Effective communication media for potential minority 4-H youth in Franklin County as perceived by the county 4-H minority advisors - Richardson Ayodele Koleade (Ohio State University, 1985)
The study was to identify the communication media/method that could be effectively used by 4-H in reaching the minority youth of 4-H age residing in Franklin County (Columbus, Ohio) as perceived by the county's 4-H minority advisors, and to describe the relationship between their perceptions and the selected personological characteristics. All responding advisors were female and most between 35 and 39 years of age, two years of service was the most common length of service as an advisor, and most (92%) were black. The seven perceived highest ranking media were: school visits, advertisements on "MIV" or children's channels, television feature programs on 4-H, ads on "rock" special feature programs. Correlations between personological characteristics and perceptions were not high and did not help explain to any great extent the variability in perceptions.
PRK Abstract

The effects of a 4-H survival skills program on decision making skills of latchkey and non-latchkey children - Nancy E. Gaither (University of Maryland, 1985)

Effects of symbolic reward and positive feedback on high and low levels of intrinsic motivation in preschoolers - Allan T. Smith (University of Missouri, 1985)

Effects various demographic, socio-psychological and organizational characteristics of Kentucky 4-H volunteers have on their perceived human and educational needs relevant to fulfillment of their 4-H responsibilities - Grace T. Gray (North Carolina State University, 1985)

Enhancing the project meeting experience: A study of the impact of leader training on two levels in Bennett's Hierarchy - Kirk Astroth (Research Reports of Annual Conference, TX, 1985)

Evaluation of effectiveness of youth expanded food and nutrition education program (EFNEP) in Winston County, Mississippi - Lillian Gertrude Ainsworth (Mississippi State University, 1985)

An experimental evaluation of resource materials on leadership/delegation for 4-H youth - Kirk Astroth (Research Reports Proceedings of Annual Conference, TX, 1985)

Extension's future is today: The impact of 4-H and the rural to urban shift on Extension - James A. Christenson; Paul Warner (Journal of Extension, 1985)

Factors associated with the turnover intentions of Ohio Cooperative Extension county agents - Emmalou Rossano (Ohio State University, 1985)
The purpose of the study was to determine the relationship between various factors ad the turnover intentions of the Ohio Cooperative Extension county agents. Based on the March and Simon Theory of Job Turnover, a number of independent variables were studied. The dependent variable was the intention to leave the job. Data were gathered in May 1985 through a three-part questionnaire and the examination of personnel records. The population consisted of all Extension county agents (N=244). Findings were based on 218 questionnaires providing usable data (89%). Findings suggested that agents generally had low intentions to leave jobs. Lower performers had the highest intentions. Agents did not see that organizational rewards were contingent upon performance level. 4-H youth agents had significantly lower levels of job satisfaction, satisfaction with pay and with the work itself. They also had lower perceptions of performance-contingent rewards. The best predictors of not intending to leave one's job was overall job satisfaction, satisfaction with co-workers, age and self-rating of job performance.
Modified NAL abstract

Factors influencing enrollment in the 4-H clothing project in Richland and Ouachita Parish, Louisiana - M. Diane Denais (University of Southwestern Louisiana, 1985)

For love or money - what motivates volunteers - Richard A. Byrne; Faye Caskey (Proceedings In Research Reports TX Annual Conference, 1985)

A guide for the planning, implementation and evaluation of a 4-H camp counselor training - Lisa Diane Hille (Washington State University, 1985)
The purpose of the study was to develop, implement and evaluate a practical and effective counselor training for the Clallam County 4-H summer camp counseling staff; offering a guide for other 4-H youth camp directors to follow. Felt needs were analyzed from the evaluations by the Clallam County 4-H camp staff of 1983. Unfelt needs were determined through a study of materials in the area of camp counselor training. Two evaluations took place: Evaluation of program upon completion of training and evaluation of skills learned at the training and their effectiveness upon completion of the week of camp.
Master Adult and Continuing Education PRK Abstract

History of the 4-H uniform for females in Texas - Tammera Sue Hickman Dean (Texas Woman's University, 1985)

How to start and maintain a 4-H or FFA dairy project - Kirk W. Carter (California Polytechnic Institute, 1985)

The image of excellence includes and international dimension - Maurice S. Kramer (1985)
Historical record of International 4-H work

The image of the 4-H professional/profession as perceived by selected Cooperative Extension Service professionals in the United States - Gary Wayne Gerhard (New Mexico State University, 1985)
The major study described the current status of the image of the 4-H profession as perceived by Cooperative Extension Service (CES) professionals in the United States. A Likert-scale instrument and reflective scale was submitted to a random, stratified sample of Extension professionals, representing all states and the District of Columbia. The mean values for the image variables were positive. The 4-H professional is perceived most strongly as an autonomous decision maker, personally committed to public responsibility, as a lifelong learner, and holding equal professional status and freedom for advancement within CES. Two connected ideas should be addressed: the mission of 4-H as it fits a locality and the expected role of the 4-H/youth professional.
Modified NAL abstract

Impact study of New Mexico 4-H "Fit it All Together" foods and nutrition project in select New Mexico counties - Evelyn Davis Rogers (Home Economics, 1985)

An investment report: Allegiance of former participants (in 4-H) - National 4-H Council (1985)

Keeping 4-H volunteer leaders: Why some stay and some don't - Keith Lloyd Smith; Nancy M. Bigler (Journal of Extension, 1985)
Article 2FEA3

Key volunteers strengthen the 4-H program - A. Snider (Research Reports of Annual Conference, TX, 1985)

Leadership styles of program leaders in the Cooperative Extension Service in New England - Prudence Brown Holton (1985)

Life situation and personal characteristics that contribute to the functional skills experiential learning outcomes of the adult volunteer 4-H leader - Patricia Ann Howe (Cornell University, 1985)
The study investigated the influence of selected life situation and personal characteristics on the functional skills and experiential learning outcomes of adult volunteer 4-H leaders. Data were obtained from a self-selected sample of 134 adult volunteer leaders from 48 out of the 50 US states. One third were individuals chaperoning Citizen Washington Focus program in Washington, DC. The remaining leaders surveyed came to the National 4-H Center to participate in training workshops. Because of the possible homogeneity of the sample, a smaller comparison study of 21 leaders was conducted in rural Charles County, Maryland. The two groups were found to be statistically comparable. Howe's Self-Assessment Skills Inventory was developed specifically for the study. Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance and t-tests. Showing a significantly positive relationship with functional skills learning outcomes included: certain levels of formal education, primary occupation (other than farming) and levels of exposure to the 4-H hierarchy. Findings did not support the remaining personal and life situation characteristics hypothesized as bearing significance on an individual's functional skills experiential learning outcomes: self-esteem, learning style, age, 4-H membership as a youth, being engaged in other volunteer activities, tenure as a volunteer leader, type of community lived in, being a farmer or farm wife, gender, or duties performed within the 4-H organization.
Modified NAL abstract

Life skills development through 4-H: A survey of adolescent attitudes - Olivia P. Collins (Research Reports of Annual Conference, TX, 1985)

Male-female differences in antecedents to hunting involvement: Implications for hunter education and 4-H shooting sports programs - Shari Lea McCarty (Cornell University, 1985)

Michigan early adolescent survey: Final Report - Joanne Keith; Leah Hoopfer (4-H Impact Study, 1985)
PRK Abstract

Model for recognizing 4-H'ers - Jerry Parsons (1985)

Ohio 4-H agents' and volunteer leaders' perceptions of the volunteer leadership development program - Joseph Ajedi Kwarteng (Ohio State University, 1985)
The study considered the perceptions of 4-H agents and volunteer leaders to six areas: recruiting, training, motivations, recognition, retention and supervision. The respondents were selected from a stratified random sample of selected counties and were mailed questionnaires. 100% of the agents and 62.8% (201) of the volunteer leaders provided usable responses. No significant differences were found between 4-H agents and volunteer leaders on their perceptions of recruiting, training and supervision. Significant differences existed between them on their perceptions of motivation, recognition and retention.
PRK Abstract

Ohio 4-H awareness and promotion - Dennis Lee Elliott (1985)

Opinions of certain 4-H agents concerning leadership training in parliamentary procedure for youth involved in North Carolina 4-H activities - James Thomas Miller (Virginia State University, 1985)

Perceptions of 4-H members, leaders and county agents toward the Montana 4-H vegetable gardening projects - Susan Lynn McMaster (Montana State University, 1985)
Study investigated the perceptions of 4-H members, 4-H leaders and county agents toward the Montana vegetable gardening projects. Data were gathered through the use of mailed questionnaires sent to a random sample of 35 county agents, 60 4-H leaders and 145 4-H members. Acquiring the knowledge and developing the skills needed to care for and manage a well planned vegetable garden project were strengths of the gardening projects and too little emphasis on the basics of vegetable gardening was cited as a weakness.
PRK Abstract Modified NAL abstract

Perceptions of benefits derived by individuals participating in Wyoming 4-H programs - Mary Kay Wardlaw (University of Wyoming, 1985)
Study determined benefits derived by individuals participating in Wyoming 4-H programs. A survey was mailed to Wyoming 4-H members that consisted of 5-point Likert scale and three open ended questions. A SPSS frequencies program was used to analyze the data. The findings revealed that Wyoming 4-H offers positive consequences including: knowledge gains, self attitude development, social attitude and behavior development, happiness, environmental awareness, and future opportunities exploration. Negative consequences were unfair competition, too much emphasis on winning, lack of challenge for older members and interference with other activities. Recommendations for program improvement are included. Counties were encouraged to conduct surveys of local needs and concerns.
PRK Abstract Modified NAL abstract

Potential usability of an experimental 4-H career education manual - Alice Ann Moore (University of Tennessee, 1985)

Predictors of life satisfaction among rural and urban employed mothers: A research note - Connor M. Walters; Patrick C. McKenry (Journal of Marriage and the Family, 1985)
Study sought to determine if descritpive factors of work-family role integration would be more predictive of rural mothers' satisfaction than that of urban employed mothers. Sample surveyed by mailed questionnaire comprised 237 rural and urban employed mothers, selected from 4-H membership lists in Ohio. Job-related variables were found to be more predictive of rural employed mother's life stisfaction than those varioables of social-psychological support traditionally associated with the successful enactment of work and family roles.

Problems that hamper success of county 4-H programs - Edward Kirangira Tumusiime; Layle D. Lawrence (Symposium on Research Needs for Extension Education, 1985)
Paper presented at Symposium on Research Needs for Extension Education

Proceedings for the Symposium on research needs for Extension education - Keith Lloyd Smith (1985)

A progress guide for 4-H members raising guide dog puppies - Karen Browning (California Polytechnic Institute, 1985)

The relationship between the extent to which a county is rural or urban and the characteristics of a county's 4-H program - Juanita Elveta Miller (Ohio State University, 1985)
The study investigated the extent to which the current 4-H program in Ohio is serving urban clientele in the counties. Eighty-eight counties were sampled using the 1980 Census Data, the Ohio 4-H Statistical Report, October 1, 1982-September 30, 1983 and the "Ohio Cooperative Extension Service - Local Needs Survey. The conclusions of this study are that six counties have 90% or higher urban population and a total of 31 counties have 50% or higher. This is a very strong negative relationship between the extent to which the county is urban and the percent of potential 4-H members reached. There is a low positive relationship between the extent to which the county is urban and the percent of females enrolled in the program.
PRK Abstract

Results of a follow-up study on North Central leader forum - Richard A. Byrne; Faye Caskey (Research Reports of Annual Conference, TX, 1985)

Rhode Island 4-H leadership development: Impact Study - J. Whitney Bancroft; Gail Poffenberger Yeiser (1985)

Self concept, 4-H camp setting: An evaluation - John D. Orr (1985)

Strengthening the research base for Extension programs - USDA ES (Final report and Executive Summary, 1985)

A study to develop and test a computer literacy curriculum of the 4-H program of the Texas Agricultural Extension Service - Delia R. Duffey (Texas A&M University, 1985)
The purpose of the study was to pilot test a computer literacy curriculum for members and leaders in the Texas 4-H program. A four phase development process was used to develop the curricula based on 29 competencies, the fourth phase its evaluation. A content-input-process product evaluation model was used. Four conclusions were drawn: 1) goals and objectives reflect the needs and desires of the 4-H program, 2) appropriate content for inclusion in the computer literacy project can be developed, 3) learning activities aid in the attainment of the objectives can be developed, and 4) an evaluation plan for assessing the effectiveness of the curriculum in meeting the goals and objectives can be implemented.
Modified NAL abstract

Supervision of volunteers - Lynn Vernice Riskedal (Research Reports of Annual Conference, TX, 1985)

Supervision of volunteers in the Illinois 4-H and youth program - Lynn Vernice Riskedal (University of Illinois, 1985)
The purpose of the study was to determine which supervisory skills are currently utilized in the relationship between the volunteer and the professional in the 4-H program, and to determine the perceptions of the volunteers and the agents on the concept of supervision in the 4-H program. Extension agents said they utilize the supervisory skills when communicating with volunteers. However, the study found a discrepancy between the agents' and volunteers' perception on the use of constructive criticism and initial training which is received. An accepting attitude toward supervision by volunteers and agents can be concluded from both volunteer and agent responses related to the knowledge of club activities and the methods of informing the agent. An acceptance of supervision was also shown in the positive response to conferences which are held between the volunteer and the agent.
PRK Abstract Modified NAL abstract

Understanding and predicting attendance behavior in the Illinois 4-H camping program - Thomas Russell Kettelkamp (University of Illinois, 1985)
The objective of this study was to make recommendations relative to stimulation and revitalizing attendances at the five Illinois 4-H camps. Fifteen hundred and thirty Illinois 4-H members were sampled. Data were collected to measure cognitive, affective and conative components of the Fishbein behavioral prediction model. Results form the study indicate that definite changes with the 4-H camping program are necessary. A framework and time schedule for a state-wide advertisement campaign should be developed and targeted not only to the 4-H membership, but to parents, friends and 4-H community club leaders.
Modified NAL abstract

Youth development competencies desirable for Arizona volunteer 4-H leaders - Gerald Wayne Olson (Research Reports, Proceedings of Annual Conference, TX, 1985)

4-H and the handicapped: Volunteers' perceptions - Bernadine M. Coleman; Nan Booth (Journal of Extension, 1984)

4-H computer project: National pilot test - USDA ES (1984)

4-H computer project: National pilot test evaluation: Final report - Richard C. Maurer (Executive summary at S533.F66F61, 1984)

4-H impact on leading South Dakota livestock producers - Ken Nelson (1984)
EMC 813

4-H impact on South Dakota Extension homemakers - Kenneth Nelson (1984)

4-H leaders and 4-H members attitudes toward selected aspects of the 4-H program in Pittsburg County - Ronald Lee Vick (Oklahoma State University, 1984)
The purpose of the study was to gain information about the attitudes of 4-H members and leaders toward aspects of the Pittsburg County 4-H program. One hundred and eight 4-H members and 30 leaders responded to questions about events held in the county. 4-H'ers participated in county activities because they felt it would help develop their leadership skills and with their personal development. Leaders and parents had the least influence on decisions made by the 4-H members in this study. Lack of interest was found to be the main reason why the young people did not participate.

The 4-H youth organization: Primary prevention through competency promotion - Robert Leon Young; Gerald R. Adams (Journal of Primary Prevention, 1984)
Three hundred and thirty respondents from 165 families completed an assessment designed to measure psychosocial maturity. Comparisons between 4-H and non-4-H parental perceptions of interpresonal and social adequacy were conducted. Other analyses suggest age differences affecting social maturity and rural versusl urban residency differences in program effectiveness.

An analysis of farmers' soil testing practices in three Louisiana parishes - Eddie Ray Funderburg (Louisiana State University, 1984)
The study examined the soil testing practices of farmers in Northeast Louisiana to determine whether there have been changes in soil fertility levels in the Franklin, Morehous and Tensas Parishes between 1964-7 and 1982-1983. Among other findings, farmers who had been active in 4-H and/or FFA soil sampled more often than farmers who had not been active in these organizations.
Modified NAL abstract

Attitudes on wildlife and knowledge retained by 4-H alumni - James L. Byford; Sheila Munsey (49th North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference, 1984)
Paper presented at the 49th North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference

Attitudinal differences: A study comparing 4-H members and dropouts, ages 13 to 15, in 16 Montana counties - Arthur Reeves Petroff (Montana State University, 1984)
The purpose of the study was to determine if certain attitudes of active Montana 4-H members and dropouts, ages 13 to 15, are different to identify reasons associated with dropping out of the program. Present and past 4-H members who were 13-15 years of age when enrolled in 4-H were sent a researcher developed instrument. The data received by the survey were tested using the Pearson r correlation coefficient and the chi-square test of independence. The major conclusions drawn from this study are that: 4-H may not be for every youth, but the 4-H program should explore ways to broaden its appeal while retaining its 4-H image, 4-H and school will vie for young people's time and family participation in 4-H is important to 4-H member retention
PRK Abstract Modified NAL abstract

A comparative study of members' commitment to 4-H clubs and special interest groups in Oklahoma - Beverly Marie Russell Parker (Oklahoma State University, 1984)

Criteria for responsive and relevant 4-H curriculum development - V. Gobeli (1984)

Development of a 4-H hydroponics project - Rosemarie Schoonmaker (Penn State University, 1984)
The purpose of the paper was to develop a hydroponics project 4-H member guide and a leader guide targeted at teens. The members guide focused on the set-up monitoring and evaluation of two hydroponic gardening experiments with lettuce or tomatoes. The leader guide was similar in format but included additional detailed information on related topics. The project evaluation, a five point Likert-type scale was based on the usefulness of the guides, appropriateness of reading level, accuracy of content, and overall rating by selected 4-H agents and leaders.
Master of Education degree

Development of a 4-H type leader training model for nonformal education in Bangladesh - Amena A. Hoq (Washington State University, 1984)
Master Adult and Continuing Education

Development of a handbook of serious games for exploring group dynamics - Renee Ramona Harris (Penn State University, 1984)
Master of Education degree

The effect of a litter education program on attitudes and behavior of second and fourth graders in a selected Ohio school system - Karen Sue Behm (Ohio State University, 1984)
As a part of 4-H work, a litter education program developed with a grant from the Ohio Department of Natural Resources Office of Litter Control, was evaluated. Forty-seven second graders and 64 fourth graders were involved in treatment and control groups. Each were matched by the size of the school, geographic area and socioeconomic background. Qualitative data was collected as a pretest. Students were given cookies on a paper plate and napkin and observed in the classroom to determine their littering behaviors. A set of slides depicting a variety of potential littering situations was used to measure attitudes toward littering. A two-way ANOVA was used to analyze the data. There was a significant difference at the .001 level between the attitude scores of the treatment and the control groups indicating that the litter education program was effective. There was no significant difference between grades, though a potential interaction effect with a probability of .057 indicating that the program may be more effective in the fourth grade. Neither treatment nor grade level produced a significant effect on the behavior scores.
Modified NAL abstract

The effectiveness of newsletters as an in-service training method for 4-H foods and nutrition leaders - Norma Joan Wightman (San Francisco State University, 1984)
A direct mail nutrition education program for 4-H foods and nutrition leaders was developed and evaluated using a pre- post test design. Foods and nutrition leaders from 18 northern California counties were randomly assigned to control and experimental groups. A behavioral recall questionnaire assessed the frequency with which leaders addressed 13 specific foods and nutrition topics in their project work during the 1981-82 project year. A mailed pre-test assessed nutrition knowledge of leaders. The experimental group received four nutrition newsletters during the winter of 1982-83 while the control group received no newsletter. A post-test mailed in June 1983 measured cognitive, affective and behavioral change. Subjects completing all post-test included 28 control subjects and 51 experimental subjects. The experimental group showed statistically significant gain in nutrition knowledge and reported increased teaching of two of the seven nutrition topics addressed in the newsletter.
Modified NAL abstract

Evaluability assessment in 4-H - Bert Lynn Jones (1984)
Philosophical paper

Evaluation of program components for 4-H camping programs - Karen Loyd (University of Missouri, 1984)

An experimental evaluation of resource materials on leadership/delegation for 4-H youth - Julia Andrew Gamon (Iowa State University, 1984)
The study evaluated the effectiveness of resource materials on leadership delegation at two state 4-H camps in Iowa in 1983. The relationship of member participation and delegated leadership to group drive, cohesiveness and productivity were also studied. Preferred leadership styles of youth were measured. According to t-tests, the materials on delegation made a difference in the second camp in group drive and cohesiveness. The materials did not make a difference in productivity in either camp. The problem-solving decision making style Inventory (Hershey-Natemeyer, 1982) was used as a pre-posttest. T-test analysis showed that styles remained stable. The youth study approximated the adult model. Sex of campers was not related to style, except that females were slightly more likely to prefer the participative style. Delegation was not one of the preferred styles. Pearson's correlation revealed that measure so group effectiveness-drive, cohesiveness and productivity were highly and positively intercorrelated. Member participation was positively and moderately related to group effectiveness.
PRK Abstract Modified NAL abstract May also be titled, "Experimental evaluation of instructional materials on delegation for 4-H youth."

Factores que influyen en la retencion y movilidad de los lideres voluntarios del programa 4-H del Servicio de Extension Agricola en la Region de San Juan, 1969-1983 (Factors which influence the retention and motivity of the volunteer leaders of the 4-H pr - Paz Noelia Varela Berrios (University of Puerto Rico, 1984)
Degree as designated

Factors associated with 4-H youth's interest in sewing - Martha Roberts Hartley (West Virginia University, 1984)
The study surveyed West Virginia youth to ascertain if they were interested in sewing, and whether they perceived adult help was available to support this interest. The participants included 494 female members ages 9-21 attending 4-H camps in four West Virginia counties. Two-thirds of the respondents indicated that they had an interest in sewing, yet 46% of the sample expressed interested were not enrolled in 4-H clothing projects (p.01). Forty-two percent of the respondents had never enrolled in the 4-H clothing projects. Seventy-eight percent of those who had taken home economics classes in school responded positively to that sewing experience. Support for sewing was provided by mothers in the home, 80% of whom did some sewing with additional support from grandmothers, 41% who sewed. Youth reported grandmothers sewed more than mothers. Further research was suggested to determine motivational factors such as types of garments and other sewing activities of interest to youth.
Modified NAL abstract

Factors associated with burnout among extension agents in the Ohio Cooperative Extension Service - Orobosa Chris Igodan (Ohio State University, 1984)
The objective of the study was to determine the level of burnout among Ohio Extension agents, differences in levels of burnout among the program areas and the extent to which burnout is associated with personal, organizational and job factors. A four-part questionnaire was mailed to 101 randomly selected agents in five districts in Ohio with an 89 percent response rate. Spearman and Pearson correlation coefficients were used to describe relationships. A one-way ANOVA including an LSD posthoc analysis, a t-test, and stepwise multiple regression analysis was applied to test the differences between the groups of agents at the .05 level. Findings reveal a low level of burnout among the agents with 4-H agents experiencing higher levels than home economics and agricultural agents. Younger agents were found to experience higher levels than older agents. Job satisfaction was found to be the best single predictor of burnout.
Modified NAL abstract

Factors related to reenrollment in 4-H of eight through twelve-year-old members - Cheryl Lynn Caplinger (Ohio State University, 1984)
The purpose of the study was to identify factors which are related to the reenrollment of 4-H members. Eight through twelve year old reenrollees were compared to non-reenrollees in the same age group to determine if relationships existed between selected factors and their reenrollment status. The target population was all traditional 4-H club members in Ohio in 1982. A stratified random sample was taken from 10 counties, two randomly selected counties from each Extension district. A mailed questionnaire was used to collect data. Substantial relationships were identified between the years of club membership and planned membership in 4-H. Factors that showed a moderate relationship with reenrollment were: earning money from 4-H projects, liking project work, 1983 4-H enrollment of siblings, parents' attendance at club meetings and desire to be a junior leader.
PRK Abstract NAL abstract

Feasibility study of a 4-H health program of sex education in Tulsa County, Oklahoma - Brad Leroy Tipton (Oklahoma State University, 1984)
An evaluation of 4-H attitudes toward a possible 4-H health program of sex education was the made in the spring of 1984. The population was the 340 Tulsa County 4-H parents whose children were enrolled in 4-H as of November 30, 1983. A telephone questionnaire was answered by 94 percent of those randomly selected to be respondents. It was found that 88% of the 4-H parents saw a need for formal sex education  outside the home and 79 percent though 4-H sex education programs a good idea. Some of the parents did not know how good or bad a job the school system was doing concerning sex education. Conclusions were that 4-H sex education classes be divided by age and that parent attendance not be mandatory. The sex education topics presented to the respondents were perceived as being acceptable subjects for discussion.

Guidelines for training 4-H adult volunteer leaders in Washington State Cooperative Extension - Richard Alan Zabel (Washington State University, 1984)
This study reviewed research literature on training 4-H volunteers. Qualitative research methods were utilized to review the literature to assess volunteer and organizational needs, setting of training objectives, determining training program structure and content, conducting volunteer orientation, pre-service and in-service training, and program management and evaluation. Data were collected to suggest relationships, patterns and processes. Twenty-four guidelines were developed in a final form. Program planning implications were listed for the guidelines which were most applicable to the development of training programs. The guidelines were applicable to all 4-H programs throughout the United States.
Master Adult and Continuing Education PRK Abstract

A history of Arizona Cooperative Extension work in home economics and 4-H: 1912-1984 - Berl Burt; Karen Ann Watson (1984)

A history of urban 4-H club work in Knox County, Tennessee - Rosalind L. Woodard (University of Tennessee, 1984)

How 4-H helps career development - S. Kay Rockwell; Roy F. Stohler; Louis E. Rudman (PRK Abstract - Published in Journal of Extension, 1984)

How mom and dad influence youth participation - Richard C. Maurer; Janet L. Bokemeier (Journal of Extension, 1984)

The image of the 4-H professional: A study of the current status of the 4-H professional image as perceived by Cooperative Extension Service professionals in the United States - Gary Wayne Gerhard (1984)

Impact of 4-H activities in leadership, personal, technical skill, social and value development: A pilot study - Sainey Banko Suso (Penn State University, 1984)
Master of Education degree PRK Abstract

Impact of agent time on 4-H member enrollment and participation in Tennessee - Ben T. Powell (1984)
Presented at 1984 Triennial Conference of State 4-H Leader

The impact of high adventure outdoor experience on participants in the Michigan 4-H Challenge program - Cheryl Lowe (Northern Michigan University, 1984)
Science Education doctorate

The impact of the Extension 4-H program on the lives of 4-H All Stars in East Central Extension district - E. Wayne Compton; Maynard Sexton Burkett (NAE4-HA Conference Proceedings, 1984)
NAL: S533.F66

Interest based learning in 4-H - Bert Lynn Jones (Philosophical paper, 1984)

Leader opinions and actions: A survey of the opinions and actions of 4-H project leaders regarding leader tasks, motivation, information requested, and sources of information - Scott N. Everson (University of Wisconsin, 1984)
Paper

Leadership - Citizenship characteristics of 4-H all stars and the general public in Central Virginia - E. Wayne Compton; Maynard Sexton Burkett (4-H Impact Study Abstract, 1984)
NAE4-HA research proceedings, November 4-8

Leadership styles of program leaders in the Cooperative Extension Service in New England - Prudence Brown Holton (University of Connecticut, 1984)
The purpose of the study was to examine the relationship between CES program leaders in the New England states and their field staff on perceptions of leadership style, style range and effectiveness (adaptability). The comparison was based on the Situational Leadership theory developed by Herse3y and Blanchard and their instrument, The Leader Effectiveness and Adaptability Description. Self-perception scores of program leaders who work in agriculture, home economics and 4-H were looked at to determine if there was a difference in leadership style due to position. Data was collected using a survey instrument designed by the researcher. Chi-square and t-tests were used to analyze the data. Findings: Leaders perceive themselves to be more effective than others perceive them to be. There was found to be no significant difference in leadership style for program leaders who work in the various positions of agriculture, home economics and 4-H.
Modified NAL abstract

Lessons out of school: Boy scouts, girls scouts and 4-H clubs as educational environments - J. Kleinfield; A. Shinkwin (New Designs on Youth Development, 1984)

Life skills development through 4-H: A survey of adolescent attitudes - Olivia P. Collins (University of Nebraska, 1984)
The study investigated 4-H adolescents' attitudes about life skills development through 4-H and the influences on this development. All youth 13-19 years of age in eleven Nebraska counties voluntarily completed a written questionnaire with the consent of their parents. The sample consisted of 360 teens; 62.8% girls and 37.2% boys. Percentages and frequency counts were used to describe personal and family characteristics, perceptions concerning family relationships and 4-H participation and persons, projects, and activities influencing youth life skills development. The Pearson Correlation Coefficient was used to examine the relationship between life skills learning and family strengths. The t-test was used to examine the difference between boys and girls in life-skills learning, importance of parent participation in 4-H, and influence of groups other than 4-H on life skills development. The analysis of variance was used to examine the relationship between years enrolled in 4-H, life skills learning and family strengths. The findings showed that life skills were learned through 4-H and there was a correlation between life skills learning and family strengths. The longer young people were enrolled in 4-H, the more they perceived life skills are learned.
PRK Abstract Modified NAL abstract

The man-nature relationship in selected 4-H natural resources youth development program project materials - Katherine Lile Wiley (Cornell University, 1984)

Measurement of Influence of youth organizations on county commissioners in Alabama - Margie McCary (NAE4-HA Research Proceedings, 1984)

Media competencies needed by county 4-H extension agents as perceived by 4-H agents and state 4-H program leaders - Julie Camp Adamcin (University of Arizona, 1984)
The purpose of the study was to compare perceptions of regarding media competencies needed by 4-H agents. A closed-form questionnaire was developed and distributed to state 4-H program leaders and to 4-H agents attending the 1983 NAE4-HA annual meeting. When determining selected media most felt that all but four competencies should be learned on the job and the remaining four should be learned before the agent is hired. Recommendations are given for training using media competencies as well as for future study.
Modified NAL study

Motivations, satisfactions and selected characteristics of Arizona 4-H volunteer adult leaders - Karen Ann Watson (University of Arizona, 1984)

Perceptions held by superintendents, principals, and teachers of the South Carolina 4-H in-school education program - William Cherry Clinkscales (Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1984)
The study investigated perceptions held by public school personnel of the South Carolina program with respect to 4-H curriculum, state 4-H program objectives, utilization of teachers as volunteers, the Extension agent's role, school personnel involvement in planning 4-H programs, use of communications media and certain aspects of utilizing volunteers from outside the school, and whether the perceptions varied in relation to the respondent's school type, school setting, and the person's own prior 4-H experience. The research design was survey research with a mailed questionnaire. The target populations were superintendents, principals and teachers of South Carolina public schools. The statistical analysis included the chi-square test of independence. Data showed that elements of the 4-H program are frequently observed by public school personnel.
PRK Abstract Modified NAL abstract

Perceptions of 4-H: A literature review - Mason E. Miller (1984)

Perceptions of 4-H alumni from four Ohio counties concerning the impact of 4-H on their career development - Janet Kingsbury Matulis (Ohio State University, 1984)
This study was to identify the perceptions of 4-H alumni from four Ohio counties concerning the impact of 4-H on their career development, as well as their current education/occupational and 4-H involvement characteristics. A researcher developed questionnaire was mailed to a stratified random sample. Alumni felt that 4-H had much impact on their self-awareness, particularly concerning positive interests and abilities. 4-H tended to have much impact upon the development of general work competencies reflecting humanizing skills and good work habits but had very little to do with the development of job-seeking skills related to interviews, applications and resumes. Alumni perceived 4-H as having great impact on general career awareness and less impact on more specific areas of career exploration and selection. However, county 4-H agents, 4-H leaders and other 4-H members were perceived as having very little impact on alumni career planning.
NAL abstract

Perceptions of 4-H alumni from four Ohio counties concerning the impact of 4-H on their career development - Janet Kingsbury Matulis; Lowell Hedges (1984)

Professional competencies needed by 4-H extension agents in the Tennessee Cooperative Extension Service - Jacquelyn C. McKinley (Tennessee State University, 1984)
Master of Education degree

Professional competencies needed by Extension employees in urban counties of Ohio - Pantelis Ritsos (Ohio State University, 1984)

The professional competencies needed by intermediate agricultural extension personnel in the Kenya agricultural extension service - Wycliffe Nyajong Ongondo (Penn State University, 1984)
The part of the study that related to 4-H work found: Respondents who had more years as members of 4-H youth clubs rated the professional competencies in 4-H youth competency category higher in importance than those who had less years in 4-H youth clubs.

Quality indicators: 4-H club delivery method: Evaluation study - John D. Orr (1984)

The relationships between job satisfaction and job performance among county agents in Wisconsin Cooperative Extension Service - Ridwan Dereinda (University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1984)
The descriptive study examined the relationships between job satisfaction (JS) and job performance (JP) among Wisconsin agriculture (63) and 4-H agents (48). Data were collected through mailed questionnaire and consultations with personnel officials. There was a significant relation between job performance and income and their satisfaction with all facets of the job, except their salary and opportunity for promotion.
Modified NAL abstract

Self-perceived benefits of 4-H: Survey of 4-H teen members - R. F. Price; L. R. Seigel; Anne L. Heinsohn (NAE4-HA Research Proceedings, 1984)

Sex-role attitudes of senior high school 4-H members regarding careers and employment - Sheri Lea Richard (Louisiana State University, 1984)

Sharing the 4-H job with leaders - Robert Felix Richard; Satish Verma (Journal of Extension, 1984)

Strengthening leadership in Wyoming 4-H community clubs - G. A. Rohrbeck (NAE4-HA Conference Proceedings, 1984)
PRK Abstract - Staff Study

A study of he Extension training needed as perceived by former Extension professionals currently studying in the United States - A. Mohamed (Michigan State University, 1984)

A study of management practices of youth owning horses in Jackson Parish - Eddie White (Louisiana State University, 1984)

A study of the Edgefield (South Carolina) County 4-H club recognition program - Andrew Calhoun (III) (Tennessee State University, 1984)

A study to determine the relationship between rural New England extension agent educational orientation and job performance - Thomas Frank Patterson Jr. (Indiana University, 1984)
The purpose of the study was to determine if there was a relationship between the educational orientation toward teaching adults and job performance. The Educational Orientation Questionnaire (EOQ), a 60-item instrument developed by Hadley (1975) provided scores on an andragogical-pedagogical continuum. Job performance was measured by the Extension Agent Behaviors and Results Anchored Rating System (EABRARS), a performance appraisal instrument developed for this study (based on the standards developed by the American Institutes for Research for the Cooperative Extension Services (1979). The EOQ was sent to the population of 146 agents employed in agriculture, home economics, 4-H/youth, community development and forestry. The response rate was 89% with 130 completed instruments. No differences in behavior, results or total job performance ratings were found between these groups.
Modified NAL abstract

Survey of 4-H public speaking alumni - Patricia F. Farmer (1984)

Survey of readers, National 4-H News - National 4-H Council (1984)

Task performance and perceived training needs of North Dakota 4-H ambassadors - Hugo Antonio Huapalia Naupay (North Dakota State University, 1984)
The purpose of the study was to identify leadership tasks which North Dakota 4-H ambassadors felt appropriate for them to perform and to determine their ability to perform those tasks. Self improvement and 4-H promotional tasks were performed by about one-third of the respondents. Sex of the ambassador did not have a noticeable influence on the responses though females had more organizational and project leadership tasks that the males. 4-H ambassadors being well prepared to perform half of the sixty-five leadership tasks. Only a few felt well prepared in self-improvement and 4-H promotional tasks.
Listed as "Huapalla" in Synthesis and Taxonomy of the 4-H Research Base

Teen programs and slide set - Charles Gale (Penn State University, 1984)
Master of Extension degree

Teenagers and 4-H: Why do they drop out? How can they be retained? - Stephen Hamilton; Sheryl Kenny (1984)

Tennessee 4-H enrollment trends among males and females in nine selected projects, 1969-1981 - Nancy Lynn Blessing (University of Tennessee, 1984)

Volunteer motivation: An exploratory study of 4-H volunteer leaders - Marcia Owen Clark (Cornell University, 1984)
Community Service Education degree

Youth development competencies desirable for Arizona volunteer 4-H leaders - Gerald Wayne Olson (University of Arizona, 1984)
The study identified 46 youth development competencies desirable for Arizona volunteer 4-H leaders to possess. The target population consisted of active 4-H leaders and all 4-H agents in Arizona. A mailed questionnaire was utilized. Differences between leaders and 4-H agent perceptions of the needed youth development competencies were determined. The findings indicated that 46 out of the 71 competencies were identified as "very important" by leaders or agents. The ranking of competencies by leaders and agents were very similar. Competencies identified by both leaders and agents showed very few statistically significant differences.

4-H and the handicapped: Volunteers' perception - Bernadine M. Coleman; Nan Booth (Journal of Extension, 1983)
Article 1FEA3; Accepted for publication September 1983

4-H energy education projects that work - U. B. Bakker; Jerry Reyburn (NAE4-HA Proceedings, 1983)

A 4-H fairgrounds for Clatsop County's Fair board, Clatsop County, Oregon - Lowell A. Fausett (University of Idaho, 1983)

4-H impact on South Dakota Extension homemakers - Kenneth Nelson (1983)

4-H makes a difference--or does it? - Parsons, G. (Symposium on Research Needs for Extension Education, 1983)

4-H National needs assessment: Analysis and recommendations - USDA (1983)

An analysis of selected factors affecting the success of community 4-H clubs in Pennsylvania - Chaicharn Wongsamun (Penn State University, 1983)
The study analyzed selected factors affecting the success of community 4-H clubs in Pennsylvania. Thirteen criteria for identifying more successful/less successful community 4-H clubs were developed. Data was collected from 169 organizational leaders, 277 project leaders, and 304 teenage 4-H members in 31 selected counties. Each of the three participant groups received different questionnaires. Eighty-one percent of the of the returned questionnaires were usable. Chi square and post hoc analysis with the Scheffe test were utilized to determine differences in the attitudes of respondents. More successful clubs had higher numbers of club members, adult leaders, teen leaders, projects, members in each project, new projects and/or activities, club committees, members on each committee, and project committees. Organizational leaders spent more time on 4-H, attended more training meetings and had more contact with local county agents than less successful clubs. Organizational leaders also perceived they received more assistance and training from the county 4-H offices than did less successful clubs. Teenage 4-H members in more successful clubs enrolled in more projects, participated in more activities and spent more time on 4-H than did teenage 4-H members in less successful clubs. Members also perceived their successful clubs had more effective organizational leaders, greater adequacy of projects and a more democratic climate at meetings.
Modified NAL abstract

Analysis of supervisor's expectations concerning Extension agent performance - S. E. Wright (1983)

Assessment of adolescent female dropouts of the 4-H clothing program in Utah during 1980-81 - Sharlene Woffinden (Utah State University, 1983)

An assessment of middle-management volunteers in Oregon's 4-H programs - Richard Warren Noland (Oregon State University, 1983)
Study examined the relationship between participation rate of young people in 4-H programs utilizing middle-management volunteers and selected organizational and descriptive variables. The population of the study was 1979-80 community coordinators in Oregon's 4-H programs. Pearson and Spearman correlations and Kendall tau were utilized in the statistical analysis. Findings: Volunteers with higher participation rates were less satisfied with their role, volunteers from lower income families were generally more effective in recruiting that higher income individuals, volunteers whose role was carefully delineated by paid staff were generally more productive, volunteers receiving higher levels of direct paid staff leadership were generally less productive.
Modified NAL abstract

The beginning 4-H volunteer leaders continuation in the leadership role - Roy F. Stohler; S. Kay Rockwell (NAE4-HA Conference Proceedings, 1983)

Characteristics of effective trainers of volunteer 4-H leaders in southern California - Margaret J. Frazee (California State College, Bakersfield, 1983)
Study determined the characteristics of successful trainers of volunteer 4-H leaders in southern California, and the importance of these characteristics to the training process. Six characteristics emerged as present to a high degree in trainers and important for a trainer to possess: informed about 4-H, understands kids, dependable, warm towards others, organized, and good communicator. Eighty-five percent of the leader trainers were classified into one of four (out of the 8 Myers-Briggs type indicators) based on organization, logic, dependability and perseverance. Three of the four types are people-oriented, exhibiting warmth and sympathy along with a desire for orderliness and facts.
PRK Abstract Modified NAL abstract that still needs checking

Characteristics of effective trainers of volunteer 4-H leaders in Southern California - Margaret J. Frazee (1983)

A comparative study of the effectiveness of the Cooperative Extension Service in two counties in Georgia - Loretta Gail Bonnell (University of Georgia, 1983)
The study investigated the  extent to which Extension served a predominately agricultural constituency, has adapted to change in two politically geographically and socially differentiated counties in Georgia. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected from 30 agents and from positional leaders and voluntary association members. Statistical analyses were used to detect differences in perceptions of Extension's effectiveness. Multiple regression and path analysis were use in the analysis. Results of the study indicate that respondents are unaware of many services provided by Extension and least aware of the agency's community development programs. Although some ambiguity exists between sample groups regarding Extension's future role, the agency's past and present involvement in agriculture, home economics and 4-H work is well recognized and support for the agency's involvement in these areas is evident. Data indicates Extension remains a viable and functional service-delivery agency and has been relatively successful in adapting to social change.
Modified NAL abstract

A county marketing plan for the New Jersey 4-H program - Judith S. Baillere (Glassboro State College [Rowan University], 1983)
This County Marketing Plan for the New Jersey 4-H Prep Program reflects a marketing profile of 4-H Preppers (7-9 years old) and their families researched in Salem and Gloucester Counties. The plan utilizes the classic P's of marketing and is supported by supplementary materials including Leader's Guide, news releases, public service announcements, brochures, and a slide tape presentation.

Developmental tasks among Alberta rural youth and their implications for 4-H programming - Brian Archie Maitland (University of Alberta, Canada, 1983)

Early adolescence and their parents: Report comparing 4-H and their parents to the national composite sample - Search Institute (1983)

Early adolescents and their parents: Report comparing 4-H youth and their parents to the national composite sample - Search Institute (4-H Impact Study Abstract, 1983)

The effect of 4-H foods and nutrition projects and demonstrations on food and nutrition knowledge and dietary adequacy of 4-H'ers in North Carolina - Mary Ann Spruill-Pollock (University of Tennessee, 1983)
The purpose of this study was to document the effectiveness of 4-H foods and nutrition projects and demonstrations in increasing knowledge and improving eating habits of North Carolina youth. A nutrition knowledge test of 20 true-false questions and a 24 hour recall was administered to 208 youth ages 15-18. Regardless of the degree of involvement in the foods and nutrition projects, 4-H youth scored significantly higher than did non-4-H youth. Four-H youth had significantly higher intakes of calories, protein, iron and thiamine than did not 4-H youth. Other nutrients except calcium were consumed in larger amounts by 4-H youth than by non-4-H youth but the differences were not significant. Knowledge and dietary adequacy were not influenced by differences in the demographic composition of the groups.
Modified NAL abstract

Employed women: Valuable 4-H volunteers - Gene Child Whaples; Joanne Marie Bordelon (Journal of Extension, 1983)
Accepted for publication January 1983

An evaluation of gains made by Utah 4-H members in animal science skills and life skills as a result of 4-H participation as perceived by members and parents - Neville Wesley Williams (Utah State University, 1983)
The purpose of the study was to survey and measure gains made by Utah 4-H members in animal science skills and social/psychological skills as a result of 4-H participation. Fifteen counties returned 226 usable responses (one half were members and one-half
PRK Abstract

An evaluation of the 4-H VISTA project: 1982-1983 - D. P. Hedin (1983)
PRK Abstract of similar title with P. Simon

Factors contributing to nonreenrollment of 4-H club members in southeastern Florida - Daniel Freas Culbert (University of Florida, 1983)
This study was to determine the diversity and degree of importance of 4-H non-reenrollment reasons, to determine if reasons were associated with selected personal characteristics and programmatic variables. Most respondents indicated that their decision to leave 4-H was multi-faceted in nature. The most frequently given reason was that the club disbanded, the leader quit and having too much else to do. Respondents were generally older than 13, female, white, long term residents, were from families with two or three siblings and married parents, had both parents working and did not have jobs. Respondents generally belonged to no more than one youth group, spent less than two years in 4-H and had more than four friends in 4-H. Respondents holding leadership positions were more likely to indicate a lack of cooperation in the club.
PRK Abstract

Factors influencing the decision of 4-H members to attend 4-H camp - Marcia Lee Andrus (Ohio State University, 1983)

Factors related to interest and involvement of selected high school students in the 4-H program - Shelby B. Ellis (Auburn University, 1983)

Family process: A systems assessment - Agatha L. Bell (Texas Woman's University, 1983)
The focus of the study was the development of a valid and reliable scale designed to differentiate patterns of interaction between members in one family system and members in a different family system. Theoretical concepts for the scale emerged from a six-dimensional social field from Kanto and Lehr (1975). Subjects for this study consisted of 25 clinical and nonclinical husband-wife-adolescent child family units from the north Texas area. Non-clinical families were selected by a 4-H agent in Cooke County who identified families who had never received counseling for a family problem. Clinical families were obtained from a youth service organization and a state supported institution. Results from the investigation indicate that one is able to differentiate between members of one family and members of another.
Modified NAL abstract

Identification and selection of the appropriate leadership tasks for Ohio's teenage 4-H members - Robert Louis Horton (Ohio State University, 1983)
The study compared 4-H agent, club advisor, and teenage member perceptions regarding the importance of selected leadership tasks for teenage 4-H members, and the extent to which teenagers should be involved in carrying out these leadership tasks; and examine the differences among agent, advisor, and member perceptions and formulate a set of recommended leadership tasks. Results reveal moderate to extreme ratings of importance and involvement for the 87 leadership tasks by agents, advisors and members. The data also reveal that out of the 87 leadership tasks, all agree on the level of importance and the involvement of 52 leaders tasks. Leadership tasks identified by the state taskforce to represent the most recommended tasks for Ohio teenage 4-H members tended to be more highly rated by 4-H agents.
PRK Abstract Modified NAL abstract with need for clarification

The influence of task instruction sheets on 4-H horse club members' performance scores - Marianne Lamb Dobbs (Penn State University, 1983)
The study investigated the effect of using task instruction sheets on the performance scores of 4-H club members studying horse management. Six randomly selected 4-H horse clubs from SE section of Pennsylvania participated. Six horse management clinics were conducted on four competency-based horse management tasks. The volunteer 4-H horse club leaders explained and demonstrated each task. The study findings revealed that those 4-H horse club members who used task instruction sheets scored consistently higher than 4-H horse club members who did not use task instruction sheets.
Master of Education degree

Innovative 4-H tobacco programs in selected burley and fire-cured tobacco-producing counties in Tennessee - Terry L. Brown (University of Tennessee, 1983)

Instructional training for 4-H leaders: A proposed leader development program - Elizabeth A. Webster (University of Alberta, Canada, 1983)

Keeping 4-H members - Richard Stephen Hartley (Journal of Extension, 1983)
A survey was given to 44 re-enrollees, 21 dropouts and 54 non-members to determine factors involved in the decision to stay in 4-H. Major reasons for re-enrollment were directly linked to member participation, parental support, completion of a project, and receipt of a project ribbon. Recommendations are given for curriculum, oragnizational and personal decisions.

Lessons out-of-school: Boy Scouts, Girl Scouts and 4-H clubs as educational environments - Judith Kleinfeld; Anne Shinkwin (New Designs in Youth Development, 1983)
PRK Abstract - Paper prepared for the meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Montreal, Canada, April 13, 1983

Literature review: 4-H camping program and slide set/related materials for promotion of northwestern/northcentral Pennsylvania regional camping program - David M. Cox (Penn State University, 1983)
Master of Extension degree

Member and leader involvement and attitudes toward existing and possible new 4-H activities in Creek County - Kenneth Roy Bryan (Oklahoma State University, 1983)
This study assessed the involvement and attitudes of members and leaders towards existing and possible new activities in Creek County. Twenty-one leaders, 123 junior members and 73 senior members were included in the study. The findings showed a great desire for new and different 4-H programs in the county. It was indicated that it is essential that all leaders and members receive a county 4-H newsletter in order to keep them informed. County fund raising activities were favored over other types of funding for the 4-H program.

National 4-H Awards Task Force (study): Final report - Marcius R. Butterfield (1983)

A national study and analysis of 4-H/school enrichment programs: Available resources for program expansion - Susan Alice Fry (University of Maryland, 1983)

The nature of the relationship among clothing deprivation, self-esteem and socio-economic status of early adolescents - Georgia Marie (Simmons) Stuart (University of Missouri, 1983)

The Ohio 4-H dairy goat program as perceived by 1982 4-H members - Martha L. Fix (Ohio State University, 1983)
The purpose of the study was to gather background data on Ohio 4-H members that had dairy goat projects in 1982 and to determine their interests in selected dairy goat management topics. The population was all 4-H members in Ohio that had a dairy goat project in 1982. A sample of 91 (72 response) youth were randomly selected from 30 counties throughout the state. The topic area of showing goats was the most important followed by animal differences and health. There were no significant differences between respondents and a follow-up sample of non-respondents.

Opinion survey of state and national winners of 4-H competition nationwide - National 4-H Clubs of America (1983)

Organizational characteristics of the Mississippi Cooperative Extension Service as perceived by selected professional staff - Robert Duncan Martin (Mississippi State University, 1983)
The objective of the study was to determine existing and desirable organizational characteristics as perceived by selected Mississippi Cooperative Extension professional staff. A Likert Profile of Organizational Characteristics short form (POC-S) was used to measure differences. Two hundred and twelve MCES professional staff returned completed questionnaires. One of the questions studied was: Is there a significant difference between existing and desirable POS-C scores when sub-groups of MCES professional staff (district agent, 4-H youth agent, home economist, county leader/agent, and state subject matter specialist. The demographic "geographical location" was the only characteristic to show a significant difference. Various recommendations for future study were outlined.
Modified NAL abstract

Perceptions of value priorities in 4-H programs and perceptions of values development and reinforcement by 4-H and youth agents and clientele - Lois J. Nelson (University of Wisconsin, Stout, 1983)
This research study was conducted to ascertain information about and perceptions of values from Extension 4-H club participants and educators that will encourage or discourage the use of values in assessing clientele needs within Cooperative Extension. A statewide survey of Wisconsin 4-H and youth agents was conducted by mail; and a pilot study of 4-H members, their parents and 4-H volunteer leaders was personally conducted in five 4-H clubs. Data analysis included frequency counts and percentages of response to each item, with ranked totals for each value and group submitted to a Spearman Rho analysis to determine significant correlations. Results indicated that there tends to be a great deal of agreement among 4-H and youth agents that certain values of most importance to them are present in 4-H programs, and that values are an important consideration in 4-H programming.
PRK Abstract

Problems that hamper success of county 4-H programs - Edward Kirangira Tumusiime (West Virginia University, 1983)
The purpose of the study was to identify specific problems in initiating and operating 4-H youth activities which most seriously hamper success of county 4-H programs. Data were obtained from state 4-H leaders and program specialists using the Delphi technique. Of the 74 major problems identified by participants, those considered particularly series were: staff do many things volunteer leaders should do, underuse of older 4-H members in program development, and lack of sufficient data to show impact of projects and programs on 4-H'ers.

Program priorities of older 4-H youth - D. Flasher (Ohio State University, 1983)
1982 or 1983 Mentioned in the Research Summaries in Agricultural Education. Not sure if the study was completed.

The redevelopment and evaluation of a beginning horsemanship handbook - Jennifer Edith Leach (Washington State University, 1983)
Master Adult and Continuing Education

The results of the section concerning program emphasis in 4-H from the 1982 survey conducted by the Ohio Cooperative Extension Service - Stephen D. Schumacher (Ohio State University, 1983)
The purpose of this thesis was to identify where emphasis should be placed with the different program units in 4-H and to determine the relationships of the following selected attribute variables: sex, age, area of employment and areas of resistance. The principle conclusions were that respondents felt that some program units should be given higher emphasis while others should be given lower emphasis. Also there were significant differences between groups of each selected attribute variable.
PRK Abstract Modified NAL abstract

Role perception of leaders and agents in the 4-H program, Acadian Extension District, Louisiana - Robert Felix Richard (Louisiana State University, 1983)
The study identified job perceptions of 4-H leaders and agents in the Acadian district of the Louisiana Cooperative Extension Service. Data were obtained through questionnaires given to 25 percent of the 4-H leaders, selected at random, and 100 percent of the 4-H agents. Responses were compared and conclusions drawn. No relationships were found between the 4-H leaders' perception of their job and the following variables: tenure of the leader, method by which the leader became involved with the program, and the reason the leader remained with the 4-H program. Four-H agents, differed greatly in their perception of job responsibilities when the variable of tenure was studied. New agents felt they should perform all tasks associated with the program, whereas more experienced agents expected the 4-H leader to assume responsibility for many of the tasks.

Social recreations: 4-H club recreation leader's handbook - B. Jolliff (Ohio State University, 1983)
1982-3

Strengthening and expanding 4-H programs in urban areas - Joel Robert Soobitsky; Patricia Caroll Panshin (1983)

A study of the research base for extension programs: Survey instrument for a national study - James C. Summers; H. Peter Marshall (1983)

A survey of adult volunteer leaders in the Hawaii 4-H program: Salute to Excellence - V. C. Ishizaki (1983)
PRK Abstract

Training volunteers to train volunteers (follow-up study of the 1983 North Central leader forum) - Faye Caskey (1983)
PRK Abstract - Unpublished manuscript

The value of the environmental and natural resource programs as perceived by senior 4-H members in Virginia - Michael James Clifford (Virginia State University, 1983)

Voluntary youth organizations in Toronto, 1880-1930 - Leila Gay Mitchell McKee (York University, 1983)

4-H in Idaho: A program assessment - Corrine M. Rowe (1982)

4-H in the 80's: National Needs Assessment for the 4-H Program: Part 1: State staffs - USDA (1982)
Instrument only

4-H member continuation: A social exchange perspective - Ralph E. Manning (Iowa State University, 1982)
The purpose was to examine the effects of the variables autonomy, equality, money, social approval and trust on continuation of 10, 11, 12, and 13-year old 4-H members. Data were collected by questionnaire and interview in the homes of 61 continued members and 42 discontinued youth in Story County, Iowa. Seventy-four percent of the subjects indicated they would like to see more offerings in the local 4-H program. The impact of the variables appears to be cumulative. The four most often cited reasons for continuing were as follows: fun, learning, make or do something and friends. The most cited reasons for quitting were: schedule conflicts, boring (not involved), parents, and non-completion of responsibilities. Thirty-eight percent of discontinued youth indicated they would rejoin.
PRK Abstract

4-H winners: What do we know about them? - Glen Jenson; Robert Leon Young; Gerald R. Adams; Jay Schavaneveldt (Journal of Extension, 1982)
Based on a questionnaire given to 110 Utah state contest winners, this article discusses the profile of a 4-H contest winner. Some of the questions asked were the number of non 4-H club memberships, the number of friends inside and outside of 4-H, why a member of 4-H, personal goals, and motivation. The article closes with questions raised for further study.
Accepted for publication September 1981

4-H's influence on advanced training careers and leadership roles in adulthood - S. Kay Rockwell; Roy F. Stohler; Rudman Louis Roy (1982)
ERIC Document ED 246 227, CE039216 and PRK abstract

Agricultural education for youth in Kenya, 1925-1976 - Fenton Ruparanganda (McGill University, Canada, 1982)

Analysis of participant characteristics and program evaluation, Tennessee/Southern Region 4-H fish and wildlife adult leaders' conference, 29 April-3 May 1981 - Carol E. Kounanis (University of Tennessee, 1982)

An assessment of the effects of two residential camp settings on environmental attitude development - William Rogers Christy Jr. (Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1982)

An assessment of the objectives and implementation of the 4-H Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program summary - USDA ES (1982)
Summary is in Box 28, a more detailed analysis was also completed

The attitude of volunteer leaders in Cecil, Harford and Kent counties, Maryland toward involvement of handicapped in 4-H programs - Bernardine M. Coleman (University of Maryland, 1982)

A causal model of personal factors influencing participation in 4-H among adult volunteer leaders - Frederick Richard Rohs (1982)
See dissertation by author

Characteristics of family environment and levels of 4-H member participation - Dixie Lee Hesler (University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1982)
A major purpose of the study was to determine the strength and direction of relationships between levels of 4-H member participation and the family environment variables of cohesion and conflict based on family systems theory. One hundred and sixty-five randomly selected 4-H families from five Wisconsin counties participated with at least one parent and one 4-H member responding to a written questionnaire administered by 4-H teen leaders. The Moos Family Environment Scale (Moos and Moos, 1981) was used to identify family member perceptions of conflict and cohesion in their families. Findings indicated that child and family conflict were positively related to 4-H member participation. No significant relationship was found between family cohesion and 4-H member participation. Level of 4-H participation was not related to family involvement in 4-H. Level of 4-H participation was not related to family socioeconomic status although it was positively related to father's occupation. Child's 4-H participation was negatively related to parent hours of employment away from the home. There were not enough single parent families in the sample to test any hypotheses related to number of parents in the home. Conclusions: 4-H program designs need to vary to attract different family types, 4-H needs to provide experiences for adolescents that can be carried out independently of parents, varied and reasonable levels of parent time and resource input to 4-H must be accommodated, 4-H efforts to involve parents should facilitate strengthening father-child relationships.
PRK Abstract 4-H Impact Study Abstract

Clothing considerations of 4-H members - Karen A. Fitch (California Polytechnic Institute, 1982)

Computer simulation of policy alternatives of the Minnesota 4-H youth program - Laurel Eileen Stulken (University of Minnesota, 1982)
The Human Services organizations used for this study was Minnesota 4-H youth development program for the University of Minnesota Agricultural Extension Service. The model was constructed based on the theory of organizations which included their structure, technology, environment and relationships. A casual map of the relationships was developed. Indicators of structure, technology and environment were identified and data for each indicator collected from the periods 1925-1980.

Consumer education competency of Iowa 4-H members - Patricia Jabu Musi (Iowa State University, 1982)

Country kids in Chicago: Montana's first delegation to the National 4-H Club Congress, 1925 - Marie MacDonald (Montana: Magazine of Western History, 1982)

Development of a 4-H therapeutic horseback riding program in Carroll County, Maryland - Robert McMath Shirley (University of Maryland, 1982)
A therapeutic riding program teaches horsemanship in a safe and controlled environment to people who have physical, mental, or psychological handicaps, or who are deaf or blind. The author explains the creation of a therapeutic riding program using his own experiences in establishing the Carroll County, Maryland 4-H Riding for the Handicapped Program and materials published by other programs. Areas of explanation include: administration; insurance; recruitment/training volunteers; physical facilities, special equipment needed for horse and rider, recruiting handicapped riders; funding; public relations and publicity. A sample of an actual riding lesson is included.

Development of a leader's guide handbook for use with the 4-H plantaria project - Judith S. Stoudt (Penn State University, 1982)
Master of Education degree

Development of an instrument to assess 4-H club meetings in Texas - Catrennia Ritchie Williamson (Texas Tech University, 1982)

Effects of decision process on elder participation in an intergenerational program - Margaret Joan Gavillet (Arizona State University, 1982)
Elders can make a significant contribution to society. The decision-process treatments in this study were designed based on decision counseling procedures developed by Janis and Mann (1977). It was predicted that subjects in the self-persuasion condition would be more likely to participate than subjects in the balanced-decision making and information only conditions. Volunteer subjects (N=45) were randomly assigned to one of the three decision-process conditions: balanced decision making, self-persuasion, or information-only (control). Subjects were then asked to participate in an intergenerational activity. If they said yes (N=32) they were matched with 4-H clubs and Girl Scout troops. Results indicated that subjects in the self-persuasion condition were not more likely to participate in the intergenerational group (93%) than subjects in the balanced decision making and information only conditions. No statistical differences were found in the study.
Modified NAL abstract

Effects of stress management training on locus of control orientation and state-trait anxiety in adolescents - Leah B. Hoopfer (Michigan State University, 1982)

Evaluation study of Nebraska 4-H/Japan Labo international exchange program - John D. Orr (1982)

Evaluation study of the Nebraska State 4-H conference - John D. Orr (1982)

Factors and characteristics associated with reenrollment and dropout of younger first year 4-H members in selected West Virginia counties - Richard Stephen Hartley (West Virginia University, 1982)
This study's objective was how to determine the factors and characteristics which are associated with the reenrollment and the dropout of younger first year 4-H members in Ritchie County and eight other counties in West Virginia and to determine possible implications for organization, personnel, and curriculum decisions from the findings of their study. Findings show that 4-H club program may increase reenrollment percentages of first year 4-H members by making some program adjustments. These adjustments are discussed.

Factors associated with 4-H club members' participation in and parental opinions regarding the Calcasieu Parish 4-H market animal project - Jerry Gene Whatley (Louisiana State University, 1982)
Note: Wattey in 4-H Impact Abstracts

Factors associated with the success of participants in the 1981 National FFA livestock judging contest - Ray Vester Herren (Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1982)
The primary purpose of the study was to determine the factors that were associated with the success of those teams that participated in the 1981 National FFA Livestock Judging Contest. Forty-four advisors and 109 contestants completed the questionnaire. Among other findings, those teams with advisors who rated "undergraduate courses," collegiate livestock judging team," and "FFA or 4-H livestock judging team" as been "extremely important" sources of their experience tended to score higher.
Modified NAL abstract

Factors contributing the retention of volunteer 4-H club leaders in Ohio - Nancy M. Bigler (Ohio State University, 1982)
This study was to determine if a significant difference existed between continuing volunteer 4-H club leaders and those who have discontinued their participation, in their perception of : motivation for volunteering, the method by which they were recruited to the 4-H program, the orientation program, the continual training program and recognition received. The population studies consisted of continuing and discontinuing volunteer 4-H club leaders in Ohio. There was no difference on all variables except, the number of years served as a 4-H club leader, geographic location, number of children in the family who have participated in 4-H and  participation in a continual training program.
Title may be "Contributing factors..." PRK Abstract NAL abstract with modifications

Factors influencing 4-H adult volunteers adoption of new skills and knowledge presented at the Texas 4-H Center from January 1, 1980 to December 31, 1981 - Clarance Randolph [C.R.] Salmon Jr. (Texas A&M University, 1982)
The Texas 4-H Center, located on Lake Brownwood, officially opened its doors in 1975. Since then, more than 3,000 4-H volunteers received training, though little has been done to determine how much or to what degree the participants utilized new skills. A mailed questionnaire was sent to 250 randomly selected adult 4-H volunteers who had participated in training programs at the Center from January 1980-December 1981. Sixty-two percent (156 subjects) provided usable data. Five factors received a mean rating of 5 or higher: enthusiasm and interest of resource person, availability of handout materials, attitude and interest of participating volunteers, clear instructions on how to apply new skill(s), and the informal exchange of ideas.
PRK Abstract Modified NAL abstract

Factors influencing State of Arizona Cooperative Extension 4-H agents to leave their profession - Patrick Joseph Squire (University of Arizona, 1982)
Factors were identified that influenced Arizona Cooperative Extension 4-H agents to leave their profession between 1970 and 1981. A population comprised of 21 current and 32 former Arizona Cooperative Extension agents was utilized. Data were collected via a mailed questionnaire. Salary, weekend and evening meetings and pay per hour of work had "very much influence" on the former 4-H agents' decision to leave the profession. Current 4-H agents also indicated that salary, weekend, and evening meetings and pay per hour might influence 4-H agents to leave their profession. Working with youth to achieve goals and awards had more influence on both the former and current 4-H agents to enter 4-H as a profession than salary or their parents. Majority of the former 4-H agents who were employed at older ages (28 and above) tended to stay longer in the 4-H profession than those employed at younger ages.
PRK Abstract NAL Abstract was modified

A feasibility study: Core subject matter programming in 4-H: One approach to determining program priorities - Glatha Jean Szabadi (Cornell University, 1982)
PRK Abstract

Five shaping forces: Using organizational dynamics to do more with less - Merton P. Strommen; Shelby Andress (1982)