer experiences but not entirely unexposed to microcomputer use. The leaders were not adverse to using computers to help them manage their 4-H leadership responsibility and to instruct 4H'ers. They would attend training if it were offered in the form of extension workshops. Those leaders with prior microcomputer experiences held more positive attitudes than did those leaders without experience. Ag science leaders saw recordkeeping as the most important application for their clubs, closely followed by CAI applications. Food and nutrition leaders saw CAI as most important. Clothing and textile leaders found communications as having the most potential for use in their clubs.

New 4-H leader training need as perceived by 4-H leaders and agents - Byron H. Ginther (Penn State University, 1988)

Ohio 4-H agents' and volunteer leaders' perceptions of the volunteer leadership development program - Joseph Ajedi Kwarteng; Keith Lloyd Smith; Larry E. Miller (Journal of Agricultural Education, 1988)
Also published in Journal of the American Association of Teacher Educators in Agriculture, 29(2), 55-62.

Perceived factors affecting the success of a 4-H range management program - Valarie K. Dyer (University of Wyoming, 1988)

Personal factors associated with volunteering in 4-H among school teachers in Crisp County, Georgia - George Brinson Lee (University of Georgia, 1988)
Master Agriculture Extension degree

Profile of West Virginia national 4-H awards program participants from 1967-1980 - Jean Marie Woloshuk (West Virginia University, 1988)
The purpose of the study was to determine the impact of 4-H educational activities on West Virginia participants in the National 4-H Awards program from 1967-1980. Usefulness of skills/knowledge acquired by participants and impact of participation on occupational status and personal lives of awards winners were studied. Information was obtained from 286 state winners in the National 4-H awards program. The statistical procedures used for analyzing data were number and percent distributions, chi-square, analysis of variance and forward selection regression. Participants perception of the importance of knowledge/skills acquired were not influenced by gender except in the home economics/health and the natural resources/plant science areas. As educational levels increased, perceived importance of knowledge/skills acquired in home economics/health, natural resources/plant science and safety/mechanical sciences decreased. This was also true in the home economics/health areas with respect to participants personal lives. Perceptions of usefulness of leadership experiences increased as educational levels increased. Personal development experiences were perceived to be less useful in personal lives as participant's educational level increased. Perceptions of usefulness of knowledge/skills learned were not related to year participant was selected as a state winner, the area in which the state title was won, whether the participant was a national winner, nor years of membership. Gender and age upon initial enrollment and continued membership were independent of persons who influenced the decision to enroll and remain in 4-H. Being a club officer did not influence perceptions of usefulness of knowledge/skills acquired in 4-H in participants' occupation or personal lives. Having been a junior/teen leader positively influenced perceptions of the value of knowledge acquired in the Communications program area in current jobs of participants. Personal development experiences were positively in participants' personal lives.
Modified NAL abstract

A qualitative investigation of adolescent Ohio 4-H members' perceptions of encouragers and barriers to participation in 4-H - Elizabeth M. Little (Ohio State University, 1988)
The purpose of the study was to explore the factors that influenced adolescent participation in 4-H. 4-H members 14 to 19 years of age from four Ohio counties, participated in a focus group interview. The major benefits of the 4-H program were: learning skills, good sportsmanship, and responsibility. Family and peers were influential in the decision to stay in or drop out. The major barrier to continuing to be a 4-H member were the other activities. Unchallenging 4-H projects were perceived as a barrier to participation. Competition, teaching younger members and parental involvement, were found to be both barrier and encourager, depending on the perception of the individual member.

The relationship of selected student and teacher characteristics with competency in agricultural mechanics - Richard James Brzozowski (University of Missouri, 1988)
The purpose of this study was to ascertain how specific student and teacher characteristics correlated to student performance on a competency-based agricultural mechanics achievement test. Sophomore agricultural students in Missouri who enrolled in the course, "Agricultural Science II" made up the population for the study. The sample was randomly selected and was comprised of 469 students from 41 schools. Students were administered a 125 item multiple choice examination at the close of the school year. Spearman Rho and  Stepwise regression was used in the analysis. A significant relationship was found to exist between student test performance and student characteristics of class ranking, student gender, average grade in agricultural science, mathematics completed, 4-H tractor project involvement and 4-H electricity project involvement and accumulative agricultural mechanics skills used outside of schools. The study concluded that students who apply learned agricultural mechanic skills outside of school are likely to perform better on a skill-related achievement test. The teacher's educational level, years of experience or in-service training involvement has little or no influence on student performance.
Modified NAL abstract

A study on the development of an orientation program for the Pennsylvania International 4-H Youth Exchange (IFYE) program - Wairimu Muniu (Penn State University, 1988)

Suggested content areas for the national 4-H Executive Development Institute: Results of a modified Delphi technique study - John Mark Pettitt (North Carolina State University, 1988)

A woody vegetational study of Rock Eagle 4-H Center - Tina Marie Perkins (Georgia College, 1988)

4-H: A partnership that points the way (Justification for public funding of 4-H) - Anne C. Lewis (1987)

4-H contributes to farm success: Study explores long-term impact - Richard C. Maurer; Janet L. Bokemeier (Journal of Extension, 1987)
Data from a statewide questionnaire survey of Kentucky farmers (n=2,004) wre used to ananlyze the long-term impacts of participation in the 4-H. Results revealed that 27% were 4-H members as youth, with the average membership of 4.5 years. Ninety % of former members rated their 4-H experience as worthwhile. Those who were members also had more education, higher farm sales, higher farm incomes and are more likely to use innovative farm techniques than those who were not 4-H members.

A 4-H EFNEP effort to involve youth from low income families in 4-H via volunteer leadership: The New York State 4-H EFNEP special project final evaluation report - Kathleen S. Tajeu (1987)

4-H leader's guide for clothing activities - Janice O. Harwood (California Polytechnic State University, 1987)

4-H program's impact in participants' financial planning and management (FMP) - Laverne Forest; Barry Roberts (1987)

Adult assessments of social learning experiences during adolescent participation in 4-H and other youth programs - John K. Thomas; Howard W. Ladewig (Southern Rural Sociological Association, 1987)
To examine the impact of 4-H participation, the USDA Extension Service funded a national telephone survey in the fall of 1985 from a randomly selected sample of 710 former 4-H members, 743 members of other youth organizations and 309 nonmembers. Data were weighted to adjust for population differences, yielding a sample of 16,177. Overall, 4-H membership had a high, positive image when compared with other youth programs. However, difficulty in acquiring new members, inability to retain members into their late teens and the view that opportunities for leadership are limited. Especially valued were contacts with people, club meetings and project competitions. Participants in all programs rated the opportunity to develop skills, particularly communicative and cooperative skills and make contributions to their organization/programs. All wanted more leadership opportunities.

Adventure project for the Wisconsin 4-H Naturespace Curriculum - Theodore S. May (University of Wisconsin, Stevens Point, 1987)

An analysis: The complex financial and public administration relationships of Extension Service and 4-H programs - Luella Zamzow (Sabbatical leave study, 1987)

Assessing the educational training needs of volunteer 4-H leaders in Indiana - Karen Sue Lowry (Purdue University, 1987)
The purpose of this study was to assess the educational training needs of volunteer 4-H leaders in Indiana. A questionnaire was completed by 243 Indiana volunteer 4-H leaders that attended the 1986 Indiana 4-H leaders conference. The results of the survey showed that volunteer 4-H leaders do want and need training. Leaders attending the conference expected to improve their leadership abilities and to acquire new activities to implement in their local 4-H clubs. This study also reveals that volunteer 4-H leaders recognize that young people are to learn through their involvement in 4-H, but they do not recognize their responsibility to teach at 4-H club meetings.

Assessing the impact of 4-H on former members: The 4-H alumni study - Howard W. Ladewig; John K. Thomas (1987)
Other reports may have been published in 1985

Assessment of 4-H in-school programs in Nevada - L. Haskell; R. Norris; R. Waters (Research Summaries in Agricultural Education, 1987)
It is not known if this study was published. It was in a section of research in progress.

Attitudes toward competition in a youth organization - Keith Lloyd Smith; Christy Collins (Journal of the American Association of Teacher Educations in Agriculture, 1987)
ERIC EJ 371 513; Peer reviewed

County 4-H teen programming: Implications from the statewide impact study - Anne L. Heinsohn; M. Joy Cantrell (1987)

Delphi technique progress report: Developing a national 4-H youth development research agenda - Shirley Welch Hastings (1987)

Does 4-H make a difference? 4-H alumni study - Howard W. Ladewig (Texas A&M University System, 1987)
Part of 4-H alumni study

The effect of a 4-H school enrichment program with third and sixth grade pupils - Mark William Goodson (Penn State University, 1987)
Master of Education degree

An evaluation of 4-H home economics contest - Jill Jank (1987)

An evaluation of "Nutrition in Action," a multimedia nutrition education course for 4-H leader training - Lorri G. Fishman (Penn State University, 1987)

Evaluation of the junior leader organization in southwestern Indiana - Amy Manning (Western Kentucky University, 1987)

An evaluation of the Washington State Northwest District 4-H Camp - Nancy Lynn Ahson (Washington State University, 1987)
Master Adult and Continuing Education

An examination of 4-H youths' needs and interests, and implications for state conference - Tarri Lou Rude (Washington State University, 1987)
The purpose of this study was to determine the needs and interests of teens in 4-H and whether State Conference is meeting those needs and interests, then develop recommendations that incorporate this information. The findings indicate that 4-Hers are very interested in issues of male/female relationships, drugs and alcohol, teen/parent relations, child abuse, nuclear war and crime. Respondents were asked to rank 3 activities in order of their interest and involvement: 1) 4-H projects, 2) county and state fairs, 3) conferences. The majority rated projects first, fairs second and conferences third. However, those who had attended Conference before tended to rank it higher. Of those who had attended Conference, 90% said it was a good experiment although a number said the cost of conference was a problem. Twenty-four percent of those respondents who had never attended Conference but were aware of it said that the cost of Conference was a deterrent to their attendance. Recommendations are made regarding State Conference (cost, marketing, and programming), 4-H in general (record books and educational programming), and needs further study.
Master Adult and Continuing Education

An examination of the Lackawanna County 4-H and Family Ski Club to evaluate the effect of family recreation on family relations - William G. Pencek (Penn State University, 1987)

Factors associated with the decision of first-year 4-H advisors to discontinue after one year of service - Kenneth Eugene Milliser Jr. (Ohio State University, 1987)
The purpose of this study was to test a model of suggested factors related to the decision of first-year 4-H advisors to drop out of volunteer programs. A mailed questionnaire was distributed to selected 4-H advisors in Ohio who were classified as active or non-active for a second year of service as of 1985. Chi square of t-test comparisons were run between groups, and a stepwise discriminant analysis was performed to ascertain the best predictor of the dependent variable, turnover. The best predictors were: 1. commitment, 2. expected to do but did not affect, 3. expectations-overall evaluation, 4. satisfaction, 5. situational/climate, 6. No idea would do-affect, 7. First experience at 4-H, as they accounted for 40 percent of the variance in turnover.

Factors influencing clothing project completion among 4-H youth - Diana Hawthorne Scott (Louisiana Tech University, 1987)

Factors influencing the decline in enrollment in junior high 4-H club members in Lafourche Parish, Louisiana - Rick M. Louque (Louisiana State University, 1987)

Get fired up: A model for developing in-school 4-H programs - Jack Wayne Davis (Clemson University, 1987)
A model was developed that could be used for program development and tested using the 4-H safety project at Clemson University. Fire safety was the area chosen and the Get Fired Up program was the result. A pilot test was conducted in 13 classes from across South Carolina. An experimental design research project, based on the  pretest-posttest control group described by Campbell and Stanley. Forty-one classes participated in the study. Analysis of the data indicated the  Get Fired Up had a significant effect on students' knowledge and practices concerning fire safety. Principals, teachers and county agents who were also asked to evaluate the program agreed.
Modified NAL abstract

Graphic communication element preferences among 4-H youth - Maria Reyna F. Quisumbing (Penn State University, 1987)
Master of Education degree

The impact of 4-H key leaders in Colorado 1986: An evaluation report - Phyllis Eileen Worden; E. Fisher (1987)

Impact of youth program membership on youth program life skills development, youth program experiences, adult community participation and personal characteristics related to 4-H volunteerism - Edward Frederick Schlutt Jr. (Texas A&M University, 1987)
This study was a part of a nationwide effort, The 4-H Alumni Study (Ladewig and Thomas, 1987) to investigate variables that influence 4-H alumni to become 4-H leaders. A telephone survey was developed to measure respondent perceptions of their 4-H and other youth experience. A path model was developed for 4-H alumni, non 4-H alumni, 4-H alumni belonging to no other youth organization and alumni who belonged to both 4-H and another youth organization. Findings: 4-H and other youth programs are effective means of developing contributing responsible adult members of a community, being a club officer or committee member develops youth life skills. Attending youth program club meetings and participating in a community service project develops competency and contributory life skills. Those 4-H alumni who developed youth life skills tended to enter the program at an earlier age and have a longer period of membership. 4-H program experiences developed competency life skills while sources of 4-H project information tended to develop contributory and social life skills. Those 4-H alumni who developed competency life skills tended to participate in community organizations as an adult. Those 4-H alumni who developed coping and contributory life skills tended to use the services of the Cooperative Extension Service. Interaction with a county Extension agent is a critical variable in the development of interpersonal and social life skills in 4-H youth.
Modified NAL abstract

Job satisfaction of 4-H agents of the Louisiana Cooperative Extension Service - Terrence S. Marshall (Louisiana State University, 1987)

Job satisfaction/dissatisfaction of county Cooperative Extension 4-H agents in Oklahoma - Rick Lee Black (Oklahoma State University, 1987)
The objective of the study was to identify perceived job satisfaction/dissatisfaction of 116 (100%) of the county 4-H agents in Oklahoma based upon selected criteria. A four point Likert scale of categories was used. The analysis indicated that 4-H agents were generally satisfied in their present position. Three areas of dissatisfaction were identified: salary, assignments not related to their job and dissatisfaction with administration.

Knowledge of nutrition: An EFNEP 4-H evaluation in Nebraska - R. J. Florell; H. Kohn; Glen Krohn (1987)

The Louisiana Cooperative Extension Service: A descriptive history of its origin and development - Edwin Clark Forrest Jr. (Louisiana State University, 1987)
The dissertation studied the conditions which brought the Louisiana Cooperative Extension Service into existence in 1914 and which has sustained it for 70 years. Primary data for the study was obtained through in-depth interviews with past and present employees of LCES and from original CES documents. 4-H club work was represented in the study.
Two volumes Modified NAL abstract

Media use and public image of Blount County's 4-H program - Amy Hastings (University of Tennessee, 1987)

Member and parent perceptions of the 4-H program on the developmental tasks of young members - Jennifer Lynn Dodrill (Oklahoma State University, 1987)

Motivation and recognition systems for the adult 4-H volunteer leaders in Washington State - G. Margaret Baker-Stevens (Washington State University, 1987)

Perceptions of 4-H organizational leaders concerning the influence of a leader job description as a component of leader development - Ronald John Cormier (Louisiana State University, 1987)

Perceptions of who should perform selected 4-H tasks in Montana - David Laurits Bertlesen (Montana State University, 1987)
This study identified perceptions of 4-H program assistants, county agents, and 4-H leaders regarding who should perform selected tasks. Data were collected from 14 county agents, 13 program assistants and 310 leaders in the 14 counties of Montana having program assistants. Findings indicate differences in perceptions of program assistants, county agents, and 4-H leaders regarding who should perform the majority of the selected tasks to meet the needs of the 4-H program in Montana. There was not always a clear understanding of who should perform the selected tasks; county agents and program assistants saw themselves as performing but not having primary responsibility for many of the same tasks. Recommendations should increase communication as to the responsibilities and job descriptions for all concerned.
Modified NAL abstract

Preteen 4-H leadership project teaching and learning packets - building blocks for living - Anna Mae Edwards (University of Wisconsin, 1987)

A profile of program development efforts - D. L. Cheatham; Charles W. Sappington (Final report, 1987)
The purpsoe of this Extension Service funded special needs project were to: 1) determine perceptions of competencies needed by 4-H youth professionals in program development, and 2) to identify program development models currently used by 4-H and determine common components in successful implementation of the program development process. Questionnaires were mailed to 333 Extension staff development officers, state 4-H specialists and program development staff. Surveys were also sent to a random sample of 349 county 4-H staff. A major finding is that perceptions of state staff and county staff often differ as to the importance of survey items, county staff ability to perform them and training needs to improve their performance. Six program development models were selected to be included in the study.

Programs that work with non-traditional 4-H audiences - H. Revell (Jr. ) (1987)

A proposal: development of 4-H meats project materials - Christina Lee States (Penn State University, 1987)
Master of Education degree

The relationship between selected antecedent characteristics and the perceived educational needs of extension agents with 4-H youth development responsibilities - Roger Alan Rennekamp (Ohio State University, 1987)
The purposes of the study were to develop a nationally generalizable profile of Cooperative Extension agents who devote time to 4-H. Characteristics examined include highest academic degree, academic major, years of service, role perception, percent of time devoted to 4-H, primary responsibility, previous 4-H membership and Extension work history. Hierarchical procedures of multiple linear regression were used to examine the degree to which each of the characteristics examined accounted for variance in perceived importance and educational need in 25 key skills in 4-H youth development education. Recommendations based on the findings are presented.
Abstract from 10 out of 440 AGRICOLA records 12/91, deleted some words so it was modified from that source.

The relationship of marketing activities and promotional methods used with county 4-H club membership in New Jersey and Ohio - Keith George Diem (Ohio State University, 1987)
A mailed questionnaire developed by the researcher was used to collect data regarding promotional methods and marketing activities used by 107 county 4-H programs in New Jersey and Ohio. Information was also gathered from US Census Reports and Cooperative Extension Statistical Reports. Descriptive statistics regarding the frequency and type of promotional methods and marketing activities used are presented. No significant relationships were found between degree of use of promotional methods and degree of use marketing activities with 4-H club membership. Percent of a county's population living in urban areas was found to be the single best prediction of percent of potential youth served by 4-H clubs, explaining 61% of the variance.

Relationships between Tennessee 4-H extension agents' opinions about awards and their use of recognition in county 4-H programs - Janet E. Cordell (University of Tennessee, 1987)

Review of Indiana 4-H delivery model - Margaret R. Silver (Ball State University, 1987)

Review of Indiana 4-H delivery model - Margaret R. Silver (1987)

A review of theory and research found in selected experiential education, life skill development and 4-H program impacts literature - David E. Weatherford; Carol G. Weatherford (1987)

San Luis Obispo County 4-H entry forms - Tammy Davis (California Polytechnic Institute, 1987)

Skills and competencies in 4-H curriculum materials - Gwenneth Western El Sawi; M. F. Smith (Journal of Extension, 1987)
Article 2FEA1

Summary of findings from the National 4-H Council marketing audit: National 4-H council educational aids and 4-H leader magazine questionnaire - National 4-H Council (1987)

Synthesis and taxonomy of the research base for 4-H youth development education: final report, phase I (1987)

Training needs of organizational leaders as perceived by Florida extension 4-H agents and organizational leaders - Janet Melvin Thigpen (Florida State University, 1987)

Using counseling skills to manage 4-H volunteers - Connie K. Frederking (Southern Illinois University, 1987)

Value of 4-H membership as perceived by Arizona 4-H alumni - Nydeye Mama Toure (University of Arizona, Tucson, 1987)
The purpose of this study was to determine the value of 4-H membership as perceived by Arizona 4-H alumni. One hundred and forty-one former members whose names and addresses were available to the state 4-H office were sent a mailed questionnaire. The results showed that 4-H alumni were exposed to life skill, knowledge and attitude areas in accordance with the 4-H mission in Arizona. These alumni perceived that their 4-H membership had a positive impact on their adult lives and was of value. Leadership was perceived as the most valuable area learned, followed by self-confidence and human relations. Youth leadership and public speaking were perceived as the projects that had the greatest impact on adult life. Sex and length of membership did not influence the perceptions of the usefulness of 4-H membership.
Masters of Agricultural Education

What 4-H members learn in animal science projects: An evaluation report - Barbara J. Sawer (1987)
A stratified sample design was used to insure that all 36 Oregon counties were represented by age and project. Seventy six percent of the questionnaires (845) were returned from all counties, with nearly equal proportions of respondednts from each age group and project area. When asked to list "the two most important things you've learned in 4-H members gave life skill responses about as many times as they gave animal science responses. Seniors were more likely to list a life skill as most important. Experience levels continue to rise with 4-H participation, particularly in the life skills, with the largest gains noted for leadership development and communication skills.

What 4-H members like and dislike about their clubs - Carolyn Travers; M. F. Smith (1987)

Youth development education: Models to enhance cooperative Extension staffing - ECOP (1987)

4-H as a model for change: A case study of 4-S in Santa Batarina, Brazil - Thomas D. McGarry (Mary Washington College, 1986)
Degree as designated

A 4-H leader's manual: Environmental education - Mary F. Danno (Humboldt State University, 1986)

4-H teen leadership development in Nebraska - John D. Orr; V. Gobeli (1986)

4-H volunteer leaders handbook - Leeann Jeffreys (California Polytechnic Institute, 1986)

4-H Volunteer Training - Who Needs It - Mary Jo Cook; Nancy Ellen Kiernan; Harold R. Ott (Journal of Extension, 1986)
A questionnaire survey of 1,533 volunteer 4-H leaders in central and western PA shows widespread desire for training programs. Length of service did not affect desire for training in most areas.

An analysis of job characteristics, leadership, teamwork, and job satisfaction in the Cooperative Extension Service - Sue K. Gunkel Kruse (Iowa State University, 1986)

An analysis of selected variables related to student program choice and student performance in Mississippi public junior college agriculture programs - Thad O. Owens (Jr. ) (Mississippi State University, 1986)

Assessing the impact of 4-H on former members - Howard W. Ladewig (1986)

The blue ribbon: An American way of life - Joseph A. Weber; John C. McCullers (Journal of Extension, 1986)
As a result of a survey given to 155 teen leaders and 42 professionals, the authors discovered that rewards are not as an attractive feature of the 4-H program as previously assumed. 4-H members and professionals alike said the social aspects of 4-H were more important than competition and rewards. Recommended further study of the present rewards structure.
Article 3FEA1

A comparison of agent perception of effectiveness of parish Extension advisory committees chaired by agents and lay members - Alwyn Ann Wegenhoft (Louisiana State University, 1986)

A comparison of attitudes toward competition in Ohio 4-H: Current 4-H members versus 4-H dropouts - Christy Sue Collins (Ohio State University, 1986)
The purpose of the study was to describe attitudes of current 4-H members and dropouts toward competition and identify any existing differences. Preferences of members and dropouts toward direct versus indirect competition were also described and compared. 4-H members and 4-H dropouts were studied. Questionnaires were mailed to 172 4-H members (80 percent response) and 172 dropouts (72 percent response). In attitudes toward competition, membership status was found to be significant. No significant differences were found on the basis of sex, age, or years in 4-H. Sex and membership status were found to be significant in preference toward direct versus indirect competition; age and years in 4-H were not found to be significant. All groups had negative attitudes toward competition. In addition, all groups preferred indirect competition.
PRK Abstract Modified NAL abstract

A descriptive study of a type of commercial educational program: Idaho fabric shop retailers, their classes, teachers and clientele and the extent of cooperation between retailers and their teachers and teachers in public school and Cooperative Extension - Kathleen Marie Kearney (University of Idaho, 1986)
The study obtained baseline data on the number and types of sewing classes taught through retail fabric shops in Idaho, to obtain descriptive data on teachers and clientele in those shops, and ascertain cooperation between the shops and Cooperative Extension. Most of the customers had sewn for over 10 years. The majority of them indicated a preference for learning basic sewing skills through a retail fabric shop, but preferred that their children learn basic skills, through the public schools or Cooperative Extension, including 4-H. Public school teachers and Cooperative Extension agents reported greater cooperation with fabric shop retailers than with each other. Most reported little effect or use of others in the community within their sewing programs.
Modified NAL abstract

The development of a 4-H dairy cattle judging manual - Linda M. Kramer (Penn State University, 1986)
Master of Education degree

The development of a program for microwave oven users - Dorothy McLain Jochen (Penn State University, 1986)
Master of Extension degree

The development of the Tennessee 4-H and FFA junior market hog program and a study of the west Tennessee show and sale for 1979, 1983, and 1985 - Barry B. Cooper (University of Tennessee, 1986)

Factors affecting the reenrollment and dropout rate in Wyoming 4-H clubs as perceived by younger first-year 4-H members and their parents - K. Popken (1986)

Factors affecting the reenrollment and dropout rates in Wyoming clubs as perceived by younger first year 4-H members and their parents - Kathleen E. Popken (University of Wyoming, 1986)
Factors which affect a youth's decision to reenroll or drop out of a 4-H club, after one year of membership were studied. A sample of youth who enrolled in Wyoming at 8 years of age and then either reenrolled or dropped out were sent a survey about their 4-H experience. Their parents were sent a similar instrument. A total of 250 of 540 surveys were returned and processed. Frequency and contingency tables were used to determine statistical significance of the responses. Several factors were found significant including a relationship between the parent's past 4-H experience, residence, educational level and the youth's decision to reenroll or drop out.
Modified NAL abstract

Factors limiting Hispanic involvement in 4-H - Mary Wavra Harmon (San Diego State University, 1986)
Paper: Course No. 795A

Factors related to voluntary turnover among University of Florida Cooperative Extension Service 4-H agents - Brent Warren Henry (University of Florida, 1986)

Factors that influence the continuation and discontinuation of adult volunteer leaders in the Iowa 4-H program - Brenda Faye Thorbs (Iowa State University, 1986)
The purpose of the study was to examine rewards that influence the continuation or discontinuation of adult volunteer leaders with the Iowa 4-H program. The social exchange theory was used as a theoretical framework. Data were obtained from 4-H volunteer leaders participating between October 1980 and October 1983. Respondents were categorized as continuing (150) and discontinued (150). Discriminant analysis and t-tests were used to analyze the data. Education, sex, amount of influence in 4-H, social approval, job satisfaction and career development were not significantly different between continuing and discontinuing volunteers. In fact, none of the rewards was a contributing factor to the volunteer's decision to stay or leave. Results did not support the basic assumption of social exchange theories which hypothesize that people enter into relationships because of the rewards which can accrue from it.
Modified NAL abstract

Gifted student beliefs regarding selected personal characteristics and home economics - Martha Jo Ballard Mims (Florida State University, 1986)
To what extent do gifted high school students believe that home economics, through all its content can enhance, learning, motivation, creativity and leadership? A three-part questionnaire was developed and distributed to 150 gifted high school students who participated in the Mississippi Governor's School. Data from 127 returned questionnaires were analyzed. All 37 characteristics under study were judged to be of personal importance to the gifted student; over half of the characteristics were judged to be of high significance. Students believed that the characteristics could be enhanced only slightly, if at all, through home economics. Gifted males and gifted females did not differ with regard to their beliefs. Enrollment in home economics and/or participation in 4-H made no difference in regard to the beliefs of students about the enhancement of characteristics through home economics.
Modified NAL abstract

The history and impact of selected organizations on health education in the state of Minnesota - Eileen Jean Clifford (University of Minnesota, 1986)
The study identified and  examined the prominent roles that various persons, associations and agencies in the public, private and volunteer sector have played. Studied were the Minnesota Department of Health, Minnesota Department of Education, Woman's Christian Temperance Union, Minnesota Lung Association, 4-H clubs, American Red Cross, Young Men's and Young Women's Christian Associations, and the iron mining industry. Physical, mental, social and spiritual dimensions of health were found to be realized through the interaction of the community and the networking that must occur in order to achieve the integration of our resources.
A chapter is provided on the role of the 4-H clubs in a certain time frame. Modified NAL abstract.

The Idaho 4-H leadership development workshop, its development and evaluation - Keith A. Bramwell (University of Idaho, 1986)
The Idaho 4-H leadership development workshop is a leader training program designed to provide a comprehensive understanding of the 4-H program and to teach the leadership skills necessary to successfully lead a 4-H club. The purpose is to solve some of the chronic problems in the 4-H program, i.e. the drop out rate of leaders and youth, low project completion rates, and low participation in some of the activities and programs. Descriptive data, ratings of the perceived increase in knowledge and understanding of course concepts, and course evaluation data were analyzed. Findings indicate the workshop may have the potential to provide the education necessary to help solve these issues.
Modified NAL abstract

Implications of preferences found in the learning and teaching styles of 4-H members and adult volunteers - Rhonda Crom (University of Minnesota, 1986)
The study was conducted to determine the relationship between learning style preferences of 4-H members and teaching style preferences of 4-H adult volunteers. The conceptual levels of 4-H members were studied in relation to the environment that facilitates the most learning. Seventy-one 4-H members between the ages of 12-19 and twenty-six 4-H adult volunteers from two different county 4-H programs were involved in the study. Each were given the Kolb Learning Style Inventory, Gregory Teaching Style Inventory, and the Hunt Conceptual Level Model. Forty percent of the adult volunteers preferred a concrete-experience method of teaching and 43% preferred active experimentation and abstract-conceptualization. The overall learning style preference of 4-H members were as follows: 66% concrete-experience, 63% reflective-observation, 55% active experimentation and 33% abstract conceptualization.
Master of Education degree Modified NAL abstract

Individual characteristics and organizational factors that influence the use of the microcomputer by Maryland Cooperative Extension Service field faculty - Quentin Charles Coleman (University of Maryland, 1986)
The purpose of this study was to determine the knowledge, attitudes, skills, confidence levels, anxiety levels, attraction levels and organizational situation of Maryland county field staff as it relates to computer use. Through the use of mailed questionnaires 145 Maryland Extension field faculty (agricultural, 4-H, CRD and other agents) were surveyed with a response rate of 85.5. Instruments used were the Computer Use Survey constructed by Cantrell and a "Computer Attitude Scale" developed by Loyd and Gressard. Individualized instructional situations were rated as the best use of microcomputers by participants. No significant differences existed for instructional situations and attitude when MCES field faculty were grouped by demographic variables. The overall scores on the Computer Attitude Scale indicated a favorable attitude toward computers by MCES field faculty.
Modified NAL abstract

Looking at our children - Marcia McFarland (1986)
Kansas State University Extension 4-H examined the types of learning situations and/or rewards which parents and youth find as a motivation tool for further learning and participation. A cross section of youth from the state of Kansas participated with 11.7% of parents reporting child involvement in 4-H. Parents reported that praise from peers would be the most motivating factor for continual participation with awards for attendance or completion of a project as a close second. Children and parents agree that self-confidence, working well with others and decision making skills are the more desirable outcomes of a learning experience.
photocopy

Major distinguishing characteristics of successful adult volunteer 4-H club leaders - Brent Boggs (West Virginia University, 1986)
The primary objective of the study was to determine the major characteristics of successful adult volunteer 4-H club leaders in West Virginia as perceived by West Virginia 4-H agents. Data were obtained from 4-H agents in all 55 counties of the state. A modified Delphi technique was used to collect data. Of the 37 characteristics identified by participants, the most important were: accepts all kinds of youth, flexible, enthusiastic, responsible, open and honest, relates well, motivated and desires to help young people. Few differences were noted when the data was categorized by years of service or gender of 4-H agents. Females, however, tended to rate all items more important than did males.

The Myers-Briggs personality type distribution of delegates to the 1986 Western Regional 4-H Leadership Conference for teens - Julia Ann O'Hara (University of Nevada, 1986)

Origins of extension home economics programs - Jan F. Scholl (Family and Consumer Sciences Education and Studies, 1986)
Main objective was to look at the broad picture of needs assessment by examining origins of extension programs. Purposes were to: identify origins of Cooperative Extension Service home economics programs, to examine to what extent these origins represented Philip Nowlen's (University of Chicago) five categories of origin, and to compare these categories of origin with the independent variables.

Out of the bars and into the kitchens: Farm women's domestic labor, World War I to World War II - Christine Catherine Kleinegger (State University of New York, Binghamton, 1986)
This historical study examined changes in the domestic labor of farm women in the United States from WWI to World War II and draws largely from the prescriptive literature and letters to the editor found in a popular farm woman magazine, The Farmer's Wife. The magazine established a Test Kitchen and Seal of Approval to endorse products and organized a Farm Family Test group. The Farmer's Wife, along with the USDA, the Extension Service, 4-H clubs and the agricultural colleges socialized farm women and farm girls into new roles.
Modified NAL abstract

Pennsylvania 4-H impact study: An evaluation of teen's life skill development - Anne L. Heinsohn; M. Joy Cantrell (1986)

Perceptions of 4-H leader qualifications - Gayland George Scofield (Iowa State University, 1986)

Perceptions of 4-H members and organizational leaders concerning selected aspects of the leadership effort in St. John the Baptist Parish - Cathy Jean Mullen (Louisiana State University, 1986)

Perceptions of the effectiveness of 4-H volunteer key leaders as held by key leaders and county 4-H agents in Ohio - Marsha Lynn Richey (Ohio State University, 1986)
This study was conducted to identify the relationship of selected variables with the perceived effectiveness of 4-H key leaders as held by county 4-H agents in Ohio and the key leaders with whom the agents worked. Implications of the study indicate the 4-H agents and key leaders perceived the position of key leader as beneficial to the 4-H program. However, certain demographic information concerning the key leader volunteer may not be as valuable as previously thought.
PRK Abstract Modified from NAL abstract

Proceedings of the National Extension Workshop in Textiles & Clothing & 4-H Clothing & Textiles Curriculum: "Textiles & Clothing "The future is now": Raleigh, North Carolina, April 27-May 2, 1986 - R. David Mustain (1986)

A proposal development of 4-H Chesapeake Bay awareness project - Ann Elaine Creamer (Penn State University, 1986)
Master of Education degree

Relationships between selected personal characteristics of participating Tennessee 4-H club members/Japan LABO party members and selected exchange experiences in the 4-H/LABO exchange - Claradon L. Woody (University of Tennessee, 1986)

Responsibility and effectiveness of county 4-H agricultural extension workers - Denis Allen Johnson (Iowa State University, 1986)

Science and technology: The 4-H Way - USDA Extension System (Status report, 1986)

Sex-role attitudes of senior high school 4-H members regarding careers and employment - Gladys Hildreth; Sheri Richard; Diane Burts (Journal of Adolescent Research, 1986)
The study examined the factors that contribute to the formation of sex-role attitudes of high school adolsecents fromt eh Cane Belt Area in Louisiana. The sample consisted of 101 females and 65 males who were in 11th and 12th grades and in the 4-H program. While both sexes displayed consistently nontraditional attitudes, females uniformly expressed less traditional attitudes than males. Females also expressed a more nontraditional attitude towards employment expectations.The variables, with the exception of mother's education and the grade level of respondents were shown to have a significant impact on the de3velopment of sex-role attitudes in the respondents.

Social background, personality and attitudinal factors influencing the decision to volunteer and level of involvement among adult 4-H leaders - Frederick Richard Rohs (Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 1986)
An examination of the social background, personality and attitudinal factors influencing the decision to volunteer and the level of involvement among adult 4-H leaders. The Smith Sequential Specificity Model of voluntary Participation was used to hypothesize the influence of these factors on voluntary participation. Path analysis was employed to determine the direct & indirect effects these factors had on voluntary participation. Analysis of questionnaire data (N=300 4-H leaders, 72% response rate) revealed that age, years as a 4-H member, wehter children were in 4-H and attractiveness of 4-H had a positive influence on a leader's length of service. World Cat Abstract

South Carolina legislators' perceptions of the Clemson University Cooperative Extension Service - James Cleo Miller Jr. (Clemson University, 1986)
The purpose of this study was to determine the perceptions of CES held by members of the 1985 South Carolina legislature. The entire population of legislators (170) was surveyed providing 111 (65 percent) usable data. Data indicated a limited understanding of the major mission of Extension. Those representing rural areas had greater participation and involvement in Extension Service programs and activities. They were more familiar with agriculture and 4-H programs than the home economics and community development areas. The two former areas were ranked as being more important. Study recommended more lobbying efforts public awareness marketing be conducted about all programs, especially among urban populations.
Modified NAL abstract

Special Needs Project: Establishing list of program development competencies needed by 4-H county staff - D. L. Cheatham; J. F. Smith; W. K. Dorris; K. R. Morgan (1986)
Funded by 4-H, USDA

Strengthening 4-H in schools - Carmen Burrows; Stan Zaremba (Journal of Extension, 1986)
Accepted for publication March 1982; PRK-Journal of Ext.

A study of Georgia legislators' perceptions of the University of Georgia Cooperative Extension Service - Douglas Lunday Gatchell (University of Georgia, 1986)
The purpose of the study was to survey and analyze legislators' perceptions toward the University of Georgia Cooperative Extension Service. The population was 236 senators and representative making up the 1985 Georgia General Assembly. Several independent variables emerged as statistically significant predictor's of legislators' perception toward Extension: experience on agricultural related committees, length of Georgia residency, gender, personal affiliation and child's affiliation with 4-H. Further study was recommended as well as educational opportunities to reach officials, ideally before their term of office.
Modified NAL abstract.

A study of the use of marketing strategies for fundraising in child and youth related nonprofit organizations - Yolanda A. Lopez (University of San Francisco, 1986)
MPA, a Nonprofit Organization Management degree

A survey of 4-H foods and nutrition leaders - Joanne Ikeda; William Moyles (1986)
described as a mimeo

Wildlife knowledge and attitudes of Tennessee 4-H wildlife conference alumni from 1973 to 1981 - Sheila Munsey Andreasen (University of Tennessee, 1986)

4-H and rural roots linked to urban clientele - James A. Christenson (Rural Sociology Society Conference, 1985)
Does living in rural areas and having been a member of a 4-H club translate into adult use of agricultural education in urban areas in all four program areas. Data came from a national telephone survey conducted in 1982. Findings suggest that the movement of people from rural to urban centers has stimulated increased agricultural education use in the urban areas and that past involvement in the 4-H youth program leads to continued use of all agricultural education program. Summary: In short, the future of agricultural education may well be the 4-Hers of today.

4-H calculating consumer project: Its effect on members' knowledge, attitude and behavior - Shirley Welch Hastings (Oklahoma State University, 1985)
The purpose of this quasi-experimental study was to assess the impact of the 4-H calculating consumer project on 4-H members' knowledge of consumer practices, their attitudes regarding consumer practices, and their adoption of positive consumer practices. A stratified-random sample of 19 4-H clubs composed of 399 boys and girls, 12 to 15 years of age was randomly assigned to the control group and the experimental group. The research designed utilized pretest and a three month follow-up. Data analysis showed no significant difference in pretest scores between control and experimental groups in knowledge, attitude, and practice adoption. Volunteer commitment level was similar for all volunteer project leaders. The positive effects of the project materials remained significant three months following the conclusion of instruction.
PRK Abstract Modified NAL abstract with some need to check results for positive effects

4-H camping: Does it develop life skills? - Maynard Sexton Burkett; J. D. Barrett (1985)
PRK-Staff Study

4-H impact on Nebraska home extension club members - John D. Orr; Kenneth Nelson (1985)

4-H organizational leaders: The association between task performance and support received - Donald Robinson Hammatt (Louisiana State University, 1985)
The objective of the study was to determine if there were relationships between task performance of the 4-H organizational leader and concern shown by the Extension agent as well as other selected independent variables. A research survey was sent to a sample of 312 of the 1,560 4-H organizational leaders throughout the state of Louisiana; seventy-seven percent were returned. Eight hypotheses were tested and a correlation, chi-square, analysis of variance and regression analysis were run. Findings strongly indicate that organizational leaders will respond to Extension agents in order to help boys and girls get the maximum benefit from the 4-H program.
PRK Abstract Modified NAL abstract

4-H shareholders identify leadership development needs - M. J. Cook; N. E. Kiernan; H. R. Ott (Research reports: NAE4-HA, 1985)
In the first phase of the study, a list of 50 paraprofessional performance tasks relative to five major functions was developed by experts and a panel of judges. In the second phase, six paraprofessionals operating within the framework of

An analysis of 4-H volunteer expectancies and outcomes in relation to motivation and turnover - Robert Leon Young (University of Nebraska, 1985)
The study gathered information about the motivation of 4-H volunteers. Specifically, it was an effort to examine the valences of a variety of outcomes of volunteering; study motivation in relation to longevity and projected discontinuance; and test the value of a complete model of motivation. Using an instrument based on Vroom's Expectancy Theory of Work Motivation, a stratified random sample of 760 4-H volunteers in Nebraska counties were surveyed. Sixty-five percent responded to a mailed questionnaire. Results suggested that the most valued outcomes of 4-H volunteering are affiliative in nature. The highest rated outcome is the opportunity to be with family or children. Least valued outcomes included costs of time and money, and opportunities to advance in the organization. Motivation was shown to be predictive of projected discontinuance. Hypotheses associating expectancy model components with longevity were not supported.
PRK Abstract

An analysis of the exchange relationships in a voluntary organization network undergoing structural change - Gary Alan Goreham (South Dakota State University, 1985)

An analysis of the motivating potential of 4-H volunteer jobs compared to satisfaction and growth need expressed by New York 4-H volunteers - J. Whitney Bancroft (Research Reports of Annual Conference, TX, 1985)

An analysis of the motivating potential of 4-H volunteer jobs compared to satisfaction and growth need expressed by New York 4-H volunteers - Jonathan Whitney Bancroft (North Carolina State University, 1985)
This study searched for information to help 4-H professionals manage volunteers in middle management jobs. The reactions of 4-H volunteers to their jobs were analyzed. Volunteers who performed supervisory tasks were defined as middle managers and compared with nonmiddle managers. The motivating potential of the job, five measures of expressed satisfaction and growth need strength were the key variables. A sample of 295 4-H volunteers returned a mailed questionnaire representing an 82.7 response rate. Middle managers as a group were not found to differ significantly from non-middle managers base on sex, age, education, tenure as volunteers, tenure in their present job or hours served. Middle managers were higher in the motivating potential of their job, their growth need strength and in benefit, growth and social satisfaction. The t-test was used to measure differences.
PRK Abstract Modified NAL abstract

Assessment of professional competencies needed by extension agents in developing countries: Case study in Swaziland - Glen W. Easter (Penn State University, 1985)

Attitudes of members and their parents about competition and pressure to win in 4-H for Clay County, Minnesota - Sharon Louise Query (North Dakota State University, 1985)
This master thesis investigates the differences in attitudes about 4-H competition and the pressures to win between youth members and their parents of Clay County, Minnesota. 109 4-H members and their parents participated in this study by each filling out a questionnaire designed for the member or for the parent. The members are also divided by age; 9 to 11, 12, to 15, 16, to 19, to determine if any age differences occur. Results show that no significant relationships exist between 4-H members aging 9-15 and their parents concerning attitudes about the competition. Positive relationship in indicated for older members' and their parent's agreement on the perception of the pressures to win. Additional results about members found that the majority of members prefer competitive activities, males displayed more competitive attitudes and desire for competitive activities than females, and members preferred trophies and cash awards for championship exhibits. Parents results include equally divided preference for competitive or cooperative activities for their children, a majority report they did not pressure their child to win, and earning was given as the reason why their child should participate in 4-H. An expanded study was recommended in order to compare results with other groups of 4-H members and their parents.

A benchmark and feasibility study of the Tennessee 4-H rabbit project - William K. Dunn (University of Tennessee, 1985)

Career education in 4-H projects: The relationships between project leaders teaching style and selected characteristics and their perceptions for the role of career education in 4-H projects - Bert Lynn Jones (University of Wisconsin, 1985)

Career education in 4-H projects: The relationships between project leaders teaching style and selected characteristics and their perceptions for the role of career education in 4-H projects - Bert Lynn Jones (University of Wisconsin, 1985)
The purpose of the study was to determine if a relationship exists between teaching styles of 4-H project leaders and their preferences for career education skills to integrate into 4-H project learning experiences. Findings indicate that 4-H project leaders felt that five particular career skills should be included in project teaching. These were: good work habits, the value of work to self and society; self understanding in relation to opportunities in the world of work; skills related to the productive use of leisure time; ways to make work more enjoyable and meaningful. 4-H leaders did not feel they should teach, as part of their regular project efforts: career decision making skills, basic skills in math and communications, economics, sex equity in the world of work, and skills useful in finding and holding jobs.
PRK Abstract NAL Abstract slightly modified

The challenge of retaining 4-H members - Kirk Astroth (PRK Abstract - Published in Journal of Extension, 1985)
Article 3FEA4

The changing social environment and the changing attitudes of youth: A challenge for 4-H professionals and leaders - George T. Blume (Research Reports of Annual Conference, TX, 1985)

Choice of Extension education curricula as determined by selected Cooperative Extension Service agents - Joseph Raymond Wells (Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, 1985)

A comparison of Extension staff and public leader's opinion regarding program development and evaluation in Cooperative Extension Service. - W. M. Wan Muda (University of Georgia, 1985)

Computer software development: An educational tool for teaching nutrition in Pennsylvania 4-H - Cathy S. Bakalar (Penn State University, 1985)
Master of Education degree

A conceptual approach to evaluating a 4-H environmental education program - Carney McRae (University of Maine, 1985)

Cooperation between North Dakota secondary vocational agriculture teachers and county agents in carrying out selected activities and programs: A colloquium paper - Sitapha Diatta; Senegal Siguinchor; Vernon D. Luft (Journal of the American Association of Teacher Educations in Agriculture, 1985)
Peer-reviewed; ERIC Number: EJ 330 860

Cooperative extension in northern Idaho: Who uses our services? Results of a four-county survey - Corrine M. Rowe (1985)

Critical elements of the state extension specialist position - Judith Ann Wessel (Ohio State University, 1985)

Cultural evaluation of 4-H food and nutrition materials - Kathlyn Elaine Smiley-Davis (University of Arizona, 1985)

The development of a Pennsylvania 4-H wildlife conservation leader's guide using task sheets - Earl D. Robbins (Penn State University, 1985)
The purpose of the study was to examine and revise The Pennsylvania 4-H Wildlife Conservation Leader Guide to include instructional resource materials and club activities using task sheets. The revision of the guide was evaluated by a panel of experts, 4-H agents, and 4-H and wildlife faculty at the university and personnel at the Pennsylvania Game Commission. Their comments were collected and synthesized and then incorporated into the revised edition of the leader guide.
Master of Education degree

Development of a soils curriculum for the 4-H Challenge Natural Resources project - Joe E. Holtrop (Washington State University, 1985)
This project involved the development of an integrated 4-H natural resources curriculum which included the following eight natural resource systems: air, energy, forests, geology and minerals, range, soil, water and wildlife. The purpose of the study was to develop a soils curriculum as an integral component of the 4-H CHALLENGE Natural Resources Project. Twenty-seven soils concepts were based on a review of soils educational literature and interviews with soil scientists. Existing learning activities were selected from the literature and new ones were developed to teach the soils concepts. Five projects were developed to provide 4-H members with an opportunity to use the knowledge and skills they had acquired during the learning activities and responsibly taken action to solve soil related problems in the community.
Master Adult and Continuing Education PRK Abstract Abstract from record 7 of 440 AGRICOLA database 12/91

Draft horse - Kristin K. Myers (Ohio State University, 1985)

Educational and personal development of participants in the International 4-H Youth Exchange (IFYE) Program - Julia R. Johnson (Texas Woman's University, 1985)

The effect of environmental education on 4-H and girl scout participants - Nancy K. Franz (University of Wisconsin, 1985)
Master of Education degree

The effect of parental brokering on adult sociability: A comparison of only and non-only children - Barbara E. Johnson (Ohio State University, 1985)
This study examined the association between family size and measures of adult sociability as mediated through parental brokering activities. In large families, peer interaction is usually experienced with siblings, but if siblings are not available parents will broker for their children to provide them with peer socialization experiences outside of the nuclear family, such as 4-H. Thus the contention that only children are antisocial because they lack siblings is unfounded.
Modified NAL abstract