2006 Refugio County youth leadership program evaluation - J. D. Gray (2007 Texas 4-H Research Review, 2007)
In order to evaluate the results of the program, a retrospective post and a customer satisfaction survey were administrated. An increase in the four areas measured were: implementing effective measures to ensure each child has an opportunity to best learn the material based on their individual learning styles, understanding how your style affects your teaching ability and how to overcome the differences, use teamwork in daily programming, recognize the signs of youth being left behind during group activities. Eight-eight percent said they planned to make changes in their teaching and implementation of the curriculum.

2006 Youth Character Education Program Evaluation - D. Hale; J. Russell (2007 Texas 4-H Research Review, 2007)
The youth Character Education Program had been initiated to address risk factors, social or substance that have a negative influence on the youth in Karnes County. Utilizing the 4-H and Youth Committee, the program was implemented for 3rd, 4th, and 5th graders in two school districts in the county. A pre-post evaluation concerning student attitudes was conducted by every teacher in each grade during the 2005-2006 school year. The teachers rated various attitude levels in September 2005 before the students started the program and again in May 2006. Improvements were shown in all factors among 88-100% of the students

2007 ExxonMobil Bernard Harris 4-H Summer Science Camp at Oregon State University: Program Evaluation Report - Mary E. Arnold (2007)

4-H - R. Jeff Olson (Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, 2007)
Issues addressed were: provide healthy foods and beverages and survey how these foods were accepted, assess the energy needs of campers and compare the caloric values of foods and beverages served to meet these needs, and determine if there was an increased food cost associated with providing healthier foods.

4-H afterschool program entrepreneurship - S. Nolen (2007 Texas 4-H and Youth Research Review, 2007)
A pre- and post-test was conducted to determine the percentage change in entreprenurial knowledge and skills gained as a result of New Communities: Kidz with Biz/Ideaz/Conroe YEP 4-H afterschool conducted at intermediate, junior high and community center youth. Seven factors showed between 20-29 percent change. Direct observation among staff showed between a 66-83 percent change among 12 youth.

4-H project clinics in Wharton County - A. L. Wilson (2007 Texas 4-H and Youth Research Review, 2007)
A 4-H goat and swine project clinics were developed and reviewed. Observational evaluations were made on participants one and two months after the goat clinic (N=10)and a customer satisfaction survey (N=23) was conducted after the swine clinic. Eighty to 100 percent were observed to have made positive changes on four factors because of the goat clinic. Seventy-eight to 100 percent were mostly or completely satisfied with four factors relating to the swine clinic.

4-H Teen Russian/American International Leadership (T.R.A.I.L.) Use of youth/adult partnerships in Global Education and Leadership Development - Alayne Torretta (Journal of Extension, 2007)
Ideas at Work 3IAW2

4-H youth development apprenticeship program: A pilot of a new certification in youth development - Sandra Bailey; Mary Katherine Deen (Journal of Extension, 2007)
The field of youth development is expanding, requiring 4-H Extension staff to gain expertise in the field without leaving their jobs to return to school. This 2004 apprenticeship program was developed under the guidance of NAE4-HA and the National 4-H Council through funding from the U.S. Department of Labor. An evaluation of the pilot found staff gained numerous skills needed to effectively serve youth and took greater interest and enthusiasm in their jobs, but no statistically significant differences resulted between pre-to postests on youth development constructs. There was a statistically significant gain in the respondents believing they had an opportunity for promotion. A small sample size, limited time, and need to further develop training techniques may have influenced the results.

4-H youth development professionals' perceptions of the importance of and their current level of competence with selected volunteer management competencies - Ryan J. Schmiesing; R. Dale Safrit (Journal of Extension, 2007)

Accentuating the positive: Colorado 4-H impact study - Jeff Goodwin; Jan B. Carroll; Melissa Oliver (Journal of Extension, 2007)
Study measured the impact that the 4-H youth development experience had on young people. Data were collected from fifth, seventh and 9th grade students in Colorado. Results show that 4-H youth deveoopment members had higher grades, were more likely to help others, had better relationships with adults, were glad to be who they are, and had a significantly more positive outlook on life and the world around them than non-youth development members.

Addressing the needs of children of offenders: The 4-H LIFE model - Lynna J. Lawson; Robert C. Wilkerson; Tammy Gillespie; Elizabeth G. Dunn; J. Gordon Arbuckle; L. Jo Turner (Journal of Youth Development, 2007)
4-H LIFE represents a promising approach to addressing the needs of children of offenders and their caregivers. The 4-H Living Interactive Family Education (LIFE) Program was established in 1999 at the Potosi Correctional Center, a maximum security prison. 4-H LIFE is an enhanced or therapeutic visitation program with 3 key components: parent engagement, parent education and 4-H activities for chldren of offenders, led by the incarcerated parents. Since inception, 141 youth (5-18) have participated. Evaluations suggest that parent-child outcomes improved. In 2005, 4-H LIFE received the Annie E. Casey Foundation Family Strengthening Award.

Analysis of minority participation in Texas' East Region 4-H and youth development program in relationship to leadership, marketing and educational opportunities - Montza Williams; Jeff Wayne Howard (Journal of Youth Development, 2007)
This study indicated that even though the 4-H club program is available to all youth, fewer minorities choose to participate, and thus, lose the the opportunity to benefit. the study also gathered information that addressed some ethnic/racial issues pertaining to marketing the 4-H youth development program. It was determined that differences did exist for youth involved in the Eastern Region 4-H Youth Development Program and recommendations to market programs to these specific groups.

Attitudes of 4-H club leaders toward volunteer training in West Virginia - Jennifer Post (West Virginia University, 2007)

Beyond evaluation: Findings from the California 4-H camp study - Lynn Schmitt-McQuitty; California 4-H Camp Evaluation Team (University of California, Division of Ag and Natural Resources, 2007)
Report describes the findings from a two year study. Using a framework of positive youth development supports and opportunities (Connell & Gambone, 2002), the study explored whether young people, both teens and campers, experienced supportive relationships, safety, youth involvement and skill building at camp. The study also explored components of environmental stewardshhip at 4-H camp. Focus groups were conducted with campers, teen staff and adults. Findings revealed that there was significant change in camper's responsed of certain supports and opportunities in the two camps that implemented their improvement plans. Based on the findings, the report provides suggestions for making change, including a sample camp improvement action plan.
Also in Research you may have missed, published by University of California

Characteristics of state 4-H foundations - Brad Davis (NAE4-HA Conference Research Presentation, 2007)
The purpose of the study was to identify successful characteristics and activities of state 4-H foundations. The population for this study consisted of state 4-H foundation executive directors (n=42), who held their position in the spring of 2005, and 4-H foundation trustees (n=248). Significant findings include: a strong relationship between monetary goals and a higher level of total financial support and a significant correlation between 4-H foundations that have conducted a capital campaign and a higher level of total support.
Also in 2007, Texas Research Review, pp. 1-14

A collaborative model: The UMass campus retiree and alumni associations and Massachusetts 4-H partnerships for baby boomer and volunteer recruitment - Kathleen Chatwood; others (2007)

Common courtesies: Teaching young people American Etiquette through 4-H - Kelley A. McCord (Penn State University, 2007)
The thesis contains a curriculum designed to help teenagers understand the significance and positive impact of using proper etiquette in today's society.

County extension agents' perceptions of positive developmental assets for vulnerable youth - Kenneth R. Jones; Kerri L. Ashurst; Janet Kurzynske (Journal of Extension, 2007)
A statewide assessment was conducted to determine county agents' perceptions toward key developmental assets in the lives of vulnerable youth and to identify an age group as a primary focus for Extension. Ninety-two percent of the 202 county agents reponding to the rating scale agreed upon the need to focus on both youth leadership and personal values. Ninety-four percent indicated that Extension should place on midle school youth as a high priority for programming. The findings indicate that there is relevance in assessing program efforts that promote positive development among youth.

Creating a 4-H technology camp for middle school youth - Virginia D. Bourdeau; Erin Taylor (Journal of Extension, 2007)
Evaluation study reported that youth enjoyed the classes and were interested in learning more about the topics, but were less interested in getting a job as addressed by the topics. One hundred percent of the campers were interested in returning to the camp program in 2007.

Critical indicators of youth development outcomes for 4-H national mission mandates - Ben Silliman (2007)
Monograph reviews research on youth development and programming best practices, with an emphasis on the themes related to the 4-H National Mission mandates. Youth practitioners and researchers who are looking to find guidelines for what types of measurements they could be using to evaluate and align their practices will find this article informative and useful.

Developing a scale to measure attitudes toward 4-H competitions - Rama B. Radhakrishna (NAE4-HA Conference Research Paper, 2007)
An expert panel named the six factors as: competition's societal role, benefits of competitions, organizational role of competitions, balancing (winning vs. losing) competitions, and negative perceptions of competitions. These six factors provided evidence for a valid and reliable scale for measuring attitudes toward competitions.

Developing young leaders in Bee County through the county youth board - R. Hohlt; D. Montemayor (2007 Texas 4-H Research Review, 2007)
A retrospective post-test was utilized to measure programmatic impact on leadership and team building skills. A total of 10 of 10 (100%) of the participants returned the instrument. The survey showed exceptional ratings on 5 out of the 13 factors. The youth board successfully conducted a youth summit in one rural community and is currently working on action plans to address the youth issues that were identified.

The development and evaluation of experiential learning workshops for 4-H volunteers - Richard P. Enfield; Lynn Schmitt-McQuitty; Martin H. Smith (2007)

Development and initial validation of the Williams-Proctor cultural competence scale: Assessment for youth development professionals and paraprofessionals - Bonita E. Williams (University of Missouri, 2007)

Development of a comprehensive new 4-H Extension agents training program using a multi-module approach and the 4-H Professional, Research, Knowledge and Competencies (4HPRK) taxonomy - Barry A. Garst; J. Hunnings; K. Jamison; others (2007)

Differences in youth perceptions of Ohio 4-H based on gender - Greg Homan; Jeff Dick; Jason Hedrick (Journal of Extension, 2007)

Evaluation and revision of a national standard-based 4-H embryology curriculum - Genevieve M. Wilde (Penn State University, Schreyer Honors College, 2007)

An evaluation of the Kids in Touch program in Comal County - Karla Marie Friesenhahn; Christopher Thomas Boleman (2007 Texas 4-H Research Review, 2007)
Retrospective evaluation of the Kids in Touch program to determine behavior change of youth participating in the program. Two hundred three program participants responded to the survey instrument conducted in 2006.

An evaluation of the utilization of risk management tools and training to protect youth and adults in overnight settings - J. Fox; Lisa Arcemont; D. Bairnsfather; others (NAE4-HA Conference Research Paper, 2007)
Two hundred and forty-eight volunteers responded to a mixed model 33-item survey, participants of an Overnight Chaperone Program, rated themselves gains in understanding of subject matter presented during the training. Rated the highest was the understanding of how to create a positive youth environment. Participants scored both the highest and lowest on aspects of discipline, health and safety.

The father factor: Paternal engagement and adolescent psychosocial functioning - Jack Stevenson Peltz (Tufts University, 2007)
Utilized Grades 6 and 7 of the 4-H Study of Positive Youth Development to focus on how a father's engagement in his child's activities predicted Grade 7 positive youth development and depression scores. Results indicated the lack of paternal engagement during Grade 6 in children from families in which the mother had a high school or lower lever education were associated with higher depression scores during Grade 7. Gender did not significantly predict children's depression scores.
Online, see ProQuest Dissertation Abstracts

How do leadership skills gained in 4-H carry through adulthood? - Jaclyn C. Johnson (University of Wisconsin, Stout, 2007)
FirstSearch WorldCat Record

How rules shape children's use of science as they raise market animals in 4-H - Kenneth Roy Emo (Journal of Experiential Education, 2007)
This study revealed that organizational rules influenced children to incorporate specific actions into their activity and utilize skills and processes of sciences (science habits of mind). Some rules influenced children's actions in positive ways, that were not expressly intended by the local 4-H leaders who designed and maintained the rules.

Identifying volunteer core competencies: Regional differences - Kenneth Culp III; Renee Krieg McKee; Patrick Nestor (Journal of Extension, 2007)
Volunteers and agents were surveyed in 12 states. Thirty-two competencies for volunteers were identified for those who deliver 4-H youth development programs and activities. Twenty of the 32 competencies were different when stratified by Extension region, illustrating that volunteer competencies have greater regional differences than previously thought. Volunteer competencies were statistically more different in the southern region (perhaps due to greater school based and agent delivered programs)while competencies in the north central and wester regions were the most similar. Volunteer competencies that were not found to be significantly different could become the focus of a national volunteer development curricula. These include: communication, ages and stages of youth development, technology, computer skills, patience, risk management, liability, experiential learning, empowerment and delegation, learning styles, needs assessment problem-solving skills, club managemnet and recognition.

Impact assessment of the Nevada 4-H program: An examination of public school students' perceptions and behavior - Steven Richard Lewis (Texas A&M University, 2007)
An 4-H impact evaluation study, conducted in Montana, Idaho, Colorado and Utah was replicated in the Nevada Public Schools. 4-H participation was found to significantly contribute to extra curricular activity involvement, school leadership positions held, caring for others, and self-confidence, character, and empowerment.

The importance of the Louisiana Cooperative Extension Service as perceived by local governing bodies in Louisiana - Peter Charles Cannizzaro (Louisiana State University, 2007)
Local governing bodies thought 4-H was very important to the development of people in Louisiana. Awareness of the effectiveness of programs and services correlated with higher levels of perception. Researcher recommends that 4-H agents invite members of governing bodies to 4-H events more often. The perception of the 4-H program may have a positive effect on how local governing members perceive the Louisiana Cooperative Extension as a whole.

Intentional self-regulation and positive youth development in early adolescence: Findings from the 4-H Study of Positive Youth Development - Steinunn Gestsdottir; Richard M. Lerner (Developmental Psychology, 2007)
Using the data from a longitudinal sample of 5th and 6th graders from the 4-H Study of Positive Youth Development, the authors discuss the idea that self-regulation is a global process in early adolescence that contributes to positive youth development.

Intentional self-regulation in early adolescence: Assessing the structure of selection, optimization and compensation process - Stacy M. Zimmerman (Tufts University, 2007)
Study uses data from grades 5, 6 and 7 of the 4-H study of Positive Youth Development (PYD). Grade 5 Selection, Optimization and Compensation (SOC) scores positively predicted Grade 7 scores on the five Cs of PYD (competence, confidence, character, connection and caring and negatively predicted Grade 7 depression, delinquency, and risk behavior. No gender effects were found in regard to changes in SOC scores.
Online

An investigation of interactivity at the Michigan 4-H Children's Garden - Cindy Sobaski (University of Delaware, 2007)
Participants of this study included 195 children, ages 2-10, who visited the Michigan 4-H Children's Garden in East Lansing. Children were interviewed and observed in order to learn how they interact with features in the garden. Categories of interactivity were developed as data were collected and patterns emerged. These were: environmental, sensory, physical, social and imaginative interactions. Recommendations from this study provided design suggestions for enhancing children's interaction in the garden.

Longitudinal study of the general knowledge of 4-H horse members - Jenifer Nadeau; Emily McCabe Alger; Tom Hoagland (Journal of Extension, 2007)

Making the best better: 4-H staffing patterns and trends in the largest professional network in the nation - Kirk Astroth (Journal of Youth Development, 2007)
Results from the National 4-H Headquarters survey of 4-H workforce provides baseline data about 4-H staffing, structures in which 4-H professionals work, and salary ranges as reported by state Extension 4-H directors. All 50 states responded to the survey and results were reported in 8 areas. The survey revealed that academic training of 4-H professionals and compensation for 4-H youth workers was higher compared to counterparts in youth work elsewhere. While funding has remained stable, there has been an increase in the use of para-professionals for program delivery.
Modified from Journal of Youth Development abstract

The master showmanship contest: Fairness at the fair - Wendy Hein (NAE4-HA Conference Research Paper, 2007)
Scores, win/loss outcomes, participant and judge perceptions were analyzed.

The master showmanship contest: Fairness at the fair - Wendy Hein (Proceedings NAE4-HA Association Conference, 2007)
Author analyzed and evaluated contest outcomes and established predictors of a "fair" outcome with various types of scores and included participant and judge perceptions inorder to improve the Master Showmanship contest at their county fair.

The motivation for and developmental benefits of youth participation in county 4-H fairs: A pilot study - Mary E. Arnold; Jana L. Meinhold; Tammy Skubinna; Carolyn Ashton (Journal of Extension, 2007)

Motivational change: An examination of long-term Michigan 4-H volunteers - Jennifer Ann Wagester (Michigan State University, 2007)

Parents' perceptions of life skills gained from participation in the beef, swine, or sheep project - S. Nicodemus; K. Hicks; J. Heavner (NEAFCS Conference Proceedings, 2007)
Randomly selected parents of youth in the West Viriginia's 4-H program taking these projects were given a survey to determine if life skills were enhanced. Top five mean scores were: build positive self-esteem, accepting responsibliity, setting goals, self motivation, and develop organizational skills. Low to moderative positive relationship for life skill development and years of participation in the beef, sheep or swing 4-H project, were also evidenced.

Patterns of success for urban 4-H youth development in the near future - W. Jack Kerrigan Jr. (Journal of Youth Development, 2007)
A modified Delphi study indentified patterns of success for urban Extension 4-H programming in the next five years. The Delphi panel of 20 experts represented all regions, program areas, organizational levels and two external friends of Extension. Quantitative and qualitative data on the topics of collaboration, target populations and programming and fifteen patterns of success were identified.
Article 0702FA005

Perceived effectiveness of youth-adult partnerships on enhancing life skill development through 4-H - Jeffrey Alan Sallee (Oklahoma State University, 2007)
Purpose was to determine if youth and adult partnerships were an effective means to enhance the youths' development of life skills. Leadership, cooperation, service learning, planning and organizing were enhanced, however other life skills were not. There was evidence that many of the youth participants did perceive themselves as equal team members when participating with adults. The greatest obstacle that kept youth from engaging was not much time after homework and other activities. Training on how to implement this type of program is needed.

Perceptions about traditional 4-H clubs among the Hispanic clientele in southwest Miami-Dade County - Gina Maria Canales Hernandez (University of Florida, 2007)
The purpose of the study was to describe the perceptions and impacts of traditional 4-H clubs in the southwest area of Miami-Dade County and to describe the perceptions of 4-H professionals regarding Hispanics in Miami-Dade County. The overall purpose was to increase the ability of extension to respond to Hispanic needs. Overall results showed that involvement in traditional clubs does affect the development of life skills among youth and that there is a need to  hire more bilingual/bicultural 4-H agents in order to reach Hispanics and increase their enrollment.

Perceptions of important competencies for early-career and established 4-H agents - A. Harder; Kim E. Dooley (Journal of Southern Agricultural Education Research, 2007)

Plants and textiles: A legacy of technology--Introducing a new on-line project for youth - Marcia Eames-Sheavly; Charlotte W. Coffman (Journal of Extension, 2007)
Tools of the Trade 6TOT3

Quality 4-H youth development program: Belonging - Sarah T. Hensley; Nick T. Place; Joy C. Jordan; Glenn D. Israel (Journal of Extension, 2007)

Quality Counts in Goliad County - B. Yanta (2007 Texas 4-H Research Review, 2007)
Goliad County 4-H and Youth Development Committee worked with the County Extension Agent to develop an intensive education program to teach 4-H members livestock management practices and show ethics. Evaluation instruments (pre-test) were utilized to measure programmatic impact for four livestock workshops in 2006. Nine factors showed a 40% or more change in attitude among 23 of the 47 participants.

The relationship between participation in community service-learning projects and personal and leadership life skills development in 4-H leadership activities - Connie S. Phelps; Joe W. Kotrlik (Journal of Agricultural Extension, 2007)
The study compared perceptions of personal and leadership life skills development of high school 4-H leadership activity participants by whether they participated in the 4-H Junior Leader Club and/or the Character Counts! peer teaching program. No differences were found but future research should consider reconfigured scales to study 4-H participants involved in more structured 4-H experiences.

Report on the 34th annual Texas Cooperative Extension Horsemanship Program 2006 - T. J Antilley; P. G. Gibbs (2007 Texas 4-H Research Review, 2007)
The Texas Cooperative Extension Summer Horsemanship School Program was started in 1973 and this summer marked the 34th consecutive year that the program has served 4-Hers, parents and leaders at the county level. A total of 717 youth and adults participated in the schols taught by six horse program assistants. Surveys ranked the schools from good to excellent for improving knowledge and skills of participants.

School engagement and academic competence: The roles of individual and contextual assets - Yibing Li (Tufts University, 2007)
Utilized 4-H Study of Positive Youth developed to establish relationships between school engagement and academic competence. Results of hierarchical linear regression analyses indicate that several individual and contextual factors predicted both facets of school engagement. Youth who had higher scores for intentional self regulation, who perceived mothers as being warmer and perceived their school atmosphere as being more positive reported higher levels of behavioral and emotional school engagement.
Online

Science, engineering, and technology (SET) programming in the context of 4-H youth development - Robert Louis Horton; J. Gogolski; C. Warkentien (Ohio State University, 2007)
The 4-H SET Leadership Team commissioned this paper to identify standards in SET with which 4-H could align, and to identify life skill outcome that would likely result from 4-H youth development programs. The authors see technology and engineering in context related to science, as some of the applications of scientific knowledge in the real world. A youth development approach to scientific learning allows the incorporation of cognitive theory into science education.

Stakeholders' Input on 4-H Science and Technology Program Areas: An Exploratory Study - Bradley S. Barker (Journal of Extension, 2007)

Stimulating science wonderment and developing scientific knowledge through multi-day field trips and post-field trip follow-up - Kelli Jo Berryhill (Michigan State University, 2007)
Study involved: 4-H Children's Garden

Student leadership self-perception compared to teacher perception of student leaders, achievement scores, and student demographics in a cross-section of students in third, sixths and ninth grades - Carol Skokan Farver (Drake University, 2007)
Most youth related research has involved participation in extra curricular clubs such as FFA and 4-H, or groups including gifted/talented and athletics. Third grade students held a stronger belief that others saw them as leaders compared to sixth and ninth grade responses. Promoting and validating best practice through research is a timely challenge to educational leaders.
Online, Dissertation Abstracts

Teen driving: The importance of families in life skill development - C. Sousa; J. Borba; K. Nathaniel (NAE4-HA Conference Research Paper, 2007)
A four-page survey tool was developed by the research team from results of focus groups of 48 teens. The survey was administered to 1,943 high school seniors from 12 high schools in seven counties during 2006. Nearly half of the students reported that parents were the most helpful resource for them when they were learning to drive, followed by driver training at 26%. Thirteen percent of the youth indicated that they were driving without a permit. The research team was composed of county and state 4-H YD staff.

Texas Cooperative Extension's 4-H county government guide: A needs assessment - Marsha Broesche (Oklahoma State University, 2007)

Understanding the 4-H workforce: Staffing, structures and salaries - 4-H Center for Youth Development (2007)
Abstract in Youth Today, Vol. 16(4), p. 27

Using positive youth development to predict contribution and risk behaviors in early adolescence: Findings from the first two waves of the 4-H Study of Positive Youth Development - Helena Jelicic; Deborah L. Bobek; Erin Phelps; Richard M. Lerner; Jacqueline V. Lerner (International Journal of Behavioral Development, 2007)
The 4-H Study of Positive Youth Development was launched in 2002 with a group of 1700 fifth grade youth from 13 states. Results indicated that when controlling for within school effects, adolescents who had higher scores on PYD in Grade 5 had higher levels of contribution in Grade 6, and lower levels of risk behaviors and deparessing in Grade 6. Girls had significantly higher contribution scores and lower levels of risk behaviors than boys.

Volunteers' Perceptions of the Volunteer Management Practices of County Extension 4-H Educators - Megan Sinasky; Jacklyn Bruce (Journal of Extension, 2007)

Weight trajectories and positive development in early adolescent females: An analysis of the links between pubertal status, life style behaviors and psychosocial functioning - Pamela M. Anderson (Tufts University, 2007)
Utilized data from the 4-H Study of Positive Youth Development to examine the relationship among life style behaviors, pubertal status and psychosocial functioning among a sample of 505 adolescent girls from Grades 5-7. Study reveals variance in depression and self-worth scores based on weight, sedentary behaviors, healthy home habits and physical activity participation.
Online ProQuest Dissertation Abstracts

What is the effect of 4-H involvement on levels of empathy, self-esteem, community involvement and positive view of the future on urban youth? - Erika Dawn Bonnett (Texas A&M University, 2007)
Purpose of study was to examine empathy, self-esteem, community involvement and positive view of the future for both 4-H and non-4H members in an urban setting. The Texas study utilized a quantitative research model. Seven counties participated. Response rate was 27 percent. Findings: Empathy, community involvement, self-esteem and positive view of future can be indicators of leadership; race has a significant impact on self-esteem but not on a positive view of the future; 4-H involvement has a significant impact on community involvement.

Wisconsin 4-H sportsmanship - Sarah Marie Medick (University of Wisconsin, River Falls, 2007)

Youth perceptions of Ohio 4-H - Greg Homan; Jeff Dick; Jason Hedrick (Journal of Extension, 2007)
The purpose of the study was to examine youth perceptions about 4-H in Ohio. Data were collected through a questionnaire given to youth in grades 4, 7, and 10 from nine different schols in Ohio. A total of 1, 462 students provided usable data. Of those that had never been members of 4-H were significantly more likely to agree that 4-H is boring while current and former members were more likely to agree that 4-H is fun and cool. The older the youth, the less favorable they viewed 4-H.
Research in Brief 4RIB3

Youth perceptions of the Ohio 4-H program based on 4-H alumni status of parents - Jason Hedrick; J. Dick; Greg Homan (NAE4-HA Conference Proceedings, 2007)
This descriptive and correlation study was conducted to assess youth perceptions of 4-H. Nine cooperating schools, located in five northwest Ohio counties, were chosen by the researchers. Three written questionnaires were designed and tailored for past 4-H members, current 4-H members, and those who have never joined 4-H. The instruments were designed to be short and cover multiple aspects of 4-H.

4-H afterschool - Making an impact - JoLene Bunnell; Robert Pate (Journal of Youth Development, 2006)
Article No. 0601PA004

Aligning 4-H curricula to Idaho academic standards for use in extended time programs - Rhonda Osterberg (University of Idaho, 2006)

Altering adult-based beef quality assurance curricula for youth education - John Yost; Stephen Boyles (Journal of Extension, 2006)

Analysis of critical components of state 4-H foundations - Jay Brad Davis (Texas Tech University, 2006)
The purpose of the study was to identify successful characteristics and activities of state 4-H foundations which appear successful in fundraising and compare those who are not as successful. The population for this study was state 4-H foundation executive directors who held their position in spring 2005 and a random sample of state 4-H foundation trustees. There was a substantial relationship with foundations having a strategic plan and the amount of monies raised. Also a strong relationship with monetary goals and higher level of total financial support and a significant correlation between 4-H foundations that have conducted a capital campaign and a higher level of total support.

Assessment of competency level and training preferences among Nebraska extension 4-H professionals - Kristen N. Huckins (University of Nebraska, 2006)

An assessment of trust among levels and networks of employees of the Alabama Cooperative Extension Service - Olin F. Farrior Sr. (Alabama State University, 2006)
The purpose o the study was to assess trust levels within and among the various organizational networks and levels of the Alabama Cooperative Extension system. The ratings of trust among broad program areas, including 4-H youth development differed for county extension coordinators and regional extension agents. CECs rated higher than did REAS. The 4-H groups also rated the relationship significantly higher than did the Agricultural and Natural resource groups.

Attitudes of 4-H participants about 4-H competitive events - Rama B. Radhakrishna; Lydia Everhart; Megan E. Sinasky (Journal of Extension, 2006)

The attitudes of Extension faculty toward globalizing Extension programs: A case study of Virginia Cooperative Extension - Edwin Carnell Lewis (Virginia Polytechnic Institute State University, 2006)

Attitudes of Extension professionals toward involvement of special needs youth in 4-H programs - Deborah A. Boone; Harry N. Boone, Jr.; Christina Reed; Jean M. Woloshuk; Stacy A. Gartin (Journal of Extension, 2006)

Cacophony and change in youth after school activities: Findings from the 4-H study of positive youth development - Christina Theokas; Jacqueline V. Lerner; Erin Phelps; Richard M. Lerner (Journal of Youth Development, 2006)

A comparison of 4-H and other youth development organizations in the development of life skills - Sarah E. Maass; Carolyn S. Wilken; Joy Jordan; Gerald Culen; Nick Place (Journal of Extension, 2006)

Connecting history and modern methods: The 4-H quilt block - S. Brown; E. Krumbach; Jan F. Scholl; D. Vigna (Journal of NEAFCS, 2006)
A historical study of five quilt blocks with H patterns to test if the original block was developed to represent the 4-H program.

The current status of CARTEENS programs in Ohio: A descriptive study - Michelle Ann Shipe (Ohio State University, 2006)
Due to the increasing number of juvenile traffic offenders, the Ohio CARTEENS program was established in 1987. The purpose of the study was to describe the 44 CARTEENS programs through a Zommerang, on-line survey. The majority of the CARTEENS programs utilized a post-test to determine knowledge gained and program objectives achieved. Recommendations included giving CARTEENS more responsibility for curriculum development and delivery, using a variety of teaching techniques to engage multiple learning styles. Utilizing an officer team to assistant teen leaders develop life skills (leadership and responsibility0 was another recommendation.

Defining and assessing the needs assessment of San Luis Obispo 4-H cattle groups and improving available information - Stephanie Pfarr (California Polytechnic State University, 2006)

Developing evaluation capacity in Extension 4-H field faculty: A framework for success. - Mary E. Arnold (American Journal of Evaluation, 2006)
A framework based on four strategic methods for teaching evaluation: 1) using logic models for sound program planning, 2) providing one-on-one help, 3) facilitating small-team collaborative evaluations, and 4) conducting large-scale multi-site evaluations. 4-H field educators significantly increased their evaluation knowledge and skill and reported feeling more positive about evaluation. Framework for teaching evaluation has value for all organizations interested in developing evaluation capacity. Abstract also published in Research You May Have Missed, University of CA, Winter 2008, p. 1.
also ERIC EJ736634, 13 pages

Educational value of 4-H competitive events as perceived by parents of 4-H participants - Rama B. Radhakrishna (Journal of Agricultural Education, 2006)

The enablers and barriers of providing professional practical skills education to rural elementary school students in Zhejiang, China - Difei Shen (Iowa State University, 2006)
Purpose of this descriptive study was to investigate the enablers and barriers to providing both technical and practical skills education to rural Chinese elementary school students. Focus groups and surveys were given to teachers, students and parents. Enablers: teachers/ parents agreed on the importance of providing practical skills education and willingness to participate in study and subsequent projects and students would enjoy learning practical skills. Barriers included: traditional exam-oriented educational philosophy in China, only schools are responsible for providing education, and financial issues. Researcher recommended setting up a nonformal educational programs, such as 4-H.

Evaluating an Extension program: the Texas 4-H Wildlife Habitat Evaluation Program - Andrea Marie Feldpausch (Texas A&M University, 2006)
The 2005 Texas 4-H Wildlife Habitat Evaluation Program (WHEP), a contest teaching youth fundamentals of wildlife science was studied to determine if it was promoting conservation by increasing knowledge and skills. Thirty-five youth participated. Program had little influence on attitudes as most youth had positive perceptions before contest. Past participants of WHEP claimed significant increase in skills, but current participants could not determine their own progress. Parents and coaches claimed program had a large impact on youth by instilling knowledge and values and improving their social, cognitive and leadership competencies.

An evaluation of retinal imaging technology for 4-H beef and sheep identification - Clinton P. Rusk; Christine R. Blomeke; Mark A. Balschweid; Stephen J. Elliott; Dan Baker (Journal of Extension, 2006)
This study evaluated retinal imaging technology as a means of permanent identification of 4-H beef and sheep projects by comparing the time required to collect a retinal image versus a nose print, and determining the false match and false non-match rate of visual vertification for each identification method. Abstract also published in NAE4-HA Conference Proceedings, "Touching Tomorrow Today" in Bismark, ND, October 21-25, 2001.

Exploration of parent, 4-H volunteer advisor, and sports coach support and pressure on youth involved in 4-H and/or school sports - Greg Homan (Journal of Extension, 2006)

An exploration of the relationship of explanatory style to academic achievement, college student persistence, ACT/SAT scores, and college student inventory measures - Leann Alicia Fox (Montana State University, 2006)
The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship of explanatory style to academic performance of Montana State University agriculture students. Also, to determine the predictive capability of measured independent variables (Academic Attributional Style Questionnaire (AASQ) to anticipate first/second year attrition in the College of Agriculture. Among other factors, the majority of the cohort group had been involved in 4-H or FFA. The AASQ showed little value as a predictor of attrition. Explanatory styles were not largely optimistic nor pessimistic among this group.

An exploratory study of adolescents' motivations for joining and continued participation in a 4-H afterschool program - Theresa M. Ferrari; Cassie LuAnn Turner (Journal of Extension, 2006)
Study of seven youth. Youth mentioned feelings of comfort, safety and connectedness within the program as a reason for remaining a program member. They also mentioned the fun they had and friends they had made within the program, and opportunities to learn new life skills and to develop empathy and maturity.

Exploring the adolescent life skill outcomes of State 4-H Congress participation and the different outcomes of gender and race groups - Barry A. Garst; Joseph R. Hunnings; Kathleen Jamison; Jewel Hairston; Robert R. Meadows; Wendy R. Herdman (Journal of Extension, 2006)

Exposures of rural children and adolescents to agriculture related health hazards - Lynn Frances Shotts (Ohio State University, 2006)
The purpose of this study was to utilize longitudinal data collected from 4-H youth in central Ohio to identify the range of agricultural and non-agricultural tasks performed (by 4-H farm youth), describe the variations in the work practices and the common occupational hazards farm youth come in contact with. For thirteen weeks data was collected on time spent on each of 52 chores, multiple characteristics of injuries experienced and work practices outside the farm environment.

Factors related to the developmental experiences of youth serving as Louisiana 4-H camp counselors - David Nathan Carter (Louisiana State University, 2006)
Study investigated the developmental experiences of high-school aged 4-H youth who volunteer as counselors at Louisiana 4-H summer camps. Two hundred and eighty-eight counselors participated from June-August 2006. The Youth Experiences Survey 2.0 and the Developmental Experience Survey were utilized to measure the personal characteristics and developmental experiences of 4-H camp counselors. Study showed that counselors were active 4-H club participants and in leadership activities at various levels. Black counselors had higher-level experiences in all aspects of the camping experience. With more hours to training, counselors reported higher-level problem solving. A small amount of variance was reported based on gender. Findings show that camp counselor experience enhances youths' ability to develop positive leadership and life skills.

Former 4-H Key Club members' perceptions of the impact of "giving" life skills preparation of their civic engagement - Penny Pennington; M. Craig Edwards (Journal of Extension, 2006)

Gold rush: Exploring an alternative 4-H livestock experience - Andrew M. Lazur; Deborah B. Pouder; Monica L. Brinkley; Elaine Shook; Yolanda Goode; Heather Kent (Journal of Extension, 2006)

Horsemanship and life skills of youth in horse programs - C. E. Smith; Swinker, Ann; P. M. Comerford; Radhakrishna, Rama B; Hoover, Tracy (The Professional Animal Scientist, 2006)
Also published as a monograph: "Kids + Horses = Magic: Impact of equine activities on youth development, by the same authors in February 2006, 16 pp.

How participation in youth programs influences adult volunteerism and patriotism in different U.S. generations - Spahr, Mary (Illinois State University, 2006)
This study looked at generational differences, specifically the Baby Boom Generation and the Y-Generation to determine if various youth program participation has an effect on subsequent adult attributes of volunteerism and patriotism. An online survey was completed by 263 subjects. The survey included the following variables: gender, year of birth, U.S. citizenship, past and present state of residence, racial/ethnic background, educational level, and types of youth programs subjects participated in as children. Results from the statistical analyses found relationships between participants of youth service clubs and adult patriotism, competitive youth activities and adult patriotism, number of years of participation in 4-H club and adult volunteerism, and the Baby Boom Generation and adult volunteerism. Implications for the impact of various youth programs on later volunteerism and patriotism are discussed.

How voice affects perceptions of relationships with adults, ownership and engagement in youth - Melissa D. Wade Cater (Louisiana State University, 2006)
The purpose of this study was to determine if youth "having a voice" affects the ownership and engagement experienced by youth in a county 4-H program. Treatment groups included youth and adults sharing decision-making power vs. youth experiencing an adult-led approach. A youth voice survey instrument was developed. Analysis of covariance was utilized to determine differences between groups and if differences existed between youth based on race. All findings were statistically significant. In programs incorporating voice, youth experience more ownership, engagement and had a more positive relationship with adults. Adults should receive training to support youth as decision-makers.

The impact and sustainability of 4-H youth programs - Maureen T. Mulroy; Lisa Kraimer-Rickaby (University of Connecticut, Center for Applied Research, 2006)
Because of the methodological and design limitations found in many of the studies reviewed, it was not possible to clearly identify the type or level of impact that sustained involvement in 4-H had on members' development. There was, however, some evidence that suggested that youth who participate in 4-H over time and had assumed leadership roles and responsibilities perceived their 4-H experience as contributing to the development of important life and leadership skills. Eleven recmmendations were made for improving the utility of future 4-H studies and reports. --From the Executive Study.
With funding from the National 4-H Council

Impact of a health intervention in Latino children in Central Ohio - Laura Romstedt (Ohio State University, 2006)
Jump into food and fitness (JIFF) an intervention program targeted for elementary school-age children was developed by a 4-H team at Michigan State University to educate children 8-11 about food choices, nutrition and physical fitness. The purpose of this study was to test the implementation of this curriculum with Latino children and to develop and pilot evaluation tools for its implementation. Seven sessions (once a week) of instruction by the primary investigator to this group of 12 children. Tools successful in measuring acquired knowledge, but benefit of training was inconsistent for this sample of children.

Implementation of a syndicate program for 4-H/FFA members to use to sell livestock projects in Santa Ba rbara and San Luis Obispo counties - Nicole Hannah Guriel (California Polytechnic State University, 2006)

The influence of contextual teaching with the problem solving method on students' knowledge and attitudes toward horticulture, science and school - Carrie Lynn Whitcher (Texas A&M University, 2006)
The purpose of this study was to assess horticultural science knowledge achievement and attitude toward horticulture, science and school in high school agriculture students. There were 240 high school students in the sample, including both experimental and control groups from California and Washington. Youth organization membership such as FFA or 4-H had no significant bearing on achievement or attitude.

Innovative online curriculum writing: A practical approach for multiple authors/multiple locations - Diane C. Vigna; Patricia J. Fairchild; Jamie Donaldson-Fassett (Journal of Extension, 2006)

Integrating youth into community development: Implications for policy planning and program evaluation - Rosemary V. Barnett; M. A. Brennan (Journal of Youth Development, 2006)
Article 0602FA001, online

Involvement, satisfaction, and organizational commitment among current and former Extension 4-H volunteers in Mississippi - Wandra Arrington (Mississippi State University, 2006)
Investigation of the relationships among volunteer involvement, satisfaction and organizational commitment of current and former Extension 4-H volunteers in Mississippi. Eight hundred volunteers (half current, half alumni) were randomly selected. Volunteer status explained the significant difference between current and former 4-H volunteer mean scores when organizational commitment, involvement and satisfaction were compared.

Keeping teens involved through state 4-H exchanges - Donna R. Gillespie (Journal of Extension, 2006)

Leadership practices employed by 4-H youth development educators in a Northeast State - Jacklyn Antoinette Bruce; Nichole S. Webster; Megan E. Sinasky (Journal of Leadership Education, 2006)

Leadership styles and volunteer administration competence: Perceptions of 4-H county faculty in the United States - Nicole Stedman; Rick Rudd (Journal of Extension, 2006)

Level of youth voice in the decision-making process within the 4-H youth development program as perceived by state 4-H program leaders, state 4-H youth development specialists, and 4-H agents/educators - Todd Tarifa (Louisiana State University, 2006)
The information gathered from program leaders, 4-H specialists, and 4-H youth agents was utilized in identifying the level of inclusiveness of youth's "voice" in the decision making process. Three constructs were identified to have an effect on the participants personal views: (1) adult initiated-youth involved, (2) youth led-adult supported, and (3) youth involved-adult decision making. Researcher notes that from a standpoint of organizational culture, 4-H has a double standard on including youth in the decision-making process.

Looking back, the impact of the 4-H camp counselor experience on youth development: A survey of counselor alumni - Jeanne Brandt (Journal of Extension, 2006)

Meeting challenges in the face of change: How the newly independent 4-H Ontario is learning to do by doing - M. Courtney Denard (University of Guelph, 2006)
4-H Ontario conducted this study to share the importance of organizations which represent rural youth in Ontario. A detailed literature review on organizational capacity development and a conceptual framework were completed. Data collection was conducted by personal interviews with 4-H stakeholders. 4-H Ontario members were involved in a focus group and direct observation activities, as well as a mail-out/Internet survey. Results found that despite governmental cuts, 4-H Ontario successfully maintained its organization through its five year transition. Organizational change, however, has had an impact on its ability to offer capacity development. Results and recommendations were presented to assist 4-H Ontario in strengthening its capacity.

Mentoring: A promising approach for involving at-risk youth in 4-H - Kathleen Riggs; Thomas Lee; James P. Marshall; Ellen Serfustini; JoLene Bunnell (Journal of Extension, 2006)

National 4-H Council Evaluation of Building Community Inclusion Program - Cheryl Asmus; Cindy Cindrich (Family and Youth Institute, 2006)

Nebraska 4-H household technology and interest survey - Bradley S. Barker; Debra K. Meier (Journal of Youth Development, 2006)
Article No. 0602RS004

Parents' perception of life skill and livestock production knowledge development related to participation in 4-H livestock quiz bowls - Robert L. Eirich (University of Nebraska, 2006)

Parents' perceptions of family involvement and youth outcomes at an urban 4-H program - Theresa M. Ferrari; Ted Futris; Carol Smathers (Forum for Family and Consumer Issues, 2006)

Participation in a 4-H food camp to promote nutrition knowledge and culinary skills - D. Williams; N. Christensen; R. Pfister; D. Murphy (Journal of NEAFCS, 2006)

Philanthropic motivations of female donors to Virginia's 4-H program - David B. Calhoun (Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 2006)
This study examined the motivating factors that led 32 women to donate to the Virginia 4-H program. Focus groups and questionnaire were used. Findings are consistent with the six C's of female philanthropy as proposed by Shaw and Taylor (1995). Expanding the six C's to include compassion and community may provide more definitive answers to motivational factors impacting female philanthropy.

Positive aspects of 4-H livestock shows - Kent Thiesse (Corn and Soybean Digest, 2006)
Online article. Last accessed 25 October 2016

Quantitative and qualitative assessments of thriving and contribution in early adolescence: Findings from the 4-H Study of Positive Youth Development - Amy Eva Alberts; Elise DiDenti Christiansen; Paul Chase; Sophie Naudeau; Erin Phelps; Richard M. Lerner (Journal of Youth Development, 2006)

Relationships between personality type, job satisfaction, and job performance in the Mississippi State University Extension Service - John Lyndon Long (Mississippi State University, 2006)
Study determined relationships between personality type, job satisfaction and job performance in MSU Extension service through a descriptive correlational design. The study suggested that personality profiles of MSU-ES county directors, area agents and 4-H agents mirrored Reeves (1995) profile of MSU-ES county professionals and Graham's (1983) profile of Arkansas Extension agents. Only a small percentage of agents were dissatisfied with their jobs. Relationships were found to exist between the demographic characteristics of age, position, years in that position and job performance. The age of the agent was the best predictor of job satisfaction and the position of the agent was the best predictor of job performance.

Revisiting state 4-H mentoring programs for county 4-H professionals - R. Dale Safrit (Journal of Extension, 2006)
Article 1FEA6

Running Successful Extension Camps for Hispanic Children: From Program Planning to Program Delivery for a 1-Week Day Camp - Farner, Susan; Cutz, German; Farner, Barbara; Seibold, Sheri; Abuchar, Viviana (Journal of Extension, 2006)

Self-esteem assessment of adolescents involved [sic] in horsemanship activities - Kellee Elizabeth Saunders-Ferguson (University of Florida, 2006)
This study examined the effects of participation in horsemanship activities on adolescent self-esteem, personal horsemanship attributes, physical competence, physical self-efficacy, and physical acceptance. Sonstroem's Exercise and Self-Esteem Model, based in Bandura's Social Learning Theory, was used as the framework of this study. The results of this study indicate that participation in horsemanship activities can significantly influence adolescent self-esteem. Further study on a broader range of adolescents, not solely those involved in 4-H should be conducted.

Self-perceived 4-H leader competencies and their relation to the skills youth learn through 4-H youth development programs - Loretta Singletary; Marilyn G. Smith; William P. Evans (Journal of Extension, 2006)

Statistical testing of a measure of youth's perceived improvement in life skills - Lisa A. Guion; Blanca E. Rivera (Journal of Youth Development, 2006)
Article No. 0602RS002, online

Student focus groups reveal impacts of 4-H program - Robin Galloway; Kenneth Peterson; Michael Dalton (Journal of Extension, 2006)

Student's experience and perceptions after attending Big Red Summer academic camps - Kathryn Kami Marsh (University of Nebraska, 2006)

Supervisors' and 4-H youth development educators' perceptions of the leadership practices employed by educators - Megan E. Sinasky; Jacklyn Antoinette Bruce (Journal of Extension, 2006)
Article 3FEA6

Training for the Nebraska 4-H volunteer - Lisa M. Poppe (University of Nebraska, Lincoln, 2006)
An option 111 project, Extension Associate, Dodge County Fremont, NE 68025 lposspe@unlnotes.unl.edu

Twenty-first century learning after school: The case of 4-H - David P. Driscoll (The case for 21st century learning, 2006)

Use and evaluation of a statewide 4-H volunteer newsletter - Bruce P. Zimmer; Joyce A. Shriner; Scott D. Scheer (Journal of Extension, 2006)

Using robotics as an educational tool in 4-H - Bradley S. Barker; John Ansorge (Journal of Extension, 2006)

Youth's coping strategies used during a parent's military deployment and benefits gained by attending Ohio's Operation Purple Camp - Dona Lee Leonhard (Ohio State University, 2006)
Study's objectives: determine benefits, measure youths' coping strategies, identifying changes made and attitudes toward deployment impacted through a camp experience. The Double ABCX Model of Adjustment and Adaptation provided the theoretical framework. Schoolagers Coping Strategies Inventory and camp assessments were used to collect data from sample (n=140). Seven states were represented in the study. Average age of youth: 12 years old. Doing something fun and controlling themselves were the most helpful coping strategies.

4-H dairy project curriculum and leader's guide - Jennifer L. Tereba (California Polytechnic State University, 2005)

The 4-H summer cultural arts day camp: Bringing the world to "My World" - Jeanne Brandt; Mary E. Arnold (Journal of Extension, 2005)

Adolescent leadership skill development through residential 4-H camp counseling - Barry A. Garst; Jeremy Johnson (Journal of Extension, 2005)

Adolescent perceptions on the presence of the seven contextual features of animation violence as an indicator of aggressive attitudes and behaviors - Joshua Hirsch (University of Florida, 2005)

An affirmative approach to parental involvement in youth programs - Alayne Torretta; Laura Bovitz (Journal of Extension, 2005)

An analysis of leadership life skills development at the 1998 Texas 4-H congress - Karla Marie Friesenhahn; Martha Elaine Couch; others (Texas 4-H Research Review, 2005)

Beliefs of Georgia public middle school teachers regarding residential environmental science education - Hal McBeen Thomason (Georgia Southern University, 2005)
Baseline data concerning Georgia public middle school science teachers' beliefs related to participation in Georgia 4-H Residential Environmental Science Education (RESE) programs. Researcher compared teachers who had participated in the program and those who had not participated to identify differences in beliefs. Past participants believed there to be fewer barriers or a lesser effort to overcome it. Both groups believe some barriers to participation were easier to overcome than others. Budget constraints, time, work, and lack of  knowledge required to participate were believed to offer the greatest degrees of difficulty.

Benefits of future practices for urban Extension county offices identifying patterns of success using a modified Delphi and case study - Heath Darrell Nokes (University of Tennessee, 2005)

Benefits of participation in the Cannon County 4-H livestock projects as perceived by select former exhibitors - Heath Darrell Nokes (University of Tennessee, 2005)

The benefits of quality assurance programming on 4-H livestock exhibitors in Nebraska Dam, Karna J. - Karna J. Dam (University of Nebraska, 2005)

Building a collaboration for youth development: The "club-within-a-club" - Theresa M. Ferrari; Laurie Beth Hartzell Sweeney (Journal of Extension, 2005)
Article 1FEA4

Camp counseling does teens a world of good: A study of the Ohio 4-H camp counseling experience - Niki Nestor McNeely; Theresa M. Ferrari (NAE4-HA Conference Proceedings, 2005)
abstract; Dissertation topic

Children and their 4-H animal projects: How children use science in agricultural activity - Kenneth Roy Emo (University of Colorado, Boulder, 2005)
The purpose of this two-year ethnographically-driven case study was to examine how science informs the actions of children raising market animals in a 4-H project. Evidence was found that: Children's learning is demonstrated by the way their participation in the project changes with time, from receiving assistance from others to developing expertise in which they provide assistance to others. The researcher noted "that the strength of this educational experience is how children apply specific tools of science in ways that provide meaning and relevancy to their 4-H activity."

Cooperative and competitive orientations in 4-H and non-4-H children: A pilot study - Robert J. Fetsch; Raymond K. Yang (Journal of Research in Childhood Education, 2005)
Analyses of variance revealed that 4-H members have lower competitive and cooperative orientations compared to non-members. Boys have substatially higher cooperative orientations than girls. These unexpected results need replication.

Demographic differences of 4-H volunteers, agents, and state volunteerism specialists: Implications for volunteer administration - Kenneth Culp III; Renee Krieg McKee; Patrick Nestor (Journal of Extension, 2005)

Developing a program evaluation instrument for Texas 4-H - Christopher Thomas Boleman; Jeff Wayne Howard; others (Texas 4-H Research Review, 2005)
see also Couch, Martha E., Journal of Extension, 39(4), August 2001, Ideas at Work (4IAW4)

Developing a scale to measure public speaking skills achieved by 4-H youth - J. Donaldson; Jill T. Martz; P. Ezrell; others (NAE4-HA Proceedings, 2005)
This study details how the literature review, including a review of existing life skill instruments lead to the development of a a valid and reliable instrument to measure beginning public speaking skills.

Development of youth leadership life skills of Texas youth as San Antonio livestock exposition school tour guides - Laura A. Real (Texas A&M University, 2005)

Does study abroad make a difference: An impact assessment of the International 4-H Youth Exchange program - B. Boyd; C. Giebler; others (Texas 4-H Research Review, 2005)

Educational value of 4-H competitive events as perceived by 4-H participants - Rama B. Radhakrishna (NAE4-HA Conference Proceedings, 2005)
abstract

The effect of participation of youth in camp counselor programs - Jeanne Brandt (NAE4-HA Conference Proceedings, 2005)
the study focused on the impact of the summer camp program on the teen 4-H members serving as camp counselors.

Effectiveness of the 4-H advisory committee process as perceived by 4-H professionals and advisory committee members - Mark Gerald Tassin (Louisiana State University, 2005)
The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of the 4-H advisory process as perceived by 4-H professionals in Louisiana and primary stakeholder groups in the LSU 4-H program. Data were obtained by 104 4-H youth development professionals and 142 parish 4-H advisory committee members. Descriptive data were obtained. Findings indicated that both groups perceived that the parish advisory process was effective. Advisory committee members had a higher level of agreement on the effectiveness of the process than the professionals on all measured scales. Based on results, it was concluded that the main focus of some parish advisory committees was the planning and evaluation of 4-H events and activities. Additionally, it was concluded that the membership on these committees needs to be more diverse.
Available Online

Emotional intelligence of state 4-H leadership youth in Mississippi - Amber Tereza Schmidt (Mississippi State University, 2005)
The study measured the Emotional Intelligence of 4-H Leadership Team Participants compared to non-participants and to validate the Mayer, Salovey, Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test: Youth Version. No statistically significant differences were found between the two groups or any of the demographic variables. Further research was recommended, particularly with a larger population.

Evaluation of SpecTra2000, an annual program in Texas 4-H - C. Newberry; Martha Elaine Couch; others (Texas 4-H Research Review, 2005)

An evaluation of the effectiveness of life skill development in Missouri's 4-H youth resident summer camps - K. Ellerbusch; C. Calkins; J. Schwartz (2005)

"The Experience of a Lifetime": Alumni perceptions of the development and transfer of life and workforce skills in the Ohio 4-H camp counselor program - Janel Kathleen Digby (Ohio State University, 2005)

Experiences of 4-H Japanese exchange program on participants: An evaluative study - Rama B. Radhakrishna; Patreese D. Ingram (Journal of Extension, 2005)
Research in Brief 3RIB3

Exploration of future practices for urban Extension county offices identifying patterns of success using a modified Delphi and case study - Warren Jack Kerrigan (Ohio State University, 2005)
Purpose of the study was to identify current practices of urban county extension offices and projected patterns of success for 2007-2010. A case study and modified Delphi technique were used for this exploratory study. These patterns of success were identified for Internal Operations, External Operations and programming, including youth programming.

Expressed values of 4-H adult volunteer leaders: Implications for rural teachers and 4-H staff - Janet Usinger; Don Breazeale; Marilyn G. Smith (The Rural Educator, 2005)
At a time when 4-H could help fill an imortant gap in rural communities, changes within the organization have left some volunteers feeling overwhelmed. This article offers a theoretical framework for understanding the feelings and values of rural 4-H volunteers during a period of dramatic organizational change.

Extent of positive youth-adult relationships in a 4-H after-school program - Jessica Elaine Paisley; Theresa M. Ferrari (Journal of Extension, 2005)

Factors that influence 4-H club membership retention in West Virginia - David C. Hartley (West Virginia University, 2005)
The purpose of the study was to determine retention rates among youth enrolled in West Virginias 4-H youth programs and to identify characteristics or trends associated with 4-H club membership retention. Population of the study consisted of youth who were members in 2002, 2003 and 2004 using an ex post facto research design. Variables explored were: county, age, gender, grade in school, years in 4-H and projects attempted. Years of club membership were higher than the mean of the individuals that dropped out of the program.

FFA and 4-H's impact on society - Steeber, Zachariah B. (California Polytechnic University, 2005)

Fisher County 4-H Exchange Program "Benefit or Bust?" A comprehensive survey of the Fisher County 4-H exchange program - B. Dannheim; J. Hansard; others (Texas 4-H Research Review, 2005)

Fun and friendship in the natural world: The impact of Oregon 4-H residential camping programs on girl and boy campers - Mary E. Arnold; Virginia D. Bourdeau; Janet Nagele (Journal of Extension, 2005)

Idaho 4-H Impact Study - Jeff Goodwin; Cyndi Barnett; Michele Pike; Joey Peutz; Rhea Lanting; April Ward (Journal of Extension, 2005)

Impact Assessment of the Texas 4-H and Youth Development Program - Jeff Wayne Howard; Martha Elaine Couch; others (Texas 4-H Research Review, 2005)

An in-depth look at 4-H enrollment and retention - Amy Harder; Alexa Lamm; Dennis Lamm; Rose Herbert III; Glen Rask (Journal of Extension, 2005)

Influence of 4-H program on former 4-H members' career and life experiences - Rama B. Radhakrishna (NAE4-HA Conference Proceedings, 2005)

Involving 4-H/youth development educators to strengthen community engagement in sustainable local food system - Rama B. Radhakrishna; Joan Thomson; Audrey Maretzki (NAE4-HA Conference Proceedings, 2005)
abstract

Life-skill development found in 4-H animal judging - Scott A. Nash; Laura L. Sant (Journal of Extension, 2005)

Montana state 4-H volunteer leader college: Does it make a difference? - Ricarda Marie Bradbury (Montana State University, 2005)

Parents' perceptions of family involvement and youth outcomes at an urban 4-h education center - Theresa M. Ferrari; C. Smathers; T. Furtis; Janel Kathleen Digby; others (NAE4-HA Conference Proceedings, 2005)
abstract

Participation in 4-H projects and activities contribute to leadership and personal development - Rama B. Radhakrishna; Megan E. Sinasky (NAE4-HA Conference Proceedings, 2005)
abstract

Perceptions of the influence of the Virginia Governor's School for Agriculture on VGSA alumni - John G. Cannon (Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 2005)
The average Virginia Governor's School for Agriculture was not a member of FFA or 4-H.

The phenomena of winning in the South Plains 4-H livestock show program: A qualitative study - T. Lance Keith (Texas 4-H Research Review, 2005)

Positive development among children of incarcerated parents: A focus on character - Sophie Naudeau (Tufts University, 2005)
A sub-sample of participants (n=54) was derived from the 4-H Study of Positive Youth Development. Two major conclusions could be drawn from the results: (1) When key theoretical and/or empirical variables were controlled, parental incarceration was not related to increased problem behaviors or lower scores in regard to character, (2) there was significantly more variance within the group of children with incarcerated parents than within the comparison group in regard to character.

Positive youth development, participation in community youth development programs, and community contributions of fifth grade adolescents: Findings from the first wave... - Richard M. Lerner; Jason B. Almerigi; Christina Theokas; Jacqueline V. Lerner (The Journal of Early Adolescence, 2005)
A longitudinal investigation of a diverse sample of 1, 700 fifth graders and 1, 117 of their parents. Using Wave 1 of the study, structural equation modeling procedures provided evidence for five first order latent factors representing the "Five Cs" of positive youth development (PYD) (competence, confidence, connection, character and caring) and for their convergence on a second-order PYD latent construct. (See other studies in this database that utilize data from this study.)

Power in the land: Home Demonstration in Florida, 1915-1960 - Kelly Anne Minor (University of Florida, 2005)
Home demonstration, created by legislative act in 1914, functioned as one division of a three-pronged extension apparatus that also included farm demonstration and 4-H. Home demonstration involved a wide range of programs for both women and girls, but participation in any program or event was voluntary; information about new ideas, successful techniques and agent reliability spread largely by word of mouth.

Predicting preservice agriculture teachers' intentions to teach utilizing person inputs, contextual influences, teacher efficacy, and outcome expectations - Steven John Rocca (University of Florida, 2005)
Perceptions of teacher efficacy and teaching expectations were significant predictors of intentions to teach agricultural, accounting for 44% of the variance. Gender, years in agricultural education and teaching expectations were significant predictors of intended length of teaching tenure. Most participants had been actively involved in 4-H FFA and enrolled in agricultural education.

Promoting positive development in adolescence: Measuring and modeling observed ecological assets - Christina Theokas (Tufts University, 2005)
Researcher developed a model for positive youth development which was tested with a subsample of participants (n=646) in the national 4-H Study of Positive Youth Development. Findings: three contexts contributed to the prediction of positive youth development characteristics, dimensions of each setting had the greatest impact on various developmental outcomes, the family setting accounted for the largest portion of variance in each outcome variable.

Public school students out of school time study: Measuring the impact of Colorado's 4-H youth development program - J. Goodwin; J. Carroll; M. Oliver (2005)

Reflecting on the practice stories of educators working in the arts: Lessons for community youth development - Helene Gregoire (Cornell University, 2005)

The relationship between participation in community-service-learning projects and personal and life skills development in Louisiana high school 4-H learning activities - Connie S. Phelps (Louisiana State University, 2005)
The purpose of this study is to compare self-reported perceptions of personal and leadership life skills development of Louisiana high school 4-H leadership activity participants by club participation and/or the Character Counts! peer teaching program. A survey, Leadership Development Inventory (Carter, 1989) was mailed to 321 high school students with 165 returned. Results showed no difference existed in the perceived personal and leadership life skill development among the groups. Membership in 4-H JLC explained a small among of the variance after personal and demographic variables were controlled.
Available Online

Risk factors affecting high school drop out rates and 4-H teen program planning - Alexa Lamm; Amy Harder; Dennis Lamm; Herb Rose III; Glen Rask (Journal of Extension, 2005)

The self-perceived impact of participation in the Texas 4-H council by former council members - L. Karr-Lilienthal; T. Lance Keith; others (Texas 4-H Research Review, 2005)

Tennessee 4-H summer camping: Setting for positive youth Development as perceived by youth campers. - Jill T. Martz (NAE4-HA Conference Proceedings, 2005)
abstract

Training Methods and Needs Related to Volunteer Management Competencies of Extension 4-H Youth Development Agents - Seevers, Brenda S.; Baca, Jacqueline S.; Van Leeuwen, Dawn (Journal of Extension, 2005)

Transfer of trainings by state 4-H council members, what the researchers learned & implications for the future - Jacklyn Antoinette Bruce; B. Boyd; Kim E. Dooley (Journal of Leadership Education, 2005)

Trends in camping research: Implications for 4-H camp programming - Niki Nestor McNeely; Barry A. Garst; Jill T. Martz; Janet Nagele (NAE4-HA Conference Proceedings, 2005)
abstract

Trends in market steer, lamb, swine, and meat goat projects based on county participation: A qualitative and quantitative study. - Christopher Thomas Boleman; Jeff Wayne Howard; others (Texas 4-H Research Review, 2005)

The unique contributions of the camp staff experience - Bari S. Dworken (NAE4-HA Conference Proceedings, 2005)
abstract

Using an analysis of 4-H record books to evaluate what 4-H club members learn - Keith George Diem (NAE4-HA Conference Proceedings, 2005)
abstract

Utah public school students' out-of-school time study to measure the impact of the Utah 4-H program - Tina M. Tubbs (Utah State University, 2005)
The study measured the impact of the Utah 4-H program on positive youth development. Perceptions of 2, 067 Utah students were obtained. There was a correlation between out-of-school activity and positive youth development, including: engagement in at-risk behaviors (?), positive identity, social competency, leadership and service, relationship with adults, skills learned and school performance.

Validation of the perceived benefits of competitive livestock exhibition by the Texas 4-H members - C. Davis; T. Lance Keith; others (Texas 4-H Research Review, 2005)

The value of 4-H competitive activities as perceived by the parents of 4-H members - T. Lance Keith; Paul Vaughn (Texas 4-H Research Review, 2005)