@article {3030, title = {An Accessibility Directive and Upgraded Indian Libraries}, journal = {Information Today}, volume = {33}, year = {2016}, note = {

This short article briefly talks about the legislation that impedes blind and visually impaired people from equally accessing digital recourses in the current age. Apart from taking into consideration of European Union, it also considers the issue in Hong Kong and India.

}, pages = {12}, keywords = {blind, digitization}, author = {John Charlton} } @article {3254, title = {Accessibility Evaluation Using Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.0}, year = {2016}, abstract = {

The Homestay websites in Malaysia are gaining popularity, locally and abroad. Thus, it is imperative that it should be designed by using the proper accessibility guidelines However, the current accessibility state of the Homestay websites in Malaysia is still unknown. The main objective of this research is to investigate the accessibility of Homestay websites in Malaysia. There are 328 samples of Homestay websites in Malaysia gathered from www.carihomestay.net portal. The evaluation was done from 15th April 2014 to 15th June 2014 by using an automated evaluation tool (Achecker) and Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.0. The results show that there are six top critical accessibility errors; (i) Non-text Content: IMG, ALT TEXT (1.1.1), (ii) Info \&Relationships: INPUT (1.3.1), (iii) Contrast: LINK, TEXT COLOR (1.4.3), (iv) Link Purpose: ANCHOR, TEXT (2.4.4), (v) Language of Page: HTML (3.1.1) and (vi) Labels or Instructions: BODY, INPUT (3.3.2). This research provides several recommendations to improve the accessibility levels for Homestay websites in Malaysia. Future research includes accessibility evaluation for different genre of websites and applications that are being used in the blended learning environment.

}, keywords = {Conferences, Context ,, Guidelines, HTML, Image color analysis, Portals}, isbn = {978-1-5090-2631-9}, url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7857924/authors$\#$authors}, author = {Wan Abdul Rahim Wan Mohd Isa and Ahmad Iqbal Hakim Suhaimi and Nadhirah Ariffrn and Nurul Fatimah Ishak and Nadilah Mohd Ralim} } @article {3258, title = {Accessibility evaluation using Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.0}, year = {2016}, note = {

Isa, W. A. R. W. M., Suhaimi, A. I. H., Ariffrn, N., Ishak, N. F., \& Ralim, N. M. (2017). Accessibility evaluation using Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.0. In\ Proceedings - 2016 4th International Conference on User Science and Engineering, i-USEr 2016\ (pp. 1\–4). Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc. https://doi.org/10.1109/IUSER.2016.7857924

}, abstract = {

The Homestay websites in Malaysia are gaining popularity, locally and abroad. Thus, it is imperative that it should be designed by using the proper accessibility guidelines However, the current accessibility state of the Homestay websites in Malaysia is still unknown. The main objective of this research is to investigate the accessibility of Homestay websites in Malaysia. There are 328 samples of Homestay websites in Malaysia gathered from www.carihomestay.net portal. The evaluation was done from 15th April 2014 to 15th June 2014 by using an automated evaluation tool (Achecker) and Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.0. The results show that there are six top critical accessibility errors; (i) Non-text Content: IMG, ALT TEXT (1.1.1), (ii) Info \&Relationships: INPUT (1.3.1), (iii) Contrast: LINK, TEXT COLOR (1.4.3), (iv) Link Purpose: ANCHOR, TEXT (2.4.4), (v) Language of Page: HTML (3.1.1) and (vi) Labels or Instructions: BODY, INPUT (3.3.2). This research provides several recommendations to improve the accessibility levels for Homestay websites in Malaysia. Future research includes accessibility evaluation for different genre of websites and applications that are being used in the blended learning environment.

}, doi = {10.1109/IUSER.2016.7857924}, url = {https://www.mendeley.com/catalogue/8a8850bc-f8ab-3e85-8eaa-a1d6147210cb/}, author = {Isa W and Ahmad Iqbal Hakim Suhaimi and Nadhirah Ariffrn and Nurul Fatimah Ishak and Nadilah Mohd Ralim} } @article {2963, title = {Accessibility is More Than Curb Cuts and ALT Tags}, journal = {Computers in Libraries}, volume = {36}, year = {2016}, note = {

This article discussed who accessibility is for and what librarians can do to make improvement. A number of available resources were also included to provide some basic guidances. Generally speaking, librarians could learn from introductions in this article, and make adjustments accordingly to develop more assistive technologies for users with disabilities.

}, pages = {22-25}, author = {West, Jessamyn} } @article {3070, title = {Accessibility of the Italian institutional web pages: a survey on the compliance of the Italian public administration web pages to the Stanca Act and its 22 technical requirements for web accessibility}, journal = {Universal Access in the Information Society}, volume = {15}, year = {2016}, note = {Stanca Act is an Italian law of 2004 which promotes the accessibility of information technology. It has also been applied to the Italian government websites. This study examined the web accessibility of the offical web pages of the Italian province and region chief towns according to the 22 technical requirements defined by the Stanca Act. A total number of 976 web pages were chosen and evaluated by Achechker, the worldwide recognized syntax and accessibility validation service. Errors detected included 18,338 errors in the html/xhtml code, 1,516 errors in the CSS code and 9,334 errors related to missed accessibility technical requirements. Results also indicated that a less number of pages did not imply a proportional decreasing of the errors. Reports regarding the study result listed in detail the number of errors versus accessibility requirements, the most frequent accessibility errors with the number each of them has been encountered and the mean errors for each Italian region. In general, the study suggested that the Italian institutional websites were not accessible.}, pages = {305-312}, publisher = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg}, abstract = {Accessibility of the Italian public administration web pages is ruled by the Stanca Act and in particular the Decree of the Minister issued on July 8, 2005. In this paper, an objective test is performed on the official web pages of the Italian province and region chief towns to check their compliance to the 22 technical requirements defined by the Stanca Act. A sample of 976 web pages belonging to the websites of the Italian chief towns have been downloaded in the period October{\textendash}December 2012. Such a data collection has been submitted to Achecker, the worldwide recognized syntax and accessibility validation service. Several accessibility and syntax errors have been found following the automatic analysis. Such errors have been classified, a statistic has been produced, and some graphs are included to offer an immediate view of the error distribution. Moreover, the most frequent errors are pointed out and explained in detail. Although the Stanca Act has been promulgated some years ago, and contains precise indications about updating a web page to be compliant to the 22 technical requirements, all the analyzed websites are not fully compliant to the law. Updating web pages to be compliant to the Stanca Act is a slow process and some grave errors are still present, both in terms of syntax and accessibility.}, keywords = {Italy, law, Stanca Act, Web accessibility, Web content accessibility guidelines}, isbn = {1020901403}, doi = {10.1007/s10209-014-0381-0}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10209-014-0381-0}, author = {Orazio Gambino and Pirrone, Roberto and Fabrizio Di Giorgio} } @article {3128, title = {Accessibility of Turkish university Web sites}, journal = {Universal Access in the Information Society}, year = {2016}, note = {

This study serves as a follow-up study of a previous research conducted in 2010 that tested Turkish universities\&$\#$39; homepage accessibility level. It aims at detecting if web accessibility of university homepages have been improved or worsen in the past 5 years. The study, in fact, found that the situation is getting worse.

}, publisher = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg}, abstract = {

In 2010, the author of this paper conducted an evaluation of the accessibility level of the home pages of Turkish Universities (Kurt in Univers Access Inf Soc 10(1):101\–110, 2011). That investigation, which utilized a variety of different evaluative techniques, as recommended by the World Wide Web Consortium, found that none of the reviewed home pages met the minimum criteria for Web accessibility. In 2015, the author completed a followup audit of the same universities\’ home pages, using a similar methodological approach. The goal of the audit was to determine whether Web site accessibility had increased or improved during the intervening 5-year period. This paper, which details the results of the second study, demonstrates that in general accessibility levels have actually decreased slightly. Each of the university Web sites reviewed contains at least one of a variety of components that makes it inaccessible to some users. Of these, the most prominent is neglecting to provide equivalent text alternative for content that has been presented in non-text formats, although doing so would be a relatively simple matter.

}, keywords = {Accessibility, assistive technology, higher education, multimedia, Programming and programming languages, Turkey}, doi = {10.1007/s10209-016-0468-x}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10209-016-0468-x}, author = {Serhat Kurt} } @article {3224, title = {Balancing pedagogy, student readiness and accessibility: A case study in collaborative online course development}, journal = {Internet and Higher Education}, volume = {28}, year = {2016}, note = {

This study examined online course accessibility for students with disabilities under the background that increasing online courses were provided in higher education institutions. It presented results from a case study of a collaborative course development at George Mason University (GMU). Lessons from this case study were presented.

}, pages = {1-7}, publisher = {Elsevier Inc.}, abstract = {

Abstract As institutions of higher education continue to roll out online courses and programs, issues of undergraduate student readiness on the one hand, and the challenges surrounding the design and development of pedagogically-sound online experiences that are also accessible to students with disabilities on the other, remain of concern. This paper describes the results of a case study of collaboration between the Instructional Design and Technology faculty and the Assistive Technology Initiative (ATI) group at a 4-year public institution to address both of these issues simultaneously during the development of an online course designed to teach undergraduates to cultivate the self-discipline and self-direction required to become successful online learners. The authors of this paper discuss project challenges, particularly concerning accessibility, along with lessons learned from both a process and a student outcome perspective. The authors also share insights into creating sustainable collaborative processes for successful online initiatives.

}, keywords = {Accessibility, distance education, universal design}, doi = {10.1016/j.iheduc.2015.08.001}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.iheduc.2015.08.001}, author = {Van Rooij, Shahron Williams and Zirkle, Kara} } @article {2759, title = {Creating accessible websites}, year = {2016}, note = {

This web page mostly deals with how to create accessible websites for people with vision loss. Not only guidelines but also tips are provided for web developers, and more information about usability and technology could be found through the links on the right side. Basically the web page should entail a variety of accessible information about website designs, and it should provide necessary information for web developers.

}, url = {http://www.afb.org/info/programs-and-services/technology-evaluation/creating-accessible-websites/123}, author = {American Foundation for the Blind} } @article {2947, title = {Developing accessible websites}, year = {2016}, note = {

This webpage should serve as a guideline for anyone interested in and concerned about web accessibility. Concepts, features, checking methods and how to develop accessible websites are detailed, which should provide insights for people to understand and get engaged with this increasingly important issue.

}, url = {http://www.washington.edu/accessibility/web/}, author = {University of Washington} } @article {3256, title = {An exploratory study of library website accessibility for visually impaired users}, year = {2016}, note = {

Yoon, K., Dols, R., Hulscher, L., \& Newberry, T. (2016). An exploratory study of library website accessibility for visually impaired users.\ Library and Information Science Research,\ 38(3), 250\–258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lisr.2016.08.006

}, chapter = {Pages 250-258}, abstract = {

To extrapolate best practices for accessible library website design, the Web-browsing needs of users with visual impairments were investigated. Selected library websites were tested for usability and accessibility with six visually impaired persons who use screen readers. The results were analyzed in terms of accessible coding standards as well as high-level usability issues. The analysis results indicated that these library websites are not accessible for visually impaired screen reader users. The most common accessibility barriers encountered were issues of information architecture and usable Web design, rather than errors in coding. Suggestions to improve accessibility are proposed.

}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0740818816302158?pes=vor}, author = {Yoon, H.-Y. and Hulscher, L. and Newberry, T.} } @article {2982, title = {Exploring the relationship between web accessibility and user experience}, journal = {International Journal of Human-Computer Studies}, volume = {91}, year = {2016}, note = {

Besides measuring web accessibility with the established guidelines, this article also measured it by asking participants to indicate their perceived accessibility. It explored the relationship of user experience for people with disabilities and the accessibility measured by the above two dimensions. Their results indicated that web accessibility that was perceived by users was highly correlated with their user experience. However, web accessibility measured by whether the web conforms to the guidelines did not have such a strong relationship with user experience.

}, pages = {13-23}, publisher = {Elsevier}, abstract = {

Understanding the interplay between the user experience (UX) and Web accessibility is key to design Web sites that, beyond access, could provide a better UX for people with disabilities. In this paper we examine the relationship between UX attributes and Web accessibility. We measured accessibility in two ways: the perceived accessibility as reported by participants and accessibility in terms of conformance to guidelines. Findings uncover that perceived Web accessibility is significantly correlated with 27 of the 35 UX attributes analysed, suggesting these two qualities are closely related. The relationship between UX and conformance to WCAG 2.0 is more elusive: we only found significant correlations between the hedonic attributes original, innovative and exciting.

}, keywords = {assistive technology, blind, usability, web, Web accessibility}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijhcs.2016.03.008}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1071581916000409}, author = {Aizpurua, Amaia and Simon Harper and Vigo, Markel} } @article {3144, title = {Implementing an Accessibility Policy: An Insider{\textquoteright}s Guide}, year = {2016}, note = {The article tells the story of one of the authors, Lucy Greco, the web accessibility evangelist at the University of California, Berkeley. Since she was born to be blind, reading technologies for her are the liberation. From a very young age, she had been using a variety of accessibility tools constantly developing and increasingly provide her with more flexibility of doing research on her own.}, abstract = {To successfully access website and application information, people with disabilities depend on technologies that adhere to specific design principles and standards that can increase usability for everyone. The Web Accessibility team at the University of California, Berkeley has tested hundreds of websites and learned many lessons about how to implement and sustain accessibility efforts.}, url = {http://er.educause.edu/articles/2016/2/implementing-an-accessibility-policy-an-insiders-guide}, author = {Lucy Greco and Anna Gazdowicz} } @article {3204, title = {Implementing Recommendations From Web Accessibility Guidelines: Would They Also Provide Benefits to Nondisabled Users}, journal = {Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society}, volume = {58}, year = {2016}, note = {

The present study investigated effects of web accessibility guidelines (aimed at users with disabilities) on nondisabled users. A usability test with 61 nondisabled participants revealed that high conformance to accessibility guidelines also benefitted nondisabled users. These findings may increase acceptance and utilization of accessibility guidelines in practice.

}, pages = {611-629}, abstract = {

Objective \— We examined the consequences of implementing Web accessibility guidelines for nondisabled users. Background \— Although there are Web accessibility guidelines for people with disabilities available, they are rarely used in practice, partly due to the fact that practitioners believe that such guidelines provide no benefits, or even have negative consequences, for nondisabled people, who represent the main user group of Web sites. Despite these concerns, there is a lack of empirical research on the effects of current Web accessibility guidelines on nondisabled users. Method \— Sixty-one nondisabled participants used one of three Web sites differing in levels of accessibility (high, low, and very low). Accessibility levels were determined by following established Web accessibility guidelines (WCAG 2.0). A broad methodological approach was used, including performance measures (e.g., task completion time) and user ratings (e.g., perceived usability). Results \— A high level of Web accessibility led to better performance (i.e., task completion time and task completion rate) than low or very low accessibility. Likewise, high Web accessibility improved user ratings (i.e., perceived usability, aesthetics, workload, and trustworthiness) compared to low or very low Web accessibility. There was no difference between the very low and low Web accessibility conditions for any of the outcome measures. Conclusion: Contrary to some concerns in the literature and among practitioners, high conformance with Web accessibility guidelines may provide benefits to users without disabilities. Application \— The findings may encourage more practitioners to implement WCAG 2.0 for the benefit of users with disabilities and nondisabled users.

}, keywords = {usability, WCAG 2.0, Web accessibility}, doi = {10.1177/0018720816640962}, url = {http://hfs.sagepub.com/cgi/doi/10.1177/0018720816640962}, author = {Schmutz, Sven and Sonderegger, Andreas and Sauer, Juergen} } @article {2867, title = {Improving Services for Patrons with Print Disabilities at Public Libraries}, journal = {The Library Quarterly: Information, Community, Policy}, volume = {85}, year = {2016}, note = {

This article discussed some practical findings through a project of Baltimore County Public Library (BCPL). In particular, specific instructions on how to improve website accessibility were identified, such as improving website menu navigation and so on. Future practice could incorporate these findings into consideration and make an effort enhance accessibility of libraries for the public.

}, pages = {172-184}, author = {Jonathan Lazar and Irene Briggs} } @article {2840, title = {Introduction to web accessibility}, year = {2016}, note = {

This is an online course that introduces related techniques about web accessibility for web developers, so that more accessible websites could be developed for users with visual disabilities. Basic tools will be introduced, as well as additional interactive design elements. At the end of this course, participants are expected to complete a final project in order for practice in real life. The course should benefit anyone, web developers in particular, interested in designing accessible websites.

}, url = {https://webaccessibility.withgoogle.com/course}, author = {Google Inc.} } @article {3148, title = {Performance evaluation as a tool for strategic decisions about serving visually impaired users: The case of the Lithuanian Library for the Blind}, journal = {Library \& Information Science Research}, volume = {38}, year = {2016}, note = {

This study evaluated the performance of the Lithuanian Library for the Blind (LLB) in 2008\–2012. It used the balanced scorecard framework to link measurement to organizational strategy. In addition, historical benchmarking was used to gain a meaningful evaluation of the LLB\&$\#$39;s activities, especially when there is no similar libraries to compare with. The study was conducting by first identifying the Library\&$\#$39;s major mandates through the Statute of the LLB \— its major legal documents. Then four perspectives, namely resources, access, and infrastructure, use, efficiency and potential and development, were applied to assess performance. Finally performance indicators were chosen to assess library development in four perspectives. Results indicated that the major achievement gained by the LLB is its provision of attractive cultural services. Data showed that these events were heavily attended and became a crucial motivator for users to use the LLB. Although the attracted users had reached a high number, the overall number remained static during the whole period. However, in addition to its high satisfactory rates, there was indicators that many services such as library website, electronic catalogue, etc., were underused, explaining the static progress of its user numbers.

}, pages = {161-169}, abstract = {

The complexity of serving diverse and dispersed target audiences of visually impaired persons suggest that there is a need to analyse the performance of libraries for the blind. This issue is currently neglected in library and information science research. Library managers and policy-makers can employ performance data for developing new strategies for service delivery and sustainability. The balanced scorecard and historical benchmarking approaches were applied to analyse the performance of the Lithuanian Library for the Blind (LLB) in 2008\–2012. The concepts of strategic issues and strategies were employed to demonstrate how performance evaluation findings may be used for the purposes of strategic planning. The findings revealed the attractiveness and sufficiency of cultural services, but also the inability of the LLB to reach its target audiences, the inefficiency of internal processes, low use of information resources and electronic services, and a lack of sustainability in organisational learning. A model of service provision in collaboration with public and academic libraries for publishing and distribution of literature in accessible formats was suggested to the LLB. It is in line with the policy and legal decisions necessary for achieving the Library\&$\#$39;s main goals.

}, doi = {10.1016/j.lisr.2016.05.002}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0740818816301128}, author = {Zinaida Man{\.z}uch and Elena Macevi{\v c}iute} } @article {3207, title = {Report Information from ProQuest}, year = {2016}, note = {

This is a report of web accessibility of many public and private sector web sites. It suggests that many of these sites do not have a standard accessible webpage that is conforming to the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) standards. The report was written in 2006.

}, keywords = {multimedia, Teenagers , United States}, isbn = {1040359019}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17506200710779521}, author = {Shary, Timothy} } @article {2986, title = {The role of social media tools: Accessible tourism for disabled citizens}, journal = {Educational Technology and Society}, volume = {19}, year = {2016}, note = {

This article centers on the issue of accessibility tourism. The research employed both qualitative and quantitative methods. It covers Northern part of Cyprus, a small island. 20 orthopedically disabled participants were selected who had skills on using social media. In addition, 9 web pages were selected that included ministries, municipalities, higher education institutions and post offices. Data were collected and categorized into three parts: travel behaviors, using social media and role of social media and networking for using tourism services. Results indicated that participants\&$\#$39; ages would significantly differ in terms of their travel behaviors. Further analysis of social media use showed that all participants had a good understanding and skill of using social media. A total number of 211 potential problems were detected based on the W3C standards. In general, this study suggested that social media use was very important for disabled people to improve their accessibility when touring.

}, pages = {89-99}, abstract = {

Knowledge sharing becomes important to accomplish digital citizenship. Social media tools become popular to share and diffuse the knowledge in the digitalization. This social media learning and knowledge sharing platforms provides accessibility to the services within societies especially for disabled citizens. This research study aims to evaluate the role of social media tools on tourism services of the country in respect to the perceptions of disabled people. Furthermore, the research study examines the web usability and accessibility of the services to the citizens within the society. In this respect, mixed method was conducted to gain reflections of disabled people on tourism services and social media tools for equality of life standards. For evaluating the current situation of the web usability and accessibility of the societal and institutional networking, analysis was done to set standards of the research context. Orthopedically disabled people participated in this research study that they were selected purposively due to having skills on using social media. This research study showed that orthopedically disabled people used social media and networking for expanding their knowledge. They have a firm belief that social media and networking is the facility for removing barriers of social and institutional activities in society. In addition, there are little facilities on tourism services to be used in social media and networking. Furthermore, web pages of the societal and institutional services are not satisfactory and accessible for the all disabled citizens. The study puts forward to provide extended report on web usability and accessibility of services for the welfare of the disabled citizens within the society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

}, keywords = {Accessibility, physical disability, Social media tools, Web accessibility}, author = {Altinay, Zehra and Saner, Tulen and Nesrin M. Bah{\c c}elerli and Altinay, Fahriye} } @article {3001, title = {That All May Read... National Library Service for the Blind and Physically Handicapped (NLS)}, year = {2016}, note = {

This webpage presents the National Library Service\&$\#$39;s endeavor to provide the blind and physically handicapped people with free library materials in the format of braille and audio.

}, pages = {3-5}, keywords = {Braille, education, visual disability}, url = {http://www.loc.gov/nls/}, author = {The Library of Congress} } @article {3214, title = {Is visual content in textual search interfaces beneficial to dyslexic users ?}, journal = {Journal of Human Computer Studies}, volume = {92-93}, year = {2016}, note = {

This study investigated whether including visual elements such as icons to textual interfaces will help dyslexics more efficiently locate and decode information, thus improving the interface\&$\#$39;s accessibility to people with dyslexia. Among the four conditions, dyslexics took significantly longer time to locate targets than controls in conditions that incorporated text. However, there is no significant difference between dyslexics and controls in the icon-only condition. In addition, dyslexics also spent more time on dual-modality tasks and the list layout.

}, pages = {17-29}, publisher = {Elsevier}, abstract = {

Dyslexia is a learning disability characterised by problems with accurate or fluent word recognition, poor decoding, and poor spelling abilities. Although several studies have addressed dyslexia and Web accessibility, less is known about how dyslexia affects information search. This study investigated whether the inclusion of icons in search user interfaces enhances performance among dyslexics. A total of 21 dyslexics and 21 controls completed 52 search tasks in 4 conditions: icons only, words only, and both icons and words in a grid layout and a list layout, while eye movements were recorded. Dyslexics took significantly longer than controls to locate targets in tasks containing text, but not in the icon-only condition. Dyslexics had longer fixation durations than controls in both icon and text based search arrays, suggesting higher mental load associated with search tasks generally. The addition of words to icon arrays led to faster search times within controls, but not dyslexics. Dyslexics also exhibited more fixations on dual-modality tasks, and longer scanpaths than controls in list layout. Both groups were fastest searching the list layout, with icons and words listed in columns. Results are discussed in terms of the design of accessible search interfaces for dyslexic users, taking into account mental load of dual-modality information display, and the arrangement of search items. Empirical data is provided for the design of accessible search results interfaces for dyslexics.

}, keywords = {dyslexia, Interface design, library, Search user interfaces, universal design, usability, Visual search}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijhcs.2016.04.006}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhcs.2016.04.006}, author = {Gerd Berget and Fiona Mulvey and Frode Eika Sandnes} } @article {3044, title = {Visually impaired people and the emerging connected TV: a comparative study of TV and Web applications{\textquoteright} accessibility}, journal = {Universal Access in the Information Society}, year = {2016}, note = {

This study examined the issue of TV accessibility for visually impaired users. Specifically, it supposed that visually impaired users would be willing to adopt new TV features, but TV applications would prevent them from comfortable accessibility compared with their desktop counterparts. Results showed that visually impaired users did prefer to try new features. However, the TV application actually conformed better with accessibility guidelines. A survey from visually impaired users, on the other hand, indicated that they could not complete tasks using the TV applications.

}, pages = {1-18}, publisher = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg}, abstract = {

With the TV signal digitization and the current market growth of connected TVs, the authors envision the appearance of accessibility barriers to visually impaired persons. The paper addresses the following hypothesis: (1) visually impaired users want to extend their TV usage to explore new TV features; (2) TV applications are in less conformance with accessibility guidelines compared to their Desktop versions. Additionally, the authors wanted to assess whether guideline conformance reflected real TV accessibility problems experienced by users. The methods used for this study included surveys aimed at characterizing the interest of the visually impaired population regarding the use of TV, and specifically of Web applications on TV, an automated accessibility evaluation to compare TV and Desktop versions of the same Web application, to understand their conformance with accessibility guidelines, and a user study where participants with visual impairments were asked to perform some tasks on both versions. From the survey, we confirmed that people with visual disabilities are interested in extra features on their TV. Results from the automated accessibility evaluation show that TV applications are in a significantly better level of conformance with accessibility guidelines. The user study has illustrated that users were unable to complete any task using the TV versions of the applications. The results from these studies demonstrated that the new features that come with connected TVs still have a long way to go in order to be accessible by all. Furthermore, they lead us to concur with other works that automated evaluations are not enough to assess the accessibility of a Web page.

}, keywords = {Accessibility, blind, TV, usability, visual disability}, doi = {10.1007/s10209-016-0451-6}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10209-016-0451-6}, author = {Daniel Costa and Carlos Duarte} } @article {2937, title = {Web Accessibility Barriers in Geographic Maps}, journal = {International Journal of Computer Theory and Engineering}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, note = {

This article described how the development of technological tools could create barriers to accessible geographic maps on websites. These web maps may still need to improve interactivity, mobility and applicability to normal users and low vision users. Therefore, this article proposed to implement SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics) to develop more accessible web maps.

}, chapter = {80}, doi = {10.7763/IJCTE.2016.V8.1024}, author = {Tania, Calle-Jimenez and Sergio, Luj{\'a}n-Mora} } @article {3136, title = {Web accessibility implementation in private sector organizations: Motivations and business impact}, journal = {Universal Access in the Information Society}, volume = {15}, year = {2016}, note = {

This study tested website accessibility of organizations in three industry sectors - tourism, financial and information services. A total number of 89 websites were selected and from each of them, three web pages were chosen to be evaluated using the Total Validator Tool. For those websites with no errors reported, a further manual check was done. Based on the results, managers from both accessible and inaccessible website organizations were approached and interviewed. Results showed that in general, private organizations\&$\#$39; websites performed low accessibility. Motives for Web accessibility implementation were reported and classified into economic, social and technical factors.

}, pages = {249-260}, publisher = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg}, abstract = {

Despite the prominence of the World Wide Web in people\&$\#$39;s everyday lives, most Web presences in private sector organizations still fail to comply with con-temporary accessibility standards. As a consequence, a large group of users \— i.e., people with impairments \— are excluded from accessing these Web presences. In order to explain the managerial rationale, an exploratory case study was conducted in three industry sectors. The results of the analysis shed light on organizations\&$\#$39; motivations to implement or reject Web accessibility standards, reveal positive and negative consequences of implementation, and provide in-depth insights into the determinants for successful and unsuccessful Web accessibility implementation. This study supports organizations in making better decisions on the implementation of Web accessibility.

}, keywords = {private, Web accessibility, web accessibility implementation}, isbn = {1020901403}, doi = {10.1007/s10209-014-0380-1}, url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10209-014-0380-1}, author = {Marie-Luise Leitner and Strauss, Christine and Stummer, Christian} } @article {2888, title = {Accessibility, collaboration, and staffing: Revamping the model for academic library video collections}, journal = {Public Services Quarterly}, volume = {11}, year = {2015}, note = {

This article talked about possible ways to improve library accessibility of physical collections, through extensive resource sharing and streaming videos. These could be future steps that academic libraries consider taking so that more available video resources could be provided to library patrons.

}, pages = {307-318}, doi = {10.1080/15228959.2015.1095672}, author = {Bryan James McGeary} } @article {3166, title = {Accessibility from Scratch: One Library{\textquoteright}s Journey to Prioritize the Accessibility of Electronic Information Resources}, journal = {The Serials Librarian}, volume = {69}, year = {2015}, note = {

This article provides useful concepts with regard to accessible electronic and information technology in higher education. It also discusses the relevant federal legislation that protects individual with disabilities from discrimination.

}, pages = {155-168}, abstract = {

The increased development and use of electronic and information technology in higher education raises questions about accessibility for individuals with disabilities. In academic libraries, providing accessible electronic information resources ensures equal access and opportunity to information. This article provides a contextual understanding of accessibility in higher education as well as strategies for evaluating, negotiating, and procuring accessible electronic resources licensed through third party vendors.

}, keywords = {academic libraries, Accessibility, Electronic and Information Technology (EIT), Section 508, voluntary product accessibility template (VPAT), Web content accessibility guidelines (WCAG)}, doi = {10.1080/0361526X.2015.1069777}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84944280216\&partnerID=tZOtx3y1}, author = {Ostergaard, Kirsten} } @article {3013, title = {Accessibility to Electronic Communication for People with Cognitive Disabilities: A Systematic Search and Review of Empirical Evidence}, journal = {Universal Access in the Information Society}, volume = {14}, year = {2015}, pages = {547-562}, publisher = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg}, abstract = {

The purpose of this study was to identify and synthesize measures for accessibility to electronic communication for people with cognitive disabilities by seeking answers to the following research questions: What measures to make electronic communication accessible to people with cognitive disabilities are evaluated and reported in the scientific literature? What documented effects do these measures have? Empirical studies describing and assessing cognitive accessibility measures were identified by searches of 13 databases. Data were extracted and methodological quality was assessed. Findings were analyzed and recommendations for practice and research were made. Twenty-nine articles with consider-able variations in studied accessibility measures, diagnoses, methods, outcome measures, and quality were included. They address the use of Internet, e-mail, telephone, chat, television, multimedia interfaces, texts and pictures, operation of equipment, and entering of information. Although thin, the current evidence base indicates that the accessibility needs, requirements, and preferences of people with cognitive disabilities are diverse. This ought to be reflected in accessibility guidelines and standards. Studies to systematically develop and recommend effective accessibility measures are needed to address current knowledge gaps.

}, keywords = {Accessibility, cognitive disability, usability}, isbn = {1020901403}, doi = {10.1007/s10209-014-0351-6}, author = {Johan Borg and Ann Lantz and Jan Gulliksen} } @article {3011, title = {ALL Access: Adult Education and Digital Literacy for Workforce Development in Public Libraries}, journal = {Computers in Libraries}, volume = {35}, year = {2015}, note = {

This article introduces an organization called Adult Lifelong Learning (ALL) Access.

}, pages = {26-32}, abstract = {

In November 2013, a collaboration between libraries and adult education, assistive technology, digital literacy, and workforce development organizations came to fruition when a 2-year, $500,000 National Leadership Grant for Libraries from the Institute of Museum and Library Services was given. From this, Adult Lifelong Learning (ALL) Access was born. ALL Access is aimed at leveraging libraries by integrating adult education and workforce services to meet the diverse needs of adult patrons. ALL Access is becoming a ubiquitous term, and services will continue to grow. The steering committee will continue to meet, share, lead, and add more members. With 48 libraries in 70 locations in Rhode Island, their small size enables interlibrary cooperation, networking, and collaboration on a statewide level. They hope to create an integrated network of learning spaces in libraries that are connected with workforce development and adult education lifelong learning services for adults.

}, url = {https://www.questia.com/magazine/1P3-3915595621/all-access-adult-education-and-digital-literacy-for}, author = {Katherine Boden and Tashjian, Karisa} } @article {2838, title = {Auditing web accessibility: The role of interest organizations in promoting compliance through certification}, journal = {First Monday}, volume = {20}, year = {2015}, note = {

This article discussed the intermediary role of interest organizations to promote web accessibility, and how auditing web accessibility could serve as the basis for certifying performance and profession. The author argued that developing web accessibility standards could be an opportunity, in particular for certification as a mechanism for achieving compliance.

}, abstract = {

Previous research on Web accessibility policy has focused on the application of anti-discrimination policies to the Web and has yet to explore fully, the mediators to policy implementation and compliance. Policy analyses and semi-structured interviews with 34 participants in the United Kingdom and United States demonstrate that interest organizations, including non-profit and for-profit organizations, support the implementation of anti-discrimination policies by providing audit and certification services. First, performance certification demonstrates the quality of a Web site, and interest organizations have developed certification initiatives based on international performance standards developed by the private sector. Second, professional certification demonstrates the quality of an individual\’s knowledge and experience, yet despite the absence of educational standards, interest organizations offer professional certification. Third, procedural certification demonstrates the quality of organizational processes, yet despite the development of a national procedural standard, interest organizations do not offer procedural certification. This paper concludes by offering recommendations for enhancing the use of certification to achieve Web accessibility and provides suggestions for future research.

}, author = {G. Anthony Giannoumis} } @article {2784, title = {Be accessible via mobile phones}, journal = {The Science Teacher}, volume = {82}, year = {2015}, note = {

This article looked at several approaches to achieve digital accessibility via mobile phones: 1) Get free space online; 2) Shorten URLs; 3) Know how to tweet or text; 4) Use QR codes; 5) Make readable files. Both users and web developers could utilize these methods to further improve accessibility through mobile communication technologies.

}, pages = {1-8}, issn = {0036-8733}, author = {Eric Brunsell and Horejsi, Martin} } @article {2819, title = {Blurred lines: Accessibility, disability, and definitional limitations}, journal = {First Monday}, volume = {20}, year = {2015}, note = {

This article discussed how to delineate accessibility and disability in the context of technological advances. Bringing up the topic of accessibility, especially for people with a variety of disabilities, was undoubtedly worthwhile, since the author argued that the utility value of accessibility could benefit the rest aspects of society and contribute to human development in general.

}, abstract = {

Using the example of recent access problems caused by Apple\’s iOS7 operating system for the iPhone, this paper interrogates the history and utility of the concept of \“accessibility.\” The term\’s reliance on definitions of disability, particularly in the U.S. legal context, and the blurring nature of information technologies have made it increasingly difficult to differentiate between accessibility for people with disabilities and usability concerns for the general public. The author uses disability theory to argue that access is a complicated phenomenon, and that even given the difficulties in establishing definitions of \“accessibility,\” the concept is worthwhile because it carries with it reminders of the politics of difference, the difficulties of access, the history of disability rights, and the relationship of media to civil rights and public participation.

}, author = {Elizabeth Ellcessor} } @article {2795, title = {Bookshare: Accessible ebooks for Reading Independence}, journal = {Texas Library Journal}, volume = {91}, year = {2015}, note = {

This article introduced how Texas made efforts to expand access to books for people with disabilities. Also, an educational Benetech project was briefly discussed to provide insights into web accessibility development.

}, pages = {58-59}, author = {Jones Christine} } @article {3235, title = {Campus Technology Accessibility}, journal = {Disability Compliance for Higher Education}, volume = {21}, year = {2015}, note = {

This one-page article reviews three cases when colleges and universities do not comply with the Americans with Disabilities Act and Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act.

}, pages = {16}, isbn = {9786468600}, doi = {10.1002/dhe} } @article {2782, title = {The challenges of web accessibility: The technical and social aspects of truly universal web}, journal = {First Monday}, volume = {20}, year = {2015}, note = {

This article discussed the relationship between web accessibility and conformance/government/social media. Besides, the concept \"cloud\" could be a potential in the future to further develop web accessibility, in particular for users with disabilities. But in order for a universally accessible web, we should still raise enough awareness of disability issues, so that more and more people could participate in this process.

}, abstract = {

This paper explores the concept of Web accessibility and how technologies, guidelines and policies have evolved since the turn of the twenty-first century in order to address the ideals of equitable access to online content for all people. The paper discusses the high availability of assistive technologies built into consumer devices and the associated accessibility guidelines for Web sites and content. Through examination of the literature, this paper shows that the accessible design and assessment of Web sites can be complicated, and that social media, corporate and government Web sites are yet to fully realise the goals of an accessible Web. The paper concludes with the view that disability awareness, more than technology and policy, is perhaps the primary obstacle to a more universally accessible Web.

}, author = {Justin Brown and Scott Hollier} } @article {2862, title = {Code in action: Closing the black box of WCAG 2.0, A Latourian reading of Web accessibility}, journal = {First Monday}, volume = {20}, year = {2015}, note = {

This article analyzed WCAG 2.0 Guideline from a critical perspective. In order to develop better web accessibility, the authors argued that clearer government regulation should be required, web accessibility standards could not function well and serve its purpose in the current era.

}, abstract = {

The focus of much academic work on Web accessibility has been concerned with the lack of implementation of the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines. There seems, as yet, however, to have been little critical reflection on the Guidelines themselves \— save perhaps some awareness of the heterogeneous nature of the Web, and the difficulties facing Web developers trying to ensure their work displays true to their intentions across a wide range of different browsers and devices, making use of continually evolving and contested code. Yet, as this paper highlights, the long drawn out process by which version 2.0 of the WCAG came into being hides many skeletons, including aspects of the process of developing standards that bear closer scrutiny, and reveal much when viewed through Latourian eyes. The findings of this paper suggest that the WCAG2.0 are almost irrelevant today \— to the detriment of those for whom they were made \— and that the process of creating them was at fault.

}, author = {David Kreps and Mhorag Goff} } @article {3242, title = {Compliance of section 508 in public library systems with the largest percentage of underserved populations}, journal = {Government Information Quarterly}, volume = {32}, year = {2015}, note = {

This study focused on the underrepresented web users who were in need of special assistance in using public library services. It chose 10 public library websites of cities which had the highest percentage of people with disabilities and another 10 web pages of cities which had the highest percentage of older people and tested their compliance to the Section 508 by employing an automated testing tool CynthiaSays. General webpages selected from each public library were categorized into general sites and specialized sites. Results showed these websites had low accessibility. Moreover, all specialized webpages failed to meet the Section 508 standards. In addition, the study also tested the relationship between website accessibility and the library\&$\#$39;s IT budgets. No significant relationship was observed. This suggested that budget factor was not critical for determining public library\&$\#$39;s accessibility.

}, pages = {75-81}, publisher = {Elsevier Inc.}, abstract = {

The issues of mobility, sight, and hearing impairments with respect to virtual accessibility are as important as physical accessibility when it comes to using public library services. However, a few studies have explored the accessibility of public library websites from the perspective of underrepresented user groups. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the accessibility of public libraries\&$\#$39; websites by testing the compliance on Section 508, and further investigate the correlation between Web accessibility and public libraries\&$\#$39; IT budgets. The study selected twenty public library systems that have the highest percentages of people with disabilities and older adults. Key findings indicate that most public library websites do not comply with Section 508, and thus, suggest that public library websites are not suited to deliver effective information services for underrepresented user populations who need special assistance. In addition, there is no significant association between the public library websites\&$\#$39; accessibility and their IT budgets, which suggests that public libraries\&$\#$39; lack of awareness of Web accessibility be the major challenge for compliance with Section 508.

}, keywords = {library, older adults, Section 508, Underserved populations, Web accessibility}, doi = {10.1016/j.giq.2014.11.005}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2014.11.005}, author = {Yi, Yong Jeong} } @article {2841, title = {Database mobile accessibility assessment at Adelphi University libraries}, journal = {Journal of Web Librarianship}, volume = {9}, year = {2015}, note = {

This article examined the level of mobile accessibility of databases at Adelphi Universitiy libraries. Results indicated that over 70\% of assessed databases were not mobile-opitimized and user-friendly in mobile devices. Therefore, future practices should focus on developing more compatible mobile library databases that reflect users\&$\#$39; actual searching needs.

}, pages = {85-98}, abstract = {

An increasing number of users are reaching out to their academic library from their mobile devices to search for scholarly content. As a result, the resources offered through the library Web site should be equally accessible on all devices. Database content is a critical library resource, and vendor products must evolve to function effectively on all types of devices. This study examined 197 databases at Adelphi University Libraries to determine if they are universally accessible either through the provision of an app or a mobile-optimized Web site. The study concluded that the majority of vendor platforms are not optimized for viewing across smart devices. These findings indicate that libraries should encourage vendors to offer mobileoptimized databases, and desktop computers may still be necessary for database searching.

}, doi = {10.1080/19322909.2015.1050567}, author = {April Grey and Rachel Isaac-Menard} } @article {2931, title = {A Delphi study of factors hindering web accessibility for persons with disabilities}, journal = {The Journal of Computer Information Systems}, volume = {55}, year = {2015}, note = {

This article introduces a Sign Language Interpreter Module for people with hearing disabilities. Not only original web pages could be preserved, but special designs would enable deaf people to improve their web accessibility to as many online contents as possible. It should bring in creative insights to further develop such a module, so that more functions could be added to extend the module for people with other disabilities.

}, pages = {28-34}, abstract = {

The importance of the web is increasing, not only as a communication channel but also in enhancing the quality of life for may. Accordingly, there is a growing interest in web accessibility (WA), which involves the creation of an environment in which everyone can equally access and use the web. WA is especially important to those who have disability as it can directly influence their quality of life. This study explores the factors that hinder WA for persons with disabilities and how can they alleviated. Using a Delphi method, study showed that the main factors hindering web accessibility are lack of the following: publicity and awareness; management\&$\#$39;s interest; institutional or financial support from the government; objective evaluations of accessibility compliance; availability of experts; accessibility education and relevant educational institutions; the understanding of accessibility compliance. Being one of few pioneering WA studies, this theory contributes to both theory and practice.

}, keywords = {Delphi method, disability, Web accessibility, Web design}, author = {Hong, Soon G. and Kim, Dong W. and Hyun, Joon H. and Trimi, Silvana} } @article {2898, title = {Developing inclusive research libraries for patrons and staff of all abilities}, journal = {Research Library Issues: A Report from ARL, CNI, and SPARC}, volume = {286}, year = {2015}, note = {This article identified that it should be important for libraries to actively address the needs and concerns of people with a variety of disabilities. By creating an inclusive library environment, both staff and patrons would be able to have access to their desired resources, thus improving the overall library accessibility.}, pages = {18-26}, author = {Darlene Nichols and Schnitzer, Anna Ercoli} } @article {2855, title = {Disability, human rights, and social justice: The ongoing struggle for online accessibility and equality}, journal = {First Monday}, volume = {20}, year = {2015}, note = {

This article described how inaccessibility would impact human rights, social justice and information sharing. Therefore, the importance of accessibility as equality should be stressed all the time, and there should be more active participation as well as discussion about web accessibility in the current society.

}, abstract = {

This paper argues for a reconsideration of the arguments made for online equality for persons with disabilities, using the context of the United States as a primary lens through which to examine the issues. By linking the existing legal protections and professional standards for accessible design to structures and institutions of human rights and social justice from international to local levels, advocates for an accessible online environment will have new opportunities to establish online equality for persons with disabilities within the broader continuum of human rights and social justice. Framing and discussing accessibility as a human issue as much as a legal and technical issue may bring significant changes to the current relationships between disability and the Internet.

}, author = {T. Paul Jaeger} } @article {3220, title = {Enhance digital and curricular access: Online learning and digital communications}, journal = {Disability Compliance for Higher Education}, volume = {20}, year = {2015}, note = {

This short article mainly addresses the issue of enhancing digital accessibility in higher education. Rather than responding reactively, the author argues that higher institutions need to respond proactively. He then gives some examples of how higher education institutions can engage proactively, including Temple University\&$\#$39;s comprehensive and multiyear approach to enhance accessibility. In addition, he briefly demonstrates four steps that higher education institutions could take in order to increase access to digital information.

}, pages = {5}, isbn = {9786468600}, doi = {10.1002/dhe}, author = {Thompson, Tom L.} } @article {3241, title = {Exploring perceptions of web accessibility: a survey approach}, journal = {Behaviour \& Information Technology}, volume = {34}, year = {2015}, note = {

This study aims to better understand the concept of accessibility. Researchers conducted a survey, asking more than 300 participants their views and definitions of accessibility. They were aiming at harmonizing understandings of the concept and better supporting users who were outside the community. They survey consisted of 33 questions assessing participants\&$\#$39; demographics, definitions and perceptions of accessibility, and a total number of 300 people provided complete responses. Results indicated that participants, especially technical participants, perceived accessibility and usability to be dependent. Most people, especially technical participants, perceived improving accessibility not only benefited disabled people, but also benefit the general audience. All participants agreed that accessibility testing should be user-centred. Thus assessing a webpage\&$\#$39;s accessibility should rely on users\&$\#$39; subjective perceptions. In general, participants were more in favor of having a standard definition for accessibility.

}, pages = {119-134}, abstract = {

The equality of access \– accessibility \– is difficult to quantify, define, or agree upon. Our previous work analysed the responses of web accessibility specialists in regard to a number of pre-defined definitions of accessibility. While uncovering much, this analysis did not allow us to quantify the communities\’ understanding of the relationship accessibility has with other domains and assess how the community scopes accessibility. In this case, we asked over 300 people, with an interest in accessibility, to answer 33 questions surrounding the relationship between accessibility, user experience (UX), and usability; inclusion and exclusion; and evaluation, in an attempt to harmonise our understanding of web accessibility. We found that respondents think that accessibility and usability are highly related and also think that accessibility is applicable to everyone and not just people with disabilities. Respondents strongly agree that accessibility must be grounded on user-centred practices and that accessibility evaluation is more than just inspecting source code; however, they are divided as to whether training in \‘Web Content Accessibility Guidelines\’ is necessary or not to assess accessibility. These perceptions are important for usability and UX professionals, developers of automated evaluation tools, and those practitioners running website evaluations.

}, keywords = {usability, Web accessibility}, issn = {0144-929X}, doi = {10.1080/0144929X.2013.848238}, url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=tbit20\nhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2013.848238}, author = {Yesilada, Yeliz and Giorgio Brajnik and Vigo, Markel and Simon Harper} } @article {3140, title = {Facilitating Access to Digital Content for the Print Disabled: The Need to Expand Exemptions to Copyright Laws}, journal = {Intellectual Property Journal}, volume = {27}, year = {2015}, note = {The paper defined the concept of "print disability" and puts forward the idea that existing laws need to be improved in order to facilitate this group.}, pages = {355-384}, abstract = {The recently enacted Marrakesh Treaty to Facilitate Access to Published Works for Persons Who Are Blind, Visually Impaired, or Otherwise Print Disabled does not give consideration to information distributed through information and communication technologies. It is suggested that this forms a significant limitation on the operation and effect of the Treaty and substantially compromises its utility in the digital age. The purpose of the present article is to consider the nature and effect of the omission of information and communications technologies, and propose recommendations for expanding the scope of operation of the Treaty to include digitized content so as to increase its utility for people with a print disability.}, url = {http://ezaccess.libraries.psu.edu/login?url=http://search.proquest.com.ezaccess.libraries.psu.edu/docview/1716260592?accountid=13158}, author = {Jingyi Li} } @article {3225, title = {Factors explaining adoption and implementation processes for web accessibility standards within eGovernment systems and organizations}, journal = {Universal Access in the Information Society}, year = {2015}, note = {This study explored and validated the adoption and implementation model for government web accessibility adoptation. Main factors that contribute to the adoption were discussed.}, pages = {1-18}, publisher = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg}, abstract = {Local government organizations such as municipalities often seem unable to fully adopt or implement web accessibility standards even if they are actively pursuing it. Based on existing adoption models, this study identifies factors in five categories that influence the adoption and implementation of accessibility standards for local government websites. Awareness of these factors is importap and understand these factors, this study has identified and interviewed experts in the field of (organizational) accessibility. This has led to an extension of the existing models. The extended model was then validated by interviews with key stakeholders. The outcome of this study places existing adoption models in a new context. The result is an adoption model that contributes better to explaining adoption and implementation processes within eGovernment systems and organizations. This adoption model aims to better help local governments in the identification of factors influencing the actual adoption and implementation of web accessibility standards in their situation. The model explains how factors in the different categories contribute to the adoption and implementation of web accessibility standards. The model may also be applicable to the adoption and implementation of other guidelines and (open) standards within local government. {\textcopyright} 2015 The Author(s)}, keywords = {government, WCAG, Web accessibility}, issn = {16155289}, doi = {10.1007/s10209-015-0449-5}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10209-015-0449-5}, author = {Velleman, Eric M. and Inge Nahuis and van der Geest, Thea} } @article {2975, title = {HathiTrust and a Mission for Accessibility}, journal = {On Access}, volume = {18}, year = {2015}, note = {This article introduced how HathiTrust digital library developed to provide accessible contents to disabled people around the world. Besides, the article also desribed specific strategies HathiTrust had used, in particular for users with print disabilities, to interact with open content.}, author = {Zaytsev, Angelina} } @book {2886, title = {HCI and User-Experience Design}, year = {2015}, note = {

This book detailed in historical and development aspects of user-interface designs. Not only topics about universal designs were covered, but also specific designs towards people with disabilities. It should provide some implications for future practice in HCI to improve web accessibility for disabled users.

}, publisher = {Springer}, organization = {Springer}, address = {London}, isbn = {9781447167433}, author = {Aaron Marcus} } @article {2771, title = {Improving Usability of Legal Research Databases for Users with Print Disabilities}, journal = {Legal Reference Services Quarterly}, volume = {34}, year = {2015}, note = {This article introduced in detail how to use AccessSTEM Web Accessibility Checklist to evaluate legal databases. Pros and cons of such an approach were also discussed, and law libririans were also encouraged to be actively involved in this process both individually and as a community. Future work could continue expand the framework and put it into multiple tests to assess its applicability.}, pages = {138-175}, doi = {10.1080/0270319X.2015.1048647}, author = {A. J. Blechner} } @article {3152, title = {Investigating Accessibility on Web-based Maps}, journal = {ACM SIGAPP Applied Computing Review}, volume = {15}, year = {2015}, note = {

This study presented results of an evaluation of ewb-based map applications for partially and totally blind people. The article was presented in three aspects: Expert-based evaluation, tool-based evaluation and end-user evaluation. None of the applications under study was fully accessible and a number of problems were pointed out.

}, pages = {17-26}, abstract = {

This paper presents results of an accessibility evaluation carried out with web-based map applications. Three points of view were considered: experts on accessibility, evaluation tools and final users (partially or totally blind people). The document WCAG 2.0 (Web Content Accessibility Guidelines) provided us with guidelines for evaluation and GQM (Goal, Question and Metric) approach was used to define and set measurable goals. A number of problems was identified and none of the evaluated applications entirely meet the analyzed criteria.

}, keywords = {Accessibility, blind, WCAG 2.0, Web accessibility}, doi = {10.1145/2815169.2815171}, author = {Jonathas Leontino Medina and Maria Istela Cagnin and Paiva, D{\'e}bora Maria Barroso} } @book {3100, title = {Libraries, human rights, and social justice: enabling access and promoting inclusion}, year = {2015}, note = {This book illustrates the point that libraries as an critical advocator for social justice and human rights by enhancing physical, intellectual, and social access to information for all communities. Distinguishingly, the authors discuss both the issue of social justice and human rights and differentiate them by stating that human rights are the belief that all people have certain rights and social justice is the system and structure that protect these rights. Chapter 2 demonstrates the relevant laws and constitutional histories about human rights. Chapter 3 discusses about the digital divide and how government and libraries can help improve it. Chapter 4 and 5 talk about current practices and the question of why libraries are not categorized as social justice institutions. The final chapter focuses on the issue of policy and politics.}, pages = {158}, publisher = {Rowman \& Littlefield}, organization = {Rowman \& Littlefield}, address = {New York, Boulder, Lanham, London}, keywords = {universal accessibility}, isbn = {1442250518, 9781442250512}, author = {Paul T. Jaeger and Taylor, Natalie Greene and Ursula Gorham} } @article {2849, title = {Location-triggered mobile access to a digital library of audio books using Tipple}, journal = {International Journal on Digital Libraries}, year = {2015}, note = {This article introduced TIPPLE, a location-triggered mobile app enabling users to have access to audio books in digital libraries. Specific functional requirements and operational process were described in detail, so that future work could continue exploring potentials of TIPPLE and apply it to more libraries.}, publisher = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg}, keywords = {mobile technology, multimedia}, doi = {10.1007/s00799-015-0165-z}, author = {Annika Hinze and David Bainbridge} } @article {3012, title = {Making journals accessible front \& back: examining open journal systems at CSU Northridge}, journal = {OCLC Systems \& Services: International digital library perspectives}, volume = {31}, year = {2015}, note = {This study examined the compliance to the Section 508 of the publishing tools used by librarians. Specifically, it examined the open source publishing platform Open Journal System (OJS) at the Oviatt Library at California State University, Northridge. Other than focusing on the front-end user interfaces, this study focused on the administration and editing functions. Selected webpages were examined sequentially by WAVE, FANGS and FAE.}, pages = {35-50}, abstract = {Purpose {\textendash} This study aims to examine Public Knowledge Project (PKP) Open Journal Systems (OJS) for its overall web accessibility and compliance with the Federal Electronic and Information Technology Accessibility and Compliance Act, also known as Section 508. Design/methodology/approach {\textendash} Twenty-one individual web pages in the CSUN test instance of PKP{\textquoteright}s OJS version 2.4.0 used in three back-end journal development user roles were examined using three web-accessibility tools (WAVE, Fangs, Functional Accessibility Evaluator). Errors in accessibility were then logged and mapped to specific Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) criteria. Findings {\textendash} In all, 202 accessibility errors were reported across the 21 OJS pages selected for testing. Because of this, the OJS cannot be efficiently utilized by assistive technologies and therefore does not pass the minimal level of acceptability as described in the WCAG 2.0. However, the authors found that the types of errors reported in this study could be simply and effectively remedied. Research limitations/implications {\textendash} Further studies will need to corroborate, on a larger scale, the problems of accessibility found in the specific pages. Only three user roles were examined; other roles will need to be analyzed for their own problems with accessibility. Finally, although specific errors were noted, most can be easily fixed. Practical implications {\textendash} There is an important need for accessible software design. In the case of CSUN, one of the campus partners will be better served by improving the web accessibility of the authors{\textquoteright} online open access journals. Originality/value {\textendash} Although many studies and analyses of Section 508 compliance of front-facing web resources have been conducted, very few appear to address the back-end of such tools. This is the first to examine what problems in accessibility journal users with disabilities might encounter as OJS system administrators, journal managers or journal editors.}, keywords = {Accessible software design, Open access, Publishers \& publishing, Section 508, Web accessibility}, doi = {10.1108/OCLC-02-2014-0013}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84921799089\&partnerID=tZOtx3y1}, author = {Laurie Borchard and Michael Biondo and Stephen Kutay and David Morck and Weiss, Andrew Philip} } @article {2879, title = {Managing Accessible Library Web Content}, journal = {Advances in librarianship}, volume = {40}, year = {2015}, note = {This article described how the Pennsylvania State University Libraries developed a remediation plan to engage content authors into the improvement of web accessibility. By proposing an author/publisher model and author/publisher/web rep model, the workflow to ensure and maintain web accessibility could be further improved. The findings in this article should provide social, technical as well as managerial significance to the web accessibility research in the future.}, pages = {169-189}, abstract = {Purpose - Academic library web sites contain a vast amount of content, often contributed by a large number of content creators with varying levels of technical expertise. The Penn State University Libraries site contains almost 10,000 pages contributed by over 200 content creators from all areas of the Libraries.
Methodology/approach - In October 2011, in response to a complaint filed against Penn State by the National Federation of the Blind, the University Libraries agreed to comply with the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.0 AA within a year to ensure that the web site would be accessible to all Libraries{\textquoteright} users.
Findings - This chapter describes how the Libraries developed a remediation plan; engaged content authors in the Libraries{\textquoteright} accessibility effort; implemented new content roles and workflow to ensure web accessibility and how they continue to actively measure and maintain the accessibility of web site content.
Originality/value - This chapter will be useful to Libraries committed to making their web content accessible to all users.}, doi = {10.1108/S0065-283020150000040017}, author = {Binky Lush} } @article {3181, title = {Methods and Techniques of Adaptive Web Accessibility for the Blind and Visually Impaired}, journal = {Procedia {\textemdash} Social and Behavioral Sciences}, volume = {195}, year = {2015}, note = {

This paper addressed the adaptive interaction between users and web information space with special focus on exploring methods and techniques for adaptive web accessibility for the blind and visually impaired. After thoroughly analysing related issues, it gave five adaptation techniques and fifteen proprietary technologies.

}, pages = {1999-2007}, publisher = {Elsevier B.V.}, abstract = {

Massive volumes of information shared on the web together with linked open data initiatives and exabytes of data generated through social networks frequently disorientates and confuses web users in their everyday interaction. Additionally, web users constitute a highly heterogeneous entities with different needs and requirements. Considering this, user adaptive software systems have been developed as a new application approach to ease the interaction between users and web information with the intent to bridge the gap between such presentation and navigational pitfalls. The user adaptive interaction is especially useful when considering a marginalized group such as blind and visually impaired users. This paper attempts at providing an overview of a state-of-the-art survey concerning adaptive interaction between users and web information space with special emphasis on exploiting methods and techniques for adaptive web accessibility for blind and visually impaired people. Likewise, the exploration of possibilities of new methods and techniques for user adapted interaction for blind and visually impaired is highly required in order to alleviate the accessibility according to Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG). Recent studies indicate that even when the guidelines are implemented on web information systems, there is little indication that people with disabilities will gain better accessibility. To address these issues, we introduce various visual and auditory approaches to extend such adaptive methods and techniques for blind and visually impaired.

}, keywords = {assistive technology, blind, visually impaired, Web accessibility}, doi = {10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.06.214}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877042815036939}, author = {Raufi, Bujar and Mexhid Ferati and Zenuni, Xhemal and Ajdari, Jaumin and Florije Ismaili} } @article {2890, title = {Online library accessibility support: a case study within the Open University Library}, journal = {Open Learning: The Journal of Open, Distance and e-Learning}, volume = {0513}, year = {2015}, note = {

This article introduced accessibility practices of Open University Library. Several aspects were covered: 1) how accessible online internal and external resources could influence a study; 2) how to use different approaches to different resources, inlcuding e-journals, databases, e-books, so on and so forth; 3) to what extent such accessibility means to students. Results indicate that libraries should provide accessible contents and continue improving accessibility of library resources.

}, pages = {1-13}, abstract = {

The Open University (OU) is the UK\’s largest distance education provider and has a large and growing disabled student population. Disabled user support presents particular challenges for an online library service in the distance learning environment. The OU introduced guidelines for working with non-OU\–authored content (external content) in 2011 which fundamentally altered the focus of library support from on-demand conversions to preemptive identification \– and where necessary, conversion \– of essential content. This case study describes Library Services\’ learning journey through its support for one particular module with lots of external content, the resultant benefits to its support services and considers areas for future development.

}, keywords = {alternative format, disability, distance education, higher education, libraries, library}, doi = {10.1080/02680513.2015.1025735}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84927943069\&partnerID=tZOtx3y1}, author = {Wendy Mears and Helen Clough} } @article {3045, title = {Over a Decade of Developing the Assistive Technology Field in the UK}, journal = {Technology and Disability}, volume = {27}, year = {2015}, note = {This is an introduction of a special issue which mainly presents papers from UK RAATE (Recent Advances in Assistive Technology and Engineering) conference 2013 held in Warwick University. The RAATE conference inaugurated in 2001. It is a long-standing annual UK conference focusing on assitive technology. The development of this conference provides insights into trends in the development of the disciplines, technology and services related to assistive technology.}, pages = {1-3}, abstract = {An introduction is presented in which the guest editors discuss various reports within the issue on topics including telecare, one-arm operated manual wheelchairs, and phenome recognition in binaural cochlear implants.}, keywords = {assistive technology}, doi = {10.3233/TAD-150428}, url = {http://www.medra.org/servlet/aliasResolver?alias=iospress\&doi=10.3233/TAD-150428}, author = {Donna Cowan and Simon Judge and Peter Cudd} } @article {2897, title = {The Portable Document Format (PDF) accessibility practice of four journal publishers}, journal = {Library \& Information Science Research}, volume = {37}, year = {2015}, note = {For readers with visual disabilities, it would be difficult for read through PDF documents. This article analyzed hundreds of articles in several renowned databases, and concluded that nearly over 90\% of them had accessibility issues. Therefore, future practices might consider solutions such as providing alternative texts, producing tagged PDFs and facilitaing document retrieval/navigation to improve web accessibility for visually impaired readers.}, pages = {254-262}, publisher = {Elsevier Inc.}, doi = {10.1016/j.lisr.2015.02.002}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0740818815000134}, author = {Julius T. Nganji} } @book {2892, title = {The practitioner{\textquoteright}s guide to user experience design}, year = {2015}, note = {

This book is a practical guide for both experts and non-experts to improve interface designs from the users\&$\#$39; perspective. Web developers, librarians, and anyone interested in designing accessible websites could take a look at this book. People should be able to better understand web accessibility from practical cases discussed in the book, and learn to improve interface designs to facilitate better user experience.

}, publisher = {Hachette Book Group, Inc.}, organization = {Hachette Book Group, Inc.}, edition = {1}, author = {Luke Miller} } @article {3000, title = {Reflections and proposals to improve the efficiency of accessibility efforts}, journal = {Universal Access in the Information Society}, volume = {14}, year = {2015}, note = {This paper discusses the web accessibility issue in the socioeconomic context. Other than viewing it from a technological perspective, the authors proposed that the issue should be reconsidered as a philosophical issue. Based upon this, it pointed out several problems with regards to end-users, application developers and web managers. In conclusion, it suggested that multiple roles, including companies, funding agencies, and users need to advocate good practices in improving web accessibility for disabled people.}, pages = {583-586}, publisher = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg}, abstract = {This paper presents a critical analysis of the current socioeconomic situation associated with the technology used by disabled people. It explains how companies, funding agencies, and users can promote good practices for overcoming existing barriers. In addition, the article discusses different considerations with the intention of forcing the reader to rethink of accessibility more as a philosophical change rather than a technological contribution. {\textcopyright}2014 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.}, keywords = {accessibility education, Social inclusion, software applications, Web accessibility}, isbn = {1020901403}, doi = {10.1007/s10209-014-0356-1}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10209-014-0356-1}, author = {Elena Ballesteros and Ribera, Mireia and Pascual, Afra and Toni Granollers} } @article {2912, title = {Rethinking Library Service: Improving the User Experience with Service Blueprinting}, journal = {Public Services Quarterly}, volume = {11}, year = {2015}, note = {

This article introduced the application of service blueprinting in academic libraries. This model engage customers to participate in the development of customer service in libraries, thus user experience could be better improved. Findings suggest that in future work, academic libraries could use this service blueprinting model to create a more user-centered library environment and enhance libraries\&$\#$39; accessibility overall.

}, pages = {1-12}, abstract = {

Service blueprinting is a process that businesses use for analyzing and improving service. Originally presented in the Harvard Business Review in 1984, it has retained a strong following ever since. At present, it is experiencing a revival at numerous academ- ic institutions. The authors of this article present the process of service blueprinting. They illustrate it with an example that will be familiar to a range of librarians at academic libraries.

}, keywords = {academic libraries, library, usability}, doi = {10.1080/15228959.2014.967826}, author = {Pretlow, Cassi and Sobel, Karen} } @article {2773, title = {Second national accessibility survey: librarians, patrons, and disabilities}, journal = {New Library World}, volume = {116}, year = {2015}, note = {This article conducted a national survey to librarians serving the National Library Service for the Blind and Physically Handicapped. Several challenges were identified, as well as a number of future implications of improving accessibility for disabled persons through the NLS/BPH system. Other libraries could use the examples here to act accordingly and provide better services for people with disabilities.}, pages = {503-516}, author = {Laurie Bonnici and L. Stephanie Maatta and Jackie Brodsky and Steele, Elaine Jennifer} } @article {3161, title = {A study on the current status and strategies for improvement of web accessibility compliance of public institutions}, journal = {Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity}, volume = {1}, year = {2015}, note = {This study is an examination of Korean public institutions{\textquoteright} web accessibility. 25 websites of Korean public institutions were selected and assessed manually agaisnt the KWCAG 2.0. Results were discussed and further recommendations were proposed.}, pages = {1-17}, publisher = {Journal of Open Innovation}, abstract = {The circulation of information through the Internet allows us to promptly and conveniently deliver information. However, it is also causing a simultaneous occurrence of digital information gap and cultural lag phenomena. The gap in the ability to freely access and use Web site contents using the Internet is affecting not only the digital information gap, it also affects the competitiveness of individuals. In Korea, pursuant to Article 21 of the "Act on the Prohibition of the Discrimination against the Disabled and the Relief of their Rights" and Article 14 of its enforcement ordinances enforced from 2008, Web-accessibility compliance for each agency has been gradually made mandatory. Even if a Web-accessibility certification mark has been obtained, some Web sites are involved in legal disputes because of their violation of the Anti-Discrimination Act for the Disabled, which has been recently enforced.}, keywords = {Korea}, doi = {10.1186/s40852-015-0001-0}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40852-015-0001-0}, author = {Kyung-Ran Noh and Eui-Seob Jeong and You, Young-Bok and Sun-Joo Moon and Mun-Bok Kang} } @article {3231, title = {Universal Design for Learning (UDL) in the Academic Library: A Methodology for Mapping Multiple Means of Representation in Library Tutorials}, journal = {College \& Research Libraries}, volume = {76}, year = {2015}, note = {In this study, librarians at East Carolina University (ECU) incorporated Universal Design for Learning (UDL) elements in an existing biology LibGuide and transformed it into an online tutorial. Before the tutorial experiment, biology professors answered an informal survey asking about their opinions of the importance of specific research skills. Based on this survey and the relevant information literacy standards, as well as assignments in two basic biology courses, researchers developed the new tutorial. Specifically, it consists of four formats: audio, visual, kinesthetic, and text. Learning disabled students recruited through Project STEPP were invited to use the tutorial. After interacting with the tutorial online, they were invited to complete a 35-40-minite task. The result showed that the four students had different learning preferences in terms of learning format preferences, learning strategies preferences and best time to study preferences. The tutorial showed a fairly positive result. Participants rated an average of 7 to 8 on a scale from 1 to 10 for engagement with teaching the subject matter. They also agreed that the tutorial{\textquoteright}s navigation was made easier by the inclusion of the top tabs.}, pages = {537-553}, abstract = {Librarians designed a biology tutorial not only to address an assignment, but also to make tutorials more accessible to students with various learning styles. The Science Librarian created the content by using aspects of the Information Literacy Standards for Science and Technology/Engineering, an informal survey of biology faculty, and assignments for the biology labs. The Instructional Design Librarian created multiple modules that engaged users through text, images, audio, and interactive tutorials. The researchers used Universal Design for Learning principles to address multiple learning styles, specifically multiple means of representation, and created a mapping technique for those principles that can be applied to any library tutorial. To assess the effectiveness, students with learning disabilities completed a usability test on the tutorial. ibrarians at East Carolina University (ECU) revised an existing biology LibGuide to incorporate Universal Design for Learning (UDL) elements and transform it into an online tutorial. UDL is an educational framework for creating instruction that allows for inclusion of many different types of learning preferences into the targeted curriculum. The Science Librarian at Joyner Library serves as a liaison to not only science-related fields, but also Project STEPP, an innovative grant-based college retention program for undergraduate students with multiple learning disabilities. This unique combination of duties became the basis for a project to improve a Biology 1051/1101 tutorial with the Instructional Design Librarian at Joyner Library to include UDL. BIOL 1051/1101 is a lab course that counts as a required course for all students entering the science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields and a general education science credit for non-STEM majors. On average, BIOL 1051 has 15{\textendash}20 sections per semester with 45{\textendash}50 students per section. BIOL 1101 has 15{\textendash}17 sections per semester with 45{\textendash}48 students per section. Both lab classes Attribution-NonCommercial (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by-nc/3.0/) CC BY-NC }, keywords = {learning disabilities, universal design}, issn = {0010-0870}, doi = {10.5860/crl.76.4.537}, url = {http://crl.acrl.org/content/76/4/537.full.pdf}, author = {Webb, Katy Kavanagh and Jeanne Hoover} } @article {3171, title = {Universal design, inclusive design, accessible design, design for all: different concepts {\textemdash} one goal? On the concept of accessibility {\textemdash} historical, methodological and philosophical aspects}, journal = {Universal Access in the Information Society}, volume = {14}, year = {2015}, note = {

The article discusses the concept of accessibility from methodological, historical and philosophical perspectives. It aims to articulate different explication of the concept across various cultures and systems.

}, pages = {505-526}, abstract = {

Accessibility and equal opportunities for all in the digital age have become increasingly important over the last decade. In one form or another, the concept of accessibility is being considered to a greater or smaller extent in most projects that develop interactive systems. However, the concept varies among different professions, cultures and interest groups. Design for all, universal access and inclusive design are all different names of approaches that largely focus on increasing the accessibility of the interactive system for the widest possible range of use. But, in what way do all these concepts differ and what is the underlying philosophy in all of these concepts? This paper aims at investigating the various concepts used for accessibility, its methodological and historical development and some philosophical aspects of the concept. It can be concluded that there is little or no consensus regarding the definition and use of the concept, and consequently, there is a risk of bringing less accessibility to the target audience. Particularly in international standardization the lack of consensus is striking. Based on this discussion, the authors argue for a much more thorough definition of the concept and discuss what effects it may have on measurability, conformance with standards and the overall usability for the widest possible range of target users.

}, keywords = {Accessibility, disability, universal design, usability}, isbn = {1020901403}, doi = {10.1007/s10209-014-0358-z}, author = {Persson, Hans and {\r A}hman, Henrik and Yngling, Alexander Arvei and Jan Gulliksen} } @article {2917, title = {Utah Accessible Tutorials: Creating a collaborative project between a public and academic library}, journal = {Collaborative Librarianship}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, note = {This article described a project aimed at collaboration in libraries to improve library accessibility. Benefits, challenges and recommendations were highlighted in the article, so that in the future, other libraries could learn from this project and seek for opportunities of such collaboration as well.}, pages = {79-83}, abstract = {This article describes collaboration between a research librarian and application developer at the University of Utah with a teen services librarian at Salt Lake County Libraries. Our group came together as part of the Innovative Librarians Explore, Apply, and Discover-Utah (ILEAD Utah) program. We discuss how we worked together to create and develop a project, the opportunities and difficulties we faced, and offer suggestions for how to build similar partnerships successfully.}, author = {Rogers-Whitehead, Carrie and Rutledge, Lorelei and Reed, Jacob} } @article {2970, title = {Web Accessibility for Older Adults: A Comparative Analysis of Disability Laws}, journal = {The Gerontologist}, volume = {55}, year = {2015}, note = {This article not only addressed the policy making of web accessibility for older adults in both federal laws and state laws across the United States, but also campared them against laws in other countries, such as the United Kingdom and Japan. In the end, the article proposed several recommendations, urging policymakers to continue improving current policies and laws about web accessibility. In particular, this article identified that private sectors should be paid more attention in the future, since they could be a great contributing factor in providing easy access to web pages for older adults.}, pages = {854-864}, keywords = {disability, Japan, law, Public Policy, United Kingdom}, doi = {10.1093/geront/gnv057}, author = {Yang, Y. Tony and Brian Chen} } @article {3031, title = {Web Accessibility : Is Your Content Ready for Everyone?}, journal = {EContent}, volume = {38}, year = {2015}, note = {

The article discusses the barriers in web accessibility and stated that ignorance was the most important reason that most websites were still having a large amount of accessibility errors. Some web designers don\&$\#$39;t even recognize that the user on the other end could have trouble accessing websites they designed. Then it considered assistive technology with regard to the coding and programming techniques. Only if the website has been correctly coded can assistive technologies such as screen readers properly recognize its content and help disabled readers. Improvement of web accessibility not only benefit marginalized audiences, but can benefit the general population as a whole.

}, pages = {22-28}, abstract = {

The article focuses on increasing the web content access and usability for people with disabilities like blind or low-vision users. Accessibility consultant and web developer Karl Groves reflects on ignorance as the major reason for inaccessible websites. It also talks about the amendments to be made in the regulations of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) to make websites on the Internet accessible to and usable by individuals with disabilities under the legal framework.

}, keywords = {Web accessibility}, url = {http://www.econtentmag.com/Articles/Editorial/Feature/Web-Accessibility-Is-Your-Content-Ready-for-Everyone-102447.htm}, author = {Mindy Charski} } @article {2864, title = {Web challenges faced by blind and vision impaired users in libraries of Delhi}, journal = {The Electronic Library}, volume = {33}, year = {2015}, note = {This article specifically identified several barriers for blind and visually impaired users with respect to access to web resources. Therefore, the authors proposed that in order to fix these problems, libraries should come up with solutions accordingly, even in aspects of assistive technology. And librarians should take the responsibility of addressing accessibility concerns to provide better services for these visually disabled users.}, pages = {242-257}, author = {Shailendra Kumar and Sanaman, Gareema} } @article {3183, title = {Academic Libraries in the US and China: Comparative Studies of Instruction, Government Documents, and Outreach}, journal = {Australian Library Journal}, volume = {63}, year = {2014}, note = {

This serves as a review of the book Academic libraries in the US and China: Comparative studies of instruction, government documents and outreach. It briefly introduces the main chapters in the book and then criticizes some shortcomes of the book.

}, pages = {250-251}, keywords = {government, libraries, library}, isbn = {9781843346913}, doi = {10.1016/B978-1-84334-691-3.50003-2}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84904034366\&partnerID=tZOtx3y1}, author = {Ren, Xiang} } @article {2904, title = {Access to digital library databases in higher education: Design problems and infrastructural gaps}, journal = {Work}, volume = {48}, year = {2014}, note = {This article identified several problems for blind screen users with digital library databases, including access to PDF files and e-book contents. Future work was suggested to further analyze these accessibility issues, and more research was encouraged to address problems to benefit library users.}, pages = {307-317}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: After defining accessibility and usability, the author offers a broad survey of the research studies on digital content databases which have thus far primarily depended on data drawn from studies conducted by sighted researchers with non-disabled users employing screen readers and low vision devices. OBJECTIVE: This article aims at producing a detailed description of the difficulties confronted by blind screen reader users with online library databases which now hold most of the academic, peer-reviewed journal and periodical content essential for research and teaching in higher education. METHODS: The approach taken here is borrowed from descriptive ethnography which allows the author to create a complete picture of the accessibility and usability problems faced by an experienced academic user of digital library databases and screen readers. RESULTS: The author provides a detailed analysis of the different aspects of accessibility issues in digital databases under several headers with a special focus on full-text PDF files. CONCLUSIONS: The author emphasizes that long-term studies with actual, blind screen reader users employing both qualita-tive and computerized research tools can yield meaningful data for the designers and developers to improve these databases to a level that they begin to provide an equal access to the blind.}, keywords = {Accessibility, assistive technology, blind, databases}, doi = {10.3233/WOR-131791}, author = {Oswal, Sushil K.} } @article {3026, title = {Accessibility barriers for users of screen readers in the Moodle learning content management system}, journal = {Universal Access in the Information Society}, volume = {13}, year = {2014}, note = {This paper argues that Moodle limites visually impaired users{\textquoteright} e-learning experience. Because of the particularity of the study, no authomatic tool was found, hence, Moodle was evaluated by an expert and the semi-automated tool. It was evaluated according to the ATAG 2.0 guidelines. In addition, users with visual disabilities were also recruited to evaluate the accessibility of Moodle. Results showed that Moodle did not conform to the accessibility standard. Furthermoer, it appeared to be not accessible for visually impaired individual users.}, pages = {315-327}, abstract = {In recent decades, the use of the Internet has spread rapidly into diverse social spheres including that of education. Currently, most educational centers make use of e-learning environments created through authoring tool applications like learning content management systems (LCMSs). However, most of these applications currently present accessibility barriers that make the creation of accessible e-learning environments difficult for teachers and administrators. In this paper, the accessibility of the Moodle authoring tool, one of the most frequently used LCMSs worldwide, is evaluated. More specifically, the evaluation is carried out from the perspective of two visually impaired users accessing content through screen readers, as well as a heuristic evaluation considering the World Wide Web Consortium{\textquoteright}s Authoring Tool Accessibility Guidelines. The evaluation results demonstrate that Moodle presents barriers for screen reader users, limiting their ability to access the tool. One example of accessibility problems for visually impaired users is the frequent inability to publish learning contents without assistance. In light of these results, the paper offers recommendations that can be followed to reduce or eliminate these accessibility barriers. {\textcopyright}2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.}, keywords = {Accessibility, assistive technology, Authoring tool, blind, education, visually impaired}, doi = {10.1007/s10209-013-0314-3}, author = {Roc{\'\i}o Calvo and Ana Iglesias and Lourdes Moreno} } @article {3188, title = {Accessibility of American University Special Education Departments{\textquoteright} Web sites}, journal = {Universal Access in the Information Society}, volume = {13}, year = {2014}, note = {This study conducted research on the accessibility of home pages of University Departments of Special Education. 44 Special Education departmental Web sites were evaluated. These home pages were evaluated by Bobby 4.0.1 and the AChecker Web Server. Results showed that the majority of (97\%) pages had accessibility problems and 39\% pages had severe problems.}, pages = {249-254}, abstract = {In the last 20 years, the World Wide Web (Web) has gone from being the means of disseminating information for a few scientists to a universal means of disseminating information across the globe. While the Web provides an unprecedented level of access to information for many, if not properly designed, Web sites can actually create a number of barriers to information access to persons with disabilities. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accessibility of home pages of University Departments of Special Education. A total of 51 Special Education departmental Web sites were located using a popular online search engine and evaluated for accessibility. Two Web site evaluation programs were used to determine whether the Web sites meet minimum accessibility guidelines, and one of them was used to quantify the number of accessibility errors on each site. The results indicated that most (97 \%) of the pages evaluated had accessibility problems, many (39 \%) of which were severe and should be given a high priority for correcting. The good news is the majority of errors can easily be corrected. The work reflects a need for Departments of Special Education to examine the accessibility of their home pages. Direction for improving accessibility is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]}, keywords = {education, home page, Web accessibility}, doi = {10.1007/s10209-013-0302-7}, author = {Ringlaben, Ravic and Marty Bray and Packard, Abbot} } @article {2936, title = {Accessibility: Where Are We Now?}, journal = {Publishers Weekly}, year = {2014}, note = {

This article discussed web accessibility issues of digital publishing, in particular the development of e-books. Several formats and versions were compared and contrasted, progress and challenges were identified as well. In the end, this article pointed out future practice in e-books should think more from users\&$\#$39; perspective and try to increase the efficacy of coverting documents into more readable and accessible materials.

}, pages = {27-28}, abstract = {

The article discusses efforts by the International Digital Publishing Forum (IDPF), a trade and standards association for the digital publishing industry, to improve the accessibility of standard design formats for electronic books (e-books) and digital publications as of May 2014. Topics include the ePub3 electronic publishing (e-publishing) standard; electronic textbooks (e-textbooks); and IDPF\&$\#$39;s website, EPUBZone.

}, keywords = {Barrier-free design, E-readers, Publishers \& publishing}, url = {http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true\&db=aph\&AN=96090654\&lang=de\&site=ehost-live}, author = {Tan, Teri} } @proceedings {2824, title = {An Analysis of Personalized Web Accessibility}, year = {2014}, note = {

This article stressed the importance of personalized tools apart from common methods to evaluate web accessibility. Common evaluation metrics may not be adequate to address the subtle difference among users since users may bear different kinds of disabilities. Therefore, it is significant to note that future developers need to utilize a combination of common and personalized metrics to evaluate and improve webpage designs.

}, abstract = {

This paper presents an experimental study designed to un\­ derstand the differences of performing personalized Web ac\­ cessibility evaluations or generic evaluations. We used the WaaT evaluator, which can perform personalized WCAG 2.0 based evaluation. We claim that these tools can be used by an individual to understand if a page is accessible to himself, before wasting time browsing its content. Our study shows that there are considerable differences between the generic and the personalized evaluation results. It also shows that the number of barriers found in accessing pages is in average considerably lower for users with upper limb and cognitive impairments than for those with vision and hearing impairments. Finally, we argue that com\­ mon accessibility evaluation metrics are inadequate to un\­ derstand the differences between these user perspectives of the same page. For a particular metric, we show that score differences are diminished and sometimes even mislead the perception of the accessibility quality.

}, keywords = {Automated evaluation, performance measures General Terms Measurement, software applications, User interface, Web accessibility}, doi = {10.1145/2596695.2596698}, author = {N{\'a}dia Fernandes and Nikolaos Kaklanis and Votis, Konstantinos and Tzovaras, Dimitrios and Lu{\'\i}s Carri{\c c}o} } @article {2832, title = {Application of the {\textquotedblleft}Benefit-of-the-doubt{\textquotedblright} approach for the construction of a digital access indicator: A revaluation of the {\textquotedblleft}Digital access index{\textquotedblright}}, journal = {Social Indicators Research}, volume = {118}, year = {2014}, note = {By presenting a new approach to construct a better digital access indicator, this article introduced a revaluation of the \"digital access index\". Such endeavors implicitly emphasized the importance of improving digital accessibility in socital development. Therefore, librarians should focus more on expanding access to library materials to patrons and uers in the future.}, pages = {45-56}, keywords = {digitization}, issn = {03038300}, doi = {10.1007/s11205-013-0422-8}, author = {Hassen Gaaloul and Soulef Khalfallah} } @book {3049, title = {Assistive technology research, practice, and theory}, year = {2014}, note = {This book provides both empirical and theoretical research about assistive technology for both motive and cognitive disabled people.}, pages = {312}, publisher = {Medical Information Science Reference}, organization = {Medical Information Science Reference}, address = {Hershey, PA}, abstract = {This book presents cutting-edge research in the field of assistive technologies, including both theoretical frameworks and empirical research to benefit individuals with motor and cognitive disabilities}, isbn = {146665015X, 9781466650152}, author = {Boaventura DaCosta and Seok, Soonhwa} } @article {2945, title = {Beyond assistive technology: presentation at Texas library association conference}, journal = {Library Hi Tech News}, volume = {31}, year = {2014}, note = {This article mainly discussed the concept of library accessibility, and introduced several specific apps for assistive technology, such as Natural Reader and iRewardChart. Users, in particular with a variety of disabilites, could use these apps to better acquire library information and achieve better library accessibility.}, pages = {1-5}, doi = {10.1108/LHTN-07-2014-0052}, author = {Todd, Kate} } @article {2900, title = {Conference report Copyright and beyond : Libraries in the public sphere}, journal = {INFOtrend}, volume = {67}, year = {2014}, note = {This article briefly discussed how libraries could take a leading role in protecting copyrights of digital resources. Not only should librarians raise the awareness of copyright issues during library operations, but libraries could further develop collaborations with each other, so that users could have access to more available resources.}, pages = {39-43}, author = {Inga-lill Nilsson} } @article {2944, title = {Construction Digital Library towards Resources Sharing in the ASEAN Countries}, journal = {International Journal of Machine Learning and Computing}, volume = {4}, year = {2014}, note = {This article emphasized the importance of collaborations between Asian libraires, and discussed potential benefits of developing and sharing Asian library digital document resources to expand digital library accessibility. It should be beneficial for librarians to recognize the sigficance of sharing information resources so that library users would have more access to digital library collections.}, pages = {63-67}, doi = {10.7763/IJMLC.2014.V4.387}, url = {http://www.ijmlc.org/index.php?m=content\&c=index\&a=show\&catid=43\&id=424}, author = {Thuy, Do Thi Thanh} } @article {2822, title = {Copyright, open access and library instruction}, journal = {Library Hi Tech News}, volume = {31}, year = {2014}, note = {This article included practical instructions for libririans to obtain copyright license of online resources, in particular, in music under the context of open access. In future practice, librarians should pay attention to copyright issues when bringing in specific contents, and addressing this problem properly in order to improve accessibility of such resources to library users.}, pages = {13-16}, abstract = {Purpose {\textemdash} The purpose of this article is to provide a general review of the concepts of copyright and open access as they relate to library instruction. The authors provide instructional advice to librarians on these topics.
Design/methodology/approach {\textemdash} The authors approach the topic from a descriptive and instructional stance. General research on the topics listed above was conducted and is presented as an overview.
Findings {\textemdash} The authors discuss the basics of copyright law, Creative Commons licenses, open access resources and copyright considerations specific to using music in instruction.
Originality/value {\textemdash} This article includes useful tips and resources for instructional librarians, such as where to find open access or Creative Commons content. It is of value to any librarian that utilizes other entities{\textquoteright} content in the course of instruction.}, isbn = {0720140064}, doi = {10.1108/LHTN-07-2014-0064}, author = {Laura Fargo McKinnon and Kris S. Helge} } @article {2844, title = {Copyright Reform Principles for Libraries , Archives , and Other Memory Institutions}, journal = {Berkeley Technology Law Journal}, year = {2014}, note = {This article talked about libraries in copyright systems and how Section 108 could play an important role in reforming libraries to better address concerns for copyright issues. Future implications for improving Section 108 were also identified for librarians to better embrace accessibility in library operations.}, author = {David R. Hansen} } @article {2794, title = {Copyright Skills in Academic Libraries}, journal = {Feliciter}, volume = {60}, year = {2014}, note = {This article introduced some tools and activities that could improve copyright education especially in library settings. In order to better facilitate scholarly communication through the library platform, it should be important for both librarians and users to raise the awareness of protecting copyrights of digital resources. Librarians should keep themselves informed of evolving copyright laws so that more resources could be accessible for patrons in a legal way.}, pages = {8-13}, issn = {0014-9802}, author = {Sam Cheng and Winter, Christina} } @article {2878, title = {Data mining: Competitive tool to digital library}, journal = {DESIDOC Journal of Library and Information Technology}, volume = {34}, year = {2014}, note = {This article discussed how to apply data mining into library systems, including cataloguing, information acquisition, search, and information circulation. It should be beneficial for libraries to adopt the data mining approach, despite some posed challenges. Generally speaking, more available data could help expand library accessibility.}, pages = {401-406}, abstract = {The increasing popularity of world wide web is providing an easy and quick alternative to get the required information through the internet which has threatened the existence of traditional libraries. The human capital associated with the management of libraries in the contemporary world is facing the challenge of crafting strategies to continuously augment their services with the help of information technology to provide quality customised services to the end users. To address this challenge libraries can use data mining to extract strategic information from the data captured in the libraries{\textquoteright} data ases. The capability of data mining to solve some of the vital problems has encouraged libraries to implement this intelligent tool of data mining. In this paper, an attempt has been made to educate stakeholders on the issues and applications of data mining in libraries.}, keywords = {data}, doi = {10.14429/djlit.34.6722}, author = {Tariq Ahmad Lone and Rafi Ahmad Khan} } @article {3123, title = {Design of a website for home modifications for older persons with dementia}, journal = {Technology and Disability}, volume = {26}, year = {2014}, note = {

A demonstration website has been developed to facilitate the older people with dementia. Researchers have consulted with participants about the existing websites. The participants were invited to visit the website and their visits were monitored by Google Analytics. At last, participants indicated that they preferred websites that were easy to print and and be navigated like a book. These results provide generalibility to the design of websites for older people with dementia.

}, pages = {1-10}, abstract = {

BACKGROUND: At present, persons with dementia and their family caregivers in the Netherlands are not adequately supported to modify their dwellings to match their personal needs. OBJECTIVE: To facilitate aging-in-place for persons with dementia, a website was designed. METHODS: The website was designed with persons with dementia and their spouses. In consultation sessions existing websites were discussed. Based on this discussion, a demonstration website was created and then discussed with and judged by the participants. Visits to the website were monitored using Google Analytics. RESULTS: Participants prefer a website that is easy to print. In addition, the navigation menu should have a maximum of three levels, and the website menu should be positioned on the left. Participants dislike the use of meaningless photographs because these do not add any value to the information given. CONCLUSIONS: Participants prefer a website that is as accessible as reading a book. Some differences are related to culture, such as the participants dislike for the use of English terms. Therefore, preferences or dislikes of items on a website could not be generalized as such. However, the preferences and dislikes may provide useful input for the design process of an appropriate website.

}, keywords = {assistive technology, older adults, usability, website}, doi = {10.3233/TAD-140399}, author = {Helianthe S. M. Kort and Van Hoof, Joost} } @article {2920, title = {Disability users{\textquoteright} evaluation of the web accessibility of SNS}, journal = {Service Business}, volume = {8}, year = {2014}, note = {

This study investigated the web accessibility of four social networking sites: Facebook, Twitter, Me2day, and Yozm. Results showed that disabled people were generally perceiving websites as\ inconvenient.

This article launched a study to analyze disability users\&$\#$39; evaluation of social network service (SNS). It turned out that SNS scored low in both task success rates and user satisfaction levels, which proves that disabled people still experience a number of difficulties when engaging social network activities. The result should inspire future developers to improve SNS designs more from the disability users\&$\#$39; perspective.

}, pages = {517 - 540}, abstract = {

Social network service (SNS) is an effective communication tool for the community of disabled people. However, there is a general paucity of research on web accessibility of SNSs. This study investigates web accessibility of four SNSs that are most popular among disabled people: Facebook, Twitter, Me2day, and Yozm. Eight disabled individuals were selected according to the type of disability: two with total blindness, two with low vision, two with brain lesions, and two with an upper extremity disability. The subjects were asked to perform four navigationrelated tasks and ten general tasks for each SNS. The success rate of their performances and user satisfaction levels were then measured. The four SNSs, on average, attained a task success rate of 73 \% and a user satisfaction score of 3.1 points (max. = 5), indicating that the disabled participants found the websites generally inconvenient. As a pioneering evaluative study of the web accessibility of major SNS sites for the disabled, this research contributes to both theory and practice.

}, keywords = {usability, Web accessibility}, issn = {1862-8516}, doi = {10.1007/s11628-013-0205-y}, author = {Sang M. Lee and Soon-Goo Hong and Dong-Han An and Hyun-Mi Lee} } @article {2852, title = {Electronic reading and digital library technologies: Understanding learner expectation and usage intent for mobile learning}, journal = {Educational Technology Research and Development}, volume = {62}, year = {2014}, note = {

This article discussed how to apply electronic reading and digital library technologies to improve learning experiences under the context of mobile communication. In future practices, libraries could consider developing mobile platforms to accomondate users\&$\#$39; diverse needs in reading electronic books. In this way, library users may be able to have access to more library materials in a more efficient manner.

}, pages = {35-52}, abstract = {

Mobile information technology is changing the education landscape by offering learners the opportunity to engage in asynchronous, ubiquitous instruction. While there is a proliferation of mobile content management systems being developed for the mobile Web and stand-alone mobile applications, few studies have addressed learner expectations and usage intent in consuming digital documents from online content providers and digital libraries with specific emphasis on formal instruction. Understanding usage intent and actual usage of a mobile learning agent as a result of ease of use and usefulness of mobile devices will be addressed in this study. A research framework for instructional technology usage is proposed to help better articulate critical success factors in implementing formal learning using a mobile device, specifically an electronic reader or a tablet computer.

}, keywords = {digital libraries, education, mobile technology, usability}, issn = {1042-1629, 1556-6501}, doi = {10.1007/s11423-013-9330-5}, author = {Jack A. Hyman and Mary T. Moser and Segala, Laura N.} } @article {3094, title = {An empirical study of factors influencing user perception of university digital libraries in China}, journal = {Library and Information Science Research}, volume = {36}, year = {2014}, note = {This study aims to examine factors that influence user perceptions of China{\textquoteright}s university digital library services. Specifically, the research is interested in studying the relationship between five DL functional service types (Information providing services, Information organizing services, Interaction services, Information retrieval services and Individual services) and user perceptions of DLs. Results indicated that three factors would directly influence user perception of a DL, namely information providing services, information retrieval services, and individual services, with the former two factors being more important. Other indirect relationships were discussed.}, pages = {225-233}, publisher = {Elsevier Inc.}, abstract = {Studies of the resources and services provided through university digital libraries have focused on evaluation criteria which consider usability, content, technology, and context. The factors influencing user perception of university digital libraries have not been explored and discussed from the perspective of specific library service types. Structural equation modeling was used to explore influencing factors and the relationships among them, based on 353 responses to survey questionnaires regarding academic DLs in China. Findings show that information providing services, information retrieval services, and individual services are direct influencing factors, while information organizing services affect user perception indirectly through information retrieval services and individual services. Various services also demonstrate interactions.}, keywords = {library, usability}, doi = {10.1016/j.lisr.2013.10.008}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lisr.2013.10.008}, author = {Chang Ping Hu and Yuan Hu and Yan, Wei Wei} } @article {2762, title = {Ensuring accessibility of electronic information resources for visually impaired people}, journal = {Library Hi Tech}, volume = {32}, year = {2014}, note = {

This article proposed to clarify different concepts with respect to \"visual impairment\" in order to ensure better accessibility of electronic information resources. Since such clarification could help better target users with different kinds of visual disabilities, it should be of great importance for future practice to select their intended audience in a proper way and make policy changes accordingly.

}, pages = {368-379}, abstract = {

Purpose \– The paper addresses the importance of clarifying terminology such as visually impaired and related terms before embarking on accessibility studies of electronic information resources in library contexts. Apart from briefly defining accessibility, the paper attempts to address the lack of in-depth definitions of terms such as visually impaired, blind, partially sighted, etc. that has been noted in the literature indexed by two major Library and Information Science (LIS) databases. The purpose of this paper is to offer a basis for selecting participants in studies of accessibility of electronic information resources in library contexts and to put discussions of such studies in context. Design/methodology/approach \– Clarification of concepts concerning visual impairment following a literature survey based on searching two major databases in LIS. To put the discussion in context accessibility is also briefly defined. Findings \– Although visually impaired and a variety of related terms such as blind, partially sighted, visually disabled, etc. are used in the LIS literature, hardly any attempt is made to define these terms in depth. This can be a serious limitation in web and electronic accessibility evaluations and the selection of participants. Practical implications \– Clearly distinguishing between categories of visually impaired people and the ability of sight of participants is important when selecting participants for studies on accessibility for visually impaired people, e.g. the accessibility evaluation of web sites, digital libraries and other electronic information resources. Originality/value \– The paper can make a contribution to the clarification of terminology essential for the selection of participants in accessibility studies, as well as enriching the literature on accessibility for visually impaired people in the context of LIS.

}, keywords = {Accessibility, blind, visual disability, visually impaired}, doi = {10.1108/LHT-11-2013-0148}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84927563555\&partnerID=tZOtx3y1}, author = {Stefanus Andreas Kleynhans and Ina Fourie} } @article {2881, title = {An evaluation of the functionality and accessibility of e-readers for individuals with print disabilities}, journal = {The Electronic Library}, volume = {32}, year = {2014}, note = {This article evaluated three e-reader devices for useres with print disabilities. Results indicated that Apple iPad standed out as providing better functions and more accessibile features. Since nowadays most libraries provide lending services of these e-readers, this article could serve as information sources for libraries to choose suitable e-readers to ensure better accessibility and user experience.}, pages = {493-507}, abstract = {The current issue and full text archive of this journal is available at www.emeraldinsight.com/0264-0473.htm E-readers for An evaluation of the individuals with print disabilities functionality and accessibility of e-readers for individuals with 493 print disabilities Stephanie L. Maatta Received 18 January 2013 Revised 28 February 2013 School of Library \& Info Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, Accepted 3 March 2013 Michigan, USA, and Laurie J. Bonnici School of Library \& Information Studies, The University of Alabama, Tucaloosa, Alabama, USA Abstract Purpose {\textendash} This study aims to examine the usability of three popular electronic reading devices (e-readers) to determine which device provides the best functionality for individuals with print disabilities. Adaptability and flexibility for use with assistive technology are also evaluated. Design/methodology/approach {\textendash} This study reports the results of a usability test of e-readers and their potential for use by individuals with print disabilities. Students enrolled in a School of Library and Information Science evaluated and compared the devices through a series of tasks designed to measure functionality. Participants completed a series of questionnaires and engaged in small group discussion about the efficacy of the devices. Likert scales and open-ended evaluation were employed in the evaluation and analysis. Findings {\textendash} Two of the three devices examined offered no accessibility features for individuals with low or no visionwhorequire assistive technologies to use information and communication technologies. The third device, while offering greater universal access functionality for individuals with mild-to-moderate print disabilities, also had weaknesses for individuals with severe print disabilities. Originality/value {\textendash} With the rapid deployment of e-readers, little research has been completed measuring the accessibility and functionality for individuals with print disabilities in library or educational environments. The paper provides data on the usability of e-readers for users with print disabilities and recommendations for adopting e-reader use in libraries and educational environments. It will inform and guide information professionals seeking to provide greater access to resources for patrons with specialized access needs.}, keywords = {Accessibility, E-readers, print disabilities, universal design}, isbn = {0420120041}, doi = {10.1108/EL-01-2013-0012}, author = {S. L. Maatta and L. J. Bonnici and J. Chen} } @article {2916, title = {Evolving from Disability to Diversity}, journal = {Reference \& User Services Quarterly}, volume = {54}, year = {2014}, note = {This article talked about libraries\' role in providing better service for autistic students. Specific personal librarian programs could be a good way to serve targeted groups, and it should be also important to arrange regular library staff training activities to raise the awareness of helping those students better use library resources.}, pages = {24-28}, abstract = {The article presents advice for library reference service professionals to serve student patrons with autism spectrum disorders. A brief overview of the features and characteristics of autism spectrum disorders is included. Additional topics addressed include promoting awareness of autistic student needs within the library staff, the implementation of the universal design of learning (UDL) system, and community outreach in connection to Autism Awareness Month in April.}, doi = {10.5860/rusq.54n1.24}, url = {http://ezproxy.dom.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true\&db=a9h\&AN=98545900\&site=ehost-live\&scope=sitehttp://content.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.dom.edu/ContentServer.asp?T=P\&P=AN\&K=98545900\&S=R\&D=a9h\&EbscoContent=dGJyMNLr40SeqK84zd}, author = {Remy, Charlie and Seaman, Priscilla} } @article {2951, title = {"Free to All" : Library publishing and the challenge of open access}, journal = {Journal of Librarianship and Scholarly Communication}, volume = {2}, year = {2014}, note = {This article called for the active participation of libraries and publishers to develop open access and open scholarly publishing. Also, some current problems and challenges were identified, along with some possible application solutions to promote university library publishing under the context of open access.}, abstract = {There is a significant and important responsibility as libraries move into the role of publishing to retain our heritage of {\textquotedblleft}access for all.{\textquotedblright} Connecting and collaborating with colleagues in the publishing industry is essential, but should come with the understanding that the library as an organization is access-prone. This article discusses the complexities of navigating that relationship, and calls for libraries and publishers to embrace and respect the position from which we begin. Finally, the article forecasts several possible characteristics of what {\textquotedblleft}publishing{\textquotedblright} might look like if libraries press the principle of access in this growing area.}, doi = {10.7710/2162-3309.1181}, author = {Vandegrift, Micah and Josh Bolick} } @article {2873, title = {From Books to Bytes : Second Circuit Endorses Library Digitization Projects Background of the Case}, journal = {The IP Litigator : Devoted to Intellectual Property Litigation and Enforcement}, volume = {20}, year = {2014}, note = {This article briefly discussed why and how to launch the Library Digitization project. Digitizing library collections would enable liranrians, scholars and students to have access to previously unaccessible materials. Development of such projects wouldl largely expand library accessibility, therefore, librarians should make efforts to construct high quality digital libraries in future practices.}, pages = {5-8}, author = {Randy Lipsitz and Francesca Butnick and Seifert, Hanna} } @article {2810, title = {From disability to usability in online instruction}, journal = {Law Library Journal}, volume = {106}, year = {2014}, note = {This article discussed how to understand impairments and accessibility laws/standards. Then some practical rules for designing accessible interfaces were identified, helping web developers and librarians to create more acceessible web sites for people with disabilities.}, pages = {531-562}, author = {Susan David} } @article {2792, title = {The future of open access and library publishing}, journal = {New Library World}, volume = {115}, year = {2014}, note = {This artcile identified that due to the inevitable interaction between open access and library publishing, future librarians mush take on new roles to further improve library accessibility during this process, such as digital publishing libririan and so on. For libraries, it is both economically and socially beneficial to incorporate open access to library development and encourage authors as well as other parties to collectively contribute to expanding public access to original and published library collections.}, pages = {225-236}, abstract = {This is an author\'s peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Emerald Group Publishing Limited and can be found at: http://www.emeraldgrouppublishing.com/products/journals/journals.htm?id=nlw.}, keywords = {academic libraries, Open access, Publishers \& publishing}, isbn = {0420140034}, doi = {10.1108/NLW-05-2014-0049}, url = {http://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/xmlui/handle/1957/51311}, author = {Faye Chadwell and Sutton, Shan C.} } @proceedings {2926, title = {Global considerations in creating an organizational web accessibility policy}, year = {2014}, note = {

This article identified some considerations during the development of web accessibility policy by comparing legislation disability rights and digital accessibility in five countries. Their findings acknowledged the prominence of WCAG 2.0 standard and pointed out the emerging trend of policy convergence across different countries with respect to web accessibility. However, current policies still put more emphasis on print disability while digital disability needed more extensions in the future, and organizations still experienced difficulty with PDF accessibility, which should be paid attention in future practice.

}, author = {Sloan, David and Sarah Horton} } @proceedings {2870, title = {Holistic Web Accessibility in a Society of Technology Convergence}, year = {2014}, note = {

This article focused on web accessibility of constructing better ecosystems for users with different products. A \"Holistic Web Accessibility\" idea was proposed to promote seamless product user experience. It should serve as a whole new entry point to study web accessibility issues, and web developers could learn something from the framework this article presented.

}, abstract = {

Web accessibility is subject to the paradigm of convergence. The web plays a crucial role in this paradigm. Increasingly, it becomes a platform for an ecosystem where users with different products, services, and activities work together organically and complement each other. To cope with this complex system I suggest Holistic Web Accessibility through design, which converges Technology with Activity in designing for seamless product ecosystems and holistic human experiences.

}, doi = {10.1145/2596695.2596703}, author = {Kun-Pyo Lee} } @article {3034, title = {iCAN: A tablet-based pedagogical system for improving communication Skills of children with autism}, journal = {International Journal of Human-Computer Studies}, volume = {73}, year = {2014}, note = {This study improved the traditional pedagogical approach for teaching communication skills to children with autism by incorporiting digital technology. Specifically, the researchers incorporated the traditional PECS approach into a tablet-based system in order to make the approach portable and less time-consuming. Eleven children and their caregivers were invitedd to test the new system during a period of four weeks. Results showed that the system reduced the content-preparation time by 70\%. It also improved childrens{\textquoteright} willingness to learn and interact with the system.}, pages = {79-90}, publisher = {Elsevier}, abstract = {The Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) is the conventional pedagogical approach for developing the communication skills of children with autism, and research has supported the approach{\textquoteright}s great effectiveness in its communicative utilization of picture cards. Unfortunately, the paper-based approach{\textquoteright}s effectiveness is hampered by the time-consuming and complex preparation process of manually creating and managing these picture cards for use between the children and their caregivers. This paper presents iCAN, a tablet-based system that adopts the successful aspects of the traditional PECS approach while incorporating advantageous features such as support for digital, visualization, and voice capabilities; improved portability due to its smaller form factor on a tablet; and image-capturing capabilities for expanding the flexibility of content creation. We deployed our system onto eleven children participants {\textendash} whom are diagnosed with moderate to severe autism {\textendash} and their primary caregivers over a span of four weeks, and our results demonstrated that iCAN reduced content-preparation time by over 70\% while also enhancing the willingness of children with autism to learn and interact with others.}, keywords = {assistive technology, Autism, Interface design, software applications}, issn = {1071-5819 (Print)}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijhcs.2014.06.001}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S107158191400086X}, author = {Miao-En Chien and Cyun-Meng Jheng and Ni-Miao Lin and Tang, Hsien-Hui and Taele, Paul P. and Tseng, Wen-Sheng and Mike Y. Chen} } @proceedings {2907, title = {Impact of web accessibility barriers on users with hearing Impairment}, year = {2014}, note = {

This article points out that apart from people with visual disabilities, those with hearing impairment are also afflicted with web accessibility barriers. The study result contributes to emphasizing not only the importance of online contents with plain language, but the necessity of captions and sign language alternatives in videos for users with hearing impairment as well so that they would obtain better user experience.

}, month = {09/2014}, isbn = {978-1-4503-2880-7}, doi = {10.1145/2662253.2662261}, author = {A. Pascual and M. Ribera and T. Granollers} } @article {2874, title = {Improving academic library website accessibility for people with disabilities}, journal = {Library Management}, volume = {35}, year = {2014}, note = {From Duplicate 1 (Improving academic library website accessibility for people with disabilities - Lisa, Billingham)
This article could provide practical guide for librarians on how to improve academic library webiste accessibility for people with disabilities. Not only libraries, but also users and information professionals could learn from the experience introduced in this article, to further understand accessibility issues and adjust future practical directions accordingly.
From Duplicate 2 (Improving academic library website accessibility for people with disabilities - Lisa, Billingham)
This article described the efforts of the Cowan University (ECU) to improve accessibility of the academic library websites and their negotiations with web suppliers during the process. Though most of the upgrades failed re-test, there were still some small changes to those websites. Other universities could learn from such experience and try to improve their libraries\' web accessibility, in particular for users with disabilities.}, pages = {565-581}, abstract = {Purpose {\textemdash} The purpose of this paper is to explain how Edith Cowan University (ECU) Library improved the accessibility of their web site, aiming for Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) version 2.0 Level AA. It describes the results obtained.\n
Design/methodology/approach {\textemdash} Initial testing by consultants was conducted in October 2012. The web site was defined as all webpages which appear part of the library web site, including supplier webpages, plus pages from the university web site and library web site. Library staff applied the recommendations to pages which they could edit, and discussed the recommendations with suppliers to improve their product\'s accessibility. The web site was re-tested in June 2013.\n
Findings {\textemdash} ECU Library web site failed WCAG 2.0 Level A standard in the initial testing and re-testing. Many individual pages which failed initially passed the re-test. The smallest improvement was seen in suppliers{\textquoteright} web sites.\n
Practical implications {\textemdash} This paper could help libraries to improve web site accessibility, as it covers negotiating with suppliers to upgrade their web sites, plus upgrading editable webpages. It shows initial and re-test results, allowing libraries to compare their results to those of ECU. Legislation and guidelines state web sites should be accessible to all users and organisations providing non-accessible web sites risk being sued. \n
Social implications {\textemdash} A web site not complying with WCAG version 2.0 would be very difficult for people with disabilities to access. Upgrading ECU Library\'s web site will provide all users with more equal access to the resources. \n
Originality/value {\textemdash} This study describes problems in upgrading academic library webpages and related supplier web sites and organisation web site to improve accessibility for people with disabilities.}, keywords = {w3c, WCAG, Web content accessibility guidelines, Website Accessibility, World Wide Web Consortium}, issn = {0143-5124}, doi = {10.1108/LM-11-2013-0107}, author = {Billingham Lisa} } @article {3255, title = {Improving academic library website accessibility for people with disabilities}, year = {2014}, note = {Billingham, L. (2014). Improving academic library website accessibility for people with disabilities. Library Management, 35, 565{\textendash}581. https://doi.org/10.1108/LM-11-2013-0107}, abstract = {

Purpose \– The purpose of this paper is to explain how Edith Cowan University (ECU) Library improved the accessibility of their web site, aiming for Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) version 2.0 Level AA. It describes the results obtained. Design/methodology/approach \– Initial testing by consultants was conducted in October 2012. The web site was defined as all webpages which appear part of the library web site, including supplier webpages, plus pages from the university web site and library web site. Library staff applied the recommendations to pages which they could edit, and discussed the recommendations with suppliers to improve their product\’s accessibility. The web site was re-tested in June 2013. Social implications \– A web site not complying with WCAG version 2.0 would be very difficult for people with disabilities to access. Upgrading ECU Library\’s web site will provide all users with more equal access to the resources. Findings \– ECU Library web site failed WCAG 2.0 Level A standard in the initial testing and re-testing. Many individual pages which failed initially passed the re-test. The smallest improvement was seen in suppliers\’ web sites. Practical implications \– This paper could help libraries to improve web site accessibility, as it covers negotiating with suppliers to upgrade their web sites, plus upgrading editable webpages. It shows initial and re-test results, allowing libraries to compare their results to those of ECU. Legislation and guidelines state web sites should be accessible to all users and organisations providing non-accessible web sites risk being sued. Originality/value \– This study describes problems in upgrading academic library webpages and related supplier web sites and organisation web site to improve accessibility for people with disabilities.

}, keywords = {people with disabilities, w3c}, issn = {0143-5124}, author = {Billingham Lisa} } @article {3145, title = {Inclusive AAC: Multi-modal and multilingual language support for all}, journal = {Technology and Disability}, volume = {26}, year = {2014}, note = {

This paper presents results that are coming from the recently finished EU project AEGIS where the CCF (Concept Coding Framework) technology has been used to develop components for symbol support in open source software for both maintream and assistive technology. A CCF-SymbolServer, an open source, has been developed with multi-modal and multilingual language. The general results of the project has been presented here.

}, pages = {93-103}, abstract = {

The Concept Coding Framework (CCF) technology represents a long-term commitment to develop and deliver an open infrastructure for multi-modal and multilingual language support for a wide area of applications. In this way the varying needs among several smaller groups of users of AAC (Augmentative and Alternative Communication) may be met as part of a more inclusively designed [1] mainstream environment of much broader interest. With support from the EU via the AEGIS project, a \“CCF-SymbolServer\” has been developed. It can be installed locally on any of the major desktop platforms (GNU/Linux, MacOS X and Windows), or online, to support many kinds of local or web based services and networked mobile systems. In any of these environments the CCF-SymbolServer can provide its multilingual and multi-modal representation services to other applications. Three such applications, developed and tested with users within AEGIS, are presented: (1) CCF-SymbolWriter, an extension for symbol support in LibreOffice/OpenOffice Writer; (2) CCF-SymbolDroid, an AAC app for Android mobile devices; (3) the new CCF supported version of Special Access to Windows (SAW6). Three current follow-up projects are briefly presented in the outline of perspectives for further research and development.

}, keywords = {Accessibility, assistive technology, cognitive disability, education, software applications, universal design}, isbn = {9781614993032}, doi = {10.3233/TAD-140407}, author = {Mats Lund{\"a}lv and Sandra Derbring and Katarina Heimann M{\"u}hlenbock and Annika Br{\"a}nnstr{\"o}m and Bengt Farre and Lars Nordberg} } @article {3108, title = {Increasing access to public libraries for children with special needs and their families}, journal = {The Australian Library Journal}, volume = {63}, year = {2014}, note = {

This paper detailed a special session for children with special needs and their families advocated by the Adelaide Hills Council Library Service. In comparison to most studies that focuse on adults with disabilities, this article argued the importance of paying attention to children with disabilities. Literature on public library for disabled people often focuses on adults with sensory disabilities, few has been put forward regarding children and with other disabilities, such as psychiatric and intellectual disabilities. This article filled this gap. In the session trail, while children were able to bring with them their own communication devices, but no technology was involved in the program resesearch design. The program showed positive results. It started from 2011 and continued to run since then. In 2012, it received a national Friends of Libraries Australia Award for innovative programs for children. The dropout rate of families attending the program was considerably low.

}, pages = {320-324}, abstract = {

The Adelaide Hills Council Library Service has introduced a story time session for children with special needs and their families. This article highlights the reasons why the Adelaide Hills Council Libraries took this step as part of a greater concern for access to public libraries for children with special needs and their families. The article details the process involved in the development and implementation of the program. A description of the program, its goals and the benefits realised are outlined. The article raises the issue that access to public libraries for people with disabilities is predominantly focused on adults with physical and sensory disabilities. Understanding and awareness of the access issues to public libraries for children with special needs and their families need further research. \© 2014 Australian Library \& Information Association.

}, keywords = {access, children, library}, doi = {10.1080/00049670.2014.951167}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84906723462\&partnerID=tZOtx3y1}, author = {Jo Kaeding} } @article {2968, title = {Increasing accessibility with a visual sign system : A case study}, volume = {44}, year = {2014}, note = {

This article introduced a sign system to facilitate navigation for people with limited reading skills. Such an approach could be used in library systems as well to improve web accessibility. More noticeable signs or links could be created in library webpages, so that users could easily locate no matter what they are looking for.

}, pages = {451-473}, author = {Winn, Wendy} } @proceedings {2799, title = {Investigating the Appropriateness and Relevance of Mobile Web Accessibility Guidelines}, year = {2014}, note = {Through conducting a case study, this article identified mapped some tester issues related to the Mobile web accessibility guidelines, such as color contrast, bluetooth keyboard compatibility, elements not announced on focus, so on and so forth. These issues could help future developers improve those prominent guidelines to be more user-centered under the context of mobile communications.}, abstract = {The Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI) of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) develop and maintain guidelines for making the web more accessible to people with disabilities. WCAG 2.0 and the MWBP 1.0 are internationally regarded as the industry standard guidelines for web accessibility. Mobile testing sessions conducted by AbilityNet document issues raised by users in a report format, relating issues to guidelines wherever possible. This paper presents the results of a preliminary investigation that examines how effectively and easily these issues can be related by experts to the guidelines provided by WCAG 2.0 and MWBP 1.0. }, author = {Raphael Clegg-Vinell and Christopher Bailey and Voula Gkatzidou} } @article {3222, title = {A joker in the class: Teenage readers{\textquoteright} attitudes and preferences to reading on different devices}, journal = {Library and Information Science Research}, volume = {36}, year = {2014}, note = {

This article studied teenagers\&$\#$39; reading habits in terms of e-reader use and print use. The results showed that 10th graders preferred e-readers more than print. In addition, boys are more preferable to e-readers than girls. Importantly, research showed that teenagers who preferred e-readers were more likley to be reluctant readers whereas those who preferred print were more likely to be avid readers.

}, pages = {179-184}, publisher = {Elsevier Inc.}, abstract = {

A comparison of 10th graders\&$\#$39; reading of a narrative, literary text on a Sony e-reader and in print showed that preferences for reading devices are related to gender and to general reading habits.One hundred forty-three students participated in the study. In a school setting, students were asked to begin reading a novel on one device and then continue reading the same novel on the other device. A survey was administered before and after the reading session, measuring reading habits in general, device preferences, and experiences with screen and paper reading. Results showed that, overall, most students preferred reading on the e-reader. This preference was particularly strong among boys and reluctant readers, whereas avid readers were more in favor of print. Implications of these findings to library policies and priorities are discussed.

}, keywords = {E-readers, Teenagers }, doi = {10.1016/j.lisr.2014.08.001}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lisr.2014.08.001}, author = {Tveit, Ase Kristine and Anne Mangen} } @article {2775, title = {MakeAbility: Creating accessible makerspace events in a public library}, journal = {Public Library Quarterly}, volume = {33}, year = {2014}, note = {This article described in detail the process of creating makerspace events in public libraries to increase library accessibility, in particular for people with a variety of disabilities. Other libraries could use the example here to design similar events to enhance the interaction with library users and better perform the mission of public libraries.}, pages = {330-347}, doi = {10.1080/01616846.2014.970425}, author = {Tara Brady and Salas, Camille and Ayah Nuriddin and Rodgers, Walter and Subramaniam, Mega} } @article {2998, title = {Making It Work for Everyone: HTML5 and CSS Level 3 for Responsive, Accessible Design on Your Library{\textquoteright}s Web Site}, journal = {Journal of Library \& Information Services in Distance Learning}, volume = {8}, year = {2014}, note = {This article mainly summarizes recent developments in Web design techniques and technologies. Specifically, it talks about the idea of responsive design and how it can be applied to improve web accessibility. Then it introduces several concepts such as WCAG 2.0, HTML 5 and CSS Level 3. Finally, authors provide a roadmap for the creation of an actual Web page.}, pages = {118-136}, abstract = {This article argues that accessibility and universality are essential to good Web design. A brief review of library science literature sets the issue of Web accessibility in context. The bulk of the article explains the design philosophies of progressive enhancement and responsive Web design, and summarizes recent updates to WCAG 2.0, HTML5, CSS Level 3, and WAI-ARIA. The final section of the article walks readers through the Web site creation process. The tools and techniques described in the article can be used to create a library Web site which can be accessed equally by all patrons without sacrificing aesthetics or usability at any level.}, keywords = {Web accessibility}, doi = {10.1080/1533290X.2014.945825}, url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1533290X.2014.945825}, author = {Stewart C. Baker} } @article {2934, title = {Making personal libraries accessible: the example of the Robert Menzies Collection}, journal = {Jim Australian Library Journal}, volume = {63}, year = {2014}, note = {

This article proposed a new approach to categorize personal collections in a more efficient and trackable way. Such is a complex and delicate practice to which libraries should pay special attention. Lessons learned during the practice have also been specified in this article, and future work could use them to better make personal libraries accessible to the public.

}, author = {Caitlin Stone and Jim Berryman} } @book {2958, title = {Making the Library Accessible for All: A Practical Guide for All}, year = {2014}, note = {This book provided both guidelines and practical instructions on how to develop web accessibility to create accessible libraries. As a matter of fact, other accessibility related knowledge have also been included, thus librarians should be able to learn from this book and raise awareness of improving library web accessibility in the future.}, publisher = {Rowman \& Littlefield}, organization = {Rowman \& Littlefield}, author = {Vincent, Jane} } @article {2941, title = {New Opportunities for Computer Vision-Based Assistive Technology Systems for the Visually Impaired}, journal = {Computer}, volume = {47}, year = {2014}, note = {This article mainly discussed some new opportunities in assistive technology development, that could contribute to people with visual impairments. In library practices, librarians should keep an eye on such latest update of AT and promote relevant tools to patrons in need. It should be important to address disabled people\'s problems in library settings and expand their library accessibility with the help of technology.}, pages = {52-58}, abstract = {Computing advances and increased smartphone use gives technology system designers greater flexibility in exploiting computer vision to support visually impaired users. Understanding these users\' needs will certainly provide insight for the development of improved usability of computing devices.}, issn = {0018-9162}, doi = {10.1109/MC.2013.265}, url = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/lpdocs/epic03/wrapper.htm?arnumber=6576753}, author = {Terven, Juan R and Salas, Joaqu{\'\i}n and Instituto Polit{\'e}cni Nacional} } @article {2884, title = {Opportunities for using Wiki technologies in building digital library models}, journal = {Library Hi Tech News}, volume = {31}, year = {2014}, note = {

This article proposed to apply principles and structures of Wiki technologies to build digital library models. The Wiki information system, featured by both individuality and collaboration, was different from others and could help further improve library accessibility. Through such application, library users may be able to access more materials with digital libraries in a more efficient way.

}, pages = {5-8}, abstract = {

Purpose: The purpose of this article is to research the open access and encyclopedia structured methodology of building digital libraries. In Azerbaijan Libraries, one of the most challenged topics is organizing digital resources (books, audio-video materials, etc.). Wiki technologies introduce easy, collaborative and open tools opportunities which make it possible to implement in digital library buildings. Design/methodology/approach: This paper looks at current practices, and the ways of organizing information resources to make them more systematized, open and accessible. These activities are valuable for rural libraries which are smaller and less well funded than main and central libraries in cities. Findings: The main finding of this article is how to organize digital resource management in the libraries using Wiki ideology. Originality/value: Wiki technologies determine the ways of building digital library network models which are structurally different from already known models, as well as new directions in forming information society and solving the problems encountered. \© Emerald Group Publishing Limited.

}, keywords = {digital libraries, library, software applications}, doi = {10.1108/LHTN-02-2014-0009}, author = {E. C. O. Mammadov} } @article {3090, title = {Providing access to technology doesn{\textquoteright}t have to be mystery}, journal = {Disability Compliance for Higher Education}, volume = {20}, year = {2014}, note = {The author begins with discussing the dilemma that most postsecondary institutions put an emphasis on new technologies while ignoring the special need of people with disabilities. Then she mainly talks about the steps that could be taken to increase compliance to accessibility rules and standards.}, pages = {3}, isbn = {9786468600}, doi = {10.1002/dhe}, author = {Salome Heyward} } @proceedings {2863, title = {Public-Private Partnerships and the Future of Digital Access in US State Archives}, year = {2014}, note = {

This article examined different partnerships between public and private orgainizations in digitizing historical records. Results indicated that different forms of partnerships would have different outcomes, changes of which would affect user experience to various extent. Therefore, future studies could further explore nuances of different access models and choose the most appropriate one according to specific contenxts.

}, pages = {341-342}, keywords = {archives, commercial, digitization, library}, isbn = {9781450329019}, author = {Adam Kriesberg} } @article {2818, title = {Relationships between Interlibrary Loan and Research Activity in Canada}, journal = {College \& Research Libraries}, volume = {75}, year = {2014}, note = {This article discussed how interlibrary loan services and resource sharing contributed to academic development in Canada. Results indicated that interlibrary loan played an improtant role in supporting research activities. Therefore, future library practices should continue providing better iLL services to patrons to expand library accessibility.}, pages = {5-19}, abstract = {Interlibrary Loan borrowing rates in academic libraries are influenced by an array of factors. This article explores the relationship between interlibrary loan borrowing activity and research activity at 42 Canadian academic institutions. A significant positive correlation was found between interlibrary loan borrowing activity and measures of research activity. The degree of correlation observed depended on the category of institution, with undergraduate and comprehensive universities showing the largest correlations. This is the first study to quantify the relationship between interlibrary loan and research activity, and the findings suggest that interlibrary loan plays a role in supporting academic research at Canadian universities.}, doi = {10.5860/crl12-378}, url = {http://crl.acrl.org/content/75/1/http://crl.acrl.org/content/75/1/5.abstracthttp://crl.acrl.org/content/75/1/5.full.pdf}, author = {Joanna Duy and Vincent Larivi{\`e}re} } @article {3063, title = {A Revaluation of the Cultural Dimension of Disability Policy in the European Union: The Impact of Digitization and Web Accessibility}, journal = {Behavioral sciences \& the law}, volume = {32}, year = {2014}, note = {This article firstly briefly introduced the UNCRPD human rights demonstrations. It then focused its attention on the accessibility issue pertaining to cultural materails and digitization and the mainstraim accessibility requirements in EU.}, pages = {33-51}, abstract = {This article briefly discusses the historical development of the constructs of paraphilia and psychopathy. An overview of recent developments in the assessment of these constructs for legal purposes is also provided. The historical, clinical, legal, and ethical obligations of clinicians who work with persons suffering from paraphilias and co-morbid psychopathy is then reviewed. An emphasis of the current article is integrating recent developments in the construct of psychopathy into a discussion of sex offender risk assessment and treatment. The co-morbidity of psychopathy and paraphilias as factors in predicting risk of recidivism is reviewed. The need for practitioners to remain cognizant of language requirements in both legal and clinical contexts is addressed. Finally, this article reviews the legal history of sex offender legislation and its evolution into current United States Supreme Court jurisprudence.}, keywords = {Web accessibility}, issn = {1099-0798 (Electronic), 0735-3936 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1002/bsl}, author = {Delia Ferri and G. Anthony Giannoumis} } @article {3243, title = {Revisiting Alabama state website accessibility}, journal = {Government Information Quarterly}, volume = {31}, year = {2014}, note = {The Alabama state-level websites were examined. In 2006, Alabama adopted the new guideline for web developers concerning web accessibility. Based on a automated and munual inspection of each page{\textquoteright}s HTML, the study found large room for improvement and standards have not been met by many websites.}, pages = {476-487}, publisher = {Elsevier Inc.}, abstract = {Potter{\textquoteright}s (2002) accessibility review of over 60 Alabama state-level websites was designed to establish a baseline for monitoring the state government{\textquoteright}s progress on online accessibility. The study found significant room for improvement. Only 20\% of the reviewed sites met Section 508 requirements, and only 19\% of the sites met WAI Priority 1 accessibility standards, based on a combination of automated evaluation and manual inspection of the code. In 2006, Alabama adopted ITS 1210-00S2: Universal Accessibility, which offered basic guidelines to assist developers in complying with Section 508 requirements. The current study revisits the state home pages that Potter evaluated to see how accessibility levels have changed over the years, particularly with the state{\textquoteright}s adoption of ITS-530S2. Like Potter, the current analysis is based on a combination of automated testing and a manual review of each page{\textquoteright}s HTML. The study found that compliance has not improved substantially since Potter{\textquoteright}s analysis and reinforces the idea that the presence of a standard does not correlate with compliance. {\textcopyright}2014 Elsevier Inc.}, keywords = {Accessibility, Section508, State websites, WCAG 2.0}, issn = {0740-624X}, doi = {10.1016/j.giq.2014.02.007}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2014.02.007}, author = {Youngblood, Norman E.} } @article {3193, title = {Toward an integration of web accessibility into testing processes}, journal = {Procedia Computer Science}, volume = {27}, year = {2014}, note = {This paper firstly reviewed literature concerning web accessiblity evaluation processes. Based on the literature, it proposed potential improvements and developments.}, pages = {281-291}, publisher = {Elsevier Masson SAS}, abstract = {The goal of this paper is to review the literature in order to understand the implications of accessibility testing processes with the objective to detect potential improvements and developments in the field. Thus, a brief review is presented of the fundamental test processes proposed by the International Software Testing Qualification Board (ISTQB) and the currently available literature about testing processes for evaluating the accessibility of web applications. The result of the review reflects an array of proposals to incorporate accessibility requirements and evaluation tools, but they do not describe a comprehensive testing process at each phase of the development lifecycle of accessible web applications. {\textcopyright}2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.}, keywords = {Accessibility, Test process, Testing}, issn = {1877-0509}, doi = {10.1016/j.procs.2014.02.031}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2014.02.031}, author = {S{\'a}nchez-Gord{\'o}n, Mary Luz and Lourdes Moreno} } @book {2923, title = {Useful, usable, desirable : Applying user experience design to your library}, year = {2014}, note = {This book introduced and discussed not only physical library user experience but online aspects as well. Specifically, libririans should pay attentions to some chapters about how to improve website content and designs, how to train library staff to provide better customer service, so on and so forth. In generally, librarians should be able to learn from this book from different perspectives, in particular how to make libraries more accessible to the public.}, publisher = {American Library Association}, organization = {American Library Association}, author = {Schmidt, Aaron and Amanda Etches} } @article {2978, title = {Using cultural viewpoint metaphors to provide web accessibility for the visually impaired users}, journal = {Procedia Computer Science}, volume = {27}, year = {2014}, note = {

This article introduced an approach called Cultural Viewpoint Metaphors (CVM) to improve web accessibility for users with visual impairment. These users may not be able to understand original online contents, however, through CVM, which translates contents into daily signs, those contents may become easier to interpret. Therefore, the use of metaphors may bring in more available and readable contents visually impaired users in practice.

}, pages = {186-196}, author = {Let{\'\i}cia Seixas Pereira and Simone Bacellar Leal Ferreira and H{\'e}lio Braga and Luciana Cardoso de Castro Salgado and Ricardo Rodrigues Nunes} } @article {2921, title = {Using Google search appliance (GSA) to search digital library collections: A case study of the INIS collection search}, journal = {Grey Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2014}, note = {This article discussed the applicability of using Google search appliance (GSA) to search digital library collections. According to the result, it was not easy to use such an approach, however, it should be a good alternative to attract more readers and expand library accessibility. Librarians could consider trying GSA in future practices to explore how well it would fit to specific situations.}, pages = {123-132}, abstract = {Google Search has established a new standard for information retrieval which did not exist with previous generations of library search facilities. The INIS hosts one of the world\'s largest collections of published information on the peaceful uses of nuclear science and technology. It offers on-line access to a unique collection of 3.7 million bibliographic records and 483,000 full texts of non-conventional (grey) literature. This large digital library collection suffered from most of the well-known shortcomings of the classic library catalogue. Searching was complex and complicated, it required training in Boolean logic, full-text searching was not an option, and response time was slow. An opportune moment to improve the system came with the retirement of the previous catalogue software and the adoption of GSA as an organization-wide search engine standard. INIS was quick to realize the potential of using such a well-known application to replace its on-line catalogue. This paper presents the advantages and disadvantages encountered during three years of GSA use. Based on specific INIS-based practice and experience, this paper also offers some guidelines on ways to improve classic collections of millions of bibliographic and full-text documents, while reaping multiple benefits, such as increased use, accessibility, usability, expandability and improving user search and retrieval experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]}, issn = {15741796}, doi = {10.4403/jlis.it-10071.Web}, author = {Dobrica Savi{\'c}} } @article {2922, title = {Using new technology to comply with ADA assistive listening requirements}, journal = {Public Library Quarterly}, volume = {33}, year = {2014}, note = {This article introduced some new assistive listening technologies that libraries could use to engage more individuals with hearing disabililites. It should be beneficial for libraries to accommondate such tools so that more people could have access to all kinds of library materials regardless of listening barriers.}, pages = {131-144}, doi = {10.1080/01616846.2014.910724}, author = {Schaeffer, Cory} } @article {2770, title = {Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI)}, year = {2014}, note = {This is the home webpage for Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI). A wide variety of information about web accessibility can be accessed through this website, including basic introducation, relevant guidelines, implementation, evaluation, so on and so forth. This webpage could serve as a great platform to study web accessibility issues in the first place.}, abstract = {WAI: Strategies, guidelines, resources to make the Web accessible to people with disabilities}, url = {http://www.w3.org/WAI/}, author = {Tim Berners-Lee} } @article {3194, title = {Web accessibility standards and disability: developing critical perspectives on accessibility.}, journal = {Disability \& Rehabilitation}, volume = {36}, year = {2014}, pages = {1375-1383}, abstract = {Purpose {\textemdash} Currently, dominant web accessibility standards do not respect disability as a complex and culturally contingent interaction; recognizing that disability is a variable, contrary and political power relation, rather than a biological limit. Against this background there is clear scope to broaden the ways in which accessibility standards are understood, developed and applied. Methods {\textemdash} Commentary Results {\textemdash} The values that shape and are shaped by legislation promote universal, statistical and automated approaches to web accessibility. This results in web accessibility standards conveying powerful norms fixing the relationship between technology and disability, irrespective of geographical, social, technological or cultural diversity. Conclusions {\textemdash} Web accessibility standards are designed to enact universal principles; however, they express partial and biopolitical understandings of the relation between disability and technology. These values can be limiting, and potentially counter-productive, for example, for the majority of disabled people in the "Global South" where different contexts constitute different disabilities and different experiences of web access. To create more robust, accessible outcomes for disabled people, research and standards practice should diversify to embrace more interactional accounts of disability in different settings.}, doi = {10.3109/09638288.2014.938178}, author = {Sarah Lewthwaite} } @article {2977, title = {Web Accessibility ToolKit}, year = {2014}, note = {

The purpose of this ToolKit is to \"promote the principles of web accessibility, help research libraries to achieve digital accessibility and connect research libraries to provide accessible digital contents for people with disabilities\". Through this webpage, people could learn standards and practices of web accessibility development. Also, communities and institutions could obtain practical information with regards to how to foster an inclusive environment to promote accessible websites for disabled people.

}, url = {http://accessibility.arl.org/} } @article {3169, title = {Who are Australia{\textquoteright}s information educators?}, journal = {Australian Library Journal}, volume = {63}, year = {2014}, note = {This article aims at exploring the characteristics of Australian{\textquoteright}s information educators and professionals. The analysis indicated that more than half of participants investigated were older than 50 years old and only 2 (3\%) participants were 30 years or younger. This showed that the information academic workforce is considerably older than the total Australian academic workforce. Furthermore, in terms of gender, whereas females were found dominating the area, males were found more likley to occupy higher academic ranks.}, pages = {275-291}, abstract = {In recent years, there has been considerable discussion of the challenges facing the future of information education in Australia. This paper reports a study that explored the characteristics and experiences of Australia{\textquoteright}s information educators. The study was undertaken as part of a larger project, which was designed to establish a consolidated and holistic picture of the Australian information profession and identify how its future education could be mediated in a cohesive and sustainable manner. Sixty-nine of Australia{\textquoteright}s information educators completed an online questionnaire that gathered data on aspects such as age, gender, rank, qualifications, work activities and job satisfaction. The key findings from this study confirm that a number of pressing issues are confronting information educators in Australia. For example, Australia{\textquoteright}s information educators are considerably older than that of the total Australian academic workforce; over half the information educators who participated in the study are looking to retire in the next 10 years; and Australia{\textquoteright}s information educators spend more time on service activities than members of other disciplines within Australia{\textquoteright}s education system and place a stronger importance on teaching over research. Left unaddressed, these issues will have significant implications for the future of information education as well as the broader information profession. Many of the key observations drawn from this study may also have relevance to other disciplines in the Australian educational context.}, keywords = {Australia, education}, doi = {10.1080/00049670.2014.966409}, author = {Partridge, Helen and Philip Hider and Sally Burford and Leonie Ellis} } @article {3175, title = {Access to Digital Libraries for Disadvantaged Users}, journal = {Library Philosophy and Practice}, year = {2013}, note = {This paper defined disadvantaged people as those traditional minorities, persons with lower levels of income and education, living in rural areas, physically disabled, and developing counties as a whole. It focused the term "digital divide" and evaluated it against a variety of definitions of disadvantaged people.}, pages = {1-13}, abstract = {This article informs that online tutorials are an important addition to traditional teaching. Time and distance may make them the best option for graduate students. It is important to consider the design carefully, since students will not be able to ask questions. The tutorial must be clearly written and incorporate as many different techniques as possible in order to accommodate differing learning styles. Information Literacy is a skill that college students must acquire, an dit can be argued that it is even more important for graduate students The California State system has worked extensively on an Information Competence curriculum. Among the graduate schools, the doctoral program in education at San Diego and the Educational Psychology Department at Northridge have developed Information Competence standards}, doi = {libr.unl.edu:2000/LPP/lppv8n2.htm}, author = {Silke Higgins} } @article {3039, title = {Accessibility of academic library web sites in North America: Current status and trends (2002-2012)}, journal = {Library Hi Tech}, volume = {31}, year = {2013}, note = {This paper presented longitudinal data on web accessibility of 56 North American (both Canadian and the U.S.) academic library web sites. The results showed Canadian library web pages (n=7) were more accessible than the US sites (n=49) in 2012, in terms of the percentages of pages approved and the average errors per page. For the average approved pages, there was a drastic increase from 2002 to 2006 whereas the number remained steady after 2006. However, the average number of errors per page decreased steadily since 2002. Interestingly, whereas in 2002 the Canadian academic library web sites were less accessible than North Amerian sites in general, they have gradually taken the lead in terms of both accessibility metrics. The tendency for the accessibility leaders to remain leaders was also becoming stronger year after year. There{\textquoteright}s also a strong relation between table-based sites and the high numbers of errors per page, compared to the CSS-based sites. Using a content management system (CMS) was also identified as having a high correlation with the high accessibility with regards to the two metrics.}, pages = {8-33}, abstract = {Abstract Purpose {\textendash} The purpose of this paper is to present longitudinal data on the accessibility of 56 North American academic library web sites, as well as insights into the connection between accessibility and certain design methods and technologies. Design/methodology/approach {\textendash} Bobby 3.1.1 was used to evaluate compliance with the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 1.0. Also studied were the main method of page layout (CSS versus HTML tables), whether a content management system was used, and whether skip-navigation links were employed. Findings {\textendash} The percentage of Bobby-approved pages has remained consistent around 60 percent in 2010 and 2012. However, the percentage of errors per page, a metric more sensitive to the pervasiveness of accessibility barriers, has steadily and significantly decreased. Sites whose layouts are built with cascading style sheets have fewer errors per page than those that use tables for layout. Sites that use a CMS have considerably higher percentages of approved pages and fewer errors per page than sites that are not built with a CMS. Research limitations/implications {\textendash} The principal tool used, Bobby 3.1.1, is capable of detecting only a subset of accessible design principles. Future studies should examine compliance with the newer WCAG 2.0 guidelines. Practical implications {\textendash} The use of a content management system may have a positive impact on accessibility. While this study reveals some promising trends, more education and continued advocacy is needed to increase web accessibility at libraries. Originality/value {\textendash} This is the only study that provides up-to-date trend information about the accessibility of a broader set of academic library web sites (a set not limited to one state) over an extended time period. It is also the only accessibility study comparing academic library web sites that use a content management system to those that do not.}, keywords = {academic libraries, Accessibility, Canada, Content management systems (CMS), library, Programming and programming languages, United States, Web design}, isbn = {1120130107}, doi = {10.1108/07378831311303903}, url = {http://www.emeraldinsight.com/journals.htm?issn=0737-8831\&volume=31\&issue=1\&articleid=17082843\&show=html}, author = {Dave Comeaux and Schmetzke, Axel} } @article {3257, title = {Accessibility of academic library web sites in North America: Current status and trends (2002-2012)}, year = {2013}, note = {

Comeaux, D., \& Schmetzke, A. (2013). Accessibility of academic library web sites in North America: Current status and trends (2002-2012).\ Library Hi Tech,\ 31(1), 8\–33. https://doi.org/10.1108/07378831311303903

}, abstract = {

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to present longitudinal data on the accessibility of 56 North American academic library web sites, as well as insights into the connection between accessibility and certain design methods and technologies. Design/methodology/approach: Bobby 3.1.1 was used to evaluate compliance with the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 1.0. Also studied were the main method of page layout (CSS versus HTML tables), whether a content management system was used, and whether skip-navigation links were employed. Findings: The percentage of Bobby-approved pages has remained consistent around 60 per cent in 2010 and 2012. However, the percentage of errors per page, a metric more sensitive to the pervasiveness of accessibility barriers, has steadily and significantly decreased. Sites whose layouts are built with cascading style sheets have fewer errors per page than those that use tables for layout. Sites that use a CMS have considerably higher percentages of approved pages and fewer errors per page than sites that are not built with a CMS. Research limitations/implications: The principal tool used, Bobby 3.1.1, is capable of detecting only a subset of accessible design principles. Future studies should examine compliance with the newer WCAG 2.0 guidelines. Practical implications: The use of a content management system may have a positive impact on accessibility. While this study reveals some promising trends, more education and continued advocacy is needed to increase web accessibility at libraries. Originality/value: This is the only study that provides up-to-date trend information about the accessibility of a broader set of academic library web sites (a set not limited to one state) over an extended time period. It is also the only accessibility study comparing academic library web sites that use a content management system to those that do not. \© Emerald Group Publishing Limited.

}, keywords = {academic libraries, Accessibility, Canada}, issn = {0737-8831}, url = {https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/07378831311303903/full/html}, author = {Dave Comeaux and Schmetzke A} } @article {2802, title = {Accessibility of field recordings in United States ethnomusicology and folk archives}, journal = {Music reference services quarterly}, volume = {16}, year = {2013}, note = {This article identified the level of accessibility of field recordings to various users. Current archives sitll need to work on digitizing this kind of materials and make an effort to increase public accessibility to field recording collections.}, pages = {18-35}, doi = {10.1080/10588167.2013.756342}, author = {Jennifer Cooper} } @article {2876, title = {Applying Open Access to Library Technologies}, journal = {The Journal of Academic Librarianship}, volume = {39}, year = {2013}, note = {This article encouraged libraries to use open access technology softwares/tools in order to save expenses on purchase and maintenance.Also, open access technologies brought in a number of opportunities in managing special collections and archives. All of these could do good to improve library web accessibility from a more economcally efficient perspective.}, pages = {99-101}, publisher = {Elsevier Inc.}, doi = {10.1016/j.acalib.2012.11.012}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0099133312001802}, author = {Geoffrey Little} } @proceedings {2957, title = {Benchmarking web accessibility evaluation tools: measuring the harm of sole reliance on automated tests}, year = {2013}, note = {This article conducted a benchmarking study towards web accessibility evaluation tools, in terms of their coverage, completeness and correctness according to the WCAG 2.0 SC guideline. Results indicated that heavy reliance on these automated evaluation tools could misguide developers of actual level of web accessibility. Therefore, it could be beneficial if multiple tools are used in evaluation, and future work should continue working on other ways to improve the efficacy of these tools.}, abstract = {The use of web accessibility evaluation tools is a widespread practice. Evaluation tools are heavily employed as they help in reducing the burden of identifying accessibility barriers. However, an over-reliance on automated tests often leads to setting aside further testing that entails expert evalua- tion and user tests. In this paper we empirically show the capabilities of current automated evaluation tools. To do so, we investigate the e ectiveness of 6 state-of-the-art tools by analysing their coverage, completeness and correctness with regard to WCAG 2.0 conformance. We corroborate that relying on automated tests alone has negative e ects and can have undesirable consequences. Coverage is very narrow as, at most, 50\% of the success criteria are covered. Similarly, completeness ranges between 14\% and 38\%; however, some of the tools that exhibit higher completeness scores produce lower correctness scores (66-71\%) due to the fact that catch- ing as many violations as possible can lead to an increase in false positives. Therefore, relying on just automated tests entails that 1 of 2 success criteria will not even be analysed and among those analysed, only 4 out of 10 will be caught at the further risk of generating false positives.}, keywords = {Accessibility, evaluation, Testing, WCAG}, doi = {10.1145/2461121.2461124}, author = {Vigo, Markel and Justin Brown and Vivienne Conway} } @book {3082, title = {The best 100 free apps for libraries}, year = {2013}, note = {The book is broken down into four main sections with each covering different apps, namely the utility apps, augmented reality apps for libraries, productive apps for libraries, and social networking apps.}, pages = {217}, publisher = {The Scarecrow Press, Inc}, organization = {The Scarecrow Press, Inc}, address = {Lanham}, abstract = {In this guide, the author, a librarian, has carefully culled the over 500,000 available apps down to the 100 that are the absolute best for day-in, day-out library services. It covers apps for Apple and Android devices, including tablets. Each entry contains: a basic summary of how each app operates; at least one example of how that app can be used by a librarian; one example of how it can help a library user access library services; a section highlighting critical limitations and apps that may better serve a librarian{\textquoteright}s needs, and; the next possible iteration of the app. Entries are accompanied by a photo of the app in action, so this current guide is both descriptive and visual. Introductory and final chapters cover using apps in library settings and library services as well as what the future should bring in this area. This guide is intended as an introduction for those with little or no app experience and for those wanting to know more about app uses for information access}, keywords = {library}, isbn = {0810885824, 9780810885820}, author = {Jim Hahn} } @book {3230, title = {Better library and learning space: Projects, trends and ideas}, year = {2013}, note = {The book focuses on the topic of spece arrangements in libraries. It aims to help libraries to design and transform their library spaces - not only physical space, but also space for programmes, new trends and for users to do with what they want - to meet user needs.}, pages = {278}, publisher = {Facet Publishing}, organization = {Facet Publishing}, address = {London}, abstract = {What are the most important things a 21st-century library should do with its space? Each chapter in this cutting-edge text addresses this critical question, capturing the insights and practical ideas of leading international librarians, educators and designers to offer you a {\textquoteright}creative resource bank{\textquoteright} that will help to transform your library and learning spaces. This is an innovative and practical toolkit introducing concepts, drawing together opinions and encouraging new ways of thinking about learning spaces in the future. It explores topics that include: the threat of change, including new models of learning and the revolution in technology; the role of the library, looking at new sustainable and creative library models; and, the power of space, exploring its effects on identity, psychology and behaviour. This is a must-have text for those involved in designing and developing library and learning spaces, from library and university management to designers and architects.}, isbn = {1856047636, 9781856047630}, author = {Watson, Leslie} } @article {3226, title = {Coping tactics employed by visually disabled users on the web}, journal = {International Journal of Human Computer Studies}, volume = {71}, year = {2013}, note = {

The study one analysed the interaction between the blind and visually impaired people and the web pages. Employing an think-aloud method, it asked the participants to use assistive technologies, or magnifiers, or nothing at all to navigate the web page. They were asked to accomplish four tasks online: (1) finding the weather forecast for a specific location; (2) finding the specific information about a journal in a digital library; (3) finding information about Solomon Islands in a large catalogue of resources; and (4) purchasing a suit in a large department store. Study two observed five blind or visually impaired users period their period of interacting with computers. No specific tasks were deployed. Overall, the study found that the majority of the problems encountered by visually impaired users were not due to the accessibility problems. Coping strategies discovered were discussed.

}, pages = {1013-1025}, publisher = {Elsevier}, abstract = {

Interaction on the Web is often problematic for visually disabled users. In order to analyse how visually disabled users deal with problematic situations we carried out a secondary analysis of 2 independent datasets containing the interaction of 24 users. As a result, we determine the situations in which coping occurs including uncertainty, reduced mobility, confusion and overload, and identify 17 tactics employed to overcome these situations, being impulsive clicking, exploration tactics and re-doing some of the most noteworthy. These tactics are novel in that they are contextualised and complete: their presence denotes the presence of specific problems. Therefore, these tactics are behavioural markers of cognitive processes that indicate problematic situations. We highlight the importance of these behavioural markers for designers and tools in order to remove the need to cope, evaluate accessibility-in-use and inform navigation models. \©2013 Elsevier Ltd.

}, keywords = {assistive technology, blind, visual disability, visually impaired, Web tactics}, isbn = {1612756204}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijhcs.2013.08.002}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhcs.2013.08.002}, author = {Vigo, Markel and Simon Harper} } @article {2891, title = {Copyright and Digital Rights Management: Dealing with Artificial Access Barriers for Students with Print Disabilities.}, journal = {Feliciter}, volume = {59}, year = {2013}, note = {

This article pointed out that people always had a misconception about the difference between \"electronically available\" and \"accessible\". Besides, there were still a lot of accessibility problems about e-books and videos. In order to provide better service for people with print disabiltiies, future libririans should still continue working out solutions to solve accessibility problems, in particular addressing copyright and digital rights concerns.

}, pages = {24-30}, abstract = {

The author shares her concern on the accessibility of electronic-books (e-books) for students with disabilities. She discusses the misconception on the accessibility of books that are available electronically, in which some e-books are difficult to access and some prevents the students from saving the entire text in PDF file. She adds that some downloadable e-books involve a complicated process, such as that of Ebrary.

}, keywords = {Canada, data, digital libraries, E-readers, education}, url = {http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true\&db=a9h\&AN=85444932\&site=ehost-live}, author = {Diane Michaud} } @article {2758, title = {Copyright Information Management and the University Library: Staffing, Organizational Placement and Authority}, journal = {Journal of Academic Librarianship}, volume = {39}, year = {2013}, note = {This article stressed the importance of copyright education in university library environment. In particular, study results indicated that it should be of primal significance to hire an intellectual property attorney to address copyright issues, so that university libraries could be better off in developing library accessibility.}, pages = {429-235}, publisher = {Elsevier Inc.}, abstract = {Copyright plays a central role in numerous activities within higher education, and educating a university community about copyright law should be a priority, if only to protect the institution from lawsuits. But, based upon a literature review, institutions devote a more resources to other intellectual property activities - plagiarism detection, technology transfer and illegal file sharing management - than for general copyright education activities. Utilizing Mintzberg\'s organizational model and its discussion of organizational placement and legitimacy as a conceptual framework, this study explores the current copyright education structures among the universities that comprise the Consortium on Institutional Cooperation, otherwise known as the CIC or the Big Ten, to determine whether organizational placement, credentials of individuals, and resources devoted to this activity affect the legitimacy of the office and the authority of copyright officers to fulfill their responsibilities. The results of this study suggest that organizational placement, while it plays a role, is not nearly as important as the credentials of the individual in the position in conveying legitimacy. \© 2013 Elsevier Inc.}, keywords = {copyright, library}, issn = {0099-1333}, doi = {10.1016/j.acalib.2013.04.002}, author = {Rebecca S. Albitz} } @proceedings {2790, title = {A crowdsourcing platform for the construction of accessibility maps}, year = {2013}, note = {This article introduced a crowdsourcing platform to create accessibility maps, in particularfor people with disabilities. Several useful features were discussed and evaluated, indicating the applicablity and utility of this platform. Future work could continue improve such platforms and create more user-friendly maps and other products for disabled people.}, abstract = {We present in this article a crowdsourcing platform that en- ables the collaborative creation of accessibility maps. The platform provides means for integration of different kind of data, collected automatically or with user intervention, to augment standard maps with accessibility information. The article shows the architecture of the platform, dedicating special attention to the smartphone applications we devel- oped for data collection. The article also describes a prelimi- nar experiment conducted on field, showing how the analysis of data produced by our solution can bring novel insights in accessibility challenges that can be found in cities.}, keywords = {Accessibility, data, mobile technology}, author = {Carlos Cardonha and Diego Gallo and Priscilla Aveglianol and Ricardo Herrmann and Fernando Koch and Sergio Borger} } @article {2787, title = {Digital Exclusion Despite Digital Accessibility: Empirical Evidence from an English City}, journal = {Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie}, volume = {104}, year = {2013}, note = {This article discussed accessibility issues for a specific target group - non-Internet users. An in-depth study was conducted to examine what kind of people were more likely to be digitally excluded. According to the study results, more policy changes should be expected from government to encourage more social inclusion, in order for a wider coverage of digital accessibility.}, pages = {588-603}, abstract = {This study provides a high resolution investigation into the socio-economic determinants of digital exclusion, within a single, densely populated city, where access is less likely to be a barrier to users. It employs data drawn from a representative interview survey of 1,005 households from across the city of Portsmouth, UK. In this study digital exclusion refers to those individuals who do not use the internet either at home, work, place of study or elsewhere. Multivariate statistical analysis identifies those significant factors raising or depressing the probability of being categorised as digitally excluded including, inter alia, age, gender, income, education, disability, tenure, working status, the presence of young people in the household and city neighbourhood districts ({\textquoteleft}super groups{\textquoteright}).}, keywords = {Digital exclusion, United Kingdom}, issn = {0040-747X}, doi = {10.1111/tesg.12047}, author = {Sabrina Bunyan and Alan Collins} } @article {2785, title = {Digital Library Collaboration : A Service-Oriented Perspective}, journal = {Library Quarterly}, volume = {82}, year = {2013}, note = {This article argued for the benefits of developing digital library collaboration in order to provide personalized interactive digital services to library users. Through successful collaborative partnerships, uers would be able to have aceess to more library collections, thus expanding digital library accessibilty.}, pages = {337-359}, abstract = {Collaboration in the digital domain offers an opportunity to provide enhanced digital services and extended reach to the community. This article adopts a service- oriented perspective through which it considers environmental drivers for digital library collaboration; discusses emergent collaborative partnerships across UK ed- ucational institutions, social services, health services, private industry, and cultural sectors; considers associated challenges; and identifies best practices. Existing and potential synergistic relationships are explored across the broader cultural sector{\textemdash} in particular, with the respective processes of libraries, museums, archives, arts and broadcasting organizations comprehensively identified and mapped (commonal- ity), and the relationship to service-oriented architecture highlighted. The degree of digital service collaboration is also explored through an indicative review of Scottish public library websites, encompassing thirty-two regional library networks and including the National Library. Collaboration is found to be evident but limited in the digital domain, with strategic and architectural rec ommendations made.}, author = {Steven Buchanan and Forbes Gibb and Simmons, Susan and David McMenemy} } @article {2834, title = {Digital Library of Old Spanish Texts}, journal = {Digital Philology: A Journal of Medieval Cultures}, volume = {2}, year = {2013}, note = {This article reviewed the Digital Library of Old Spanish Texts (DLOST) project, and presented its movement towards achieving better online accessibility to the transcription of old Spanish texts. Weaknesses and shortcomings were also identified, therefore, future practices could learn from these examples and adjust individual development plans accordingly.}, pages = {303-306}, abstract = {En septiembre de 2011 el Hispanic Seminary of Medieval Studies presentaba oficialmente el primero de los corpus textuales de la Biblioteca Digital de Textos del Espa{\~n}ol Antiguo --correspondiente a la Obra en Prosa de Alfonso X el Sabio (http://www.hispanicseminary.org/t\&c/ac/index.htm)-- y anunciaba tambi{\'e}n la futura aparici{\'o}n de nuevos corpus. Hoy es un placer anunciaros el segundo de los corpus, correspondiente en este caso a los Textos M{\'e}dicos Espa{\~n}oles (http://www.hispanicseminary.org/t\&c/med/index.htm). Los 55 manuscritos y libros impresos (m{\'a}s de 2.500.000 millones de palabras) incluyen tratados generales (aquellos que pretenden ofrecer una visi{\'o}n sistem{\'a}tica del campo de la medicina), tratados de temas particulares (enfermedades concretas, m{\'e}todos de diagn{\'o}stico o tratamiento, sustancias terap{\'e}uticas, parto, enfermedades infantiles, peste), colecciones de recetas (textos que explican la preparaci{\'o}n de remedios o las propiedades terap{\'e}uticas de las sustancias, herbarios y lapidarios), reg{\'\i}menes y gu{\'\i}as de salud (textos que proporcionan gu{\'\i}as para la preservaci{\'o}n de la salud, o que se enfocan en la medicina preventiva), y tratados anat{\'o}micos y quir{\'u}rgicos. Al final de este mensaje se ofrece el listado de los textos incluidos. Aprovechando la creaci{\'o}n del nuevo corpus se han introducido tambi{\'e}n una serie de mejoras en las b{\'u}squedas, siendo ahora posible efectuar b{\'u}squedas dentro de un texto concreto y en la totalidad del corpus. En ambos casos es posible fijar la cadena de b{\'u}squeda al inicio o final de una palabra mediante el uso de /, p.ej. /aceit, ndos/. En la Gu{\'\i}a del usuario se ofrece una descripci{\'o}n m{\'a}s detallada de las posibilidades de b{\'u}squeda.}, doi = {10.1353/dph.2013.0019}, author = {Amaranta Saguar Garcia} } @article {2816, title = {Digital Locks and Canadian Research Library Collections: Implications for Scholarship, Accessibility, and Preservation}, journal = {Feliciter}, volume = {59}, year = {2013}, note = {

This article discussed current librarians\&$\#$39; perceptions about digital locks and their influences. Due to existing understanding barriers, the authors came up with several suggestions: 1) Improving understanding of digital locks among library communities; 2) Avoiding purchasing contents with digital locks to expand content accessibility; 3) Identifying methods to work with protected materials; 4) Carefully handling concerns about digital locks.

}, pages = {12-15}, author = {Chabriol Colebatch and Josh Dickison and Swartz, Mark and Diego Arg{\'a}ez and Mathieu Jaques and Shearer, Kathleen} } @article {2847, title = {Disability and accessibility in the library and information science literature: A content analysis}, journal = {Library \& Information Science Research}, volume = {35}, year = {2013}, note = {This research paper conducted a content analysis to see how libraries and relevant fields had addressed disability and accessiblity issues over the past ten years. Future library practices could learn from examples presented in this article and continue adovating a user-centered approach to better improve library accessibility for people with disabilities.}, pages = {137-142}, publisher = {Elsevier Inc.}, abstract = {The library profession is a strong and vocal proponent of increased information access for people with disabilities. With the discipline\'s longstanding interest in the subject of services to people with disabilities, questions arise about how the profession perceives the phenomenon. How is library and information science (LIS), as a discipline, conceptualizing disability and accessibility? A content analysis of the LIS literature was conducted to examine this question. The literature provides a fertile ground for study as it reflects the profession\'s approaches to, and perceptions of, a topic. This research identifies the major issues and trends in the research about accessibility and disability in the LIS literature throughout a 10-year period, 2000{\textendash}2010. The strongest theme in the literature is accessibility as it relates to web, database, and software, while the prevailing disability of focus is visual disabilities. The overall environment emphasizes technology more than attitudinal aspects associated with disabilities. The research could benefit from increased direct participation of people with disabilities.}, doi = {10.1016/j.lisr.2012.11.002}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0740818813000030}, author = {Heather Hill} } @article {2928, title = {Drawing the blueprint as we build: setting up a library-based copyright and permissions service for MOOCs}, journal = {D-Lib Magazine}, volume = {19}, year = {2013}, note = {This article introduced how the Duke University libraries provided copyright and permission services for MOOC instructors, contributing to the growing open access of scholarship. It should be important for libraries to learn fromt these lessons and address concerns with copyright issues when expanding access to scholarly resources for users.}, doi = {10.1045/july2013-fowler}, author = {Smith, Kevin} } @article {2766, title = {Effects of Web Accessibility on Search Engines and Webometrics Ranking}, journal = {International Journal of Mobile Computing and Multimedia Communications}, volume = {5}, year = {2013}, note = {This article revealed that the level of web accessibility would exert influence on actual Webometrics ranking and search engines. Therefore, it is important for higher educational institutions to further improve their website designs. And better web accessibility would lead to more search engine optimization and higher Webometrics ranking, which would in turn contribute to the development of these institutions.}, pages = {69-94}, abstract = {Previous researches have highlighted the importance of web accessibility of a website. Its importance has made the W3C(World Wide WebConsortium) come upwith WebContentAccessibility Guidelines(WCAG) as a guideline for developing an accessible website. Amongst websites available in the web wide world, many of them are fall underthe education institution website category. These education institution websites are mostly the first door that people will go to visit to get information about education services and courses provided by the institution. Thus, to be accessible is an essential issue for these websites. Another issue that gets much attention in the current competitive internet world is to be visible by popular search engines and ranked at their top lists. For higher learning institutions there is an online ranking that they like to be in the top list, i.e. Webometrics. This paper attempts to address those two issues of web accessibility and being at the top list. It presents a study that investigates whether web accessibility has a contributing effect to ranking position in Webometrics and popularsearch engines. The research covers websitesfrom higherlearning institutions and education domains. Three popular search engines are used in this research, i.e. Google, Yahoo! and Bing. The study produces interesting results that would be useful as a guide for higher learning institutions that want to improve their online ranking.}, doi = {10.4018/jmcmc.2013010106}, author = {Media Anugerah Ayu and Mohamed Ahmed Elgharabawy} } @proceedings {2756, title = {Essential Components of Mobile Web Accessibility}, year = {2013}, note = {This article analyzed web accessibility (WA) under the mobile context and introduced several key components, including web contents, web technologies, authoring/evaluation tools, developers, user agents, assistive technology and users. It should contribute to a deeper understanding of mobile web accessibility and help foster more insights into this sub-category of WA.}, abstract = {The Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI) of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) develops strategies, guidelines, and resources to make the Web accessible to people with disabilities. This includes ensuring that core web technologies such as HTML and CSS provide support for accessibility; developing complementary web specifications to support accessibility, such as WAI-ARIA and IndieUI; and maintaining a set of internationally recognized guidelines that define accessibility criteria for web authoring tools such as content management systems and code editors, for user agents such as web browsers and media players, and for web content including text, images, scripts, audio-visual media, and more. This communication paper explores the impact on these essential components of web accessibility as the Web rapidly evolves into an increasingly mobile and ubiquitous medium, and highlights opportunities for research and development to help make the Web universally accessible to all users.}, keywords = {Design for all, mobile technology, standards and guidelines, ubiquitous and cloud computing, universal design, Web accessibility}, isbn = {9781450318440}, doi = {10.1145/2461121.2461138}, author = {Shadi Abou-Zahra and Judy Brewer and Shawn Lawton Henry} } @article {2952, title = {Evolving in Common: Creating Mutually Supportive Relationships Between Libraries and the Digital Humanities}, journal = {Journal of Library Administration}, volume = {53}, year = {2013}, note = {This article dicussed how librarianship could collaborate with digital humanities in order to improve library accessibilitiy, in particular for users with disabilities. During this process, research librarians could play an important role, and contribute to better resource accessibility and project management.}, pages = {67-78}, abstract = {ABSTRACT The authors lay out practical ways for libraries to involve themselves in this evolving area, especially focused on current strengths of many libraries including commitments to resource accessibility and project development. Finally, this article proposes that the role of the research librarian is evolving in order to effectively integrate the library as a partner in the scholarship of digital humanities.}, doi = {10.1080/01930826.2013.756699}, url = {https://vpn.enssib.fr/doi/full/10.1080/,DanaInfo=www.tandfonline.com+01930826.2013.756699$\#$.UzRIIVPm6Sw}, author = {Vandegrift, Micah and Varner, Stewart} } @article {3142, title = {Factors that affect visually impaired users{\textquoteright} acceptance of audio and music websites}, journal = {International Journal of Human Computer Studies}, volume = {71}, year = {2013}, note = {This study focused on exploring Web usage behaviors of blind and low-vision users. It argued that TAM (Technology Acceptance Model) and information accessibility variables can jointly predict acceptance behavior for visually impaired users in a more comprehensive manner. The study tested the effect that perceived convinence and perceived reliability have on perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness and behavioral intention of visually impaired users. Participants were invited to complete a series of tasks and questionnaires. Results showed that although perceived convinence will impact the user{\textquoteright}s percieved ease of use of a website, it will not significantly affect the perceived usefulness. The assumptions that perceived reliability was positively related to the perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness were supported. The two predictors were also found to impact visually impaired users{\textquoteright} behaviorial intentions to use the website in the future.}, pages = {321-334}, publisher = {Elsevier}, abstract = {The number of users with visual impairments is on the rise. Companies have an opportunity to increase their reach and revenue by ensuring their websites are accessible to these users. Developing websites around the needs of those with visual impairments is especially critical as the affluent Baby Boomer generation ages and is faced with a multitude of vision problems. Despite this fast growing, web-reliant population, little work has been done to develop a behavioral model that addresses its needs. Grounded in accessibility and acceptance theories, this research proposes a model that predicts Web usage behavior of blind and low-vision users. Our results show that one of the most widely used acceptance models does not predict the adoption behavior of visually impaired users as effectively as a modified model that includes information accessibility. Those with visual impairments decide to revisit a website based, in part, on its accessibility as well as its ease of use and usefulness. These results suggest that traditional acceptance models may predict the behavior of users with visual impairments better when reliability and convenience of access to Information are also considered. {\textcopyright}2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}, keywords = {Accessibility, blind, usability, visual disability}, issn = {1071-5819}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijhcs.2012.10.015}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhcs.2012.10.015}, author = {Eleanor T. Loiacono and Soussan Djamasbi and Todor Kiryazov} } @proceedings {2827, title = {Firefixia: An accessibility web browser customization toolbar for people with dyslexia}, year = {2013}, note = {This article proposed a study to test how a customized end-user toolbar called Firefixia could help users with reading disabilities better browse web contents. According to results, useful features included text size, text alignment and color. It could be benefiicial to future studies and work on improving web accessibility for people with dyslexia through a variety of customizaed tools, to help navigate and scan information in a more efficient way.}, abstract = {People with dyslexia often face difficulties on consuming written content at the Web. This occurs mainly because websites{\textquoteright} designs do not consider the barriers faced by them, since dyslexia is not taken into account as often as other functional limitations. Guidelines for designing accessible Web pages are being consolidated and studied. Meanwhile, people with dyslexia face barriers and develop workarounds to overcome these difficulties. This work presents a customization toolbar called Firefixia, especially designed to support people with dyslexia to adapt the presentation of Web content according to their preferences. Firefixia was tested by 4 participants with diagnosed dyslexia. The participants evaluated and provided us feedback regarding the toolbar most/least useful features. From the presented results, one expects to highlight the need for end-user customization features that are easy to access, easy to use, and easy to explore. Participants reported that the most useful customization features are the text size, the text alignment, and the link color. Finally, this work indicates promising directions for end-user customization tools such as Firefixia.}, keywords = {assistive technology, usability}, author = {Vagner Figueredo de Santana and Rosimeire de Oliveira and Leonelo Dell Anhol Almeida and Marcia Ito} } @article {2764, title = {The impact of E-readers and E-books on the library of Congress and the US copyright office}, journal = {Journal of Scholarly Publishing}, volume = {45}, year = {2013}, note = {This article discussed both development and problems of digitizing books for the Library of Congress and the US copyright office. Several concrete recommendations were identified as well to further improve the operational practice of promoting e-readers and e-books. Therefore, librarians could use lessons in this study to increase library digital accessibility in a more efficient way.}, pages = {1-34}, author = {Michael Artiles and Christian Beaulieu and Samantha Carey and Madeline Danza and Andrew Gatian and Alexa Gavin and Greco, Albert N. and Alexandra Jameson and Adam McWilliams and Samuelson, Kristen and Wharton, Robert M.} } @article {2836, title = {Improving accessibility of Web interfaces: refactoring to the rescue}, journal = {Universal Access in the Information Society}, year = {2013}, note = {This article proposed to improve web accessibility through web interface refactoring based on accessibility refactoring and usability refactoring. Specific measures include: 1) Replace non-accessible menus; 2) Postpone selection and/or operation; 3) Remove unnecessary content; 4) Split page; 5) Merge pages; 6) Add content summaries. Case studies provided solid evidence, thus this article argued for the benefits of refactoring in real practices to improve universal web accessibility.}, pages = {1-13}, abstract = { Universal access should be a target for all public Web sites. However, it is very hard to achieve, and even Web applications that comply with accessibility standards may still lack usability for disabled users. This paper proposes refactoring as an essencial technique to incrementally improve the accessibility and usability of a Web interface. Some accessibility refactorings are described and classified by the problems that each refactoring addresses. The way mainstream Web sites struggle with accessibility is illustrated, and two evaluations of email clients are presented as empirical evidence of the significance of accessibility refactorings at a low implementation cost. }, keywords = {Accessibility, Web applications}, issn = {16155289}, doi = {10.1007/s10209-013-0323-2}, author = {Alejandra Garrido and Rossi, Gustavo and Nuria Medina Medina and Julian Grigera and Sergio Firmenich} } @article {2894, title = {Initiating Mobile Phone Technology using QR Codes to Access Library Services at the University of Cape Town}, journal = {Information Development }, volume = {30}, year = {2013}, note = {This article discussed a project about using QR (Quick Response) code to access library resources through mobile phone technologies. Both benefits and problems were identified in the study, and it should be highly recommended for librarians to adopt such inovative mobile technology to further develop library accessibility to patrons.}, pages = {148-158}, abstract = {This article reports on an innovative project which grew out of the desire to facilitate access to information using the Quick Response (QR) Code. Easily read by mobile phones with cameras, the QR Code provides a simple but effective means for library patrons to access library resources. The article explores the need to use the QR Code in the Brand van Zyl Law Library, University of Cape Town (UCT), for accessing academic library services. Although relatively new in South Africa, QR Codes have been used successfully by some local educational institutions. Against this background, the article reports on a needs analysis which was conducted at the Brand Van Zyl Law Library and recommends the accelerating use of QR Codes in the academic environment. }, keywords = {mobile technology}, doi = {10.1177/0266666913481787}, author = {Shehaamah Mohamed} } @article {2913, title = {Introducing Digital Accessibility : A Headnote to the Section}, journal = {Curator: The Museum Journal}, volume = {56}, year = {2013}, note = {This article briefly introduced endeavors of museums to serve visitors with disabilities. Several approaches and practices were identified, and challenges when developing digital acccessibility were pointed out as well. Future practices could use lessons in this short article to further improve accessibility services for patrons.}, pages = {349-351}, author = {Proctor, Nancy} } @article {3113, title = {Key Issue - EPUB 3{\textquoteright}s coming of age.}, journal = {Insights: the UKSG journal}, volume = {26}, year = {2013}, note = {

The article briefly introduced the history of EPUB. It then introduced the EPUB 3 which was mandated to be based on web standards and accessibility. However, despite its advantages, the authors pointed out disadvanges that it brought with - the prospect of making files to work everywhere seemed not to be realized. Then they regarded EPUB 3.0 as an integrity as it created an ecosystem. Lastly, the article pointed out the idea that in addition to some basic and stable functionalities, EPUB 3.0 was constantly evolving.

}, pages = {210-213}, abstract = {

The article focuses on the nonproprietary electronic book format EPUB used for distribution and interchange of digital publications that utilizes web standards. It states the trade and standards association International Digital Publishing Forum released a third-edition of its EPUB system which uses the HTML5 standard to accommodate interactivity, audio, video and other features. It mentions the EPUB ecosystem exists alongside internet commerce company Amazon\&$\#$39;s electronic publishing system.

}, keywords = {E-readers, HTML (Doc)}, url = {http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true\&db=lih\&AN=93318135\&site=ehost-live 10.1629/2048-7754.06}, author = {Bill Kasdorf} } @proceedings {2866, title = {Legion Scribe: Real-time captioning by the non-experts}, year = {2013}, note = {

This article introduced Legion Scribe as an useful tool to produce real-time captions through collective work of several non-experts instead of professionals. Although it is important to have experts in this kind of technical work and train non-experts to experts, using Legion Scribe could still be a great opportunity to speed up caption production. Thus more accessible contents could be provided to users with a variety of disabilities, in particular, hearing impairement.

}, abstract = {

Real-time captioning provid es people who are deaf or hard of hearing access to aural speech in the classroom and at live events. The only reliable approach currently is to rec ruit a local or remote expert stenographer who is able to type at natural speaking rates, who charge more than $100 USD per hour and must be scheduled in advan ce. We introduce L egion S cribe (Scribe) that allows 3 - 5 ordinary people who can hear and type to collectively caption speech in real - time together. Each individual is unable to type at natural speaking rates, and so each is only asked to type part of what they hear. S cribe c omputationally stitches the parti al captions together to form a fi nal caption stream. We have shown that the accuracy of S cribe captions approaches those of a professional stenographer, while its latency and cost is dramatically lower.

}, keywords = {deaf, hearing disability, multimedia}, author = {S. Walter Lasecki and D. Christopher Miller and Raja Kushalnagar and P. Jeffrey Bigham} } @book {3209, title = {Library services for multicultural patrons: Strategies to encourage library use}, year = {2013}, note = {This book mainly talks about how to encourage diverse cultural communities to use libraries. It shares the experiences of librarians from public libraries, schools and academic libraries on how to reach out to a wider community and provide a friendly environment.}, pages = {338}, publisher = {The Scarecrow Press}, organization = {The Scarecrow Press}, address = {Lanham, MD}, abstract = {Increasingly, libraries are struggling to deal with a growing diversity in the cultural background of their patrons. Problems arising from this cultural diversity afflict all library types-school, public and academic. Library Services for Multicultural Patrons is by and for all libraries that are striving to provide multicultural services to match the growing diversity in the cultural background of patrons. The book is designed to offer helpful tips and practical advice to academic, public, and school librarians who want to better serve the multicultural groups in their communities. The contributors to the book are themselves practicing librarians and they share creative ideas for welcoming multicultural patrons into libraries and strategies for serving them more effectively. Librarians will find in these chapters tried and true tips and techniques for marketing and promotion, improving reference services for speakers of English as a second language, and enhancing programming that they can easily implement in their own libraries and communities. The chapters are divided into the following categories for ease of access: 1) Getting Organized and Finding Partners, 2) Reaching Students, 3) Community Connections, 4) Applying Technology, 6) Outreach Initiatives, 6) Programming and Events, and 7) Reference Services. Librarians of all types will be pleased to discover easy-to-implement suggestions for collaborative efforts, many rich and diverse programming ideas, strategies for improving reference services and library instruction to speakers of English as a second language, marketing and promotional tips designed to welcome multicultural patrons into the library, and much more.}, keywords = {Culture}, isbn = {0810887223, 9780810887220}, author = {Smallwood, Carol and Kim Becnel}, editor = {Smallwood, C. and K. Becnel} } @article {3134, title = {A longitudinal study of state government homepage accessibility in Maryland and the role of web page templates for improving accessibility}, journal = {Government Information Quarterly}, volume = {30}, year = {2013}, note = {This study in the year 2012 took 15 Maryland government homepages evaluated in spring 2009 and reviewed them. In addition, it evaluated 10 additional web pages randomly selected from the "find an agency" pull-down menu. A number of experts were invited to use two screen readers, namely the JAWS and the VoiceOver, to evaluate these homepages. Results showed that most pages had violated Maryland IT Non-Visual Access Guidelines. Compared with 2009, the 2012 homepages showed a slight improvement on accessibility.}, pages = {289-299}, publisher = {Elsevier Inc.}, abstract = {It is well documented that government agencies, at all levels, continue to have problems ensuring that government web sites follow laws related to web accessibility for people with disabilities. Although there are a number of published studies on government web accessibility that are point-in-time, there are no published studies consisting of a longitudinal analysis of state-level government web site accessibility. This paper contributes to the research literature in three ways: (1) an accessibility inspection of 25 Maryland state government homepages in 2012 which involved 150 human inspections of web pages, (2) a comparison of the results from 2012 to a similar accessibility evaluation in 2009, and (3) a discussion of the role of a web page template, which was introduced in Maryland state government shortly after the 2009 evaluation. The data from this longitudinal evaluation leads to the conclusion that web page templates do tend to result in more accessible sites within state government. ?? 2013 Elsevier Inc..}, keywords = {disability, law, Policy, Section508, Web accessibility}, doi = {10.1016/j.giq.2013.03.003}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2013.03.003}, author = {Jonathan Lazar and Wentz, Brian and Abdulelah Almalhem and Alexander Catinella and Catalin Antonescu and Yeveniy Aynbinder and Michael Bands and Edward Bastress and Brandon Chan and Brian Chelden and Darin Feustel and Nabin Gautam and Whitney Gregg and Michael Heppding and Cory Householder and Alex Libby and Corey Melton and Olgren, Jack and Palestino, Loren and Ricks, Morgan and Rinebold, Scott and Seidel, Matthew} } @article {3064, title = {Making Your Website Accessible}, journal = {Online Searcher}, volume = {37}, year = {2013}, note = {The article mainly discusses about why current web practices are not working as well as they need to be, especially for library websites. The authors illustrates this in terms of library policies, recruitment and training. Then they provides a part that illustrating how websites in libraries can be improved to be more accessible.}, pages = {73-76}, abstract = {Web content designed with accessibility in mind will enable people with disabilities to enjoy the benefits of your Web site and organization to the same extent as anyone in your community. However, many sites, including those for libraries, fall far short of meeting the minimum web accessibility standards. While the task of creating an accessible site is not an onerous one, it also does not happen automatically. It requires thoughtful design, awareness of the issues, appropriate techniques and methods, and employment of these techniques consistently over time. Before leaping into suggestions on how to improve your sites, useful assessment tools, techniques, and methods, the author considers why current web practices are not working as well as they need to be. Library Web sites come up short because they lack robust policies, have little knowledge about how people with disabilities use the technology, and don{\textquoteright}t know web development techniques and methods for building accessible sites. Adapted from the source document.}, keywords = {library, Web accessibility}, author = {Darlene Fichter} } @article {2875, title = {Oh the possibilities: ebook lending and interlibrary loan}, journal = {Interlending \& Document Supply}, volume = {41}, year = {2013}, note = {This article proposed a series of actions recommended to academic libraries with regards to ebook lending and interlibrary loan services. Apart from technological development in ebook lending systems, licenses and contracts were equally important in developing library accessibility. Thus, future practices should explore more in improving interlibrary loan services without any legal infringement.}, pages = {120-121}, abstract = {Oh the possibilities: ebook lending and interlibrary loan}, keywords = {library}, doi = {10.1108/ILDS-09-2013-0027}, url = {http://www.emeraldinsight.com/journals.htm?issn=0264-1615\&volume=41\&issue=4\&articleid=17100983\&show=html}, author = {Ryan Litsey and Kenny Ketner} } @article {2940, title = {Open Access Publishing in Canada: Current and Future Library and University Press Supports}, journal = {Publications}, volume = {1}, year = {2013}, note = {This article introduced currrent state and future propsect of Canadian open access publishing development through the collaboration of libraries and university presses. In order to facilate free knowledge transmission, it should be beneficial to promote open access publishing in academic libraries, so that the public would have a wider range of access to resources and materials desired.}, pages = {27-48}, abstract = {Canadian university libraries, Canadian university presses, and non-university scholarly presses at Canadian universities were surveyed in the first part of 2010 as to the level of their support of Open Access (OA) journal publishing. Respondents were asked about journal hosting services in their organization as well as their thoughts on internal and external support for open access publishing. Results showed that most of the organizations are hosting OA journals, largely between one and five in number, and many supply journal hosting services, including some technical support. Personnel resources are a notable factor in the ability to host journals. Most respondents engage in some sort of internal support for open access publishing and are open to options that they are presently not utilizing. They are particularly amenable to OA publishing support from outside of their organizations, especially assistance at a consortial level.}, keywords = {academic libraries, Canada, higher education, Open access}, doi = {10.3390/publications1010027}, url = {http://www.mdpi.com/2304-6775/1/1/27}, author = {Taylor, Donald and Heather Morrison and Owen, Brian and V{\'e}zina, Kumiko and Waller, Andrew} } @article {2865, title = {Orientation/Training Programmes in NCR Libraries for People with Disabilities: A Study of the User{\textquoteright}s Perspective}, journal = {Library Philosophy and Practice}, year = {2013}, note = {From the users\' perspective, this article identified the importance of orientation and training programmes for libraries to provide better services for users with disabilities. Future practices could learn from results in this article and adjust or add relevant training sessions for disabled users.}, pages = {1-15}, abstract = {The purpose of this article is to study users{\textquoteright} perspective regarding the importance of library orientation/training programmes for the people with disabilities in the leading academic and special National Capital Region (NCR) libraries of India. Survey methodology has been used as the basic research tool for data collection with the help of Likert-type questionnaires. The total 375 users surveyed in all the 15 libraries are selected randomly on the basis of willingness of the users to participate in the survey with the experience of working in digital environment. The survey results were tabulated and analyzed with descriptive statistics methods using Excel software and {\textquoteleft}Stata version 11{\textquoteright}. The help of {\textquoteleft}Sign Language Interpreters{\textquoteright} was taken to communicate with the deaf/hearing impaired users. The Library orientation/training programmes are found {\textquoteleft}Essential{\textquoteright} for the people with disabilities. Majority of users in all the libraries are not found aware of any orientation programme organized at their institution/library which depicts lack of {\textquoteleft}User Awareness Programmes{\textquoteright} in the National Capital Region Libraries. The people with disabilities are found aware of latest technologies and rely on training to utilize its benefits. This study is the first to explore the users{\textquoteright} perspective regarding library orientation/training programmes for the people with disabilities in NCR libraries of India. The findings will assist the libraries to review their training policies to improve the service quality for the users.}, keywords = {blind, deaf, physical disability, Web resources}, author = {Shailendra Kumar and Sanaman, Gareema} } @article {2895, title = {Overlapping factors in search engine optimization and web accessibility}, journal = {Online Information Review}, year = {2013}, note = {This article stressed the importance of search engine optimization in improving web accessibility. Moreover, it specifically highlights web companies\' coporate responsibility to provide online contents of high-quality. Only through the combination of decent design and contens can users be offered satisfactory user experience.}, abstract = {Purpose {\textendash} The purpose of this paper is to show that the pursuit of a high search engine relevance ranking for a webpage is not necessarily incompatible with the pursuit of web accessibility. Design/methodology/approach {\textendash} The research described arose from an investigation into the observed phenomenon that pages from accessible websites regularly appear near the top of search engine (such as Google) results, without any deliberate effort having been made through the application of search engine optimization (SEO) techniques to achieve this. The reasons for this phenomenon appear to be found in the numerous similarities and overlapping characteristics between SEO factors and web accessibility guidelines. Context is provided through a review of sources including accessibility standards and relevant SEO studies and the relationship between SEO and web accessibility is described. The particular overlapping factors between the two are identified and the precise nature of the overlaps is explained in greater detail. Findings {\textendash} The available literature provides firm evidence that the overlapping factors not only serve to ensure the accessibility of a website for all users, but are also useful for the optimization of the website\'s search engine ranking. The research demonstrates that any SEO project undertaken should include, as a prerequisite, the proper design of accessible web content, inasmuch as search engines will interpret the web accessibility achieved as an indicator of quality and will be able to better access and index the resulting web content. Originality/value {\textendash} The present study indicates how developing websites with high visibility in search engine results also makes their content more accessible.}, keywords = {internet, Search engines, Web accessibility, world wide web}, isbn = {0741905111117}, doi = {10.1108/OIR-04-2012-0063}, author = {Lourdes Moreno and Paloma Mart{\'\i}nez} } @book {2850, title = {Patent searching made easy: How to do patent searches on the Internet \& in the library}, year = {2013}, note = {This book should be able to serve as a guide for librarians who do patent searching for libraries. Basic ideas, tips for simple and advanced searching, as well as a variety of potential resources were covered, and libririans could work on patent searching in a more efficient and effortless way. Through patent searching, libririans may be able to incoporate more books, articles and other resources into library collections, so that people\'s access to library resouces could be expanded and enriched.}, publisher = {Nolo}, organization = {Nolo}, edition = {6}, author = {David Hitchcock}, editor = {Stim, Richard} } @book {2985, title = {The patron driven library: A practical guide for managing collection and services in the digital age}, year = {2013}, note = {This book provides introductions on the modern library. New technologies such as cloud computing, social networking, web delibery and digital and mobile libraries have been discussed with regards to libraries.}, pages = {352}, publisher = {Chandos Publishing}, organization = {Chandos Publishing}, address = {Witney}, isbn = {978-1-84334-736-1}, author = {Dee Ann Allison} } @article {3019, title = {Perceived self-efficacy of library and information science professionals regarding their information retrieval skills}, journal = {Library and Information Science Research}, volume = {35}, year = {2013}, note = {Based on the four sources of self-efficacy theory, this study measured Israeli library and information science (LIS) professionals{\textquoteright} Information Retrievel Self-Efficacy Scale. The results showed that participants presented a high level of self-efficacy and this ability was correlated with several sociodemographic variables.}, pages = {151-158}, publisher = {Elsevier Inc.}, abstract = {This research investigated self-efficacy perceptions of Israeli library and information science (LIS) professionals regarding their information retrieval skills, examining the judgments that participants make about their own searching abilities. The study was based on Bandura{\textquoteright}s four sources of self-efficacy information: (a) past performance or mastery experiences, (b) vicarious observation of others{\textquoteright} experiences, (c) verbal or social feedback, and (d) affective states. An online survey presenting the Information Retrieval Self-Efficacy Scale was distributed among three existing Israeli LIS discussion groups. The questionnaire was completed by 201 LIS professionals. Findings show that participants reported a high level of self-efficacy regarding information retrieval and all four sources of self-efficacy information influenced the construction of self-efficacy beliefs. Correlations between self-efficacy perceptions and several socio-demographic variables were investigated. The data analysis revealed that men and women are impacted differently by self-efficacy information; women reported a higher score for affective states and men are more prone to frustration. Also, a significant relation was found between age and years of experience, as well as the sources that exerted more influence on participants. Older and more experienced participants reported being more impacted by their mastery experiences and their affective states. Participants in the middle of their careers reported a greater influence of social feedback on their self-perception of self-efficacy. {\textcopyright}2013 Elsevier Inc.}, issn = {0740-8188, 0740-8188}, doi = {10.1016/j.lisr.2012.11.005}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lisr.2012.11.005}, author = {Jenny Bronstein and Tzivian, Lilian} } @article {2835, title = {Personalized web accessibility using client-side refactoring}, journal = {IEEE Internet Computing}, volume = {17}, year = {2013}, note = {This article introduces an approach called Client-Side Web Refactoring(CSWR) to provide users with a more accessible and personally customized interface. This tool allows users to refactor their client browsers to improve their web accessibility, and it is especially beneficial for handicapped users due to CSWR\'s creative designs.}, abstract = {According to the W3C (World Wide Web Consortium) accessibility standards, most Web applications are neither accessible nor usable for people with disabilities. Developers often solve this problem by building a separate, accessible application, which is seldom usable and tends to offer less functionality than the original one. To maintain a single application, developers may create an accessible view by applying on-the-fly transformations to each requested page; yet this solution rarely fits all audiences. In this paper we propose to let users improve Web accessibility in their client browsers through interface refactorings, allowing for many customized, accessible views of one single application.}, keywords = {usability, User interface}, issn = {1089-7801}, doi = {10.1109/MIC.2012.143}, author = {Alejandra Garrido and Sergio Firmenich and Rossi, Gustavo and Julian Grigera and Nuria Medina-Medina and Ivana Harari} } @article {2796, title = {Preserving books by destroying them: A foray into digitization of a professional library}, journal = {International Journal of Clinical Practice}, volume = {67}, year = {2013}, note = {This article described the process of digitizing books and preserving them into digital libraries. It should be important for libraries to achieve more digitization of collections so that users would be able to have access to previously unaccessible materials. Future practices could continue exploring how to better develop digital libraries for users, in particular those with disabilities.}, pages = {927-929}, doi = {10.1111/ijcp.12316}, author = {L. Citrome} } @article {10.1145/2435215.2435217, title = {Progress on Website Accessibility?}, journal = {ACM Trans. Web}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, year = {2013}, publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, keywords = {disability, Web accessibility}, issn = {1559-1131}, doi = {10.1145/2435215.2435217}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/2435215.2435217}, author = {Vicki L. Hanson and John T. Richards} } @article {2789, title = {Providing context for digital library content}, journal = {Proceedings of the ACM/IEEE Joint Conference on Digital Libraries}, year = {2013}, note = {This article proposed to apply three approaches to improve database content accessibility: 1) Make some changes to websites and databases; 2) Integrate contenst from other web databases; 3) Add additional materials to suppot teaching activities. Future practices could learn from these identified practices and better expand digital library accessibility.}, pages = {415-416}, abstract = {In 2004, the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis created FRASER (Federal Reserve Archival System for Economic Research, http://fraser.stlouisfed.org), a digital library of economic, financial, and banking data and policy documents. The history of American economic policy is documented in these publications, records, and archival materials. It has become evident that FRASER\'s growing user base needs additional context to improve users\' ability to navigate, select, and understand the continually growing content. We have taken three approaches to improve the accessibility of our content: changes to the database, integration with other web databases, and addition of material to support teaching activities. We hope that these changes will broaden our audience and increase site traffic. Copyright {\textcopyright} 2013 by the Association for Computing Machinery, Inc. (ACM).}, keywords = {archives, digital libraries, Economic policies, Federal Reserve, library, Policy documents, Teaching activities}, isbn = {9781450320764}, issn = {15525996}, doi = {10.1145/2467696.2467768}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84882260738\&partnerID=40\&md5=6812e14cfeb3a49494834b4a9614fce8}, author = {P. Campbell and Stierholz, K} } @article {2811, title = {Public benefit or private loss - Orphan works and the Enterprise and Regulatory Reform Act 2013}, journal = {Communications Law}, volume = {18}, year = {2013}, note = {This article talked about the trade-off between public benefits and private loss when it came to orphan works. Under the guidance of the Enterprise and Regulatory Reform Act 2013, several solutions were idenfied and further issues were discussed. Libraries and librarians could learn from these lessons, and try to improve library accessibility in dealing with orphan works, in particular, electronic images.}, pages = {77-82}, author = {Colin Davies and Tania Cheng} } @article {2933, title = {Publishing and accessibility: past, present, and future}, journal = {New Library World}, volume = {114}, year = {2013}, note = {

This article identfied several current problems and potential solutions with respect to improving web accessibility for people with print disabilities. In particular, it was emphasized that there should be a healthy relationship among rights holders,manufacturers and distributors so that the public could have more access to their desired contents.

}, pages = {554-556}, abstract = {

Purpose -- The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the Future Publishing and Accessibility Conference held in Copenhagen, Denmark on June 13-14, 2013. Design/methodology/approach -- This report provides a general overview of events at the conference as well as its main topics and outcomes Findings -- The report reveals the current challenges facing all involved in providing accessible materials to persons with print disabilities. Not only is the number of titles currently fully accessible an issue, but the digital era and electronic publishing bring their own issues. Speakers each offered their own views on potential solutions Originality/value -- This report provides librarians and researchers with a general summary of the issues surrounding accessibility and the current publishing industry as they were discussed at the conference. Adapted from the source document.

}, keywords = {Accessibility, Denmark, E-readers, libraries, library, print disabilities, Publishers \& publishing}, issn = {0307-4803}, doi = {10.1108/NLW-08-2013-0062}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1504415368?accountid=13552http://primo-direct-apac.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/openurl/RMITU/RMIT_SERVICES_PAGE??url_ver=Z39.88-2004\&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal\&genre=article\&sid=ProQ:ProQ\%3Alisashell\&atitle=P}, author = {Spires, Margaret} } @proceedings {2817, title = {Redesigning the library e-lending experience to ensure accessibility and patron privacy}, year = {2013}, note = {

This article pointed out the existing unfriendly e-lending experience due to different system designs of various third-part e-book distributors. And patrons\&$\#$39; privacy might be compromised as well. Therefore, to ensure the accessibility of lending with respect to books among different libraries, the author emphasized the importance of improving searching experience and determining formatting standards, so that librarians would have easier access to e-books from other libraries while protecting patron privacy.

}, pages = {181-182}, abstract = {

This poster identifies systematic problems with current user experience models that disadvantage consumers in favor of protecting rights holders\&$\#$39; interests. Finally, alternative models that balance library, patron, and publisher interests are discussed. \© 2013 Author.

}, keywords = {Accessibility, digitization, E-readers, ebooks, libraries, library, privacy}, isbn = {9781450321310}, doi = {10.1145/2507065.2507101}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84887293294\&partnerID=40\&md5=1db6a0ed7ff965a386783627b36801d1}, author = {K. Dobruse} } @article {2860, title = {Revisiting interlibrary loan best practices : still viable?}, journal = {Interlending \& Document Supply}, volume = {41}, year = {2013}, note = {

This article conducted a case study to review development of interlibrary loan services, including aspects in technology, staff, requesting system and patrons. Along with the advacenment in interlibrary loan models, librarians should actively embrace new emerging features and look for opportunities to improve service to library users.

}, pages = {113-119}, abstract = {

Purpose \– This paper seeks to evaluate the impact of the Group Interlibrary Loan Best Practices instituted by the Greater Western Library Alliance (GWLA) Libraries in 2002 and to examine whether these best practices are still viable today. The authors aims to provide an updated discussion on current best practices in both GWLA and other highly effective library consortia. Design/methodology/approach \– The authors use a case study approach to identify areas where interlibrary loan best practices have improved service amongst the GWLA Libraries. In addition, the practices of other high performing consortia are included to further the discussion. Findings \– The GWLA Libraries found that the best practices implemented in 2002 improved service by decreasing turnaround time and increasing patron access to alternate format types. Other library consortia are also using similar group best practices that improve resource sharing. Research limitations/implications \– This article focuses mostly on the beneficial outcomes of the best practices and limits discussion of the problems and pitfalls encountered. Originality/value \– Readers will gain an understanding of how instituting group best practices can improve interlibrary loan service and recognize the benefit of library groups.

}, keywords = {libraries, library}, isbn = {0264161121121}, doi = {10.1108/ILDS-09-2013-0025}, author = {C. Kochan and L. Leon} } @article {2791, title = {Selected practices and tools for better accessibility in digital library projects}, journal = {OCLC Systems and Services}, volume = {29}, year = {2013}, note = {This article introduced several free and usable tools to improve digital library accessibility for people with visual and hearing impairment, as well as other disabilities. Future work could learn to use these tools to accommodate different individual needs and make digital library resources accessible to the public.}, pages = {130-133}, abstract = {Purpose {\textendash} Issues related to accessibility of web based resources are more important than ever. In part this is being driven by demands for more consistent treatment of various accessibility issues on websites. However, recent complaints by students and consumers on commercial sites highlight the fact that issues related to accessibility remain to be resolved. This article aims to review current practice. Design/methodology/approach {\textendash} The methodology and approach in the article is based on a review of current literature and practice in the area. Findings {\textendash} Responsive design as well as several techniques and free tools can be used to address many of the most common issues related to accessibility. Originality/value {\textendash} This article adds to the existing literature in this area by providing a comprehensive overview and guide to the topic area.}, keywords = {Accessibility resources, digital libraries, Web accessibility, Web sites}, doi = {10.1108/OCLC-05-2013-0015}, author = {H. Frank Cervone} } @proceedings {2914, title = {Simplify or Help? Text simplification strategies for people with dyslexia}, year = {2013}, note = {

This article proposed a new text simplication strategy for people with dyslexia. This strategy would replace the difficult word with several similar-meaning words as compared with another method only using one simliar replacement word. And the results indicated that readers generally score higher with the new stretegy in terms of readability, comprehension and easiness with the tool. Therefore, such an approach could be used for furture development of reading softwares/platforms for people with reading disabilities.

}, abstract = {

We present a user study for two different automatic strate\­ gies that simplify text content for people with dyslexia. The strategies considered are the standard one (replacing a com\­ plex word with the most simpler synonym) and a new one that presents several synonyms for a complex word if the user requests them. We compare texts transformed by both strategies with the original text and to a gold standard man\­ ually built. The study was undertook by 96 participants, 47 with dyslexia plus a control group of 49 people without dyslexia. To show device independence, for the new strategy we used three different reading devices. Overall, participants with dyslexia found texts presented with the new strategy significantly more readable and comprehensible. To the best of our knowledge, this is the largest user study of its kind.

}, keywords = {dyslexia, mobile technology, usability}, author = {Rello, Luz and Ricardo Baeza-Yates and Stefan Bott and Saggion, Horacio} } @proceedings {2915, title = {Size matters (spacing not): 18 points for a dyslexic-friendly wikipedia}, year = {2013}, note = {

This article demonstrated that for readers with dyslexia, when browing a wikipedia webpage, line space did not matter, yet font sizes did and 18 points rendered the most effect. This result could help web developers even academic libraries to design websites in a more user-friendly way, in particular for people with reading disabilities.

}, abstract = {

In 2012, Wikipedia was the sixth-most visited website on the Internet. Being one of the main repositories of knowledge, students from all over the world consult it. But, around 10\% of these students have dyslexia, which impairs their access to text-based websites. How could Wikipedia be presented to be more readable for this target group? In an experiment with 28 participants with dyslexia, we compare reading speed, comprehension, and subjective readability for the font sizes 10, 12, 14, 18, 22, and 26 points, and line spacings 0.8, 1.0, 1.4, and 1.8. The results show that font size has a significant effect on the readability and the understandability of the text, while line spacing does not. On the basis of our results, we recommend using 18-point font size when designing web text for readers with dyslexia. Our results significantly differ from previous recommendations, presumably, because this is the first work to cover a wide range of values and to study them in the context of an actual website.

}, keywords = {dyslexia, font, usability}, author = {Rello, Luz and Pielot, Martin and Mari-Carmen Marcos} } @article {2797, title = {Three Digital Platforms: Hangzhou Public Library Widens Access to Resources}, journal = {Library Trends}, volume = {62}, year = {2013}, note = {This article introduced practices of Hangzhou public library in widening access to resources through Three Digital platforms, respectively library websites, WAP service and digital television service. Potentially, future development could learn from such practices and make efforts to provide more library resources to users.}, pages = {140-159}, abstract = {AbstractThis article investigates the \"three digital platforms\" of Hangzhou Public Library 杭州图书馆 through a discussion of information inequality, the digital divide, and community informatics. After an introduction to the context of contemporary China, and in particular Hangzhou, the authors consider the resources themselves with special reference to their ability to reduce information inequality. These resources{\textemdash}the \"Three Platforms\" referenced in the title of this essay{\textemdash}are: the library\'s Website (which can be accessed through standard browser applications), a Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) service that is available to mobile users, and a unique digital television service (that is supplied in collaboration with a local cable television company). As part of this discussion, the authors provide data on the number of users and views each service has had in the time since their implementation; offer detailed information on the profile of Website use and the numbers of library patrons taking part in library activities; assess the impact of these services; and debate their implications for community informatics and digital inequality in Hangzhou. Finally, the authors discuss potential future developments.}, doi = {10.1353/lib.2013.0023}, url = {http://muse.jhu.edu.offcampus.lib.washington.edu/journals/library_trends/v062/62.1.clarke.htmlhttp://muse.jhu.edu.offcampus.lib.washington.edu/journals/library_trends/v062/62.1.clarke.pdf}, author = {Christopher Peter Clarke and Su Hui 粟慧 and Ruan Li 阮立} } @article {2980, title = {Towards a more accessible e-government in Jordan: an evaluation study of visually impaired users and Web developers}, journal = {Behaviour \& Information Technology}, volume = {32}, year = {2013}, note = {This study examined the e-government website accessibility for people with visual disabilities in Jordan. The research was comprised of three parts: (1) a questionnaire distributed to developers and Web administrators; (2) an evaluation by blind and visually impaired people of some e-government websites in Jordan; and (3) an expert{\textquoteright}s review evaluation. Results showed that none of the developers or Web administrators had good or excellent amount of web accessibility standards experience. }, pages = {273-293}, abstract = {Accessibility of e-government services is a key issue for people with disabilities. E-government services can significantly save lot of their effort and provide them with lot of easy to reach services. Yet, accessibility of e-government websites is still an underexplored topic in Jordan. In order to understand the accessibility of e-government websites and its problems, this study evaluates a set of e-government websites using 20 blind and visually impaired volunteers and at the same time conducts a survey on e-government websites developers. The results from e-government websites accessibility evaluation are compared with expert{\textquoteright}s review. For both the evaluation and the survey we used a set of accessibility guidelines developed by W3C [i.e. Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG 2.0)], Section 508 of the U.S. Rehabilitation Act Amendments of 1998, and other literature review. In order to evaluate a reasonable number of e-government Web sites, a set of common e-government websites visited by the blind community were identified and a set of specific common tasks to test were defined. The analysis of the research results revealed a serious weakness in understanding, adopting and implementing Web accessibility guidelines throughout nearly all Jordanian e-government websites. Improving awareness, training developers and users, and developing formal guidelines of Web accessibility are needed to enable visually impaired and blind users in accessing e-government Web sites and their services. Further research analysis discusses and identifies key areas in which e-government accessibility can be enhanced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]}, keywords = {blind, evaluation, Web accessibility}, issn = {0144929X}, doi = {10.1080/0144929X.2011.630416}, author = {Abu-Doush, Iyad and Ashraf Bany-Mohammed and Ali, Emad and Mohammed Azmi Al-Betar} } @proceedings {2823, title = {Towards Web Accessibility Repair}, year = {2013}, note = {This article introduced the concept of \"Rich Internet Applications (RIA)\" to the context of web accessibility development, and pointed out that current guidelines and evaluations tools were inadequate to handle the complexity of RIA accessibility problems. Future research and practice needed to extend web accessibility repairing capabilities, for developers in particular, focusing on RIA issues.}, abstract = {Rich Internet Applications (RIAs) are becoming a new trend on the Web. Despite that, current evaluators and repairing tools do not access all the possible variation of RIAs producing incomplete results. Thus, it is important to fully understand the impact of RIAs in accessibility, identify development and repair patterns. We perform that using an extended version of QualWeb evaluator, which allows to simultaneously understand, evaluate and propose repairing practices to some accessibility problems of RIAs.}, keywords = {Automated evaluation, RIA, User interface, Web accessibility}, author = {N{\'a}dia Fernandes} } @article {3035, title = {Understanding gender inequality in central e-government : A Korean case study}, journal = {Government Information Quarterly}, volume = {30}, year = {2013}, note = {This study examined gender inequality in using the Korean central government website in 2010. Participants{\textquoteright} real time Internet surfing was recorded by the clickstream data. As a result, 8458 participants{\textquoteright} online activities records were obtained. Results showed that males had more time spent on e-government surfing as well as daily visits. However, this became insignificant when family characteristics and socio-economic status were controlled. Looking at different categories of e-government websites, results showed that more females logged on to the government websites that were characterized as social and cultural affairs whereas more males logged on to public administrative affairs websites. Additionally, when examining different socioeconomic characteristics, some of them exerted significant impact on the e-government usage.}, pages = {300-309}, publisher = {Elsevier Inc.}, abstract = {In this study, we examine gender inequality in the use of the Korean central government website in 2010. Adapting the digital divide and the gender differentiation hypothesis, we analyze e-government users and the determinants of their demand for e-government websites. Specifically, after controlling for socio-economic factors and family characteristics as demand determinants, we test whether gender inequality in e-government access and usage persists across central government units that provide differentiated public services. Our regression results indicate (i) no persistent gender inequality, supporting the gender differentiation hypothesis, and (ii) the importance of family characteristics as a determinant of demands for e-government websites. However, we also find a persistent divide in access to and usage of central e-government services by education and occupation, which deserves more attention and further research.}, keywords = {data, gender, Socioeconomic factors, Web accessibility}, doi = {10.1016/j.giq.2013.01.003}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2013.01.003}, author = {Yeon-tae Choi and Park, Sangin} } @article {3036, title = {User requirements of social media for the elderly: a case study in Taiwan}, journal = {Behaviour \& Information Technology}, volume = {32}, year = {2013}, note = {

Although the Internet, and especially social media, has been dominated by young users, data has shown that increasing elderly people are adopting new technologies. Based on the idea that it is not the elderly\&$\#$39;s age but the utilisation process and the interface that impede the older people\&$\#$39;s use of new technologies, the study investigated how Facebook\&$\#$39;s interface design is elderly-friendly with a sample from Taiwan.

}, pages = {920-937}, abstract = {

Numerous researchers have proposed website design norms that are suitable for the elderly. However, in the design of community platforms, elderly users were not considered in social media usage. Young and middle-aged people are the main targets in several social media platforms. To coordinate the digital lives of elderly users, the emphasis in this study was to determine the problems and to search for solutions. The real requirements and proper solutions for the elderly were integrated by analysing possible factors. This study is an anthropological user centred approach, to explore the verbal behaviour of senior citizens while they accessed Facebook. Facebook, which is a social media platform with a multilingual language interface, is currently used worldwide and served the purpose of an experimental base for this research. By determining the user environments that are suitable for the elderly, including web page accessibility, interface design and real social life transformation, this article proposes the factors for a social media website, the factors for the elderly to use social media platforms, a social media platform design that can be easily used by the elderly and design factors suitable for the elderly.

}, keywords = {older adults, universal design, usability}, issn = {0144-929X}, doi = {10.1080/0144929X.2012.681068}, url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0144929X.2012.681068}, author = {Wen Huei Chou and Yu-Ting Lai and Kuang-Hsia Liu} } @proceedings {2843, title = {Using Simultaneous Audio Sources to Speed-Up Blind People{\textquoteright}s Web Scanning}, year = {2013}, note = {This short article used the Cocktail Party effect to illustrate the prominence of presenting multiple simultaneous sound sources for people with visual disabilities when they are scanning web contents. Similar ideas have been applied to audio books, thus what this article proposed should be taken into consideration when designing wbesties for visually impaired users. In this way, probably they could have access to more accessible webistes.}, abstract = {Sighted users are able to sift through a website quickly to find their information of interest. In contrast, screen readers present the information sequentially to blind users, which contrast with the visual presentation on screen that portrays more information at once. We believe that blind users will benefit from multiple simultaneous sound sources while scanning websites with several information items, in order to find their information of interest faster.}, doi = {Cocktail Party Effect, Information Overload, Web Accessibility, Multiple Audio Sources, Spatial Sound, Speech Perception , Scanning, Skimming, Blind People}, author = {Jo{\~a}o Guerreiro} } @proceedings {2919, title = {Web accessibility of MOOCs for elderly students}, year = {2013}, note = {

This article addressed inadequate efforts of online courses, such as MOOCs, to improve web accessibility for elderly students. Since E-learning is an increasingly popular phenomenon around the world, it is important for those online-course providers to not only offer better quality contents, but also continue improving online platforms and operating systems.

}, abstract = {

\—Internet use by older people has increased dramat- ically during the past 10 years. According to different sources, the number of users over age 65 has more than doubled since 2000. Besides, the inevitable effect of younger users aging will increase the number of older people using the Internet the next decades. Unfortunately, older people face several challenges when using the web due to diminishing capacities related to aging, such as vision decline, hearing loss, decremented motor skills and cognition issues. On the other hand, e-learning can be an opportunity in helping older people become integrated with the rest of society. In this context, Massive Open Online Courses (MOOC) bring great opportunities to enhance the quality of life of older people by enabling lifelong learning and inclusion in learning communities. However, MOOCs can present some barriers that could hamper full participation by elderly students. In order to avoid these barriers, MOOCs have to meet different user needs, skills and situations: MOOCs have to successfully address web accessibility challenges for elderly students. The purpose of this paper is to raise awareness towards a better understanding of the web accessibility challenges that elderly students of MOOCs face.

}, keywords = {aging, distance education, education, older adults, Web accessibility, World Wide Web Consortium}, isbn = {9781479900862}, doi = {10.1109/ITHET.2013.6671024}, author = {Sanchez-Gordon, Sandra and Sergio Luj{\'a}n-Mora} } @article {2854, title = {Web accessibility support for visually impaired users using link content analysis}, journal = {SpringerPlus}, volume = {2}, year = {2013}, note = {This article intended to propose a way to improve web accessibility for people with visual disabilities by identifying different types of web page links. 8 categories of links, including article, image, file, plug-in, input form, other site, link page and link to own page, were presented. Such classification proved to be effective and web accessibility was improved. Therefore, future work could continue further developing more accurate classifications.}, pages = {116}, abstract = {PMID: 23667799}, keywords = {Accessibility, link classification, web page link}, isbn = {9781614990932}, doi = {10.1186/2193-1801-2-116}, url = {http://www.springerplus.com/content/2/1/116/abstracthttp://www.springerplus.com/content/2/1/116http://www.springerplus.com/content/pdf/2193-1801-2-116.pdf}, author = {Hajime Iwata and Naofumi Kobayashi and Tachibana, Kenji and Shirogane, Junko and Yoshiaki Fukazawa} } @article {3075, title = {Accessibility levels of Portuguese enterprise websites: equal opportunities for all?}, journal = {Behaviour \& Information Technology}, volume = {31}, year = {2012}, note = {This study examined the web accessibility of Portuguese enterprise websites. Results showed that more than expected enterprises (both largest and small enterprises) were not compliant to priority 1 and 2. Recommendations were given concerning problems detected.}, pages = {659-677}, abstract = {Web accessibility is growing in importance. We may also find an increasing need for access to web resources by those with some sort of disability. The Web is very important for spreading information and for promoting interaction between the various elements in society. Given this, it is essential that the Web presents itself as a totally accessible resource, so that it can help citizens with disabilities and their integration in society. This obligation should be even greater for enterprises as primarily the Web is used as a marketing and business platform. With this document, we present indicators regarding the [lack of] accessibility levels of Portuguese enterprise websites. This article contains theoretical and background considerations as well as the results of two different studies that the research team undertook. First of all, the research team made a comparison between the 1000 largest Portuguese enterprises (annual sales volume) and the 1000 best Portuguese small and medium enterprises (sales growth and profit) using a specialised software tool and according to Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 1.0; the research team then also considered WCAG 2.0 and its impact on enterprise Web accessibility. In the second study (qualitative in nature), focus group interactions led to a set of recommendations towards greater accessibility. Web accessibility is growing in importance. We may also find an increasing need for access to web resources by those with some sort of disability. The Web is very important for spreading information and for promoting interaction between the various elements in society. Given this, it is essential that the Web presents itself as a totally accessible resource, so that it can help citizens with disabilities and their integration in society. This obligation should be even greater for enterprises as primarily the Web is used as a marketing and business platform. With this document, we present indicators regarding the [lack of] accessibility levels of Portuguese enterprise websites. This article contains theoretical and background considerations as well as the results of two different studies that the research team undertook. First of all, the research team made a comparison between the 1000 largest Portuguese enterprises (annual sales volume) and the 1000 best Portuguese small and medium enterprises (sales growth and profit) using a specialised software tool and according to Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 1.0; the research team then also considered WCAG 2.0 and its impact on enterprise Web accessibility. In the second study (qualitative in nature), focus group interactions led to a set of recommendations towards greater accessibility.}, keywords = {Accessibility, websites}, issn = {0144-929X}, doi = {10.1080/0144929X.2011.563802}, url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0144929X.2011.563802}, author = {Ramiro Gon{\c c}alves and Jos{\'e} Martins and Pereira, Jorge and Oliveira, Manuel Au-Yong and Jo{\~a}o Jos{\'e} Pinto Ferreira} } @article {3253, title = {Accessibility of academic library web sites in North America Current status and trends (2002-2012)}, volume = {From Volume: 1 Issue: 1, to Volume: 38}, year = {2012}, abstract = {

Abstract Purpose \– The purpose of this paper is to present longitudinal data on the accessibility of 56 North American academic library web sites, as well as insights into the connection between accessibility and certain design methods and technologies. Design/methodology/approach \– Bobby 3.1.1 was used to evaluate compliance with the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 1.0. Also studied were the main method of page layout (CSS versus HTML tables), whether a content management system was used, and whether skip-navigation links were employed. Findings \– The percentage of Bobby-approved pages has remained consistent around 60 per cent in 2010 and 2012. However, the percentage of errors per page, a metric more sensitive to the pervasiveness of accessibility barriers, has steadily and significantly decreased. Sites whose layouts are built with cascading style sheets have fewer errors per page than those that use tables for layout. Sites that use a CMS have considerably higher percentages of approved pages and fewer errors per page than sites that are not built with a CMS. Research limitations/implications \– The principal tool used, Bobby 3.1.1, is capable of detecting only a subset of accessible design principles. Future studies should examine compliance with the newer WCAG 2.0 guidelines. Practical implications \– The use of a content management system may have a positive impact on accessibility. While this study reveals some promising trends, more education and continued advocacy is needed to increase web accessibility at libraries. Originality/value \– This is the only study that provides up-to-date trend information about the accessibility of a broader set of academic library web sites (a set not limited to one state) over an extended time period. It is also the only accessibility study comparing academic library web sites that use a content management system to those that do not. Keywords Academic libraries, Accessibility, People with disabilities, Web design, Content management systems (CMS), Cascading style sheets (CSS), United States of America, Canada Paper type Research paper Introduction To a large extent, disability is a social construct. To look at disability as a condition residing within certain individuals, as a malfunction or medical problem of sorts, does The current issue and full text archive of this journal is available at www.emeraldinsight.com/0737-8831.htm LHT 31,1 8 Received November 2012 Revised December 2012 Accepted December 2012 Library Hi Tech Vol. 31 No. 1, 2013 pp. 8-33 q Emerald Group Publishing Limited 0737-8831 DOI 10.1108/07378831311303903 not do justice to the matter; nor does it do those affected by it any good. If we conceptualize disability in terms of what people can do, or cannot do, under certain conditions, these conditions are at least as important to the overall picture as specific bodily (dys)functions (see also Jones, 1996; and Liachowitz, 1988). This applies not only to the physical environment, but also to the online world. For example, for blind people who use screen readers (software) to access information on the web to be successful, the sites they visit have to be designed with accessibility for all in mind. Two key authoritative documents provide guidance on how to design accessible web sites: worldwide, the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines developed by the Worldwide Web\’s Web Accessibility Initiative (W3C/WAI), first issued in 1999 and re-issued in 2008 in their revised version (WCAG 2.0); and in the United States (US), the federal Access Board standards issued under Section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1964, as amended in 1998, and in effect since 2001 (World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), 1999, 2008; United States Access Board, 1998, 2001). Especially in the world of academia, access to information is of utmost importance. The accessibility of a university library web site, which functions as a gateway to its many information resources (catalog, article databases, digital collections, online tutorials, e-reserve, etc), is thus of particular concern. Without access, neither students nor faculty can pursue the research necessary for their advancement. Schmetzke (2001) observed that only a handful of universities in the US had adopted web accessibility policies. In a similar vein, WebAIM (2004) contended that the majority of universities do not have a policy designed to ensure across-campus web accessibility. Only a few years later, Schmetzke (2005) found web accessibility policies for 12 of the 13 larger campuses within the University of Wisconsin System (University of Wisconsin Library, 2005). In 2007, Bradbard et al. (2010) collected data indicating that the vast majority of land-grant universities (50 out of 58) now had web accessibility policies in place. However, a number of policy elements were not covered by over half of the institutions. Most often neglected were \“time frame for implementation\” (78 percent) and \“violations of the standards\” (88 percent). No nationwide data specific to accessible web policies at academic libraries are available. A cursory web search yielded surprisingly few hits \– Penn State University Libraries (n.d.), Yale University Library (n.d.), and the University Library at California State University, Long Beach (n.d.). Institutions, which have a campus-wide policy in place may not have seen a need for library-specific policies. Regardless of whether academic libraries have their own accessible web policies, or whether the respective design issues are covered under the broader campus policies, it remains questionable whether they are sufficient (see the Bradbard et al. study above) and whether they are properly implemented. Data revealing the actual conformance of library web pages to accepted accessible design principles are thus as badly needed today as they were when the web was still in its infancy. This study provides insight into the accessibility of academic library web sites by looking at data collected over the course of the past ten years. By comparing data from previous studies (2002 data, published by Schmetzke, 2003; and 2006 data, published by Comeaux and Schmetzke, 2007) and two sets of more recently collected data (2010 and 2012), this study provides a current snapshot of web accessibility at selected North American libraries, as well as insights into trends and changes that have occurred over the past decade.

}, issn = {0737-8831}, url = {www.emeraldinsight.com/0737-8831.htm}, author = {David Comeaux and Schmetzke, Axel} } @article {3212, title = {Accessibility of digital special collections using screen readers}, journal = {Library Hi Tech}, volume = {30}, year = {2012}, note = {

The research examined 69 US academic library web sites in 2011 to test whether textual materials from their digitized special collections were readable with screen reader technology. The results indicated that 29 out of 69 (42\%) of the digitized special collections items were readable by screen-reader technology whereas 40 (58\%) were not readable.

}, pages = {457-471}, abstract = {

Purpose \– The purpose of this paper is to discover whether digitized materials from special collections libraries can be accessed using screen reader technology. Design/methodology/approach \– The researchers looked at 69 US academic library web sites from the ARL in 2011 to determine whether textual materials sampled from their digitized special collections were readable with screen reader technology. Findings \– The researchers found that 42 percent of the sampled digital collection items are screen-readable, while 58 percent are not readable. Research limitations/implications \– Screen readers are not evaluated against one another for effectiveness with digital collections. Library web site pathways to digital special collections were not evaluated with screen readers. Originality/value \– This is the first study to examine the accessibility of digitized special collections materials to persons using a screen reader.

}, keywords = {academic libraries, Accessibility, assistive technology, digitization, disabilities, library}, issn = {0737-8831}, doi = {10.1108/07378831211266609}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/07378831211266609}, author = {Southwell, Kristina L and Slater, Jacquelyn and Dave Comeaux and Schmetzke, Axel} } @article {2859, title = {Accessibility of web search engines: Towards a deeper understanding of barriers for people with disabilities}, journal = {Library Review}, volume = {61}, year = {2012}, note = {This article proposed to apply the three-steps WAI evaluation model to evaluate web search engine\'s accessibility for people with disabilities. Specific instructions were included, as well as some suggestions future web developers and libririans could take into consideration in real practices.}, pages = {608-621}, doi = {10.1108/00242531211292105}, author = {Friederike Kerkmann and Dirk Lewandowski} } @article {2967, title = {The Accessibility Quotient: A New Measure of Open Access}, journal = {Journal of Librarianship and Scholarly Communication}, volume = {1}, year = {2012}, note = {This artcile proposed a new meaure for open web accessibility, so that both authors and related parties could understand the degree of access to their outputs. Future practice could use such an approach for librarians to evaluate incoming resources, in order to impove public access to library collections.}, pages = {1-12}, abstract = {INTRODUCTION The Accessibility Quotient (AQ), a new measure for assisting authors and librarians in assessing and characterizing the degree of accessibility for a group of papers, is proposed and described. The AQ offers a concise measure that assesses the accessibility of peer-reviewed research produced by an individual or group, by incorporating data on open availability to readers worldwide, the degree of financial barrier to access, and journal quality. The paper reports on the context for developing this measure, how the AQ is calculated, how it can be used in faculty outreach, and why it is a useful lens to use in assessing progress towards more open access to research. METHODS Journal articles published in 2009 and 2010 by faculty members from one department in each of MIT{\textquoteright}s five schools were examined. The AQ was calculated using economist Ted Bergstrom{\textquoteright}s Relative Price Index to assess affordability and quality, and data from SHERPA/RoMEO to assess the right to share the peer-reviewed version of an article. RESULTS The results show that 2009 and 2010 publications by the Media Lab and Physics have the potential to be more open than those of Sloan (Management), Mechanical Engineering, and Linguistics \& Philosophy. DISCUSSION Appropriate interpretation and applications of the AQ are discussed and some limitations of the measure are examined, with suggestions for future studies which may improve the accuracy and relevance of the AQ. CONCLUSION The AQ offers a concise assessment of accessibility for authors, departments, disciplines, or universities who wish to characterize or understand the degree of access to their research output, capturing additional dimensions of accessibility that matter to faculty}, doi = {10.7710/2162-3309.1025}, url = {http://jlsc-pub.org/jlsc/vol1/iss1/7}, author = {Willmott, Mathew A and Katharine H. Dunn and Ellen F. Duranceau} } @article {2925, title = {Automation and Digitization in University Libraries: A Comparative Study of Seven North Indian University Libraries}, journal = {International Journal of Information Dissemination and Technology}, volume = {2}, year = {2012}, note = {This article conducted a study to assess levels of library functions in automation and digitization. Since developing digital libraries is an important strategy for libraries to expand accessibility and dissenminate knowledge, it should be crucial to note that lack of official policy is a major impediment during the process. In future practices, librarians should strive for more support from administratives in promoting digital libraries and make efforts to preserve collections in a more cost efficient way.}, pages = {135-141}, abstract = {The purpose of this paper is to examine the present automation and digitization projects in university libraries and the challenges they pose to effective information delivery. It discusses the various aspects of the conversion of in-house library materials into electronic format, which leads toward the creation of digital library. The paper makes a more conscious effort on library automation, in institutionalizing digital library services, formulation and implementation of digitization policies, introduction of user education/digital literacy programmes and conscious staff training programme on ICTs for university libraries in North India.}, keywords = {academic libraries, digitization, India}, url = {http://www.ijidt.com/index.php/ijidt/article/view/152}, author = {Sharma, Neelam} } @article {2786, title = {BETTER, MORE ACCESSIBLE, LIBRARIES FOR ALL IN AUSTRALIA: PROGRESS AND POTENTIAL}, journal = {Aplis}, volume = {25}, year = {2012}, note = {This article analyzed strengths, progress and development potentials of Australian libraries, including University libraries, Tafe libraries, school libraries, special libraries and public libraries. In addition, the author also identified financial challenges for these libraries to improve accessibility, and argued for more public attention towards library construction in the future.}, abstract = {Australia has four major library sectors, public, academic, school and special. All of those sectors have major strengths and rate well by world standards. Many new and redeveloped buildings have been constructed in them. The academic libraries have been strongly focused on the information/learning commons concept, electronic resources and information literacy education. Public libraries are now available to everyone in Australia, and are receiving increasing attention and new buildings as multidimensional centres for community learning capacity growing. School libraries have many new buildings and a strong focus on information literary education but they often now have inadequate teacher librarian and library technician staff and resources. School library needs were reviewed during 2011 by a committee of inquiry of the Australian federal parliament. Special libraries have experienced cutbacks and institutional changes and mergers but the sector continues to innovate and grow in areas such as law libraries. Australia has the benefit of a strong multisectoral professional library association based in the national capital Canberra, and which is helping all sectors to address areas such as the ageing and education of the profession, library education, professional development, and advocacy. Australia also unusually has a national association for Friends of Australian Libraries to focus citizen advocacy for stronger investment in public libraries in particular. A challenge for the Australian library sectors is to become better informed about the issues and many users they have in common, and to collaborate in practice and in advocacy for better, more accessible, libraries for all. Revised version of a paper commissioned by the French \'Bulletin des Bibliot{\`e}ques de France\' and published in its number 6, 2011 pp59-63. ith over 7.5million km 2 , Australia has the same area as the continental USA and is 14 times larger than metropolitan France. Eighty five per cent of its population of only 23million - projected to at least double by 2050 because of a high birth rate compared with most European countries, and immigration - lives along or close to its 25,760km coastline. That population is largely urbanized. Indigenous Australians comprise 2.3 per cent of the population, and over 160 nationalities are represented in its multicultural population. The country\'s large inland areas, with their many small towns and villages, represent a major challenge in the delivery of educational, library and health services. As the world\'s 14 th largest, the Australian economy is service and commodities dominated. There is low unemployment, and skills shortages, including in the library sector. It has largely escaped the impact of the global financial crisis.}, author = {Alan Bundy} } @book {3007, title = {Big Media, Big Money: Cultural Texts and Political Economics}, year = {2012}, pages = {373}, publisher = {Rowman \& Littlefield Publishers, Inc, Rowman \& Littlefield Publishers}, organization = {Rowman \& Littlefield Publishers, Inc, Rowman \& Littlefield Publishers}, edition = {2nd}, address = {Lanham, Md}, author = {Ronald V. Bettig and Jeanne Lynn Hall} } @article {2935, title = {Can Web 2.0 Strengthen Reading Skills?}, journal = {Library Media Connection}, year = {2012}, note = {This article discussed how web 2.0 interactive tools could help students engage in reading and learning in a more effective way. These tools could also benefit students with disabilities to better understand materials and communicate with other teachers and students.}, author = {Story, Tammy} } @article {3101, title = {The co-evolution of e-government and public libraries: Technologies, access, education, and partnerships}, journal = {Library and Information Science Research}, volume = {34}, year = {2012}, note = {The data of the survey relied on The Public Library Funding and Technology Access Survey conducted for the American Library Association (ALA) and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. In addition, eight sites were studied and fifteen interviews with agency, library, and state library staff were conducted. The websites dispersed across the U.S. and the libraries included a variety of website types across different metropolitan status, operating budget, library staff full-time-equivalents, and public access technology infrastructure, and a diversity of levels of e-government servision. The study found there was a clear relationship between e-government provision and public library{\textquoteright}s provision of Internet access. The accessibility of e-government websites for all members of the society was made possible only when public libraries provide free public Internet access.}, pages = {271-281}, publisher = {Elsevier Inc.}, abstract = {While many studies have discussed the impacts of electronic government (e-government) on public libraries, little research has considered the extent to which the current federal government{\textquoteright}s implementation of e-government relies on the public technology access, training, and support provided by public libraries. A range of data and policy materials are drawn upon in order to illuminate the co-evolution of public libraries and e-government. Beginning with a discussion of the development of e-government and its impacts in public libraries, the access, goals, and challenges of e-government are detailed as they relate to libraries, and the areas in which current implementations of e-government would not be possible without public libraries. Based on the explorations of the co-evolution of e-government and public libraries, key policy issues are offered that require reconceptualization in order to better support the interrelationship between e-government and public libraries. ?? 2012 Elsevier Inc.}, keywords = {universal accessibility}, issn = {07408188}, doi = {10.1016/j.lisr.2012.06.003}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lisr.2012.06.003}, author = {T. Paul Jaeger and Natalie N. Greene and John Carlo Bertot and Perkins, Natalie and Wahl, Emily E.} } @article {2938, title = {Collection Accessibility: A Best Practices Guide for Libraries and Librarians}, journal = {Library Technology Reports}, volume = {48}, year = {2012}, note = {This article identified specific guidelines to improve digital collection accessibility for libraries, in particular advocating using an accessibility checklist when purchasing online resources. Additionally, the importance of creating and maintaining mobile websites and mobile apps was emphasized as well. Future work in web accessibility could incorporate suggestions in this article to check against their original operations and make adjustment accordingly.}, pages = {36-42}, abstract = {The purpose of chapter 5 of Library Technology Reports (vol 48, no. 7) \"Making Libraries Accessible: Adaptive Design and Assistive Technology\" is to provide libraries and librarians with best practices for increasing the accessibility of library collections to patrons with print disabilities. The chapter summarizes demographic, legal, and technological information that is relevant when considering how to improve library accessibility; it also discusses the methods for enhancing access to library resources, print and digital. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1178998620/abstract?accountid=25279http://media.proquest.com/media/pq/classic/doc/2821615311/fmt/pi/rep/NONE?hl=\&cit\%3Aauth=Tatomir\%2C+Jennifer+Nastasia\%3BTatomir\%2C+Joanna+Catarina\&cit\%3Atitle=Collection+Accessibility}, author = {Tatomir, Jennifer Nastasia and Tatomir, Joanna Catarina} } @article {2942, title = {Collections Digitization Framework : A Service-oriented Approach to Digitization in Academic Libraries}, journal = {The Canadian Journal of Library and Information Practice and Research}, volume = {7}, year = {2012}, note = {

This article introduced a service-oriented framework to better digitize collections for academic libraries. Both advantages and challenges were identified to provide insights into future development of digitization activities. Librarians could learn from these examples to design future digitization services, so that users may achieve better user experience in library settings.

}, pages = {1-13}, abstract = {

This article proposes a service-oriented framework for academic libraries to reimagine and mobilize collections digitization as part of broader library services. The proposed Collections Digitization Framework is based on the Service Framework for Digital Libraries developed by the Digital Library Federation, whereby digitization activities have been formalized into discrete processes and functions. The issues and challenges that academic libraries may face in mobilizing digitization services are also discussed in the context of a collaborative community digitization initiative undertaken by two Canadian academic libraries.

}, keywords = {academic libraries, digital libraries, digitization, libraries, library}, author = {Tharani, Karim} } @article {3245, title = {Communicating Web Accessibility to the Novice Developer: From User Experience to Application}, journal = {Journal of Business and Technical Communication}, volume = {27}, year = {2012}, note = {

This article focused on how to teach new web developers of designing accessible web pagers. It argued that teaching coding practices was only the first step. They should also be taught the exigency of web accessibility. In sum, the author proposed that teaching novice web developers should invite a guest lecture or video to introduce them to at least one real disabled user and use several tools to demonstrate issues with fimiliar sites.

}, pages = {209-232}, abstract = {

Novice Web developers and other technical communicators need to learn not only accessibility standards but also factors that make designs usable to audiences with disabilities. One challenge of teaching accessibility to novices is creating exigency; another is emulating experiences of users with disabilities. This article tackles teaching novices to create Web sites for visually impaired audiences using a five-stage, recursive approach. Teaching best coding practices is only one stage: Instructors should create exigency by introducing real users and their experiences. They should also check for accessibility and emulate screen-reader output using tools such as WAVE and FANGS, respectively. Furthermore, novice developers should examine how different tools can be used in combination to provide a variety of feedback.

}, doi = {10.1177/1050651912458924}, author = {Youngblood, Susan A.} } @article {2893, title = {Comparison of three digital library interfaces: Open library, Google books, and Hathi Trust}, journal = {Proceedings of the ACM/IEEE Joint Conference on Digital Libraries}, year = {2012}, note = {This article compared three digital library interfaces in terms of usability and accessibility. According to the results, Open Library standed out due to its aesthetic values and analogus features with physical counterparts. Both Google books and Hathi Trust had several unpleasant interface characteristics. Therefore, librarians could use feedback in this article to promote the more user-friendly interface so that users would obtain better user experience in library environment.}, pages = {367-368}, abstract = {Digital libraries often require very specialized interfaces in order to present various types of digital content. It is therefore critical to create interfaces that improve presentation of digital information and maximize user experience with digital collections. In this respect, this research aims to examine interfaces of three digital libraries that provide collections of digital text. The three digital libraries include Open Library, Google Books, and Hathi Trust. An evaluation matrix was developed to measure usability, aesthetics and interface components. The overall findings of the study showed that the majority of the participants preferred the Open Library interface followed by Google Books. The statistical analysis indicated that Open Library is significantly better than Google Books and Hathi Trust in terms of usability, aesthetics, and interface components. The preference for the Open Library stemmed largely from aesthetic choices. Participants also appreciated the use of elements that are analogous to their physical counterparts. {\textcopyright} 2012 Authors.}, keywords = {digital libraries}, isbn = {9781450311540}, doi = {10.1145/2232817.2232894}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84863541848\&partnerID=40\&md5=4bc5f48aea4f777ddd97188a7601d855}, author = {M. Miller and G. Choi and L. Chell} } @article {2857, title = {Conservation and Preservation of Archives: A Case Study of Punjab Digital Library}, journal = {World Digital Libraries}, volume = {5}, year = {2012}, note = {This article discussed different aspects, such as techniques, funding, working groups and staffing, during the process of preserving archives in Punjab digital library. There is no doubt for the advantages of digitization, therefore, in future practices, librarians could use lessons in this article to develop more projects in digitization. Such endeavors would provide better library accessibility to users with more available resources.}, pages = {75-84}, keywords = {archives, digitization, library}, author = {Pandher Balbir Kaur} } @article {2765, title = {Copyright law and the Academic Libraries: a perspective}, journal = {Trends in Information Management}, volume = {8}, year = {2012}, note = {

This article stressed the point that copyright laws mattered to academic library operations. Yet the awareness of copyrights was not sufficient in current library practices. Therefore, librarians should actively engage in protecting copyrights of library digital resources, and avoid infringement when providing those contents to end users.

}, pages = {111-122}, abstract = {

Purpose: The purpose is to emphasize the significance of copyright laws in the academic environment. The origin of the copyright law dates back to 1662 or 1710 of Queen Anne who set a pattern for formal copyright statutes at the international level and in India copyright regime came into practice with the Indian copyright act 1957, amended five times has richly influenced by British copyright act. But not many (even librarians) are aware of its existence and its enforcement, influence on library collection and library services. In India the legal position under the act is that only very specific activities are permitted as regards to libraries and library services and much needs to be done for copyright awareness. Methodology: This study has used general survey of literature and public opinion with regards to copyright issues. Findings: Not many were aware of the issues relating to copyright laws. ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]; Copyright of Trends in Information Management is the property of University of Kashmir and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder\&$\#$39;s express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

}, keywords = {academic libraries, copyright, India, libraries, library}, url = {http://ezproxy.si.unav.es:2048/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true\&AuthType=ip,url\&db=buh\&AN=89920327\&lang=es\&site=eds-live}, author = {Lalitha Aswath and Reddy, Anjaneya N M} } @article {2815, title = {Cybrarian: The Librarian of Future Digital Library}, journal = {International Journal of Informatioan Dissemination and Technology}, volume = {2}, year = {2012}, note = {This article discussed the development of digital libraries, in particular, the changing roles of library professionals and changing services of digital libraries. A new concept \"cybrarian\" was further explicated as well, exploring how librarians could act in era of future digital libraries. Additionally, both professional and personal competencies were identified as requirements for future librarians, especially in future virtual library environment.}, pages = {209-211}, abstract = {Now a day Libraries are without wall, that all resources of libraries are on digital form accessible through networking communication to remote areas. Present librarian have a skill on handling and manage digital resources and creating institutional database and maintain all e-resources in helpful way to satisfy the user and providing their seeking information in least time as possible. Working in this environment traditional librarian are changing their role drastically and facing several challenges in their professional ground and adopting themselves to new situation. This paper highlighting on this phase that is mobilization of librarian to Cybrarian.}, issn = {2229-5984}, author = {Tulima Dey} } @article {2960, title = {Digital access to culture}, journal = {Journal of Assistive Technologies}, volume = {6}, year = {2012}, note = {

This article identified a number of potentials to widen digital accessibility to users with disabilities through development of assistive technologies. Besides, policy changes should be emphasized as well, and it should require collective efforts to create an inclusive society.

}, pages = {163-166}, abstract = {

Purpose: The Jodi Awards exist to promote digital access to culture. This paper aims to give some background to the Awards and to profile the 2011 winner and commendation. Design/methodology/approach: The Jodi Awards are annual awards given to celebrate the best examples of using technology to make culture and cultural institutions accessible to people with a disability. Findings: Much has already been achieved in using technology to widen access to museums, galleries and heritage venues but there is clear potential for more development, given the appropriate political will and policy change. Originality/value: The Jodi Awards are unique in celebrating the use of technology in this way. \© Emerald Group Publishing Limited.

}, keywords = {Accessibility, assistive technology, Culture, digitization}, doi = {10.1108/17549451211235028}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84862527486\&partnerID=tZOtx3y1}, author = {Weisen, Marcus} } @article {2851, title = {Digital Copyright Protection: Issues in the Digital Library Environment}, journal = {DESIDOC Journal of Library \& Information Technology}, volume = {32}, year = {2012}, note = {

This article discussed different types of copyright infringement in digital library environment, and how to perform well in digital rights management. Librarians could learn and use some techniques introduced in this study to further protect copyrights of library digital resources while developing library accessibility to patrons.

}, pages = {233-239}, keywords = {copyright, digitization, library}, url = {http://www.publications.drdo.gov.in/ojs/index.php/djlit/article/view/2380/1271}, author = {Hombal, S G and Prasad, K N} } @article {2949, title = {Digital Librarians and the Challenges of Open Access to Knowledge: The Michael Okpara University of Agriculture (MOUAU) Library Experience}, journal = {Library Philosophy and Practice}, year = {2012}, note = {This article discussed challenges digital librirans faced when developing open access through a case study of MOUAU library. Therefore, to further extend library accessibility to the public, it should be important to digital librirans to improve professional knowledge and skills in open access, and convince people in managerial level, even the Internet service provider, to promote free access of resources to people across the society.}, abstract = {The development of Internet technology has provided academic and research institutions with a very high level of visibility on the web. As a result, teaching, learning and research is widely improved in the global society today. The intellectual call for knowledge and information dissemination by countless organizations and educational meetings has given birth to a terminology called open access. This initiative is aimed at bringing the knowledge society to a state of free access to all kinds of information and learning material using the Internet and ICT tools. The library plays an important role in sustaining the open access initiative (Das, 2008). Librarians who ensure the organization and dissemination of full-text content of knowledge materials to online communities are the digital librarians. This paper therefore examines the state of open access in MOUAU, discussing the challenges confronting the managers (digital librarians).}, url = {http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/libphilprac/740}, author = {Uzuegbu, Chimezie Patrick and Faustinus U. McAlbert} } @article {2906, title = {Digital Library Preservation : Strategies , Issues and Challenges}, journal = {Library Progress International}, volume = {32}, year = {2012}, note = {This article identified several issues and challenges with respect to preservation of digital library information. In the meantime, authors also proposed some strategies to address those problems, including refreshing, migration, replication, emulation, so on and so forth. Librarians could learn from these lessons and make endeavors to fix specific existing problems.}, pages = {233-242}, keywords = {digitization, library}, author = {Pal, Nirmalendu and Sharma, Ajay Kumar and Mrityunjoy De} } @article {2856, title = {Digitization of Library Collection in Developing Countries : The Hezekiah Oluwasanmi Library Experience}, journal = {Library Philosophy and Practice}, year = {2012}, note = {This article introduced a case study of the Hezakia Oluwasanmi Library in digitizing library collections. Specific process in digitizing all kinds of materials were described accordingly, where librarians could learn lessons and make improvements. It should be important to develop digital lilbrary projects since they would expand library accessibility to all the library users, in particular those with disabilities.}, pages = {1-11}, abstract = {The paper describes the digitization of library collections at the Hezekiah Oluwasanmi Library, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife in response to the contemporary global trends. The digitization process, one of the earliest in the Nigerian universities, began in 2003 with a focus essentially on abstracts of masters{\textquoteright} dissertations and doctoral theses, as well as newspaper collections of Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife. The exercise became imperative due to high demand and heavy usage of newspapers and theses by both staff and students for research and learning purposes. The paper further examines the timely intervention of the Carnegie Corporation of New York and partnership with the Association of African Universities on Database of African Theses and Dissertations (DATAD) project based in Accra, Ghana. Challenges being faced include inadequate funding, maintenance of digitization equipment, content management software, capacity building for staff, etc. Challenges notwithstanding, Hezekiah Oluwasanmi Library{\textquoteright}s experience has been a win-win situation and its experience will serve as reference points forother sister libraries in the developing world that have joined, and still to join, the bandwagon of digitization train of library collections. Introduction}, author = {K. O. Jagboro} } @article {3159, title = {Enactment and use of information and the media among older adults}, journal = {Library and Information Science Research}, volume = {34}, year = {2012}, note = {The researchers conducted interviews with 13 retired high school teachers and collected media diaries from 306 older adult Finns to investigate older adults{\textquoteright} information and media behaviors. Participants{\textquoteright} activities were categorized into 15 categories which then was divided into direct and indirect enactment, and four forms of enactment based on an elaboration of the concept of enactment. Analyzing research data, researchers supported the activating role of media and information use in older adults{\textquoteright} everyday lives.}, pages = {212-219}, publisher = {Elsevier Inc.}, abstract = {Active use of information and the media may promote healthy aging. The everyday information behavior of older adults{\textquoteright} is examined, and the activating role of the media thereon-that is, the use of television, radio, newspapers, magazines, and the Internet. Enactment, an evidence-based concept, is introduced as a theoretical tool that refers to the phenomenon of information and media use leading to action in concrete daily activities. The research strategy was qualitative, consisting of content analysis of semi-structured interviews of 13 retired teachers and the media diaries of 306 older adult Finns. Fifteen categories of information and media use were proposed and grouped into four forms of enactment on the basis of their temporal nature, namely, direct or indirect engagement: (1) general routines and housework, (2) healthy lifestyle, (3) cognitive tasks, and (4) interaction with others. Enactment takes place when older adults{\textquoteright} everyday information behavior leads to observable actions, such as organizing their daily activities, preparing food, exercising and engaging in healthy activities, practicing language skills, or filling in crossword puzzles. These findings support the notion that use of information and the media can motivate older adults to stay active in life. Therefore, the concept of enactment may prove useful in gaining a better understanding of certain physical, cognitive, and social aspects of everyday information behavior and their impact on people{\textquoteright}s well-being. However, the findings should be validated in a broader population. {\textcopyright}2012 Elsevier Inc.}, keywords = {multimedia, older adults}, issn = {0740-8188}, doi = {10.1016/j.lisr.2011.12.002}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lisr.2011.12.002}, author = {Raimo Niemel{\"a} and Maija Leena Huotari and Terttu Kortelainen} } @article {3133, title = {Ensuring Accessibility for People with Disabilities}, year = {2012}, note = {The chapter talks about accessibility issue of government technology and information systems to disabled people. It defines both technology accessibility and government accessibility. Then, it talks about relevant regulations and issues.}, pages = {191-204}, edition = {1st}, abstract = {This chapter covers the accessibility of government technology and information systems to people with disabilities. IT accessibility means that someone with a perceptual or motor impairment can effectively use an interface, web site, or device. Government accessibility is a compound responsibility, with laws and policies to require accessibility, implementation of accessible government technology, and monitoring and enforcement of accessibility. It involves technology access for employees with disability, access to information for citizens with disabilities, and the support of accessibility in private industry. The laws and standards that mandate government accessibility worldwide can vary dramatically, from very specific and measurable to vague and nonexistent. Enforcement of accessibility regulations varies widely throughout the world as well as within individual countries. Harmonization of international standards, as well as improved openness and transparency, are some measures that could greatly strengthen the focus of government accessibility. Keywords: accessibility, usability, e-government, universal access, Section 508, Equality Act, RNIB, WCAG, procurement}, isbn = {9780123910639}, doi = {10.1016/B978-0-12-391063-9.00044-4}, author = {Jonathan Lazar and Wentz, Brian}, editor = {Elizabeth Buie and Dianne Murray} } @article {2983, title = {Ergonomics of usability / accessibility-ready websites : Tools and guidelines}, journal = {Webology}, volume = {9}, year = {2012}, note = {

This article serves as a literature review of website usability and accessibility. It firstly defines usability and accessibility and presents relevant guidelines. Then it focuses on the website accessibility tools. The final part is devoted to talking about issues related to web accessibility such as website globalization and cultural difference.

}, pages = {1-21}, abstract = {

The \&$\#$39;user-friendliness\&$\#$39; of a website indicates to what extent it is easy for all intended users to interact with website to perform their required task(s). Given the explosive growth in the use of computerized systems as well as the World Wide Web for delivering information and services, usability/accessibility becomes an important issue. The purpose of this research is to study the available literature on usability/accessibility ready websites and their tools and guidelines. The research findings will help web engineers to build websites and web services accessible for all the target audience, including people with special needs. People with special needs meet barriers of all types, but computing technology is helping them to overcome these barriers. Accordingly, a great amount of development work has been carried out in the area of designing websites for disabled people, and it is increasingly becoming an important focus for a variety of reasons, legal (due to recent legislation in many countries promoting the rights of disabled people), economic, or ethical. Web engineers are increasingly aware that they need to ensure the usability of mainstream systems for disabled people by developing systems explicitly to meet the needs of disabled users (often referred to as assistive technologies), which also require evaluation to ensure their usability for the target audience. A descriptive/interpretive research method was used for the study of usability, accessibility, globalization, readability and culture differences based on related literatures and on previous studies by academics and industrial institutions.

}, keywords = {Culture, Interface design, localized business websites, usability, Website Accessibility}, author = {Al-badi, Ali and Ali, Saqib} } @article {3027, title = {Evaluation of Web Accessibility: An Approach Related to Functional Illiteracy}, journal = {Procedia Computer Science}, volume = {14}, year = {2012}, note = {This paper focused on the functional illiterate users of the Internet and explored their characteristics. Based on the findings, researchers concluded that experts and specialists should consider this special portion of web users in their evaluation of web accessibility.}, pages = {36-46}, abstract = {Functionally illiterate users, that means those lacking reading, writing, calculation and science skills, are potential Internet users, so technological solutions must ensure that content is intelligible to them. The interface design guided by accessibility norms and may improve accessibility, but considering accessibility evaluations is an essential part of this process. Evaluation can be automatic, performed by specialists or performed with the participation of users. Some barriers are only detected with user tests. Usually, usability tests are adapted and performed with the purpose of evaluating accessibility, but most of works in this area dealt with persons with visual impairment. This paper aimed to research the behavior of functionally illiterate users, identifying important characteristics that the evaluators and specialists should consider in the performance of an evaluation of accessibility with this audience. As a result was generated a list of important characteristics that contribute to the adaptation of usability evaluation methods with functionally illiterate users. Besides that, it was elaborated a list of best strategies that the specialists and researchers should consider in accessibility evaluation with the audience under examination.}, keywords = {evaluation, functional literacy, Social inclusion, Web accessibility, Website Accessibility}, issn = {1877-0509}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2012.10.005}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877050912007673}, author = {E. Capra and S. Ferreira and Silveira, D and A. Ferreira} } @article {3068, title = {An evaluation of web-based voting usability and accessibility}, journal = {Universal Access in the Information Society}, volume = {11}, year = {2012}, note = {E-voting has been adopted by many countries to increase people{\textquoteright}s participation in voting. This article is interested in e-voting prototypes in Norway with a focus of their usability and accessibility. Two test scenarios were used and each participant was asked to use every scenario. The study employed a technical testing, an expert testing and a user testing. Participants were all disabled people recruited from different Norwegian non-governmental user organizations. Usability and accessibility requirements were specified by the project owner and described in the article. Technical evaluation showed that all prototypes had been designed with static page layout incompatible with other sizes of screens, thus leaving potential problems that users might meet when they opened these web pages through small devices. All prototypes also showed space for improvement when evaluated against the WCAG standards. Apart from several problems identified, users in general had a positive attitude toward the two prototypes.}, pages = {359-373}, abstract = {Several countries are considering web-based voting as an alternative to, or a replacement of, traditional voting methods. It is argued that electronic voting could increase voter participation and help strengthen democracy, as e-voting would increase accessibility for large sections of the population, particularly with regard to groups that previously have experienced difficulties with the traditional voting setup. With a focus on usability and accessibility, this paper reports on a study evaluating several electronic voting prototypes in Norway, involving technical aspects as well as expert evaluation and user testing in the field, with users from a wide range of disabled user groups participating in the study. Technical testing regarding accessibility standard compliance, testing with the personas method and user testing revealed that many rather basic universal design principles were either not fully understood or not prioritized for implementation by the solution providers. However, despite various accessibility difficulties, the participants generally showed a positive attitude towards web-based elections. Through the findings of this study, the authors highlight factors that are important to consider in the development and testing of web-based voting systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]}, keywords = {Accessibility, Democracy, universal design}, issn = {16155289}, doi = {10.1007/s10209-011-0253-9}, author = {Kristin Skeide Fuglerud and R{\o}ssvoll, Till Halbach} } @article {2976, title = {From Washington to the world: maps and digital archives at the Library of Congress}, journal = {International Journal of Humanities and Arts Computing}, volume = {6}, year = {2012}, note = {This article introduced how the Library of Congress Geography and Map Division undertook the task of digitizing collections. Several relevant initiatives were discussed as well to describe previous efforts to provide digital collection on the Internet. Librarians could use some of the lessons in this article to further improve processes of digitization and expand library accessibility.}, pages = {100-110}, keywords = {digitization, Geographic Information Systems (GIS), library}, doi = {10.3366/ijhac.2012.0041}, author = {Zhang, Min} } @article {2948, title = {How Fair Use Can Help Solve The Orhan Works Problem}, journal = {Berkeley Technology Law Journal}, volume = {27}, year = {2012}, note = {This article discussed how complying with the US Copyright law\'s fair use doctrine could help solve the orphan works problem when libraries undertook digitization tasks. In the article, authors argued that facilitating fair use would be beneficial for libraries to dissenminate knowledge and support freedom of speech to a wider range of audience.}, pages = {1379-1430}, author = {Urban, Jennifer M and Ty Alper and Roxanna Altholz and Michelle Anderson and Michael Donaldson and David R. Hansen and Edward Lee and Lemley, Mark and Saira Mohammed and Schultz, Jason and Sprigman, Christopher and Tani, Karen} } @article {3201, title = {ICF Core Set for Matching Older Adults with Dementia and Technology}, journal = {Ageing International}, volume = {37}, year = {2012}, note = {

The International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) consists of many codes. This article aims at simplifying it for older adults with dementia.

}, pages = {414-440}, abstract = {

The International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) consists of 34 codes per person at the one digit level and, at more detailed levels, the number of codes can reach 1,424 items. This degree of complexity has led research groups to develop core sets of ICF codes for specific health conditions and disabilities. The ICF core sets typically include the least number of domains to be practical, but as many as required to sufficiently characterize a specific condition. The purpose of this article is to present an ICF core set addressed to older adults with dementia in the process of receiving Assistive Technology (AT) for their functioning and well-being. The ICF Core Set development involved a formal decision-making and consensus process, integrating evidence gathered from preliminary studies that included focus groups of health professionals, a systematic review of the literature, and empirical data collected from patients and caregivers. In the ICF core set for older adults with dementia in an AT selection process, the body functions and structures codes are decreased but those related to activities and participation and personal and environmental factors are increased. To further achieve a biopsychosocial and user-driven Core Set that can be applied internationally, ICF categories have been supplemented with items in a measure of AT predisposition and use that is used in many countries. The combination is named the ICF core set for Matching Older Adult with Dementia and Technology (MOADT). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

}, keywords = {aging, Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease, assistive technology, older adults}, doi = {10.1007/s12126-010-9093-9}, author = {Scherer, Marcia J. and Stefano Federici and Tiberio, Lorenza and Pigliautile, Martina and Fabrizio Corradi and Fabio Meloni} } @article {2973, title = {On the improvement of the Copyright Law of Korea for library services for persons with disabilities}, journal = {Journal of Librarianship and Information Science}, volume = {45}, year = {2012}, note = {

Based on analyses of copyright laws with respect to libraries for people with disabilities in advanced nations, this article intended to call for relevant improvement in Korea. In addition, authors proposed several revisions of the Copyright Act of Korea, with an emphasis of efforts to improve library web accessibility for disabled library users.

}, pages = {140-152}, keywords = {copyright, libraries, library}, doi = {10.1177/0961000612457106}, author = {Yoon, H.-Y. and S.-Y. Kim} } @article {2833, title = {Interlibrary Loan Requests for Locally Available Materials: WorldCat Local{\textquoteright}s Impact}, journal = {College \& Research Libraries}, volume = {73}, year = {2012}, note = {

This article reported findings with respect to interlibrary loan requests for locally available materials. Results suggested that WorldCat Local could collaborate well with iLL approach when it came to local material retrievals. Such a combination could save both expenditure and librarians\&$\#$39; time, therefore, future practices should consider act accordingly to expand library accessibility in a more cost saving way.

}, pages = {68-77}, abstract = {

Several studies have researched the reasons and patterns for academic library users\&$\#$39; interlibrary loan requests for materials already available at their college or university library. This study examines interlibrary loan statistics at the University of Delaware for four academic years to determine whether WorldCat Local impacts requests for locally available material. Data show that WorldCat Local does reduce this type of request, particularly when users are requesting returnable loans of materials such as books or audiovisual items rather than copies of articles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

}, keywords = {academic libraries, library}, url = {http://search.ebscohost.com.proxy.cc.uic.edu/login.aspx?direct=true\&db=llf\&AN=70455159\&site=ehost-live}, author = {Megan Gaffney} } @article {3149, title = {Issues of access and usability in designing digital resources for children}, journal = {Library and Information Science Research}, volume = {34}, year = {2012}, note = {This study is a literature review of articles mainly focusing on interface design for children with developmental limitations from 1989 to 2010. Ages of children under study ranged from 7 to 12 and the research classified digital resources for children into three types, namely online public access catalogs, online virtual libraries and digital collections for children. In particular, it compared the ICDL project with other children{\textquoteright}s book projects such as the Rosetta Project and the Gutenberg{\textquoteright}s Children{\textquoteright}s Bookshelf Project in terms of interface design. Then, it reviewed the cognitive challenges that children might meet with, with the corresponding interface design that could improve it.}, pages = {159-168}, publisher = {Elsevier Inc.}, abstract = {The way children{\textquoteright}s cognitive states affect how they function in digital interfaces is examined through articles published between 1989 and 2010. Children have developmental limitations, such as underdeveloped motor skills, difficulties with spelling, and trouble understanding hierarchies, classification schemes, and metadata, that make it difficult for them to find information, and challenging for adult designers to accommodate their needs. From icons to metadata to hierarchies, the best research in designing digital resources for children, (OPACs such as Pejtersen{\textquoteright}s Book House, online public libraries such as the Internet Public Library, and online collections of books such as the International Children{\textquoteright}s Digital Library), places the child user at the center, and takes an interdisciplinary and intergenerational approach. The literature indicates that research in designing for children is valuable, not only because it seeks to improve children{\textquoteright}s experience with digital resources, but also because such research translates to other marginalized users and special needs populations. {\textcopyright} 2012 Elsevier Inc.}, keywords = {children, cognitive disability, Interface design}, issn = {0740-8188}, doi = {10.1016/j.lisr.2011.12.003}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lisr.2011.12.003}, author = {Marianne Martens} } @article {3114, title = {Learning about web accessibility: A project based tool-mediated approach}, journal = {Education and Information Technologies}, volume = {17}, year = {2012}, note = {

This paper presented the result of an online training for Web developers of Web accessibility guidelines. It compared the traditional academic instruction with the project\&$\#$39;s activity. The results showed that activity-based couse produced a significant improvement in terms of students\&$\#$39; academic performance.

}, pages = {79-94}, abstract = {

Many websites remain inaccessible for people with disabilities, despite the availability of relevant guidelines and tools. This is mainly due to lack of appropriate training of Web designers on accessibility technology. In this paper, a project-based learning activity designed to instruct Web accessibility guidelines and good design practices is presented. The activity is mediated by a web-based learning environment, which presents real-world examples of accessibility impasses that arise when certain, established guidelines are violated, and then provides advice on how to avoid or resolve them. The learning material contained in the tool is offered through a faceted browsing approach, thus enabling active exploration by the learner. A within-subjects case study compared the learning effectiveness of traditional academic instruction (pre-condition) with the proposed project based activity (post-condition) in the context of a University course. A significant improvement in students\’ academic performance and perceived learning was found.

}, keywords = {education, User interface, Web accessibility guidelines}, doi = {10.1007/s10639-010-9145-5}, author = {Christos Katsanos and Tselios, Nikolaos and Tsakoumis, Athanasios and Nikolaos Avouris} } @article {2966, title = {Library Services for Persons with Disabilities: Twentieth Anniversary Update}, journal = {Medical Reference Services Quarterly}, volume = {31}, year = {2012}, note = {

Through a survey, this article briefly summarized library services\&$\#$39; progress in improving customer service for people with disabilities. Suggestions for library staff were also presented, including being more active rather than responsive. Practices in this article should be a good lesson for future librarians to further develop web accessibility for disabled people.

}, abstract = {

In recognition of the twentieth anniversary of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), this survey updates the progress and reflects on the status of academic health sciences library services for people with disabilities since the Nelson study in 1996. The results of this survey extend beyond academic libraries to hospital libraries and include areas where all libraries can improve disability access. Based on a 24\% response rate, libraries have addressed accessibility of technology in cost-effective and relatively easy ways. Libraries are reactively rather than proactively making changes to services for persons with disabilities.

}, issn = {0276-3869 (print), 1540-9597 (Online)}, doi = {10.1080/02763869.2012.641855}, author = {Willis, Christine A and Cheryl R. Dee and Margaret Bandy and Kate Daniels and Stephenson, Priscilla L} } @article {2842, title = {Making the Right Decisions about Assistive Technology in Your Library}, journal = {Library Technology Reports. Making Libraries Accessible: Adaptive Design \& Assistive Technology}, volume = {48}, year = {2012}, note = {This article introduced some assitive technology tools, including screen readers, magnifying softwares/hardwares, literacy software/hardware, speech recognition software and peripheral devices, that could help patrons achieve better library accessibility. Librarians could take a further look at these tools and test whether they function well in individual library settings. After all, decent assistive tools could better serve patrons and achieve better user experience.}, pages = {14-22}, abstract = {Chapter 2 of Library Technology Reports (vol. 48, no. 7) \"Making Libraries Accessible: Adaptive Design and Assistive Technology\" introduces key technologies and important considerations that libraries can use to incorporate assistive technologies into their spaces and services. ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]; Copyright of Library Technology Reports is the property of American Library Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder\'s express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)}, author = {Christopher S. Guder} } @article {3167, title = {Measuring public library accessibility: A case study using GIS}, journal = {Library and Information Science Research}, volume = {34}, year = {2012}, note = {This study used the Geographic Information System (GIS) to assess the physical accessibility of public libraries. It investigated the 13 public libraries in Lake County in North-central Florida. Data on these libraries were managed and obtained by SirsiDynix system. Results showed that travel distance was significantly impacting registrants{\textquoteright} frequency of visiting these public libraries. Furthermore, compared with other ethnic groups, Caucasians appeared to be more willing to visit public libraries from long distance.}, pages = {13-21}, abstract = {Physical accessibility is considered a fundamental measure of freedom to attend activities. Although several accessibility analyses have been conducted of public libraries, these studies tend to measure the distance from the users{\textquoteright} homes to the library using straight lines. This generally serves as a poor measurement of actual travel distances. In order to provide more realistic analysis, and measure patterns of library access more accurately, this study employed geographic information systems (GIS), including descriptive and statistical analyses, and a road network-based distance measure. One finding from the GIS analyses was that distance was a determining factor for library use. Specifically, the evidence shows that distance affected a considerable number of registered users who lived within the areas that were defined through Thiessen polygons. Another finding was that there was a difference in the travel distance between ethnic groups: Caucasians went further to access public libraries than other ethnic groups. Finally, in terms of the relationship between distance and demographic data, household characteristics relative to children and education level were significantly related to the travel distance of users. To improve the accessibility of public libraries, this study recommends librarians define service areas for libraries, develop library programs and services for susceptible user groups, and evaluate user groups{\textquoteright} needs.}, keywords = {library, physical disability}, doi = {10.1016/j.lisr.2011.07.007}, author = {Park, Sung Jae} } @article {3122, title = {Modeling Web-based library service quality}, journal = {Library and Information Science Research}, volume = {34}, year = {2012}, note = {This study aims at developing a new measurement scale for Web-based library service. It is based on a mixed method approach. First, focus group interviews were conducted to explore key elements of library web-services. Second, quantitative data analysis was done to develop the conceptual model. Participants were postgraduate students and university staffs from four research intensive universities in Malaysia. Focused group outcomes indicated that web-based service quality could be viewed as a multidimentional construct and 14 themes were detected. The final analysis produced 3 factors, namely e-service environment, e-service delivery and e-service outcome.}, pages = {184-196}, publisher = {Elsevier Inc.}, abstract = {Studies of e-service quality have consistently used adaptations of service-quality measurement tools that have been adopted and extended from traditional service-quality frameworks. However, a fresh insight into the investigation of key determinants of Web-based library service quality, with an emphasis on how library customers perceive service quality, has much to offer. Key determinants were identified, and contributed to the development and empirical testing of a proposed conceptual model of service quality that encompasses environment, delivery, and outcome quality. Unlike the disconfirmation approach, the performance-only measure was used. Participants included postgraduates and academic staff from four research intensive universities in Malaysia. Exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis using structural equation modeling was carried out in order to develop and validate a measurement model for Web-based service quality, which included three second-order dimensions and eight first-order dimensions. Insights into the conceptualization of Web-based library-service quality as a multidimensional hierarchical construct are provided. The emergence of specific determinants specific to the Web services supports the notion that measurement of electronic-service quality is different from traditional services, though they may share some common factors. {\textcopyright}2012 Elsevier Inc.}, keywords = {library}, issn = {0740-8188}, doi = {10.1016/j.lisr.2012.02.005}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lisr.2012.02.005}, author = {K. Kiran and S. Diljit} } @article {2899, title = {National Libraries and Copyright in the Digital Age {\textendash} the German Situation for Orphan Works and Out-of-Print Works}, journal = {Alexandria: The Journal of National and International Library and Information Issues}, volume = {23}, year = {2012}, note = {This article discussed how German National Library could address the copyright issues with respect to Orphan works and out-of-print works. Necessary legislation and a modern copyright framework would be in dire need to construct better library accessibility. Therefore, future work could continue exploring aspects of this endeavor.}, pages = {125-130}, author = {Elisabeth Niggemann} } @article {3176, title = {No User Left Behind}, journal = {ACM Transactions on Computing Education}, volume = {12}, year = {2012}, note = {

This study aims to explore whether adding usability and accessibility related courses and projects in computing curricula will raise students\&$\#$39; awareness of these issues. With a survey conducted at the start and end of a usability engineering course testing students\&$\#$39; attitutdes toward these issues, the study showed having such course and projects will evidently increase students\&$\#$39; awareness and will benefit the CS educators.

}, pages = {1-22}, abstract = {

Usability and accessibility have become increasingly important in computing curricula. This article briefly reviews how these concepts may be included in existing courses. The authors conducted a survey of student attitudes toward these issues at the start and end of a usability engineering course that included a group project with an accessibility component. Results of the survey indicate that students\’ awareness of issues related to usability and accessibility are increased after taking the course and completing the project. Our work and results are potentially valuable to CS educators in three ways: (1) They validate the usefulness of the survey instrument in assessing pedagogies in usability engineering, (2) They provide useful insights into the attitudes of CS majors relative to the important topics of usability and accessibility, and (3) They point to possible benefits of including usability and accessibility topics into CS curricula.

}, keywords = {usability}, doi = {10.1145/2160547.2160548}, author = {Poor, G. Michael and Laura M. Leventhal and Julie Barnes and Duke R. Hutchings and Albee, Paul and Laura Campbell} } @article {3033, title = {An open source library system and public library users: Finding and using library collections}, journal = {Library \& Information Science Research}, volume = {34}, year = {2012}, note = {This study examined the benefits of Indiana Evergreen OPAC, an open source system, to users with a focus on the multi-library collections accessibility. Nine Indiana public libraries participated in the investigation and library users{\textquoteright} finding and accessing library collections in Evergreen system were examined. Results showed that three-quarters (74.5\%) of participants reported that they used the Evergreen OPAC occasionally or more than the previous OPAC. In particular, the longer they had used the local library and the previous OPAC, the more likely these participants would use the Evergreen OPAC. Moreover, participants searched author names or titles more than they searched keywords or subjects, suggesting that they were more often searching for holdings of already-known items. Additionally, research found that the remarkable library service behavioral changes included borrowing more frequently from other libraries, placing more holds, and easier to find materials.}, pages = {220-227}, publisher = {Elsevier Inc.}, abstract = {Large-scale open-source library automation systems can increase efficiencies in bibliographic production. The implementation of such a system, Evergreen, was examined in order to ascertain whether it facilitated detection and use of library collections in Indiana public libraries. Three hundred forty-nine participants recruited from nine public libraries completed user surveys. Additionally, library server data about interlibrary loan (ILL) statistics were collected from participating libraries on a monthly basis. The self-reported user survey included questions about patron history at local public libraries, use of the previous Online Public Access Catalogs (OPACs), and use of the Evergreen OPAC for finding and accessing multiple library collections since library users could directly request interlibrary loans via the Evergreen OPAC. The findings indicate that the implementation of the Indiana Evergreen system received moderately positive ratings from the participants; the positive evaluation was primarily related to the use of the ILL function. The ILL service satisfied the participants{\textquoteright} needs and motivated them to use the Evergreen OPAC. Benefits for Evergreen users were confirmed.}, keywords = {library}, issn = {0740-8188, 0740-8188}, doi = {10.1016/j.lisr.2011.12.001}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0740818812000321}, author = {Hsin-liang Chen and Albee, Barbara} } @article {2768, title = {Opening interlibrary loan to open access}, journal = {Interlending \& Document Supply}, volume = {40}, year = {2012}, note = {

This article discussed interlibrary loan services under the context of open access development. It should be beneficial for libraries to expand access to interlibrary loan requests, since on one hand, libraries could save expenses on purchasing licenses for those materials. On the other hand, patrons could have access to more library collections. Therefore, librarians could consider opening interlibrary loan to open access for better library accessibility.

}, pages = {55-60}, abstract = {

Opening interlibrary loan to open access

}, keywords = {academic libraries, libraries, library, Open access}, isbn = {0264161121121}, doi = {10.1108/02641611211214305}, author = {Tina Baich} } @article {2772, title = {Partners in Accessible Library Service}, journal = {Feliciter}, volume = {58}, year = {2012}, note = {This article introduced how CNIB library expanded offering coverage of collections to people with a variety of disabilities through a partnership program. Through such collaboration, The CNIB library intended to form a nationwide network to provide equitable library service for disabled people. Thus in the future, there is a possibility that all people can have equal and easy access to library collections.}, pages = {22-23}, author = {Faline Bobier and Tyler, Lindsay} } @article {2781, title = {Pay-per-view in interlibrary loan: A case study}, journal = {Journal of the Medical Library Association : JMLA}, volume = {100}, year = {2012}, note = {This article conducted a case study to evaluate a number of license models, trying to determine which one was more cost efficient. According to the result, pay-per-view in interlibrary loan could be a potential winner in the long run, and serve as an alternative option for libraries besides traditional ILL approach.}, pages = {98-103}, abstract = {QUESTION: Can purchasing articles from publishers be a cost-effective method of interlibrary loan (ILL) for libraries owing significant copyright royalties?
SETTING: The University of Nebraska Medical Center\'s McGoogan Library of Medicine provides the case study.
METHOD: Completed ILL requests that required copyright payment were identified for the first quarter of 2009. The cost of purchasing these articles from publishers was obtained from the publishers\' websites and compared to the full ILL cost. A pilot period of purchasing articles from the publisher was then conducted.
RESULTS: The first-quarter sample data showed that approximately $500.00 could have been saved if the articles were purchased from the publisher. The pilot period and continued purchasing practice have resulted in significant savings for the library.
CONCLUSION: Purchasing articles directly from the publisher is a cost-effective method for libraries burdened with high copyright royalty payments.}, issn = {1536-5050}, doi = {10.3163/1536-5050.100.2.007}, author = {Heather L. Brown} } @article {2911, title = {Private Digital Libraries and Orphan Works}, journal = {Berkeley Technology Law Journal}, volume = {27}, year = {2012}, note = {This article talked about copyright issues with respect to orphan works in private digital libraries, including Google Book Search and the Amazon Library. Specific rules and structural use to preserve orphan works were discussed, so that future practices could keep working on the mechanism behind to ensure meaningful use without any copyright infringements.}, pages = {1259}, author = {Picker, Randal C} } @article {2761, title = {Publisher-Library partnership for accessibility: A case study of scholarly publishing for public audiences}, volume = {15}, year = {2012}, note = {This article discussed a practical case about collaboration between publisher and library at the Oregan State University. Through such partnership, the author concluded that it benefited publisher, libraries and users at the same time. Thus, future practice should seek for such opportunities to expand access to more materials for the public.}, abstract = {Public outreach and access are becoming more and more important across institutions of higher education. Sustainable information technology approaches are necessary to communicate and preserve public education materials generated as part of this new era of {\textquotedblleft}outreach and engagement.{\textquotedblright} This paper describes the partnership between Oregon State University{\textquoteright}s Extension Service publishing arm and the Oregon State University Libraries to make Oregon State University the first land-grant institution to systematically publish outreach materials using the university{\textquoteright}s institutional repository. This partnership models how institutional repositories can be used to publish outreach products developed through faculty scholarship; the university{\textquoteright}s outreach materials are thus simultaneously digitally preserved and made discoverable and accessible to a wide public audience. Intrainstitutional partnerships, such as the one described in the case study, can be mutually beneficial in the current environment of limited resources and desire for cross-disciplinary collaboration.}, doi = {10.3998/3336451.0015.104}, author = {Mark Anderson-Wilk and Sue Kunda} } @article {2806, title = {Recent trends in assistive technology for mobility}, journal = {Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation}, volume = {9}, year = {2012}, note = {This article introduced recent trends in assistive technology to improve mobility for people with disabilities. When providing services for patrons with physical disabilities, librarians could use examples in this article to better address their needs to expand their library accessibility.}, pages = {20}, abstract = {Loss of physical mobility makes maximal participation in desired activities more difficult and in the worst case fully prevents participation. This paper surveys recent work in assistive technology to improve mobility for persons with a disability, drawing on examples observed during a tour of academic and industrial research sites in Europe. The underlying theme of this recent work is a more seamless integration of the capabilities of the user and the assistive technology. This improved integration spans diverse technologies, including powered wheelchairs, prosthetic limbs, functional electrical stimulation, and wearable exoskeletons. Improved integration is being accomplished in three ways: 1) improving the assistive technology mechanics; 2) improving the user-technology physical interface; and 3) sharing of control between the user and the technology. We provide an overview of these improvements in user-technology integration and discuss whether such improvements have the potential to be transformative for people with mobility impairments.}, keywords = {assistive technology, disability, robotics}, issn = {1743-0003}, doi = {10.1186/1743-0003-9-20}, author = {Rachel E. Cowan and Benjamin J. Fregly and Michael L. Boninger and Leighton Chan and Rodgers, Mary M and Reinkensmeyer, David J} } @article {2807, title = {Restoring the public library ethos: Copyright, E-licensing, and the future of librarianship}, journal = {Law Library Journal}, volume = {104}, year = {2012}, note = {This article stressed the importance of licensing and copyright in library accessibility development. Also, the author introduced some practice examples in streaming videos and e-books. Other libraries could learn from these examples and improve their own licensing systems for better accessibility to patrons.}, pages = {195-217}, isbn = {1120617163123}, doi = {10.1525/sp.2007.54.1.23.}, author = {William M. Cross} } @article {3200, title = {Selective attention in web forms: an exploratory case study with older people}, journal = {Behaviour \& Information Technology}, volume = {31}, year = {2012}, note = {

This study is an exploratory study of older people filling online forms. The study asked 88 older participants to fill web forms with one of the marks: large asterisks (double standard size), textual lables and simple binary classification of fields. Surprisingly, it suggested that asterisks\&$\#$39; size did not help older people to distinguish between required and optional fields. Instead, it is the reduced cognitive load that help them to make this distinction.

}, pages = {171-184}, abstract = {

This article reports on an exploratory study aimed to identify which ways of marking required and optional fields help older people fill in web forms correctly. Drawing on a pilot study and selective attention research in ageing, modified versions of widely used forms were created, in which standard asterisks were replaced with one of three alternatives: large asterisks (double standard size), textual labels and a simple binary classification of fields. Older novice computer users participated in this study (N = 88). The quantitative results were independent of the type of form and showed that the method of denoting required fields had a significant effect on the number of errors (measured as required fields not being filled (p \< 0.05)). The participants made fewer errors in the binary classification than in the others (p \< 0.05), while the differences between standard asterisks, large asterisks and labels were not significant (p \&H 0.05). The qualitative findings revealed that the participants felt overloaded with information when using every method except the binary classification. These results challenge widespread design solutions for older people (e.g. enlarging elements) and suggest that reducing selective attention demands can help us meet their accessibility needs.

}, keywords = {cognitive disability, older adults, selective attention, Web accessibility, web forms}, doi = {10.1080/01449291003767920}, url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01449291003767920}, author = {Sayago, Sergio and Jos{\'e}-Mar{\'\i}a Guijarro and Josep Blat} } @article {3021, title = {Tailored presentation of dynamic web content for audio browsers}, journal = {International Journal of Human Computer Studies}, volume = {70}, year = {2012}, note = {

Based on the study of human-computer interaction, this study tries to find a way of notifying blind and visually impaired people of page changes. Participants were invited either to use the base case browser first or to use the SASWAT browser first. Participants rated 58 out of 63 pairs of ratings for base case easier than the SASWAT.

}, pages = {179-196}, publisher = {Elsevier}, abstract = {

Understanding the content of a Web page and navigating within and between pages are crucial tasks for any Web user. To those who are accessing pages through non-visual means, such as screen readers, the challenges offered by these tasks are not easily overcome, even when pages are unchanging documents. The advent of \&$\#$39;Web 2.0\&$\#$39; and Web applications, however, means that documents often are not static, but update, either automatically or due to user interaction. This development poses a difficult question for screen reader designers: How should users be notified of page changes? In this article we introduce rules for presenting such updates, derived from studies of how sighted users interact with them. An implementation of the rules has been evaluated, showing that users who were blind or visually impaired found updates easier to deal with than the relatively quiet way in which current screen readers often present them. \©2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

}, keywords = {blind, Programming and programming languages, usability, visual disability, visually impaired, Web 2.0}, isbn = {9781450300452}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijhcs.2011.11.001}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhcs.2011.11.001}, author = {Andy Brown and Caroline Jay and Simon Harper} } @article {2999, title = {There Are Always Possibilities}, journal = {Computers in Libraries}, volume = {32}, year = {2012}, note = {This short one-page article sums up several tip sheets for improving web accessibility in library services.}, pages = {1}, abstract = {There is also a list of web design blogs and sites that include accessibility-related resources, a list of successful redesign projects, and a Library Website Hall of Fame. (www.libsuccess.org/index.php?title=Website_Design) Accessibility {\textemdash} Treehouse is a web design training site that teaches through the use of online videos with a test at the end. Individual videos are between 4 and 8 minutes in length (http://teamtreehouse.com/library/archive/accessibility). The Accessible Technology Coalition {\textemdash} The Accessible Technology (AT) Coalition is a project of the Center for Accessible Technology, and its mission is "to develop a consumer driven, grassroots program that provides people with disabilities, and those that work with them, accurate answers to their technology questions allowing them to identify appropriate solutions...."}, keywords = {Web accessibility}, author = {Janet L. Balas} } @article {2883, title = {Transaction models for Web accessibility}, journal = {World Wide Web}, volume = {15}, year = {2012}, note = {This article focused on improving the transaction model used in shopping, paying bills and so on, especially for people with visual disabilities to elevate their level of web accessibility. Therefore, a Model-directed transaction framework was proposed to provide the most relevant information for visually impaired users, so that they could obtain better user experience in online environment.}, abstract = {The Web has evolved into a dominant digital medium for conducting many types of online transactions such as shopping, paying bills, making travel plans, etc. Such transactions typically involve a number of steps spanning several Web pages. For sighted users these steps are relatively straightforward to do with graphical Web browsers. But they pose tremendous challenges for visually impaired individuals. This is because screen readers, the dominant assistive technology used by visually impaired users, function by speaking out the screen\'s content serially. Consequently, using them for conducting transactions can cause considerable information overload. But usually one needs to browse only a small fragment of a Web page to do a step of a transaction (e.g., choosing an item from a search results list). Based on this observation this paper presents a model-directed transaction framework to identify, extract and aurally render only the \" relevant \" page fragments in each step of a transaction. The framework uses a process model to encode the state of the transaction and a concept model to identify the page fragments relevant for the transaction in that state. We also present algorithms to mine such models from click stream data generated by transactions and experimental evidence of the practical effectiveness of our models in improving user experience when conducting online transactions with non-visual modalities.}, keywords = {Web accessibility guidelines}, doi = {10.1007/s11280-011-0135-3}, author = {Jalal Mahmud and Ramakrishnan, I V and J. Mahmud} } @proceedings {2971, title = {Understanding web accessibility and its drivers}, year = {2012}, note = {

This article analyzed several elements that drive people to understand web accessibility issues. And their findings suggest that some contributing factors, such as economic revenues and search engine optimization, had been overlooked and should be paid attention to in the future practice. Also, this article justified the benfits of encouraging peoiple to engage in web accessibility development, and pointed out the probability of reaching a consensus with respect to web accessibility defintion among developers as well as users.

}, abstract = {

Access is what the web is \‘about\’, it is the motivation behind its creation, and it is the rationale behind HTML. The desire to provide all users at CERN with the ability to access all documents was Tim Berners-Lee\’s primary goal, and this goal must also be carried through to equal access for all users. But this equality of access \– accessibility \– is difficult to quantify, define, or agree upon. In a constantly evolving field, understanding each other can be tricky; indeed, there are many different definitions in the literature, all with a different perspective. This makes it difficult for our community to interact, reach agreement, or share understanding. What is more, it makes it very difficult for those outside the web accessibility community to understand, plan, budget, enact policy, or conform to accessibility requirements and legislation when the community itself has so many, in some cases, conflicting definitions. We asked over 300 people, with an interest in accessibility, to discuss their views and definitions in an attempt to harmonise our understanding and support the expectations of users outside the community. We find that misunderstanding accessibility definitions, language, and terms might cause tension between different groups. That social, and not economic, aspects drive our perspectives of accessibility, and that definitions used by standards and regulatory bodies are most accepted - not those of individual experts. Forcing accessibility adoption does not encourage the acceptance of an accessibility ethos, but providing empirical evidence that accessibility benefits all, does. Finally, realistic and concise language was preferred when attempting to communicate, or define accessibility.

}, keywords = {Accessibility, usability, web}, author = {Yesilada, Yeliz and Giorgio Brajnik and Vigo, Markel and Simon Harper} } @article {3020, title = {The uptake of Web 2.0 technologies, and its impact on visually disabled users}, journal = {Universal Access in the Information Society}, volume = {11}, year = {2012}, note = {

This paper focused both on the developer\&$\#$39;s perspective and on the user\&$\#$39;s perspective on the dynamic updates accessibility. For the former group, it introduced technologies employed to implement dynamic Web pages and did a research on how often different technologies, such as JavaScript, Flash, and XMLHttpRequest, were used. For the latter group, the study investigated which technologies were favored by the visually impaired people in the UK and found that IE and JAWS were favourites.

}, pages = {185-199}, abstract = {

World Wide Web (Web) documents, once delivered in a form that remained constant whilst viewed, are now often dynamic, with sections of a page able to change independently, either automatically or as a result of user interaction. In order to make these updates, and hence their host pages, accessible, it is necessary to detect when the update occurs and how it has changed the page, before determining how, when and what to present to the user. This can only be achieved with an understanding of both the technologies used to achieve dynamic updates and the human factors influencing how people use them. After proposing a user-centred classification of dynamic updates, this paper surveys the current state of technology from two perspectives: that of the developer, and those of visually disabled users. For the former group, the paper introduces some of the technologies that are currently available for implementing dynamic Web pages, before reporting on the results of experiments analysing current and historical Web pages to determine the extent of use of these technologies \‘in the wild\’ and the trends in their uptake. The analysis shows that for the most popular 500 sites, JavaScript is used in 93\%, Flash in 27\% and about one-third (30\%) use XMLHttpRequest, a technology used to generate dynamic updates. Uptake of XMLHttpRequest is approximately 2.3\% per year across a random selection of 500 sites and is probably higher in the most popular sites. When examining dynamic updates from the perspective of visually disabled users, first an investigation is reported into which technologies (Web Browser and assistive technologies) are currently used by this group in the UK: Internet Explorer and JAWS are clear favourites. Then, the paper describes the results of an experiment, and supporting anecdotal evidence, which suggests that, at best, most users can currently reach updated content, but they must do so manually, and are rarely given any indication that any update has occurred. With technologies enabling dynamic updating of content currently deployed in about 30\% of the most popular sites, and increasing annually, action is urgently required if visually disabled users are to be able to use the Web. The paper concludes by discussing some of the issues involved in making these updates accessible.

}, keywords = {assistive technology, Dynamic content, visually impaired, Web accessibility}, issn = {1615-5289}, doi = {10.1007/s10209-011-0251-y}, author = {Andy Brown and Caroline Jay and Alex Q. Chen and Simon Harper} } @article {3244, title = {A usability analysis of municipal government website home pages in Alabama}, journal = {Government Information Quarterly}, volume = {29}, year = {2012}, note = {This study examined the municipal e-government websites in Alabama and compared thier usability scores and population, and usability and per capita income. Results showed no significant correlation between usability scores and population or between usability scores and per capita income. Instead, a number of problems concerning municipal government websites were identified.}, pages = {582-588}, publisher = {Elsevier Inc.}, abstract = {This study uses e-government and corporate usability benchmarks to compare municipal government websites in Alabama and examine correlations between usability scores and population, as well as usability scores and per capita income. E-government in Alabama is on the rise. At the state level, in 2008, Alabama ranked in the top 10 states in e-government after three years of being in the bottom three. Improvements in state-level e-government have not, however, necessarily trickled down to the municipal level, and this study found no correlation between usability and a municipality{\textquoteright}s population or per capita income. Indeed, the study reveals substantial problems with municipal website usability, including accessibility; such problems could erode the web credibility of municipalities trying to engage citizens, to create or strengthen sustainable practices, and to attract companies that can bring new jobs and improve the local economy. {\textcopyright}2012 Elsevier Inc.}, keywords = {Accessibility, usability, Web credibility}, isbn = {9781612847801}, doi = {10.1016/j.giq.2011.12.010}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2011.12.010}, author = {Youngblood, Norman E. and Jo MacKiewicz} } @article {3190, title = {Validating WCAG versions 1.0 and 2.0 through usability testing with disabled users}, journal = {Universal Access in the Information Society}, volume = {11}, year = {2012}, note = {This study compared the WCAG 1.0 and 2.0 with a group of disabled people and a control group. Results revealed that compared to 1.0 version, the WCAG 2.0 showed a slight improvement in website accessibility. Thus, it was concluded that the implementation of WAI was not sufficient to guarantee web accessibility.}, pages = {375-385}, abstract = {The Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) by the Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI) has become the de-facto standard for accessibility on the Web. WCAG version 1.0 has become significant both as a practical tool and as an academic set of principles and is presently the basis of Web accessibility evaluations and guidelines in many countries. WCAG version 2.0 was released in 2008. This paper reports on a study that empirically validated the usefulness of using WCAG as a heuristic for website accessibility. Through controlled usability tests of two websites with disabled users (N = 7) and a control group (N = 6), it was found that only 27\% of the identified website accessibility problems could have been identified through the use of WCAG 1.0. A similar analysis of conformance to WCAG 2.0 showed a marginal 5\% improvement concerning identified website accessibility problems. Compensating for the low number of test subjects with confidence tests gave results that were still low (42\% for WCAG 1.0 and 49\% for WCAG 2.0, with 95\% confidence). It is concluded from this that the application of WAI accessibility guidelines is not sufficient to guarantee website accessibility. It is recommended that future versions of the accessibility guidelines should be based on empirical data and validated empirically and that WAI expand their definition of accessibility to include usability for all in accordance with ISO 9241-171:2008.}, keywords = {Accessibility guidelines, Testing, usability, WCAG, Web accessibility}, isbn = {9788251925464}, doi = {10.1007/s10209-011-0259-3}, author = {R{\o}men, Dagfinn and Svan{\ae}s, Dag} } @article {3185, title = {Web Accessibility and Universal Design: A Primer on Standards and Best Practices for Libraries}, journal = {Library Technology Reports}, volume = {48}, year = {2012}, note = {This article talks about the basics of Web accessibility and how to create and upgrade static websites to achive better usability. It also discusses the best practices in modern content management systems such as Drupal and WordPress. Basic Web accessiblity standards were discussed.}, pages = {29-35}, abstract = {[...]avoid the use of idioms, nuanced language, and double meanings. Jakob Nielsen, an expert on Web usability, offers the useit.com website to those who care about website usability and writing for the Web. WAVE http://wave.webaim.org FAE http://fae.cita.uiuc.edu Fangs Screen Reader Emulator https://addons.mozilla.org/en-us/firefox/addon/fangs-screen-reader-emulator ChromeShades https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/ hlklboladblmgfpkenhlgbhoojdlfoao Beyond the Basics What Mobile Means for Accessibility The increasing importance of developing websites for mobile devices has had an extremely positive impact on accessibility. 10 Everything about designing for mobile works for accessibility, and this includes minimalism, touch accuracy, speed, HTML5, semantic markup, and graceful fallback solutions.}, keywords = {Web accessibility}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1179004593/abstract?accountid=25279\nhttp://media.proquest.com/media/pq/classic/doc/2821615301/fmt/pi/rep/NONE?hl=\&cit:auth=Riley-Huff,+Debra+A\&cit:title=Web+Accessibility+and+Universal+Design:+A+Primer+on+Standa}, author = {Riley-Huff, Debra A.} } @article {3086, title = {Web accessibility guidelines: A lesson from the evolving Web}, journal = {World Wide Web}, volume = {15}, year = {2012}, note = {World Wide Web is considerably heterogenous and unpredicatable, thus, this paper is interested in exploring the human factors that influence the development of the Web. It mainly argues that the accessibility guidelines and recommendations are adopted at a considerably lower rate than mainstream Web recommendations and technologies. It presents a ten-year longitudinal study comprising of 6,000 homepages. The results comprised of Core, De-Facto and Guidelines sections, together showing the evolution of the Web in the ten years.}, pages = {61-88}, abstract = {The World Wide Web (Web) is in constant evolutionary change. This evolution occurs along many fronts and is led by infrastructure developers, Web designers, technologists, and users. These multiple stake{\textendash}holders ensure that the Web is a heterogeneous entity, not just in the nature of the content, but in the technology and agents used to deliver and render that content. It is precisely this heterogeneity which gives the Web its strength and its weakness. A weakness in technology adoption leading to an increasing disconnect between the actual user experience and the expected experience of the technology stakeholders. We are interested in the human factors surrounding the evolution of the Web interface; and believe that the wait is always too long for new accessibility recommendations, guidelines, and technology to be adopted. In this case, we describe a ten-year longitudinal study comprising approximately 6,000 home pages. From this study we conclude that as a {\textquoteleft}rule-of-thumb{\textquoteright} mainstream technology is adopted at about 15\% within the first three years, incremental version releases are adopted at about 10\% within the first three years. However, sites which are most popular often exhibit enhanced adoption rates of between 10 and 15\% over the same period. In addition, we see that accessibility guidelines are mostly ignored with only a 10\% adoption rate after more than ten years. From this we infer that, for maximum accessibility adoption, guidelines might be supported and reflected in mainstream specifications instead of remaining only as a separate document.}, keywords = {visual disability, Web accessibility}, isbn = {1128001101}, doi = {10.1007/s11280-011-0130-8}, author = {Simon Harper and Alex Q. Chen} } @article {2889, title = {Web Accessibility Knowledge and Skills for Non-Web Library Staff}, journal = {Journal of Web Librarianship}, volume = {6}, year = {2012}, note = {This article identified several aspects that library staff should pay attention to when it comes to web accessibility skills: 1) Ensuring conformance through templates and content management systems; 2) Providing necessary desktop tools; 3) Providing solid contents and alternative texts; 4) Providing captions and transcripts for multimedia presentations; 5) Guiding web source selections. All of these skills are fundamental for library staff to learn and acquire, in order to improve web accessibility for people with or without disabilities.}, pages = {59-68}, abstract = {Why do librarians and library staff other than Web librarians and developers need to know about accessibility? It{\textquoteright}s a no-brainer that those whose jobs are centered on developing and maintaining the library{\textquoteright}s Web presence ought to be able to develop Web sites and resources in conformance with either or both Section 508 and the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.0. However, Web services staff do not {\textemdash} or should not {\textemdash} operate in isolation from the rest of the library staff. It is important to consider what areas of online accessibility are applicable to other areas of library work and to colleagues\' regular job duties. This All Access column examines how Web librarians can educate and train their colleagues about Web accessibility, particularly with regard to content creation, resource selection, and achieving administrative buy-in and support.}, doi = {10.1080/19322909.2012.648467}, author = {Nina McHale} } @article {3041, title = {Website accessibility: A comparative analysis of Australian National and State/Territory Library websites}, journal = {Australian Library Journal}, volume = {61}, year = {2012}, note = {This study evaluated the web accessibility of both the National and the State/Territory Libraries. These websites were evaluated by experts, by automated tools and by the disabled people against the WCAG version 2. Unfortunately, the study indicated that all nine websites did not comply with the requirements.}, pages = {170-188}, abstract = {This paper assesses the accessibility of the websites of the National Library of Australia, and those of each of the State/Territory Libraries. The analysis has been conducted using expert manual evaluation, automated tools and users with disabilities to identify both the Web Content Accessibility Guideline (WCAG) Version 2 compliance as well as the chief accessibility barriers identified by users with disabilities. While the results from the different aspects of the hybrid testing methods differ considerably in their ranking, the quantitative data suggest that at the time of writing, none of the libraries assessed meet WCAG 2.0 Level A compliance. Unfortunately, it follows that people with disabilities would have problems accessing materials from the websites of all of the nine libraries tested. In view of the fact that one in five people have a disability that places restrictions on their mobility, employment and/or education, this is understandably significant. Despite the issue of noncompliance, however, many libraries had clearly considered and implemented elements of WCAG 2.0 and would only require minimal improvements to reach the web standard, while others have considerable work to do before they meet the required inclusive website design advocated by both Australian and international standards.}, doi = {10.1080/00049670.2012.10736059}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84871841575\&partnerID=40\&md5=4c9b156b151ee48f98e9db70b8bd7ebf}, author = {V. Conway and J. Brown and S. Hollier and C. Choll} } @article {3028, title = {Why Is Accessibility So Hard?}, volume = {55}, year = {2012}, note = {

This article talks about the core issues of web accessibility for disabled people. Besides the necessity of doing that, the author also pointed out some of the methods that programmers and interface developpers could employ to improve web accessibility, but he also demonstrated the shortcomes of these methods.

}, pages = {7}, abstract = {

The author reflects on the state of accessibility in the field of computer science. He states that creating computer programs that are can be adapted and accessed by a diverse demographic is necessary due to the population of people who may have vision, hearing, or physical limitations. Other topics covered include modifications to user interfaces, computer-based services and applications, and general-purpose tools.

}, keywords = {Barrier-free design, software applications, User interface}, doi = {10.1145/2366316.2366341}, url = {10.1145/2366316.2366341\nhttp://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true\&db=a9h\&AN=83385647\&lang=es\&site=ehost-live}, author = {Vinton G. Cerf} } @article {3129, title = {The accessibility of university web sites: The case of Turkish universities}, journal = {Universal Access in the Information Society}, volume = {10}, year = {2011}, note = {

This paper reports the result of an evaluation of Turkish university homepages\&$\#$39; accessibility. It is the first same kind of study using a Turkish university sample. After excluding some new universities, a total number of 77 established universities were found in Turkey and among them 10 universities were randomly chosen as the study sample. The 10 universities were comprised of 6 state and 4 private universities and their homepages were then evaluated according to W3C suggestions. Methods used to test the accessibility comprised of graphical brower testing, text-only browser testing, automated testing and validation testing. Results showed that non of the homepages tested had passed all the accessibility standards. Although most homepages were found accessible for color blindness, still many of homepages could only be viewed with a larger screen. Furthermore, all of the pages were missing some ALT texts for images. Six out of ten pages failed the font size test, indicating that these sites were not font size change friendly. Besides, the research also found that none of the homepages could be navigated without a mouse and most of the search forms could not be accessed by keyboard. Based on these findings, further recommandations were suggested.

}, pages = {101-110}, abstract = {

The Web has become a part of daily life, and yet web accessibility remains an important issue because of continuing accessibility problems involving many web users. Universities utilize the Web for many purposes, and therefore, university Web sites must be accessible for all. This paper presents the results of an evaluation of the level of accessibility of Turkish university homepages. A sample of university homepages was reviewed using multiple techniques based on The World Wide Web Consortium suggestions. The results indicated that all university homepages show some accessibility problems. Several recommendations are provided based on the research findings. \© 2010 Springer-Verlag.

}, keywords = {Accessibility, assistive technology, higher education, multimedia, Programming and programming languages, Turkey}, doi = {10.1007/s10209-010-0190-z}, author = {Serhat Kurt} } @article {2901, title = {Accommodating Employees with Disabilities: Perceptions of Irish Academic Library Managers}, journal = {New Review of Academic Librarianship}, volume = {17}, year = {2011}, note = {This article pointed out that academic library managers should raise the awareness of accommondating employees with disabilities. It should be important to provide greater understanding of such issues, so that both staff and patrons with disabilites would be taken care of and offered better work/user experience in libraries.}, pages = {234-258}, abstract = {This research study investigated the views and practice of third level academic library managers in the Republic of Ireland regarding reasonable accommodation of employees with disabilities (as defined in the Irish Employment Equality Act 1998 as amended by the Equality Act 2004). A mixed methods study (sample of 163 library managers) employed both an online survey (response rate 108/163) and follow-up telephone interviews (23\% of respondents). Questions were based on a literature review. Library managers were aware of a legal duty to accommodate. A majority of library managers subscribed to the social model of disability rather than the medical model. They were less aware of the needs of employees with less visible disabilities. A small majority of library managers reported the presence of an accommodation procedure at their college. A large majority of library managers would not spend more than 0-10\% of the library budget on accommodation -- in practice, this should be sufficient. A small majority believe that a legal obligation to accommodate is necessary. A majority would adopt a graduated approach (informal to formal) in relation to discriminatory conduct. On the whole, the legislation was working in practice. However, further disability awareness training of staff was required, and further research should examine the views of library staff with disabilities. Adapted from the source document.}, keywords = {academic libraries, diversity, Ireland, law, legislation}, doi = {10.1080/13614533.2011.593852}, author = {O{\textquoteright}Neill, Anne-Marie and Urquhart, Christine} } @article {3131, title = {Application of content adaptation in web accessibility for the blind}, journal = {Proceedings of the International Cross-Disciplinary Conference on Web Accessibility - W4A {\textquoteright}11}, year = {2011}, note = {This paper is focusing on the web accessibility design for blind people. The traditional software that blind people use to navigate a webpage, such as Microsoft Narrator and Mac VoiceOver, usually start reading from the top and traverse the whole webpage sequentially, thus wasting a bunch of time and energy. In order to conquer this difficulty, the paper proposes to reorganize the webpage according to the structure of its semantic content. Users then could hear the menu list of headings and jump to the corresponding sections that they are interested in. It firstly presents the reverse engineering process of the proposed idea. Then, it discusses the way to improve Web accessibility for the blind.}, pages = {1}, abstract = {While many people enjoy surfing the Web without any difficulty, the blind people could only read webpage with the help of screen reader which reads aloud the whole webpage. This approach is quite time consuming for them to get to their interested content even though some screen readers allow tabbing through links or headings. It is proposed to adapt the webpage into different logical sections, each would be given a descriptive heading and a number so that the user can enter the number in order to get into the details of that section. The whole idea is like converting the webpage into an IVRS (Interactive Voice Response Systems) so that the blind people can access the webpage using mobile phone by hearing the index page and getting into details by pressing the corresponding number on the key pad.}, keywords = {blind, Web accessibility, Web design}, isbn = {9781450304764}, doi = {10.1145/1969289.1969298}, url = {http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=1969289.1969298}, author = {Pauli P. Y. Lai} } @article {2825, title = {An Architecture for Multiple Web Accessibility Evaluation Environments}, journal = {LNCS}, volume = {6765}, year = {2011}, note = {This article introduced some modules to facilitate evaluations of web accessibility, and such architecture was proved successfully implemented. Since contents are constantly presented to users in different online environment, the architecture in this article should be able to help evaluate accessible websites in a more efficient and convenient way.}, pages = {206-214}, abstract = {Modern Web sites leverage several techniques that allow for the in-jection of new content into their Web pages (e.g., AJAX), as well as manipula-tion of the HTML DOM tree. This has the consequence that the Web pages that are presented to users (i.e., browser environment) are different from the original structure and content that is transmitted through HTTP communication (i.e., command line environment). This poses a series of challenges for Web accessibility evaluation, especially on automated evaluation software.In this paper, we present an evaluation framework for performing Web accessibility evaluations in different environments, with the goal of understanding how similar or dis-tinct these environments can be, in terms of their web accessibility quality.}, keywords = {evaluation, Web accessibility}, author = {N{\'a}dia Fernandes and Rui Lopes and Lu{\'\i}s Carri{\c c}o Lasige} } @article {2961, title = {Archives, accessibility, and advocacy: a case study of strategies for creating and maintaining relevance.}, journal = {Journal of the Medical Library Association : JMLA}, volume = {99}, year = {2011}, note = {This article discussed a practical case of the Waring Library with respect to development of digital library accessibility. The advocacy and outcomes of the MEDICA project were them analyzed, to prove its efficacy of achieving better library accessibility to the public users. Future practice could learn from lessons in this project and develop more cases to increase overall library digital accessibility.}, pages = {57-60}, abstract = {QUESTION/OBJECTIVE: How can a special collection maintain or increase its profile in its parent institution, when that parent institution emphasizes scientific and clinical learning?
SETTING/CONTEXT: The Waring Historical Library, Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC), preserves and promotes the history of health sciences at MUSC and in South Carolina. As a state entity, MUSC has suffered significant budget cuts for the past several years. In this climate, the Waring had to find ways to maintain relevance in the MUSC community.
METHODS: The Waring partnered with the MUSC College of Nursing to explore new ways to build institutional allies. By combining traditional archival administration with innovative uses of digital collections aimed at institutional promotion and outreach, the Waring\'s digital library became an advocacy tool that led to the Waring\'s enhanced value to its parent institution.
OUTCOMES: The Waring Library is a resource for MUSC development and alumni relations. Tangible outcomes include additional funding from grants, increased staff, no loss of institutional funding, increased access to collections, increased accessions, cultivation of institutional allies for long-term support of the Waring, and development of a template for future partnerships.}, issn = {15365050}, doi = {10.3163/1536-5050.99.1.010}, author = {Welch, Jennifer M and Susan D. Hoffius and E. Brooke Fox} } @article {3158, title = {Assistive Technology.}, journal = {Journal of Social Issues}, volume = {26}, year = {2011}, note = {

This article mainly introduces a series of good and practical applications for new and portable devices such as iPad and iPhone. These applications can support special education.

}, pages = {55-60}, abstract = {

Space limitations preclude an in-depth discussion of who would most benefit from each app mentioned, but readers are reminded that decisions about selecting assistive technology tools should always begin with a consideration of the individual student\&$\#$39;s needs and interests, the nature of the environments in which the student learns, and the tasks needing to be completed (Zabala, 2005). Students who are learning the basic foundations of math can use Intro to Math (Montessorium, 2010), which teaches students to read, write, and undetstand the numbers 0-9 by presenting activities focusing on number symbols, units, sequences, ordering, spatial relationships, and problem-solving skills. Providing students with technology tools must be combined with adequate training (of students, parents, and professionals), careful assessment and decisionmaking, detailed implementation plans, and petsistence in follow-up if we are to see gains in student learning.

}, keywords = {education, mobile technology}, url = {http://ezaccess.libraries.psu.edu/login?url=http://search.proquest.com.ezaccess.libraries.psu.edu/docview/876017159?accountid=13158}, author = {Deborah A. Newton and Amy G. Dell} } @article {2821, title = {Assistive technology and autism : Expanding the technology leadership role of the school librarian}, journal = {School Libraries Worldwide}, volume = {17}, year = {2011}, note = {This article discussed how librarians were assisiting students with autism when acquiring library materials. Also, the article proposed that librarians could play an active role in applying assistive technology (AT) into library settings, as collaborators who matched students\' needs with AT, AT trainers as well as advocates of AT. Therefore, in future practices, librarians should raise the awareness of AT in developing library accessibility and try to help more disabled students with it.}, pages = {86-98}, abstract = {definition of assistive tech; character of autism studnet; sepecial neeed of autistic learners; AT for autistic learner;literature review;}, author = {Demetria Ennis-cole and Smith, Daniella} } @article {2826, title = {Attempt to Provide Web Accessibility for Low Vision and Color Deficient People}, journal = {International Journal of Computer Applications}, volume = {33}, year = {2011}, note = {

This article proposed a model for people with visual disabilities and color deficiencies to improve their web accessibility. Through this model, users firstly went through a couple of visual capabilities tests in terms of perceptions towards colors. Then based on the results, colors of web pages would be adjusted through a proposed formula. This model was tested to be efficient in providing easy web access to visually impaired people, and future studies could further develop and improve it.

}, pages = {28-32}, keywords = {Accessibility, hearing disability, usability, visual disability, web browser}, author = {Green Fields} } @article {3215, title = {Designing accessible experiences for older users: User requirement analysis for a railway ticketing portal}, journal = {Universal Access in the Information Society}, volume = {10}, year = {2011}, note = {This study suggested that older users differ in their attitude and experience towards the Internet due to their expectations toward media, among other factors. Researchers conducted a series of survey, focus groups and interviews concerning older users{\textquoteright} perceptions of an online ticketing service. Results comformed that users{\textquoteright} expectations would contribute to users{\textquoteright} final attitude and experience.}, pages = {391-402}, abstract = {This article presents the results of a survey that shows that older users differ in their attitude and experience towards the Internet not only according to their age or to their previous knowledge with Internet services, but also according to what they are expecting from this media. The aim of this study was to collect information about barriers on usage and perception of an online ticketing service for a nationwide public railway company, in order to enhance the notion of "accessibility" toward a broader understanding including non-technical accessibility factors as semantic accessibility and/or procedural accessibility. The results of the survey with 1,208 participants and additionally focus groups, interviews and qualitative analysis of user feedback indicate that in order to improve and optimize the usage of the online system for older adults, it is necessary to develop a system which is not only universally accessible, but also satisfies the specific expectations of senior users. This article concentrates on designing accessible user experiences and presents several recommendations to the area and for WCAG 2.0 according to the results.}, keywords = {older adults, universal accessibility, usability}, issn = {1615-5289}, doi = {10.1007/s10209-011-0223-2}, author = {Subasi, Ozge and Michael Leitner and Norman Hoeller and Arjan Geven and Tscheligi, Manfred} } @article {3221, title = {Designing More Usable Web Sites}, year = {2011}, note = {The webpage presents many interlocking and interrelated efforts dedicated to building more usable and accessible websites. It introduces a variety of related issues such as accessible web site guidelines and web access tools by presenting numerous hyperliked texts and links.}, url = {http://trace.wisc.edu/world/web/}, author = {Trace Center} } @article {3084, title = {Determining evaluation criteria for digital libraries{\textquoteright} user interface: a review}, journal = {The Electronic Library}, volume = {29}, year = {2011}, note = {This article provided a literature review of the existing study about how Digital Libraries and their user interfaces can be evaluated. After reviewing some critical articles, it found 22 critical criteria for assessing DLs interface.}, pages = {698-722}, abstract = {Purpose - The present study aims to review the literature concerning Digital Libraries (DLs) and user interfaces in order to identify, determine, and suggest evaluation criteria for a DLs user interface. Accordingly, this study{\textquoteright}s objectives are threefold: explore which criteria exert a significant relationship with the DLs user interface; identify a set of criteria that appears to be useful for evaluating DLs user interface; and determine evaluation criteria that have more frequency and occurrence in the related texts reviewed. Design/methodology/approach - To do it, first, identifying related texts was necessary. Consequently, keywords such as "DLs user interface evaluation", "DLs user interfaces", "DLs evaluation", "DLs usability", "user interface evaluation", "DLs research", "web sites user interface evaluation", "user interface standards", and the like have been searched in the web as well as in some leading databases including Emerald, Proquest, SagePub, ScienceDirect, LISA, ERIC, ACM, and Springer. After identifying and accessing more than 100 evaluative works and some related articles, theoretical and empirical, nearly 50 sources were chosen for final examination. Findings - After reviewing related texts, three major categories are identified: user interface and DLs; DLs and usability; and other studies related to user interface; each one of three identified categories has its own subcategories. Additionally, 22 evaluation criteria for assessing DLs interface have been identified. Research limitations/implications - The review does not claim to be comprehensive. Practical implications - Hopefully, criteria such as feedback, ease of use, match between system and the real world, customization, user support, user workload, interaction, compatibility, visibility of system status, user experience, flexibility, and accessibility which have been less considered should be applied more in future, particularly user-oriented, studies. Furthermore, it is expected that criteria mentioned here could help related bodies pay more attention to the evaluation of EISs, especially DLs interface. Originality/value - It can be said that this study has contributed to the research into the evaluation of DL interface.}, keywords = {digital libraries, User interface}, issn = {0264-0473}, doi = {10.1108/02640471111177116}, author = {Nadjla Hariri and Yaghoub Norouzi} } @article {2845, title = {Developing Good Hearts: The Disability Awareness Training Scheme for Geelong Regional Libraries Staff}, journal = {Australasian Public Libraries and Information Services}, volume = {24}, year = {2011}, note = {This article described in detail how the Geelong Regional Library trained libraries staff to raise disability awareness. Future practice could use examples in this study to design their own training sessions and improve their skills in dealing with both disabled library staff and library users.}, pages = {67-73}, abstract = {How to train staff to be more attentive and understanding; a bit about defining disability; also working with local groups that provide support for people with disabilities}, url = {http://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=065471556425201;res=IELHSS}, author = {S. Henczel and O{\textquoteright}Brien, K.} } @article {2887, title = {Digital Library and Digitization}, journal = {International Journal of Information Dissemination and Technology}, volume = {1}, year = {2011}, note = {

This article identified the need for digitization in current library practices, and a detailed digitization process was illustrated as well. Future library operations could learn from the proposed problems and challenges for library professionals during this process, contributing to improving library accessibility for people with disabilities.

}, pages = {228}, abstract = {

This paper discusses the digital library as an assemblage of digital computing, storage, and communications machinery together with the content and software needed to reproduce, emulate and extend the services. Definition of digital library, what is digitization, need for digitization, digitization process, problems in digitization, hardware and software for digitization, challenges of library professional, challenges of digitization of library, role of library professionals, digital library: initiatives and the future of digital libraries in India are included in this paper.

}, keywords = {digital libraries, digitization, library}, url = {http://untexas.summon.serialssolutions.com/link/0/eLvHCXMwY2BQMEhJSjVIMTNKM01JS041MzcGdhpMkywtgUSauXEyqJPoEmgSHmrq52PsglSau4kyyLm5hjh76MJKxfiUnJx4I3Mzc0MjI3NTQ2MxBhZgpzgVAJ4WGAA}, author = {Ram Nath Maurya} } @article {3058, title = {Effects of video adaptations on comprehension of students with intellectual and developmental disabilities}, journal = {Journal of Special Education Technology}, volume = {26}, year = {2011}, note = {

This study explored the effects of adapted videos for helping intellictual and developmental disabled students to comprehend nonfiction videos in academia. Interactive videos were designed and shown to five postsecondary participants. After their viewing of the video, their comprehension level was measured. Results showed positive outcomes of this new video narration.

}, pages = {39-55}, abstract = {

This study investigated the effects of alternative narration, highlighted text, picture/word-based captions, and interactive video searching features for improving comprehension of nonfiction academic video clips by students with intellectual and developmental disabilities (ID/DD). Combined multiple baselines across participants and alternating treatment designs were employed to evaluate the factual comprehension by five postsecondary participants with ID/DD. Comprehension was measured by the number of correct oral re-responses after watching regular, nonadapted videos in the baseline phases, as well as after watching adapted videos and after searching videos for answers via hyperlinks in the treatment and maintenance phases. Findings included: (a) the participants improved their factual comprehension of video content significantly after viewing videos modified with alternative narrations and various captioning adaptations, which resulted in additional significant improvements after students had an opportunity to search the video for answers and adjust their original oral responses; (b) the participants performed equally well regardless of the type of captions (highlighted text or picture/word-based); and (c) there was no significant difference in participant comprehension between motion videos and static images. Adapted videos offer innovative solutions for legally required access and active participation of students with intellectual and developmental disabilities in grade- and subject-linked academic curriculum. [Abstract from Authors]

}, keywords = {cognitive disability, multimedia}, issn = {0162-6434}, doi = {10.1177/016264341102600203}, url = {http://www.tamcec.org/jset-index/effects-of-video-adaptations-on-comprehension-of-students-with-intellectual-and-developmental-disabilities/\nhttp://www.tamcec.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/06/JSET-2621.pdf$\#$page=43}, author = {Anna S. Evmenova and Michael M. Behrmann and Margo A. Mastropieri and Pamela H. Baker and Heidi J. Graff} } @article {3199, title = {An ethnographical study of the accessibility barriers in the everyday interactions of older people with the web}, journal = {Universal Access in the Information Society}, volume = {10}, year = {2011}, note = {This paper presents an ethnographical study over 3 years of how barriers that the older population meets can limit their everyday interactions. Nearly 400 older people participated in the study. Among various barriers that older people encountered in their daily web use, some were found playing a more significant role in impeding their daily interactions. These factors were then explained and discussed.}, pages = {359-371}, abstract = {Older people experience many barriers when they access to the web. However, little is known about which barriers limit more (or less) their daily interactions. This paper presents some findings based on an ethnographical study of the everyday interactions of nearly 400 older people with the web over 3 years. Difficulties remembering steps, understanding terms and using the mouse are more severe than problems perceiving visual information, understanding icons and using the keyboard. This is largely explained by inclusion, independence and socialization, which are the three key components of real-life web use. This paper also shows that these aspects should be considered in other areas of web and ICT accessibility, as technophobia is not the only experience in the interactions of older people with the web, and both social relationships and life experiences beyond technologies need to be taken into account apart from age-related changes in abilities. These findings suggest that the current focus on compensating for age-related changes in functional abilities needs to be widened. Working towards making the web more accessible should not be divorced from real-life use. This paper discusses implications for web (and ICT) design, training and support.}, keywords = {older adults, Web accessibility}, issn = {1615-5289}, doi = {10.1007/s10209-011-0221-4}, author = {Sayago, Sergio and Josep Blat} } @article {3018, title = {The Expertise Effect on Web Accessibility Evaluation Methods}, journal = {Human-Computer Interaction}, volume = {26}, year = {2011}, note = {This study aims to explore the unstudied issue of the impact of expertise on the web accessibility evaluation. The study demonstrated strong expertise effect: compared to nonexpertise judges, expertise judges showed higher levels of validity and reliability. Furthermore, the study also found a positive relationship between number of judges and the reproducibility. For experts, this relationship remained stable after 5 experts, but it did not remain stable for nonexpert. If the evaluation wants to achieve the goal of detecting all of the problems, the sufficient number of experts needed is 3 whereas that would increase to 14 for nonexperts.}, pages = {246-283}, abstract = {Web accessibility means that disabled people can effectively perceive, understand, navigate, and interact with the web. Web accessibility evaluation methods are needed to validate the accessibility of web pages. However, the role of subjectivity and of expertise in such methods is unknown and has not previously been studied. This article investigates the effect of expertise in web accessibility evaluation methods by conducting a Barrier Walkthrough (BW) study with 19 expert and 57 nonexpert judges. The BW method is an evaluation method that can be used to manually assess the accessibility of web pages for different user groups such as motor impaired, low vision, blind, and mobile users. Our results show that expertise matters, and even though the effect of expertise varies depending on the metric used to measure quality, the level of expertise is an important factor in the quality of accessibility evaluation of web pages. In brief, when pages are evaluated with nonexperts, we observe a drop in validity and reliability. We also observe a negative monotonic relationship between number of judges and reproducibility: more evaluators mean more diverse outputs. After five experts, reproducibility stabilizes, but this is not the case with nonexperts. The ability to detect all the problems increases with the number of judges: With 3 experts all problems can be found, but for such a level 14 nonexperts are needed. Even though our data show that experts rated pages differently, the difference is quite small. Finally, compared to nonexperts, experts spent much less time and the variability among them is smaller, they were significantly more confident, and they rated themselves as being more productive. The article discusses practical implications regarding how BW results should be interpreted, how to recruit evaluators, and what happens when more than one evaluator is hired. Supplemental materials are available for this article. Go to the publisher{\textquoteright}s online edition of Human-Computer Interaction for statistical details and additional measures for this article.}, issn = {0737-0024}, doi = {10.1080/07370024.2011.601670}, url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07370024.2011.601670}, author = {Giorgio Brajnik and Yesilada, Yeliz and Simon Harper} } @article {2812, title = {Improving multimodal web accessibility for deaf people: Sign language interpreter module}, journal = {Multimedia Tools and Applications}, year = {2011}, note = {

This article introduces a Sign Language Interpreter Module for people with hearing disabilities. Not only original web pages could be preserved, but special designs would enable deaf people to improve their web accessibility to as many online contents as possible. It should bring in creative insights to further develop such a module, so that more functions could be added to extend the module for people with other disabilities.

}, abstract = {

The World Wide Web is becoming increasingly necessary for everybody regardless of age, gender, culture, health and individual disabilities. Unfortunately, there are evidently still problems for some deaf and hard of hearing people trying to use certain web pages. These people require the translation of existing written information into their first language, which can be one of many sign languages. In previous technological solutions, the video window dominates the screen, interfering with the presentation and thereby distracting the general public, who have no need of a bilingual web site. One solution to this problem is the development of transparent sign language videos which appear on the screen on request. Therefore, we have designed and developed a system to enable the embedding of selective interactive elements into the original text in appropriate locations, which act as triggers for the video translation into sign language. When the short video clip terminates, the video window is automatically closed and the original web page is shown. In this way, the system significantly simplifies the expansion and availability of additional accessibility functions to web developers, as it preserves the original web page with the addition of a web layer of sign language video. Quantitative and qualitative evaluation has demonstrated that information presented through a transparent sign language video increases the users interest in the content of the material by interpreting terms, phrases or sentences, and therefore facilitates the understanding of the material and increases its usefulness for deaf people.

}, keywords = {Accessibility, deaf, hearing disability, multimedia, usability, User interface}, issn = {1380-7501}, doi = {10.1007/s11042-010-0529-8}, author = {Matja{\v z} Debevc and Primo{\v z} Kosec and Andreas Holzinger} } @article {2905, title = {Improving Screencast Accessibility for People With Disabilities: Guidelines and Techniques}, journal = {Internet Reference Services Quarterly}, volume = {16}, year = {2011}, note = {

This article provided concrete suggestions on how to make screencast videos accessible and usable for people with disabilities. Furthermore, the author also introduced how to test for such accessibility, which should be able to serve as guidelines for future practice to create more user-friendly screencast videos.

}, pages = {129-144}, abstract = {

Screencast video tutorials are increasingly popular in libraries but may present access problems for people with disabilities unless specific accessibility features are added during screencast creation. This article reviews existing standards for accessible Web-based multimedia and gives guidelines and tips on how to create accessible screencasts based on these standards.

}, keywords = {Accessibility, disabilities, multimedia}, isbn = {1087530115404749}, doi = {10.1080/10875301.2011.602304}, author = {Oud, Joanne} } @article {2803, title = {Library and Information Center Accessibility: The Differently-able Patron{\textquoteright}s Perspective.}, journal = {Technical Services Quarterly}, volume = {28}, year = {2011}, note = {This article conducted several in-depth interviews to reveal current people\'s perceptions towards library services and library accessibility. Suggestions were also offered for differently-able populations with respect to improving library physical and web accessibility. Future studies could keep looking at acceessibility issues from other perspectives, such as finance, awareness and complacency, so that users might be able to experience better library services.}, pages = {223-241}, abstract = {This article explores library services and accessibility in public, school, and academic libraries from the perspective(s) of patrons who are differently-able. For this study, five individuals, each of whom has unique experiences with disability and society, participated in in-depth interviews. Qualitative data analysis revealed the following themes: love for libraries and reading; disability as a socially-constructed phenomenon; physical limitations and barriers to library accessibility and services; technology and adaptation; and legislative compliance versus compassion. Through participants\' voices, the study lends understanding to the {\textquotedblleft}lived experiences{\textquotedblright} of library patrons who are differently-able and offers suggestions on how library accessibility may be improved. Reprinted by permission of the publisher.}, keywords = {academic libraries, library}, doi = {10.1080/07317131.2011.546281}, url = {http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true\&AuthType=ip,uid\&db=llf\&AN=503012309\&scope=site}, author = {Clayton A. Copeland} } @article {3157, title = {Mobile Devices and Students with Disabilities: What Do Best Practices Tell Us ?}, journal = {Journal of Special Education Technology}, volume = {26}, year = {2011}, note = {

This article discussed the benefits of using mobile devices, especially iPads, to adopt assistive technologies for students with disabilities.

}, pages = {47-49}, abstract = {

Using the search term iPad, a search was conducted of the Archives of the QIAT (Quality Indicators of Assistive Technology) Listserv, a group with members who are AT providers (e.g., AT specialists, speech/language pathologists, occupational therapists, physical therapists, and special education teachers). Of the software features identified as desirable by Wehmeyer, Smith, Palmer, and Davies (2004), the following also are applicable to selecting apps: simplified screens and instructions; consistent placement of menus and control features; graphics along with text to support nonreaders and early readers; audio feedback; ability to set pace and level of difficulty; appropriate and unambiguous feedback; easy error correction.

}, keywords = {assistive technology, mobile technology}, author = {Deborah A. Newton and Amy G. Dell} } @article {3208, title = {Neighborhood disparities in access to information resources: Measuring and mapping U.S. public libraries{\textquoteright} funding and service landscapes}, journal = {Library and Information Science Research}, volume = {33}, year = {2011}, note = {This study mainly focuses on the disparaty of public libraries{\textquoteright} resource among different neighborhood.}, pages = {41-53}, publisher = {Elsevier Inc.}, abstract = {Information inequity is a central concern of the digital age. Many recognize the role of public libraries in bridging such inequities. Unfortunately, however, public libraries are often limited by the funding available to them. This study used a geographic information system (GIS), inequality measures, and multiple regressions to analyze statistics from the Public Libraries Survey (PLS) collected by the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) and from census tract data. It evaluated the levels of public library funding and services and tested how these resources vary with neighborhood income and urbanization levels. This is one of the few nationwide multivariate studies of neighborhood-level variations. The study revealed significant funding and service variations across the nation{\textquoteright}s 9,000 library systems. Distributions of digital materials, full-time staff with a master{\textquoteright}s degree in library and information science, and library programs were especially disparate. Library systems in lower-income or rural neighborhoods were relatively less funded and offered fewer information resources. Interestingly, the only variable that was not significantly associated with neighborhood income was the number of public Internet terminals. This suggests that recent funding and research efforts may have made a difference. Similar funding efforts are encouraged for other types of library resources such as staff education and training. In light of the prevalent disparities in resource levels across neighborhoods, the study calls for a fundamental evaluation of the funding mechanisms for libraries. Also, information behavior research should investigate how this structural information inequity affects individuals{\textquoteright} information use decisions. {\textcopyright}2010 Elsevier Inc.}, issn = {0740-8188}, doi = {10.1016/j.lisr.2010.06.002}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lisr.2010.06.002}, author = {Sin, Sei Ching Joanna} } @article {3052, title = {Online Databases and the Research Experience for University Students with Print Disabilities}, journal = {Library Hi Tech}, volume = {29}, year = {2011}, note = {This study examined print disabled university students{\textquoteright} searching experience in three online databases with screen-reading software.}, pages = {149-160}, abstract = {Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to present findings of a study which examined the searching experience of university students with a print disability and their use of screen reading software to navigate three proprietary databases. Design/methodology/approach: Participants completed a series of tasks in three different online databases using their screen-reading software. Screen-recording software provided video and audio documentation of the process. Survey data were collected pre- and post-study as well as after each database search session. Findings: The paper provides insights on the information-seeking behavior of students with print disabilities as well as the barriers encountered while navigating online databases using screen-reading software. Research limitations/implications: The study focuses only on a small sample of university students with print disabilities and therefore lacks a control group of non-print-disabled students against which the results could be measured. Practical implications: Database vendors are aware of the barriers their databases pose for users of screen readers. It is in the best interest of vendors to assist libraries in promoting the accessible features that already exist in their databases. Libraries can assist students by providing database instruction tailored to users of screen readers and by assisting database vendors in usability feedback and in marketing options. Originality/value: Participants consisted of students with learning, visual and mobility disabilities and who were native users of screen-reading software. There is a lack of research on the intersection of databases design and its impacts on the information literacy skills of students with print disabilities. This paper provides some insights on the first step in the information-seeking process (gathering information) by students with a print disability and the barriers encountered. {\textcopyright}2011 Emerald Group Publishing Limited.}, keywords = {academic libraries, blind, Canada, databases, disabilities, dyslexia}, issn = {07378831}, doi = {10.1108/07378831111116976}, author = {Kelly Dermody and Norda Majekodunmi} } @article {2769, title = {On the Outside Looking in: Public Libraries Serving Young People With Disabilities}, journal = {Australasian Public Libraries and Information Services}, volume = {24}, year = {2011}, note = {

This article discussed the importance of providing wider access to resources for young people with disabilities. And the author specifically called for the active participation of public libraries during the process.At the end, development strategies were identified as well as how library services could play a role in it for students with disabilities. Current and future practice could use some of the presented advice and try to raise the awareness of \"inclusion\" with respect to web accessibility.

}, pages = {9-16}, abstract = {

Abstract: Social inclusion is very important to young people, particularly those who are disadvantaged due to a physical or intellectual disability. Public libraries already provide equity of access through disability access and inclusion plans but does this ensure social inclusion? Explored are what is an accessible community from the point of view of someone with a disability, and how libraries can ensure an inclusive environment with no nonphysical barriers which may deter those with disabilities. Highlighted are links made with young people with disabilities by public libraries and strategies which can create a more welcoming and inclusive library service for them. Edited version of a paper presented at \&$\#$39;12 to 24s @ your public library in Australia and New Zealand conference\&$\#$39; Qld 11-12 June 2010.

}, keywords = {library}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/857924161?accountid=11921}, author = {Denise Barker} } @article {2910, title = {Rethinking School Libraries : Beyond Access to Empowerment}, journal = {Knowledge Quest}, volume = {39}, year = {2011}, note = {This article argued that school libraries should not only provide access, but also engage students in information exchange as well. Students should be encouraged to partcipate in actively seeking and sharing resources, so that library accessibility could be further developed .}, pages = {6-8}, author = {Perrault, Anne Marie} } @article {2962, title = {Retrofitting accessibility: The legal inequality of after-the-fact online access for persons with disabilities in the United States}, journal = {First Monday}, volume = {16}, year = {2011}, note = {This article discussed how the improvement of current laws could contribute to the development of web accessibility for people with a variety of disabilities. A number of recommendations with respect to policy changes were also proposed, which should be taken into consideration in future legislative practices.}, abstract = {Despite the significant advantages that access to information and communication technology has made to many of our lives, the related benefits, opportunities and even equalizing effect of this technology are often not accessible or only partially accessible to a growing portion of the global population. Current disability rights laws which are supposed to exist for the protection and well{\textendash}being of individuals with disabilities are often too close to the heart of the problem, as they can actually promote a separate but unequal online environment. If current U.S. laws were revised to encourage born{\textendash}accessible technology and there was consistent enforcement of such laws, the online experience of millions of individuals with disabilities could be drastically improved. This article examines the aspects of the current laws that perpetuate a separate but unequal online environment, discussing past and current examples of such inequity. It also contrasts the structure of current U.S. disability rights laws with other civil rights legislation and offers a set of policy recommendations that could have a positive impact on accessibility.}, doi = {10.5210/fm.v16i11.3666}, author = {Wentz, Brian and T. Paul Jaeger and Jonathan Lazar} } @book {2830, title = {SPEC kit 322: Library User Experience}, year = {2011}, note = {This book first demonstrated results from a SPEC survey on user experience, and data came from a variety of institutions. Then representative programs of participating universities across the United States were introduced, including User experience planning and organization, User experience projects, Web usability, Facility design, so on and so forth. The book could serve a guidebook and overview of constructing library user experience, and provide some insights into future development of more user-friendly and accessible library services.}, publisher = {Association of Research Libraries}, organization = {Association of Research Libraries}, isbn = {978-1-59407-864-4}, author = {Robert Fox and Ameet Doshi} } @article {3189, title = {Students with disabilities and online learning: A cross-institutional study of perceived satisfaction with accessibility compliance and services}, journal = {Internet and Higher Education}, volume = {14}, year = {2011}, note = {

Institutions were selected according to their national rankings of the top online institutions of higher learning in The Best Colleges. The top 5 institutions were chosen with a total of 54,476 students. Online surveys were distributed to these students and only those with disabilities were included in the statistical analysis. Compaired with those who indicated that they had never taken an online course, those students who indicated they had taken one or more were more likely to state that their disabilities negatively impacted their ability to succeed in an online setting. Further qualitative analysis of students\&$\#$39; responses were presented, showing a variety of reasons that they perceived their disabilities impacted their performance.

}, pages = {242-250}, publisher = {Elsevier Inc.}, abstract = {

Distance education has grown significantly over the past two decades, and the need to evaluate and enforce online course federal accessibility standards is gaining momentum among educators, students, and legislators. The purpose of this study was to determine if students with disabilities, who are enrolled in online courses, certifications, and degree programs, are satisfied with their respective institutions\&$\#$39; accessibility and compliance services and with their ability to be academically successful in an online learning environment. The results of the study indicated that students with a disability perceive their disability to have a negative impact on their ability to succeed in online courses; however, the majority reported that their requests for accommodations were met. Recommendations on how institutions can take steps toward meeting all accessibility standards without sacrificing rigor and dynamic online course design are provided. ?? 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

}, keywords = {Accessibility, distance education, education, higher education, law}, issn = {1096-7516, 1096-7516}, doi = {10.1016/j.iheduc.2011.05.004}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.iheduc.2011.05.004}, author = {Roberts, Jodi B. and Laura A. Crittenden and Jason C. Crittenden} } @article {3240, title = {A survey of technology accessibility problems faced by older users in China}, journal = {Universal Access in the Information Society}, volume = {10}, year = {2011}, note = {This study is an exploratory investigation into the Chinese elderly{\textquoteright}s web accessibility. A Web-based questionnaire and discussions with older users from 25 provinces of China were completed. The results indicated web accessibility rates were still low in China.}, pages = {373-390}, abstract = {Internet accessibility for older users has become an important issue to promote inclusion and participation in the Information Society. In this paper, we propose an investigation into the technology accessibility problems faced by the elderly in China. We have conducted the research by means of an exploratory survey with a Web-based questionnaire and held discussions with older users at meetings. The study had 180 valid answers and involved representatives from each of the 25 provinces of China. The results show that 39\% of the participants cannot or can only partially access information because of all kinds of accessibility problems in China. Many participants indicated that the main problems in the getting on the Internet were the health barrier, the circumstance barrier, and the Internet design barrier. The possible reason for these difficulties could be that the government doesn{\textquoteright}t foster a social environment conducive to helping the elderly get online, and that it does not provide services for the elderly designed to help them access information electronically. The poor rate of industry accessibility for the elderly, as well as the lack of the Chinese accessibility laws, is an important issue that must be dealt with to promote greater Internet accessibility for the elderly.}, keywords = {Accessibility, China, internet, older adults}, isbn = {9781605585611}, doi = {10.1007/s10209-011-0222-3}, author = {Yao, Dengfeng and Qiu, Yunfeng and Hairui Huang and Zaixin Du and Jianqing Ma} } @article {3083, title = {Technology skill and age: What will be the same 20 years from now?}, journal = {Universal Access in the Information Society}, volume = {10}, year = {2011}, note = {A common understanding concerning older people{\textquoteright}s using of technologies is that issues and problems that the current older generation is faced with will no longer exist when the current young generation turns out in the future. This paper mainly discusses this assumption. Is the older{\textquoteright}s lack of engagement in new technologies, especially the Web, due to age or experience? This question has no simple answer. By reviewing a set of studies, this article introduced a variety of factors that would impede older people{\textquoteright}s adopting of the Web. As a result, a complex picture was drawn for future generations.}, pages = {443-452}, abstract = {Is current research on computing by older adults simply looking at a short-term problem? Or will the technology problems that plague the current generation also be problematic for todays tech-savvy younger generations when they become old? This paper considers age-related and experience-related issues that affect ability to use new technology. Without more consideration of the skills of older users, it is likely that applications and devices 20 years from now will have changed such that this older generation finds themselves confronting an array of technologies that they little understand and find generally inaccessible. Recent evidence suggests that older adults bring specific strengths to Web browsing. A fuller investigation of these strengths and how to design to optimize for strengths of older users has the potential to address the need for usable technology for this increasingly important demographic.}, keywords = {aging, older adults, Web accessibility}, issn = {1615-5289, 1615-5297}, doi = {10.1007/s10209-011-0224-1}, author = {Vicki L. Hanson} } @article {3107, title = {Trends in information behavior research, 1999-2008: A content analysis}, journal = {Library and Information Science Research}, volume = {33}, year = {2011}, note = {This study conducted a content analysis of the articles related to information behavior from 1999 to 2008. The findings indicated that general research attention had not changed compared with previous research. However, there were more interdisciplinary research and the proportions of researchers compared to practitioners who investigated the issue had increased.}, pages = {19-24}, publisher = {Elsevier Inc.}, abstract = {A content analysis of articles published between 1999 and 2008 in the area of information behavior yielded results directly comparable to previous research and demonstrated little change in research methods employed, relative interest in particular user groups, or attention to affective variables. However, interdisciplinarity of the literature has increased, and it appears that the proportions of researchers and practitioners contributing to the literature in this area have reversed: now a majority of authors are researchers. This suggests an increase in scholarly activity in the area, a finding consistent with other recent reviews. ?? 2010 Elsevier Inc.}, issn = {0740-8188}, doi = {10.1016/j.lisr.2010.07.014}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lisr.2010.07.014}, author = {Heidi Julien and Pecoskie, Jen J. L. and Reed, Kathleen} } @article {2981, title = {Validating the effectiveness of EvalAccess when deploying WCAG 2.0 tests}, journal = {Universal Access in the Information Society}, volume = {10}, year = {2011}, note = {This study aimed to compare the old WCAG 1.0 with the newly released WCAG 2.0. Both guidelines were applied to a set of websites and evaluated both by automoted evaluation tools and by manually evaluation. Both quantitative and qualitative analysis were conducted. Results showed that although the second version of WCAG performed better, it also had a higher rate of wrongly detected issues.}, pages = {425-441}, abstract = {While automatic tools are not intended to replace human judgment, they are crucial in order to develop accessible websites. The release of WCAG 2.0 has caused great expectation, as it is supposed to be precisely testable with automated review tools. Therefore, more effective tools could be developed. However, so far few tools applying WCAG 2.0 have been developed. This paper presents an evaluation framework which has been updated in order to evaluate the new tests. In addition, it describes a validation process carried out in order to verify the effectiveness of the new version of the evaluation tool. The effectiveness is validated by conducting a quantitative and qualitative analysis of the results obtained by applying both versions of the tool (the one implementing WCAG 1.0 and the one implementing WCAG 2.0) to a set of selected web pages, as well as by manual evaluation of an expert for detecting the possible false positives and false negatives produced by each tool.}, keywords = {Automated evaluation, Web accessibility guidelines, WGAC 1.0, WGAC 2.0}, issn = {1615-5289}, doi = {10.1007/s10209-011-0226-z}, author = {Aizpurua, Amaia and Myriam Arrue and Vigo, Markel and Julio Abascal} } @article {3017, title = {Web accessibility guideline aggregation for older users and its validation}, journal = {Universal Access in the Information Society}, volume = {10}, year = {2011}, note = {This study used a set theory to create a new "older users" category that contained both motor impaired and low-vision older users. Then two BW (Barrier Walkthrough) experiments were conducted to assess the feasibility and validity of this aggregation approach. The Barrier Walkthrough (BW) method is a method to enable guidelines to be applied to different user categories. Therefore, the BW evaluation can yield accessibility problems that are grouped by user categories and level the severity of each problem. This study aimed to fill the gap that the BW only had disjoint categories of disabilities, other than a combined one. Older people, in this case, experienced multiple impairements.}, pages = {403-423}, abstract = {Web site-evaluation methodologies and validation engines take the view that all accessibility guidelines must be met to gain compliance. Problems exist in this regard, as contradictions within the rule set may arise, and the type of impairment or its severity is not isolated. The Barrier Walkthrough (BW) method goes someway to addressing these issues, by enabling barrier types derived from guidelines to be applied to different user categories such as motor or visual impairment, etc. However, the problem remains of combinatorial explosion of possibilities when one has to consider users with multiple disabilities. In this paper, a simple set theory operation is used to create a validation scheme for older users by aggregating barrier types specific to motor impaired and low-vision users, thereby creating a new "older users" category from the results of this set union. To evaluate the feasibility and validity of this aggregation approach, two BW experiments were conducted. The first experiment evaluated the aggregated results by focusing on quality attributes and showed that aggregation generates data whose quality is comparable to the original one. However, this first experiment could not test for validity, as the older users category was not included. To remedy this deficiency, another BW experiment was conducted with expert judges who evaluated a web page in the context of older users. In this second experiment, it was found that there is no significant difference between the aggregated and the manually evaluated (by experts) barrier scores, and that the same barriers are identified using experts and aggregation, even though there are differences in how severity scores are distributed. From these results, it is concluded that the aggregation of barriers is a viable alternative to expert evaluation, when the target of that aggregation could not be evaluated manually or it would not be feasible to do so. It is also argued that aggregation is a technique that can be used in combination with other evaluation methods, like user testing or subjective assessments.}, issn = {1615-5289}, doi = {10.1007/s10209-011-0220-5}, author = {Giorgio Brajnik and Yesilada, Yeliz and Simon Harper} } @article {3069, title = {Web Accessibility, Libraries, and the Law}, journal = {Information Technology \& Libraries}, volume = {30}, year = {2011}, note = {

This paper discussed web accessibility in the context of U.S. federal laws most referenced in web accessibility lawsuits. The results showed that only 17 states have codified laws ensuring their web accessibility for their state websites. 31 states had some form of standard, policy, or guidelines online in its place, although these standards had no legal footing outside of federal law. Only two states, Alaska and Wyoming, were without an accessibility standard. Only 7 out of 17 states reference Section 508 or WCAG 1.0 in their statue text. These discussions raised problems concerning web accssibility laws in the United States.

}, pages = {34-43}, abstract = {

With an abundance of library resources being served on the web, researchers are finding that disabled people oftentimes do not have the same level of access to materials as their nondisabled peers. This paper discusses web accessibility in the context of United States\’ federal laws most referenced in web accessibility lawsuits. Additionally, it reveals which states have statutes that mirror federal web accessibility guidelines and to what extent. Interestingly, fewer than half of the states have adopted statutes addressing web accessibility, and fewer than half of these reference Section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act or Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 1.0. Regardless of sparse legislation surrounding web accessibility, librarians should consult the appropriate web accessibility resources to ensure that their specialized content reaches all.

}, keywords = {law, libraries, library, Website Accessibility}, doi = {10.6017/ital.v30i1.3043}, author = {Camilla Fulton} } @article {2965, title = {Web accessibility policy at post-secondary institutions}, journal = {International Law and Policy Review}, volume = {1}, year = {2011}, note = {This article targeted post-seconday institutions across the United States, which faced multi-facted challenges in improving web accessibility, especically in online education. Through some data analyses, the article examined the current state of web accessibility among 121 post-secondary institutions that offered online education courses. And it turned out that the strength of policy making about web accessibility was uneven. Since these institutions shouldered most responsibilities and missions to develop online education, in particular for students with disabilities, some recommendations were justified in this article to further improve web accessibility in institutional policies.}, pages = {41-67}, abstract = {Web accessibility policymakers at post-secondary institutions face multiple challenges, including the increased demand for online education, creating alternative models of disability, facing unsympathetic socioeconomic paradigms, competing social theoretical perspectives, the lack of technological understanding, and a changing legal environment. [...]this thesis considers moral and philosophical questions, examines current legal context, and offers recommendations for improvement. A federal appellate court decided that a federal district court in Kentucky must review its ruling to deny test-taking accommodations to a medical student, because the court relied on \"now repudiated standards\" for its ruling (Lipka 2009).}, url = {http://ezaccess.libraries.psu.edu/login?url=http://search.proquest.com/docview/1625569299?accountid=13158}, author = {Wilkes, Heidi} } @article {3106, title = {Web Accessibility: Required, Not Optional}, journal = {University Business}, year = {2011}, note = {The article claims the trend in web accessibility discussions. It raises the question that many institutions overlook the issue of web accessibility and talks about the general problems around the topic.}, pages = {31-32}, url = {http://www.universitybusiness.com/article/web-accessibility-required-not-optional}, author = {Karine Joly} } @article {2839, title = {Web Accessibility Requirements for Media Players}, journal = {LNCS}, volume = {6949}, year = {2011}, note = {This article specified some guidelines for web developers who intended to add video/audio contents into web pages. For example, a variety of alternative texts, such as captions, should be provided along with the video contents, and \"help\" information should also be included in case of confusing web experience. Web developers should pay attention to these guidelines and adjust their video contents accordingly to ensure better web accessibility.}, pages = {669-674}, abstract = {Video Content continues to strenghten on the Web, because of that fact, it is neccessary to include video content with suitable accessibility requirements to be used by all people. User Agent (such as player, browser), also have to include accessibility requirements. In this paper a set of basic guidelines is included for professionals who want to embed video players on their Web.}, keywords = {evaluation, multimedia, Web accessibility}, author = {Mar{\'\i}a Gonz{\'a}lez and Lourdes Moreno and Paloma Mart{\'\i}nez and Ana Iglesias} } @article {3042, title = {Website Accessibility in Western Australian Public Libraries}, journal = {Australian Library Journal}, volume = {60}, year = {2011}, note = {

This article provides a summary of the research of accessiblity of public library websites in Western Australia. The results showed that none of the 29 websites audited met the basic level criteria of WCAG 1.0 or 2.0 with various errors being detected. Only one library out of 18 gained the lowest score of being up to standard, indicating that only one library was vitually possible for visually-disabled patrons to navigte. In terms of willingness, barriers and conformance of web accessibility guidelines, research showed that libraries were generally unware of the legal and moral necessity to implement relevant features. Time and cost were the two barriers identified as the most mentioned. Moreover, none of the public libraries under study conforms to any level of the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines.

}, pages = {103-112}, abstract = {

The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) has established international standards for website accessibility which attempt to ensure that everyone has the same opportunities to use materials published on the World Wide Web (Web). This article provides a summation of the research conducted into the accessibility of public library websites in Western Australia. A discussion is provided of the website audit methods used and results obtained. The research demonstrates the level of compliance with Australian and International standards as well as results of surveys used to determine the perceived willingness to comply with those standards, barriers to compliance and benefits of an accessible website.

}, keywords = {Accessible Web sites for people with disabilities, Australia, library, software applications, Web sites}, doi = {10.1080/00049670.2011.10722582}, url = {http://untexas.summon.serialssolutions.com/link/0/eLvHCXMwTZ0xDsIwDEUzcAWYuUCllMRJPVMqBoSERMXcxP7c_wa1JQYWH-H_95bvEM5RmkYpF5Cga6nJpIEasx3U1F0S51f-rPR8pPkvzZdjWJfb-3offn8Ahu8Y2QBQjZF9RASoRYuVFlgydMIobP2uQKfsW2XF197b1qtOtBGcvsV4_BQO5tK6A_n1JVM}, author = {Vivienne Conway} } @article {3160, title = {Accessibility of eGovernment Web Sites: Towards a Collaborative Retrofitting Approach}, volume = {6179}, year = {2010}, note = {This section focused on the improvement of interactions between government and its citizens through eGovernment. Firstly, it talks about some shortcomings identified. Then, it provides the eGovMon{\textquoteright}s approach to overcome these shortcomings.}, pages = {468-475}, abstract = {Accessibility benchmarking is effcient to raise awareness and initiate competition. However, traditional benchmarking is of little avail when it comes to removing barriers from eGovernment web sites in practice. Regulations and legal enforcement may be helpful in a long-term perspective. For more rapid progress both vendors and web site maintainers are willing to take short-term action towards improvements, provided that clear advise is available. The approach of the eGovernment Monitoring project (eGovMon) integrates benchmarking as a central activity in a user-driven project. In addition to benchmarking results, several other services and background information are provided to enable the users {\textemdash} in this case a group of Norwegian municipalities who want to improve the accessibility of their web sites {\textemdash} to gain real added value from benchmarking.}, isbn = {3642140963}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-642-14097-6_75}, author = {Annika Nietzio and Olsen, Morten Goodwin and Mandana Eibegger and Snaprud, Mikael} } @article {3023, title = {Analyzing the Impact of Disability Legislation in Canada and the United States}, journal = {Journal of Disability Policy Studies}, volume = {20}, year = {2010}, note = {The study conducted a literature review of disability legislation in Canada and the United States. The results indicated there were gaps between two countries in terms of their practices and legislation. The U.S. performed better in many aspects.}, pages = {205-218}, abstract = {Experiences with disability legislation are different between Canada and the United States, but both countries have experiences to share regarding trends and best practices, as well as challenges addressing the accessibility of public facilities, housing, and transportation for persons with disabilities. Based on this distinction, a literature review was conducted focusing on the similarities and differences between Canadian and American disability legislation, primarily for trends and best practices that have resulted in positive outcomes for people with disabilities. Three times as much literature exists on U.S. experiences based on disabilities legislation over the past two decades. One major reason is that the United States has federal legislation specific to disabilities (dating back to 1990) and Canada has none. The impact of federal legislation is seen across each American state. Without federal legislation in Canada, the provinces are left to implement their own, often different, practices. This country comparison includes gaps in practices and considerations for improvements. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]}, keywords = {disability, law, Social policy}, issn = {10442073}, doi = {10.1177/1044207309344562}, url = {http://ezaccess.libraries.psu.edu/login?url=http://search.proquest.com.ezaccess.libraries.psu.edu/docview/211191214?accountid=13158}, author = {Katharina Kovacs Burns and Gary L. Gordon} } @article {3118, title = {Can the Web Be Made Accessible for People with Intellectual Disabilities?}, journal = {The Information Society: An International Journal}, volume = {27}, year = {2010}, note = {

The research put their emphasis on the people with intellectual disabilities (ID) under the context of Inclusive New Media Design (INMD). It explored the empirical factors that would inhibit the emplementation of accessibility techniques identified in ID accessibility research. A number of barriers have been identified including the possibility that power holders and decision makers may not share the web designers\&$\#$39; commitment to accessibility.

}, pages = {29-39}, abstract = {

This article presents the findings of a research project that aimedto contribute to the social inclusion ofpeoplewith intellectual disabilities (ID) in theWorldWideWeb (theWeb). The Inclusive New Media Design (INMD) project brought together thirty-one Web designers and developers with twenty-nine people with intellectual disabilities to explore the best practice for building Web sites accessible to the ID community. Specifically, the project took accessibility techniques identified in ID accessibility research, and investigated what would (or would not) make it possible for Web professionals to implement them. This article suggests some tentative answers to the question of whether a fully accessibleWeb can be built, one that includes peoplewith ID. While the article outlines simple steps that can be taken to facilitate accessibility for people at the mild end of the ID spectrum, it also highlights a number of barriers that exist to implementing ID accessibility guidance, most notably the power holders and decision makers with whom Web designers work, who may not share the designers\’ commitment to accessibility

}, keywords = {accessibility guidance, cognitive disability, learning disabilities, Web accessibility, Web designers, Web developers}, issn = {01972243}, doi = {10.1080/01972243.2011.534365}, url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01972243.2011.534365}, author = {Helen Kennedy and Simon Evans and Thomas, Siobhan} } @article {3216, title = {eBraille: a web-based translation program for Japanese text to braille}, journal = {Internet Research}, volume = {20}, year = {2010}, note = {

The author created a program called eBraille to translate Japanese into braille and tested its translation accurary. The result showed positive results, indicating the program outstnaded other stand-alone braille translation programs. The program could effectively help the visually impaired patients.

}, pages = {582-592}, abstract = {

Purpose - The authors develop a program, named eBraille, to translate Japanese text into braille and thereby generate braille documents easily. Public access to this program is provided to anyone via the Internet. The paper aims to evaluate the translation accuracy of the eBraille program. Design/methodology/approach - eBraille is a CGI program that is accessible via a web browser. The core of the program is a braille translating engine called the Kobe University Intelligent Braille Engine for ChaSen (KUIC). It is based on Japanese Braille Transcription Rules (Japanese Braille Committee, 2001). To evaluate the translation accuracy of eBraille, a corpus was utilized that was created from ordinary text and braille newspaper articles. Findings - The paper finds that eBraille translation accuracy is equivalent to or better than that of other stand-alone braille translation programs. This result suggests that the program achieved the goal of being applicable for practical use. In addition, the program is utilized to make Kobe University Hospital brochures in braille for outpatients and inpatients. The brochures are available in the hospital and are favorably accepted by the blind and the visually impaired. This result suggests that the translation program can facilitate accessibility to information for patients. Originality/value - The braille translation program is based on a client-server system and is architecture-independent. Moreover, it is a free system for creating braille text files for anyone who has access to a web browser.

}, keywords = {Braille, Japan, Machine translation, software applications, visual disability}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662241011084121}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/845848228?accountid=142596}, author = {Sugano, Aki and Ohta, Mika and Oda, Tsuyoshi and Kenji Miura and Shuji Goto and Masako Matsuura and Eiichi Maeda and Ohshima, Toshiko and Yuji Matsumoto and Takaoka, Yutaka} } @article {2814, title = {An experiment to increase online archival accessibility: Using unique page views to measure online efficiency}, journal = {North Carolina libraries}, volume = {68}, year = {2010}, note = {This article tested the efficacy of a measurement, that is, using unique page views, to increase online archival accessibility. Results indicated that such a measure was more cost-efficient and more capable of identifying need-to-be-enhanced information areas. Future practice could use findings in this trial run to further improve the measurement and improve web accessibility accordingly.}, pages = {2-11}, author = {Jonathan Dembo and Mark Custer} } @article {3195, title = {Exploratory Analysis of Collaborative Web Accessibility Improvement}, journal = {ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing}, volume = {3}, year = {2010}, note = {Collaborative accessibility improvement has the potential to make the web more adaptive. This article is a report of the Social Accessibility Project. Collaborative model to improve accessibility was discussed in detail.}, pages = {1-30}, abstract = {The Web is becoming a platform for daily activities and is expanding the opportunities for collaboration among people all over the world. The effects of these innovations are seen not only in major Web services such as wikis and social networking services but also in accessibility services. Collaborative accessibility improvement has great potential to make the Web more adaptive. Screen reader users, developers, site owners, and any Web volunteers who want to help the users are invited into the activities to improve accessibility in a timely manner. The Social Accessibility Project is an experimental service for a new needs-driven improvement model based on collaborative metadata authoring technologies. In 20 months, about 19,000 pieces of metadata were created for more than 3,000 Web pages through collaboration based on 355 requests submitted from users. We encountered many challenges as we sought to create a new mainstream approach and created distinctive features in new user interfaces to address some of these challenges. Although the new features increased user participation, serious issues remain. The productivity of the volunteers exceeded our expectations, but we found large and important problems in the users{\textquoteright} lack of awareness of their own accessibility problems. This is a critical problem for sustaining the active use of the service, because about 70\% of the improvement starts with a request from a user. Helping users with visual impairments understand the actual issues is a crucial and challenging topic, and will lead to improved accessibility. We first introduce examples of collaboration, analyze several kinds of statistics on the activities of the users and volunteers of the pilot service, and then discuss our findings and challenges. Five future foci are considered: site-wide metadata authoring, encouraging active participation by users, quality management for the created metadata, metadata for dynamic HTML applications, and collaborations with site owners.}, keywords = {data, Web accessibility}, doi = {10.1145/1857920.1857922.http}, author = {Sato, Daisuke and Takagi, Hironobu and Masatomo Kobayashi and Shinya Kawanaka and Chieko Asakawa} } @article {2988, title = {Factors influencing web accessibility of big listed firms: An international study}, journal = {Online Information Review}, volume = {34}, year = {2010}, note = {This article tested whether the decision of a firm to implement web accessibility was influenced by social, financial or CSR strategy related factors. In order to conduct the study, researchers selected four countries, namely the USA, France, Germany and Spain, and studied the listed companies in selected indexed. Several metrics were used to measure the web accessibility of these firms including the WCAG and the Web Accessiblity Barrier (WAB) metric. The result showed that reasons for the implementation of web accessibility were primarily operational rather than social or financial. This indicated that the consumer-orientation status seemed to exert little influence on the implementation of accessibility for a firm.}, pages = {75-97}, abstract = {Purpose {\textemdash} This paper aims to identify the factors influencing the implementation of web accessibility Design/methodology/approach {\textemdash} Following the theoretical framework three\nhypotheses were developed. The database consisted of 108 non-financial firms listed in the Dow Jones Industrial. CAC-40, DAX and IBEX35 indexes. A multivariate regression equation was used to test the hypotheses Findings {\textemdash} Reasons for the implementation of web accessibility are\ntechnical rather than social or financial The implementation of web accessibility is aimed at increasing the efficiency of the operations of the firm. Furthermore, web accessibility policies are more important in\ncountries where the incorporation of the firms into the net has taken place at a date some time after the beginning of the scheme. Research implications {\textemdash} An implication of the results is the advisability of orienting governmental policies to raise awareness that web accessibility should be part of corporate social responsibility activities. Originality/value {\textemdash} This is a pioneering empirical study of the factors influencing web accessibility. The results of the present research are of interest to other countries.}, keywords = {internet, worldwide web}, doi = {10.1108/14684521011024137}, author = {Javier De Andr{\'e}s and Pedro Lorca and Ana B. Mart{\'\i}nez} } @article {2984, title = {A Framework for Designing Usable Localised Business Websites}, journal = {Communications of the IBIMA}, volume = {2010}, year = {2010}, note = {In the context of globalisation, this article focuses on the website localisation to adapt to different cultures. It seeks to explroe a framework in which localised websites could be tested.}, pages = {1-24}, keywords = {Culture, internationalization, website localisation/globalisation, websites}, doi = {10.5171/2010.184405}, author = {Al-badi, Ali and Pam J. Mayhew} } @article {2954, title = {Inexpensive accessibility options for your library}, journal = {Feliciter}, volume = {56}, year = {2010}, note = {This article briefly summarized several inexpensive options to improve library accessibility from the financial perspective. These tools had a wide range of applicability from customer services to website designs. It should be important for librarians to keep track of these technological innovations so that libraries could facilitate better accessibility at minimum costs.}, pages = {98-100}, author = {Vernon, Ryan} } @article {2929, title = {Inter-library access solution in Hong Kong academic libraries}, journal = {Interlending \& Document Supply}, volume = {38}, year = {2010}, note = {This article discussed interlibrary cooperation in Hong Kong libraries, and in particular, the EasyService, EasyRegister and EasyTicket system practices. Possible future implications for these libraries development were also identified, and other libraries could learn from these examples to develop their own access services.}, pages = {237-244}, keywords = {academic libraries, Hong Kong}, isbn = {0264161101109}, doi = {10.1108/02641611011094383}, author = {So, Edward and Winnie Ho} } @article {2858, title = {Interlibrary loan services at Library and Archives Canada}, journal = {Interlending \& Document Supply}, volume = {38}, year = {2010}, note = {This article discussed both current practices and future trends of interlibrary loan services in Canada. It should be important for librarians to note that developing better interlibrary loan services could largely expand library accessibility in a more cost-efficient way. Therefore, literatures introduced in this article could provide some insights into future directions on how to better improving such loan services for library users.}, pages = {17-21}, keywords = {Canada, library}, doi = {10.1108/02641611011025316}, author = {Paula Kelsall and Onyszko, Elizabeth} } @proceedings {2955, title = {Merging Web Accessibility and Usability by Patterns}, year = {2010}, note = {

This article proposed to analyze web accessibility and usability collectively according to different patterns since these two elements were both significant to designing better user interfaces. Such a pattern approach could provide a generalized guideline for future designs, and it should be more efficient and easier to implement. As web accessibility and usability are not two contradicting factors, they could be considered as a merging entity for future researchers to study.

}, abstract = {

Nowadays, usability and accessibility are two important qual-ity aspects of user interfaces (UIs). But in research and development, both are sometimes accounted as unity and sometimes as contradiction. Un-derstanding Web accessibility as an essential part of usability, here an approach is given to clarify the relationship of both. Therefore, \– a pattern approach was chosen to meet the practical requirements of UI designers which are often not familiar with accessibility needs, \– a collection of patterns for human-computer interaction (HCI) has been extended with accessibility requirements and \– finally a pattern example illustrates the cooperation of usability and accessibility in detail.

}, author = {Vieritz, Helmut and Schilberg, Daniel and Sabina Jeschke} } @article {3218, title = {Overcoming the Information Gap: Measuring the Accessibility of Library Databases to Ddaptive Technology Users}, journal = {Library Hi Tech}, volume = {28}, year = {2010}, note = {This study evaluated 32 databases of their accessibility to users of adaptive technology. The results showed that 72\% of the databases were marfinally accessible or inaccessible. Furthermore, the study evaluated accessibility against ten component parts as the Tatomir Accessibility Checklist (TAC). The evaluation results indicated three main factors that impeded the accessibility of adapative technologies and their users.}, pages = {577-594}, abstract = {Purpose {\textendash} The purpose of this study is to address problems associated with the accessibility of academic library databases. Design/methodology/approach {\textendash} This study evaluates 32 databases and measures their accessibility to users of adaptive technology. Findings {\textendash} Based on the results of this study, 72 percent of the evaluated databases were rated as marginally accessible or inaccessible, reflecting a low level of compliance to federal web accessibility legislation and international web accessibility standards. To measure database accessibility to adaptive technology users, this study operationalized accessibility into ten component parts as the Tatomir Accessibility Checklist (TAC) and tested each database on each component. Originality/value {\textendash} Findings of this study can be used both by those who purchase and manage databases in libraries to identify the most accessible databases and by designers of the databases to improve specific features.}, keywords = {academic libraries, databases, User interface}, issn = {0737-8831}, doi = {10.1108/07378831011096240}, author = {Jennifer Tatomir and Joan C. Durrance} } @book {2783, title = {SPEC Kit 321: Services for users with disabilities}, year = {2010}, note = {This book covered a wide range of topics derived from real life practices in universities across North America, with respect to web accessibility for people with disabilities. Representative areas included library services, assitive technology, user needs assessment, staff training, so on and so forth. Librarians could learn from examples in this book and further improve library accessbility accordingly.}, publisher = {Association of Research Libraries}, organization = {Association of Research Libraries}, isbn = {978-1-59407-855-2}, author = {M. Suzanne Brown and LeiLani Freud} } @article {3191, title = {Tending a wild garden: library web design for persons with disabilities}, journal = {Information Technology \& Libraries}, volume = {29}, year = {2010}, note = {

This article introduces the current US. regulations, standards, and guidelines concerning American disabled populations. Then it provides a series of recomondations for future work.

}, pages = {23 - 29}, abstract = {

Nearly one-fifth of Americans have some form of disability, and accessibility guidelines and standards that apply to libraries are complicated, unclear, and difficult to achieve. Understanding how persons with disabilities access Web-based content is critical to accessible design. Recent research supports the use of a database-driven model for library Web development. Existing technologies offer a variety of tools to meet disabled patrons\&$\#$39; needs, and resources exist to assist library professionals in obtaining and evaluating product accessibility information from vendors. Librarians in charge of technology can best serve these patrons by proactively updating and adapting services as assistive technologies improve.

}, keywords = {Americans with Disabilities Act, Communication Aids for Disabled, databases, Information Technology -- Standards, law, libraries, software applications, Web design, Website Development -- Standards, Wireless Communications, World Wide Web -- Standards}, url = {http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true\&db=cin20\&AN=105122329\&site=ehost-live\&scope=site}, author = {Vandenbark, R. Todd} } @article {3172, title = {Web accessibility: An introduction and ethical implications}, journal = {Journal of Information, Communication \& Ethics in Society}, volume = {8}, year = {2010}, note = {This paper examined the issue of web accessibility from the perspective of ethical theories. It firstly took an overview of web accessibility research, then emphasized the ethics problems of web accessibility.}, pages = {206-232}, abstract = {Purpose {\textemdash} Web accessibility is the practice of making web sites accessible to people, such as the disabled, who are using more than just traditional web browsers to access the internet. The purpose of this paper is twofold: to overview web accessibility and to highlight the ethics of web accessibility from a managerial perspective. Design/methodology/approach {\textemdash} To that end, this paper reviews related literature, highlights relevant public policy, discusses web accessibility from a systems development perspective, and concludes with a discussion of web accessibility with respect to different ethical theories. Findings {\textemdash} The findings take the form of a tutorial that highlights how to address web accessibility projects. The findings also examine web accessibility projects as they relate to well-known ethical theories. Additionally, the findings also incorporate ethical opinions from web designers who have completed web accessibility projects in the past. Originality/value {\textemdash} The paper makes several contributions to the existing literatures on web accessibility and ethics. An important contribution is that the paper is the first tutorial on web accessibility that also examines the topic through the lens of ethical theories. In addition to the tutorial, the paper reports on the opinions of web designers who have worked on web accessibility projects in the past.}, keywords = {California, physical disability, software applications, Web sites}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14779961011041757}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1011912539?accountid=14744\nhttp://fama.us.es/search*spi/i?SEARCH=1477996X\nhttp://pibserver.us.es/gtb/usuario_acceso.php?centro=$USEG\¢ro=$USEG\&d=1}, author = {Peters, Cara and David A. Bradbard} } @article {2991, title = {Web Accessibility and Older People: Meeting the Needs of Ageing Web Users}, year = {2010}, note = {This W3C webpage presents results of the web accessibility for older adults, as part of a WAI-AGE Project.}, pages = {3-5}, abstract = {Older Web users are an increasing market segment and an important target group for many businesses, governments, and other organizations. Web developers, managers, and owners who want to make their websites, web applications, and web tools usable by older users can use existing international accessibility guidelines from the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI). WAI{\textquoteright}s Web Content Accessibility Guidelines WCAG 2.0 materials include guidelines and techniques for making websites and web applications work better for people with disabilities as well as older users with accessibility needs due to ageing. WAI{\textquoteright}s User Agent Accessibility Guidelines UAAG explains how to make web browsers and media players accessible, which is of particular importance to older users who have accessibility needs that should be met through the browser instead of requiring additional assistive technologies.}, keywords = {older adults}, url = {http://www.w3.org/WAI/older-users/Overview.php}, author = {Andrew Arch and Shadi Abou-Zahra} } @article {3150, title = {A web accessibility assessment on the Texas public school system}, journal = {Universal Access in the Information Society}, volume = {9}, year = {2010}, note = {This study gives reports on the web accessibility evaluation of Texas public school system using the WatchFire Bobby Software tool and the Microsoft Access. 1257 homepages of Texas school entities were tested against the Priority 1, 2, and 3, and the WCAG. Results showed that most of the websites violated the standards.}, pages = {87-96}, abstract = {As the World Wide Web becomes one of the main communication channels between school districts and their community of stakeholders, the need to provide equal access and equal opportunity to people with disabilities is no longer just an ethical issue, but also a legal obligation. This communication reports on testing the 1,117 entities within the Texas public school system using the Bobby Software. The results show that most of the websites fail to meet the minimum required standards: Section 508 guidelines and Web Content Accessibility Guidelines priorities. Each violation is counted, a breakdown of the data is given, and finally a global approach for designing the websites is proposed for the Texas public school system to enhance its web accessibility. {\textcopyright}2009 Springer-Verlag.}, keywords = {school websites, Web accessibility, Web accessibility guidelines, Web development}, issn = {1615-5289}, doi = {10.1007/s10209-009-0153-4}, author = {Shane May and Zhu, Qi} } @article {2990, title = {Web Accessibility for Older Users: A Literature Review}, year = {2010}, note = {This document provides a comprehensive literature review of the current web accessibility research concering old people and compares the guideline relating to the needs of older people with Web accessibility needs due to aging with these who have other disabilities.}, pages = {237-259}, abstract = {This document provides a review and analysis of guidelines and articles relating to the needs of older people with Web accessibility needs due to aging, and compares these with the needs of people with disabilities as already addressed in WAI guidelines. The focus is particularly on Europe but applies internationally as well. This review is being undertaken in order to inform the development of educational materials which can better promote the needs of people who have accessibility needs due to ageing, and potential development of profiles and/or extensions on WAI guidelines.}, keywords = {older adults, Web accessibility}, url = {https://www.w3.org/TR/2008/WD-wai-age-literature-20080514/}, author = {Andrew Arch} } @article {3016, title = {Web accessibility policies at land-grant universities}, journal = {Internet and Higher Education}, volume = {13}, year = {2010}, note = {This study attempted to examine the Web accessibility policies of land-grant universities in the United States. It conducted a content analysis of the web accessibility policies of land-grant universities. Results showed that while many universities had related policies, these policies were inefficient and likely to violate the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA).}, pages = {258-266}, publisher = {Elsevier Inc.}, abstract = {The Web has become an integral part of postsecondary education within the United States. There are specific laws that legally mandate postsecondary institutions to have Web sites that are accessible for students with disabilities (e.g., the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)). Web accessibility policies are a way for universities to provide a general guide to action for faculty and staff that serve as Website developers for the organization. The purpose of this study is to examine the extent and effectiveness of Web accessibility policies at land-grant universities in the United States. To that end, this paper presents a conceptual foundation for the study, ranging from an overview of Web accessibility studies, to legal mandates, to literature on organizational policies. Data collection consists of a content analysis of the Web accessibility policies of land-grant universities. Results show that while most universities have a Web accessibility policy, most policies have serious deficiencies. The deficiencies are of sufficient magnitude that many schools are likely in violation of the ADA and at risk for a law suit from a disabled person unless these policies are strengthened. {\textcopyright}2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.}, keywords = {Accessibility, higher education, Web accessibility, Web accessibility policy, Web design}, issn = {10967516}, doi = {10.1016/j.iheduc.2010.05.007}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.iheduc.2010.05.007}, author = {David A. Bradbard and Peters, Cara and Yoana Caneva} } @article {3151, title = {What we know about dyslexia and Web accessibility: A research review}, journal = {Universal Access in the Information Society}, volume = {9}, year = {2010}, note = {This paper is a literature review of the research conducted for testing dyslexia accessibility. The research showed that there existed a number of guidelines for designing websites of dyslexic-accessible interfaces, but the research was relatively few. There{\textquoteright}s evidence that improving accessibility for dyslexia people will also benefit general population as a whole. More research about dyslexia was encouraged to be done.}, pages = {147-152}, abstract = {Compared to the online interaction behavior of other users, little is known about the difficulties dyslexic Web users encounter online. This paper reviews existing literature at the intersection of dyslexia and accessibility research to determine what useful knowledge exists regarding this important and relatively large group of users. This review uncovers that, although there are few published usability tests with dyslexic users, there is a considerable body of knowledge on dyslexia as well as many design guidelines for authoring dyslexic-accessible interfaces. Through a comparison of existing accessibility guidelines for dyslexic and non-dyslexic users and discussion of the plain language movement, it is argued that dyslexic-accessible practices may redress difficulties encountered by all Internet users. This conclusion suggests that usability testing yielding a clearer profile of the dyslexic user would further inform the practice of universal design, but also that enough knowledge is already available to allow doing more to increase accessibility for dyslexic Internet users.}, keywords = {Accessibility, cognitive disability, disabilities, dyslexia, Interface design, universal design, usability}, issn = {1615-5289}, doi = {10.1007/s10209-009-0160-5}, author = {Jacob E. McCarthy and Swierenga, Sarah J.} } @article {3117, title = {Accessibility 2.0: next steps for web accessibility}, journal = {Journal Of Access Services}, volume = {6}, year = {2009}, note = {This article criticized the Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI) and proposed that the Web accessibility guidelines should be made user-focused and considering all parts that played a role in the process including stakeholders.}, pages = {265-294}, abstract = {The Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI) was established to enhance the accessibility of Web resources for people with disabilities. In this article we argue that although WAI{\textquoteright}s advocacy work has been very successful, the WAI approach is flawed. Rather than WAI{\textquoteright}s emphasis on adoption of technical guidelines, the authors argue that the priority should be for a user-focused approach, which embeds best practices through the development of achievable policies and processes and which includes all stakeholders in the process of maximizing accessibility. The article describes a Tangram model, which provides a pluralistic approach to Web accessibility, and provides case studies that illustrate use of this approach. The article describes work that has informed the ideas in this article and plans for further work, including an approach to advocacy and education that coins the term Accessibility 2.0 to describe a renewed approach to accessibility, which builds on previous work but prioritizes the importance of the user.}, keywords = {Web accessibility guidelines}, doi = {10.1080/15367960802301028}, url = {http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~content=a908810941~db=all}, author = {Brian Kelly and Sloan, David and Stephen Brown and Seale, Jane and Patrick H. Lauke and Simon Ball and Smith, Stuart} } @article {3203, title = {Accessibility Trends among Academic Library and Library School Web Sites in the USA and Canada}, journal = {Journal of Access Services}, volume = {6}, year = {2009}, note = {This study reported the findings from their comparison of 2002 and 2006 web accessibility of North American library and library school Websites. There was a positive trend during the period. However, authors pointed out that advocates still needed to put more effort.}, pages = {137-152}, abstract = { This paper focuses on the accessibility of North American library and library school Web sites for all users, including those with disabilities. Web accessibility data collected in 2006 are compared to those of 2000 and 2002. The findings of this follow-up study continue to give cause for concern: Despite improvements since 2002, library and library school Web sites still tend to contain many barriers. A low correlation between the 2002 and 2006 data point to much up-and-down movement in Web accessibility. Contrary to findings derived from the early data sets, the comparison of the 2002 and 2006 data shows that redesign had a positive impact on accessibility. The paper concludes with the warning that advocates of accessible Web sites cannot yet relax: despite the overall positive trend, with so much up-and-down movement in Web accessibility occurring, today{\textquoteright}s leaders may turn into tomorrow{\textquoteright}s laggards{\textemdash}unless special vigilance and efforts keep this from happening. }, doi = {10.1080/15367960802286286}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15367960802286286}, author = {Schmetzke, Axel and David Comeaux} } @article {2896, title = {Activities for Improving Web Accessibility}, journal = {Fujitsu}, year = {2009}, note = {This article explained the tight relationship between web accessibility and HCD (Human-centered Design). From the standpoint of HCD, several approaches were identified to help improve web accessibilities: 1) Guidelines to navigate and provide insights; 2) Diagnosis tools and integration of diagnostic functions; 3) Diagnosis service by concerned parties; 4) Education and publication activities; 5) Assistive tools. All of these approaches could be further examined and developed in accordance with technological advances in future studies.}, pages = {239-246}, author = {V. Yukinori Nagano} } @article {3078, title = {Assistive Technology and Academic Libraries: Legal Issues and Problem Resolution}, journal = {Journal of Access Services}, volume = {6}, year = {2009}, note = {

This article gives a clear explanation fo the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) pertaining to academic libraries. By introducing it, this article explicates the court cases.

}, pages = {36-47}, abstract = {

Legal issues have increasingly come to the forefront in academic libraries in recent years. Most of these issues involve The Rehabilitation Act, Section 504 (1973) or Americans with Disabilities Act (1990), complaints related to discriminatory practices with regard to accommodations or assistive technologies. This article provides a brief synopsis of the particular clauses within the Americans with Disabilities Act (1990) (ADA) pertaining to academic libraries and explains these clauses in clear lay terms. Office of Civil Rights complaints and court cases to illustrate the legal ramifications of the ADA for libraries are discussed. This article focuses on some of the cases that are most pertinent to issues related to providing appropriate accommodations for individuals with disabilities. Problem resolution strategies for resolving 504 and ADA complaints are suggested. Adapted from the source document.

}, keywords = {Americans with Disabilities Act, assistive technology, cognitive disability, law, legal issues, mental impairment, physical disability, undue burden}, doi = {10.1080/15367960802247809}, author = {Ravonne A. Green} } @article {3080, title = {Assistive Technology Obligations for Postsecondary Education Institutions}, journal = {Journal of Access Services}, volume = {6}, year = {2009}, note = {

This article discussed the inextricable connections between assitive technology, postsecondary institutions and their libraries and disability rights laws. It firstly introduced the background of related statistics and assitive technology use in postsecondary institutions for people with disabilities. It then focused on related federal laws concerning students with disabilities. In conclusion, it talked about the new assistive technology and recommendations for postsecondary institutions.

}, pages = {12-35}, abstract = {

When the Americans with Disabilities Act passed in 1990, it was estimated that 43 million Americans were living with a disability. This number continues to grow. According to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, there are now over 54 million Americans who have a disability. There also has been an increase is the number of students with disabilities attending postsecondary education institutions. Assistive technologies are making postsecondary education a realized dream for many students with disabilities. They make simple tasks, such as taking class notes or doing library research, possible for such students. Postsecondary institutions have special legal obligations toward their students with disabilities. These obligations stem from various federal and state disability rights laws. This article examines the inextricable connections between assistive technologies, postsecondary institutions, and disability rights laws.

}, keywords = {Accessibility, Americans with Disabilities Act, assistive technology, Assistive Technology Act, disability rights, education, higher education, internet, libraries, Section 504}, doi = {10.1080/15367960802286120}, url = {http://ucalgary.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwVZ07DgIxDEQjxAmQQJR7gZXy23hTI1YcAA5gj52S-5cYRAGNW3d-fsVoQpj8qTDmlhXMawHEzDkIYVqXmgb-qoB-rvl2CDt7HsNju94vt_lbBjAjNaJ5lC4qWSRRQ4WWGovbTcwuECBybNInhWmZu8AclEkzfGG0rj7SKexdqO0cJtWIRu-w0RhVMHotgx}, author = {Cynthia Guyer and Uzeta, Michelle} } @article {2757, title = {Disability and Discourses of Web Accessibility}, journal = {Information, communication \& society}, volume = {12}, year = {2009}, note = {This article argued that the reason why it was difficult to improve web accessibility lied in a series of discourses, including the digital divide discourse, the social construction of disability discourse and the legal discourse. They may bring about gaps of engagement among people, and in particular, important relevant groups were not sufficiently engaged with principle policy making. Therefore, it should be of significance to include such key groups into the whole web accessibility agenda, so that more societal participation could be expected in improving web accessibility activities.}, pages = {1041-1058}, abstract = {Much of the World Wide Web remains inaccessible or difficult to access by people across a spectrum of disabilities and this may have serious implications for the potential use of the web for increasing social inclusion. We argue that the complexities of web accessibility are best analysed against a set of relevant discourses and that part of the reason for the obduracy of web inaccessibility lies in crucial gaps in engagement of these discourses, so that there is no clear avenue through which disabled people can engage effectively with the web accessibility issue to ensure their rights are met. We characterize the relevant discourses in terms of the digital divide discourse, the social construction of disability discourse, focusing on the historical relationship between disability and technology, the legal discourse where we briefly describe the burdens which disability discrimination demands of those who design websites and the web accessibility discourse, including a discussion of the development of web accessibility standards. We argue that there are crucial gaps in engagement of these discourses, signalling that important groups are not engaged with the dominant policy making agenda. Notably disability activists are not included in the standard making agenda of the web accessibility movement. Unless ways of including such groups can be found, we argue that the current state of web accessibility and hence the potential for social inclusion to be increased is unlikely to be ameliorated.}, doi = {10.1080/13691180802552940}, author = {Adam, Alison and David Kreps} } @article {3077, title = {Empowering library patrons with learning disabilities}, journal = {Journal of Access Services}, volume = {6}, year = {2009}, note = {

This article discusses how chracteristics of patrons with learning disabilities might affect library use. Then it talks about assistive technologies that could be used to help these people to pursue equal rights with their nondisabled peers.

}, pages = {59-71}, abstract = {

This article describes the characteristics of patrons with learning disabilities (LD) and how these characteristics might affect library use. The lack of services for college patrons who have learning disabilities (LD) in this decade is much like the lack of adequate and appropriate services for high school patrons with LD in previous decades. The old notion that patrons would somehow outgrow LD is still pervasive. The National Learning Disabilities Association definition of LD describes specific LD as a \"chronic condition.\" Even though some individuals are fairly successful at adopting compensatory mechanisms, they will continue to deal with their specific learning disabilities throughout their lives. Educators are obligated to provide for the needs of patrons with LD across the life span. Given the characteristics of patrons with LD, these patrons must be provided with assistive technology (AT) in order to utilize library resources on an equal basis with their nondisabled peers. AT includes both technologies and special services. Adapted from the source document.

}, keywords = {assistive technology, cognitive disability, hearing disability, learning disabilities, libraries, library, physical disability, visual disability}, doi = {10.1080/15367960802247817}, url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15367960802247817\nhttp://search.ebscohost.com.proxy2.library.illinois.edu/login.aspx?direct=true\&db=eric\&AN=EJ858271\&site=ehost-live}, author = {Ravonne A. Green} } @article {3081, title = {Homepage not enough when evaluating web site accessibility}, journal = {Internet Research}, volume = {19}, year = {2009}, note = {This article poins out tha the homepage of a website a far less enough to represent the accessibility of a website. It is the first study of its kind.}, pages = {78-87}, abstract = {The purpose of this paper is to determine if the homepage of a web site is representative of the whole site with respect to accessibility. The paper presents an intraclass correlation (ICC) between homepage web accessibility barrier (WAB) scores and the WAB scores of web site levels 1 through 3 for 33 popular web sites. The paper finds that the homepage is not sufficient to detect the accessibility of the web site. ICC of the homepage and average of levels 1-3 is 0.250 (p=0.062) and ICC of levels 1, 2, and 3 is 0.784 (p < 0.0001). Evaluating the homepage and first-level pages gives more accurate results of entire site accessibility. This is first study correlating homepage accessibility with web site accessibility.}, keywords = {disabilities, homepage accessibility, usability, worldwide web}, doi = {10.1108/10662240910927830}, author = {Stephanie Hackett and Parmanto, Bambang} } @article {3097, title = {How Accessible Are Public Libraries{\textquoteright} Web Sites? A Study of Georgia Public Libraries}, journal = {Journal of Access Services}, volume = {6}, year = {2009}, note = {

This study reports a study of Web site accessibility of public libraries in Georgia. 58 library systems were surveyed with regards of accessible guidelines. Then researchers used automated evaluation tool to examine each websites. This report discussed weakness and strengths discovered in the study.

}, pages = {101-115}, abstract = {

One issue that public librarians must consider when planning Web site design is accessibility for patrons with disabilities. This article reports a study of Web site accessibility of public libraries in Georgia. The focus of the report is whether public libraries use accessible guidelines and standards in making their Web sites accessible. An e-mail survey asked each of the 58 library systems to respond to statements that propose accessible guidelines. The authors decided to follow up the survey by using the WebEXACT tool to corroborate the survey and to provide more specific information about the modifications that are needed. This tool offers suggestions for accessibility that should serve to decrease the number of pages that are inaccessible to patrons. The results from the survey and from the WebEXACT check both indicate many strengths as well as weaknesses.

}, keywords = {library, Web accessibility}, doi = {10.1080/15367960802247841}, url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15367960802247841}, author = {Emma Ingle and Ravonne A. Green and Julia Huprich} } @proceedings {3227, title = {Including accessibility within and beyond undergraduate computing courses}, year = {2009}, note = {

This paper presents authors\&$\#$39; achievements of integrating accessibility topics into undergraduate teaching throughout the four-year curriculum. The study showed positive results and provided promising approach for Web courses.

}, pages = {155-162}, abstract = {

This paper presents a unique approach to undergraduate teaching in which accessibility topics are completely integrated throughout the curriculum, treating accessibility not as a separate topic, but rather as an integral part of design and development. Means of accomplishing this integration throughout the entire four-year curriculum are presented. We also describe how our expertise in accessible design has extended beyond the education of computer science and engineering students to include Web content authors across campus.

}, keywords = {Accessibility, accessibility education, diversity, higher education, older adults}, isbn = {9781605585581}, doi = {10.1145/1639642.1639670}, url = {http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=1639642.1639670}, author = {Waller, Annalu and Vicki L. Hanson and Sloan, David} } @article {3238, title = {Information behavior of people in the fourth age: Implications for the conceptualization of information literacy}, journal = {Library and Information Science Research}, volume = {31}, year = {2009}, note = {This paper focused on the Information literacy of the fourth age population which refers to the oldest members of the community. Specificallly, it is interested in exploring what kind of conceptualization is appropriate for this group. Firstly, the authors discussed the question of how the older people and the information literacy should be defined. The research was mainly based on the literature review of two major research projects, namely the Williamson{\textquoteright}s and the Asla{\textquoteright}s, that comprised primarily of qualitative but a few quantitative data. The main part of the paper discussed how information-seeking behavior of people in the fourth age will impact their information literarcy needs.}, pages = {76-83}, publisher = {Elsevier Inc.}, abstract = {The information literacy (IL) needs of people in the fourth age, a stage of increasing dependence and disability, have not been considered in the research literature. Based on the premise that there are relationships between information seeking and IL, this article begins to bridge this gap by focusing on the information-seeking behavior of the group in an attempt to identify IL needs. It does this through a literature review, particularly drawing on two pieces of human information behavior research, one a new study focused specifically on the group in question. It also examines existing definitions of IL in order to gauge how relevant they appear to be. The reasons for studying this group include that all stages of a person{\textquoteright}s lifespan deserve to be studied and that the population size of this group increases dramatically in the developed world. Although information needs and sources used are fewer in the fourth age, they are still important to the people involved, thus making IL a relevant concept. The researchers draw implications for IL from the particularities of the information context where disability and frailty impede purposeful information seeking. The resulting emphasis on incidental information acquisition increases the role for social networks and communication, again with implications for IL. Information grounds, where people congregate for purposes other than information sharing, including artificially created ones, will also be important for information dissemination. The role of the Internet, including assistive technology for its use, is also relevant. The conclusion is that IL is crucial to the well-being of people in the fourth age but that existing definitions need to be adjusted to the specific informational context. {\textcopyright} 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.}, keywords = {education, older adults}, issn = {0740-8188}, doi = {10.1016/j.lisr.2009.01.002}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lisr.2009.01.002}, author = {Williamson, Kirsty and Terryl Asla} } @article {3061, title = {Information structure and practice as facilitators of deaf users{\textquoteright} navigation in textual websites}, journal = {Behaviour \& Information Technology}, volume = {28}, year = {2009}, note = {

This study tested the influence of type of web structures and practices on the deaf users\&$\#$39; web information search performance with the aim of improving their navigation in non-native language websites. The study put forward two hypothesis: 1) wide structure is perceived better than the deap one by deaf users in terms of percentage of targets found, search time and disorientation; 2) increasing practice will lead to increasing search accuracy and efficiency, especially in the case of wide structures. The results indicated that deaf users\&$\#$39; reading skills were significantly positively correlated with number of targets found and knowledge acquisition. There was no significant effect of Web structure, whereas the effect of practice was significant.

}, pages = {87-97}, abstract = {

Deaf users might find it difficult to navigate through websites with textual content which, for many of them, constitutes the written representation of a non-native oral language. With the aim of testing how the information structure could compensate for this difficulty, 27 prelingual deaf users of sign language were asked to search a set of headlines in a web newspaper where information structure and practice were manipulated. While practice did not affect deep structures (web content distributed through four layers of nodes), wide structures (web content concentrated in two layers) did facilitate users\&$\#$39; performance in the last trial block and compromised it in the first trial block. It is argued that wide structures generate a textual information overload for deaf users, which decreases with practice. Thus, wide structures seem preferable for websites requiring frequent use, rather than for those intended for occasional interaction. (Contains 3 figures and 5 tables.)

}, keywords = {cognitive disability, deaf, hearing disability, library, navigation, Web accessibility}, issn = {0144-929X}, doi = {10.1080/01449290801988290}, author = {I. Fajardo and J. J. Ca{\~n}as and Salmer{\'o}n, L. and Julio Abascal} } @article {3121, title = {Issues with Older Workers and Employees with Disabilities}, journal = {Journal of Access Services}, volume = {6}, year = {2009}, note = {This article briefly introduced issues or factors that library managers needed to consider when they employed employees with disabilities or older employees.}, pages = {153-157}, abstract = {Among issues that library managers need to consider is work suitability involving older or impaired workers or employees with disabilities. This can involve factors needing consideration when hiring or retaining these workers. Disabilities or impairments can range from visual or auditory, to physical or mental, to learning or age-related. They can be due to repetitive motion injuries, lessening physical agility, or other types of birth or injury issues. As the workforce ages, workers may continue employment past previous retirement ages or may even seek to begin a new career in the library field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Journal of Access Services is the property of Haworth Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder{\textquoteright}s express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)}, keywords = {aging, disabilities, disability, Employment , library, older adults, Older worker, Work suitability}, issn = {15367967}, doi = {10.1080/15367960802247908}, url = {10.1080/15367960802247908\nhttp://ezproxy.lib.umb.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true\&db=aph\&AN=36592160\&site=ehost-live}, author = {Laurie Kinsinger} } @article {3192, title = {Libraries{\textquoteright} role in equalizing access to information}, journal = {Library Management}, volume = {30}, year = {2009}, note = {This study is focusing on the topic of digital divide in the US.}, pages = {69-76}, abstract = {Purpose {\textemdash} The purpose of this paper is to address the question of what libraries can do to help narrow the digital divide that causes unequal access to information. Design/methodology/approach {\textemdash} This study examines the continuing problem of digital divide in the United States based on data collected from several national and organizational reports along with our own survey. Findings {\textemdash} The findings show that the problem of digital divide, which is specifically affected by various demographic factors, still exists despite the rapid uptake of new technologies, which is occurring among a majority of groups of Americans in the United States. Originality/value {\textemdash} The study focuses on the important roles of libraries in today{\textquoteright}s society by looking at ways libraries can actively utilize and expand upon their work toward equalizing access to information for the future benefit of those who remain disenfranchised by the digital divide.}, keywords = {internet, libraries}, doi = {10.1108/01435120910927538}, url = {http://www.emeraldinsight.com/10.1108/01435120910927538\nhttp://www.emeraldinsight.com/journals.htm?articleid=1757539\&show=abstract}, author = {Russell, Susan E. and Jie Huang} } @article {3125, title = {The Other Technological Divide: K-12 Web Accessibility}, journal = {Journal of Special Education Technology}, volume = {24}, year = {2009}, note = {This study focused on primary and secondary schools{\textquoteright} web site accessibility. It examined the K-12 schools for their compliance with federal mandates using an automated examination tool called the WebXact. Results showed low web accessibility of these websites with only 14\% of individual school home pages and 17\% of school district home pages accessible. Moreover, public schools{\textquoteright} websites were showed more accessible than private schools.}, pages = {31-37}, abstract = {This study examined individual school home pages and their corresponding district-wide home pages for Web accessibility. As of 1999, the U.S. government established that all public and private school Web sites were to be made "Web accessible," meaning accessible to students with disabilities. Although higher education sites have been subjected to previous Web accessibility studies, few studies have examined primary and secondary school sites. Home pages for K-12 schools were examined using the WebXact online software to determine compliance with federal mandates. Findings indicated that only about 14\% of individual school home pages and 17\% of school district home pages were Web accessible. When analyzed according to type of school, 17.6\% of public schools were accessible compared to 7\% of private schools. These numbers are disappointingly low, and far from the legally mandated requirement that 100\% of Web pages be accessible to students with disabilities. The future challenge will be to determine how primary and secondary schools can develop their Web sites to be accessible to all to ensure compliance with the legal mandates.}, keywords = {education, Elementary education, High Schools, Web accessibility}, doi = {10.1177/016264340902400203}, url = {http://proxy.lib.utk.edu:90/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true\&db=eric\&AN=EJ865598\&scope=site\nhttp://www.tamcec.org/jset-index/the-other-technological-divide-k-12-web-accessibility/}, author = {S. Kathleen Krach and Milan Jelenic} } @article {2788, title = {Perceptions of Public Library Accessibility for People with Disabilities}, journal = {The Reference Librarian}, volume = {50}, year = {2009}, note = {This article identified that for people with disabilities, there were fewer difficulties with physical access in libraries than assistive or adaptive devices. Also, more opinions of disabled people should be included in developing public library accessibility. Therefore, in the future public librarians should continue improving not only physical facilities, but also all kinds of library services, including purchasing more user-friendly assistive devices and focusing more on staff training, so that people with disabilities could experience less trouble in public libraries.}, pages = {43-54}, abstract = {More than 5,000 households with a person identified as having a physical, mental, or emotional condition that impairs participation in activities were surveyed about their opinions concerning barriers to public library use and opinions about efforts by public libraries to be useful to people with disabilities. Results showed that perceptions of accessibility, collections, and presence of assistive or adaptive devices for people with disabilities were slightly more positive if someone in the household had used the public library in the past year. Data used for the study were from the October 2002 Current Population Survey, a federal survey conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for the Bureau of Labor Statistics.}, doi = {10.1080/02763870802546381}, author = {Susan Burke} } @article {3154, title = {Quantitative assessment of European municipal web sites}, journal = {Internet Research}, volume = {19}, year = {2009}, note = {This paper aims to evaluate the web accessibility of European municipal websites. Countries that was researched included Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Macedonia, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Span, Sweden and the UK. It manually accessed 84 European municipal websites against an original Web Assessment Index. Four main criteria were used, namely, accessibility, speed, navigability and site content. Results showed that four German cities had higher score in accessibility, as compared to other countries. North Lanarkshire, Valencia, Paris, Edinburgh, Manchester and Liverpool were having higher score in speed. About 70\% of the websites had good navigability. Italian, British and Spanish had the highest score in site content what indicated that their municipal web pages had the necessary information.}, pages = {425-441}, abstract = {Purpose: The internet is becoming increasingly important in the communication between local governments and citizens, which makes the usability of municipal web sites a critical factor in government-citizen communication. The purpose of this paper is to propose and test a model for evaluating the potential of municipal web sites. Design/methodology/approach: In this work an objective investigation of the issue has been conducted by manually accessing and evaluating 84 European municipal web sites. Quality of web home pages was determined using an original Web Assessment Index, which focuses on four categories: accessibility, speed, navigability and content. Findings: A detailed report of the results arising from this investigation is presented and systematically analyzed. Originality/value: The most valuable output from this paper is not the ability to identify the best sites, but to see how each municipal site is compared to related sites and to spot ideas and practices that can improve city sites. These findings will be useful for both researchers and practitioners who seek to understand the issues relevant to municipal e-government. {\textcopyright}2009 Emerald Group Publishing Limited.}, keywords = {Europe, government, internet, Web accessibility, worldwide web}, isbn = {0951355031}, doi = {10.1108/10662240910981380}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-70349645105\&partnerID=tZOtx3y1\nhttp://www.emeraldinsight.com/10.1108/10662240910981380\nhttp://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/abs/10.1108/10662240910981380}, author = {Francisco Javier Miranda and Sanguino, Ram{\'o}n and Tom{\'a}s M. Ba{\~n}egil} } @article {3170, title = {Start with the Syllabus: Universal Design from the Top}, journal = {Journal of Access Services}, volume = {6}, year = {2009}, note = {

This article focused on the issue of how design of the modules may make the classroom in higher education more inclusive. It places librarians as an integral part for classroom. Particularly, it is interested in the course syllabus design to assure that vital information regarding requirements, goals, and objectives are given. The inclusive nature of online learnign enviornment does not only include students, but also encompasses teachers from various backgrounds. The researcher group designed a syllabus template to improve universal design and this article addressed the results and findings.

}, pages = {48-58}, abstract = {

Principles of universal design become increasingly important as librarians add information literacy courses and other instructional modules. Issues of access in higher education may be reframed as issues of the design of the inclusive classroom environment. This allows for the spectrum of multiple intelligences and learning modalities to be addressed, as well as the broad diversity that contemporary learners and teachers bring to the classroom experience, live or delivered through distance education. Using the principles of universal design (UD), this paper addresses the manner in which a course may be front-loaded to achieve maximum understanding on the part of the learner as to the expected learning environment and requirements, as well as expected outcomes and assessment practices.

}, keywords = {access, Accessibility, distance education, diversity, education, universal design}, issn = {1536-7967}, doi = {10.1080/15367960802247916}, author = {Passman, Tina and Ravonne A. Green} } @article {3219, title = {Technology for Every Teen @ your library}, journal = {Young Adult Library Services}, volume = {7}, year = {2009}, note = {

Today\&$\#$39;s new technology has brought a banch of new features to the library for teenagers, such as gaming and computer programs. However, this article talks about the important issue of those disabled teenagers who cannot have full accessibility to these features.

}, pages = {33-36}, abstract = {

The article discusses educational technology designed for use by teenage library users. The author examines issues that face teens with special needs, who often have difficulty using most learning technology. Reasonable accommodations for technology to ensure that all people are given equitable access to services are detailed, as well as resources to learn about assistive and adaptive technology. These resources include the Association of Specialized and Cooperative Library Agencies Tool Kit tip sheet. (AN: 36206381)

}, author = {Terrile, Vikki C} } @article {3089, title = {Tips for Working with Deaf or Hard-of-Hearing Student Employees in the Library}, journal = {Journal of Access Services}, volume = {6}, year = {2009}, note = {

This article gives 10 tips for department heads of how to train employees with hearing disabilities.

}, pages = {98-100}, abstract = {

For a deaf or hard-of-hearing employee, working in an academic library can be a rewarding opportunity and a great way to interact with the hearing world. For department heads, it means changes or adjustments might need to be made in how training and interacting with their employees is handled. Using 10 tips to communicate, from visual aids to learning basic sign language, library managers and department heads can develop a positive working relationship with their deaf or hard-of-hearing employees.

}, keywords = {hearing disability, library}, doi = {10.1080/15367960802286146}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15367960802286146}, author = {John Henderson} } @article {3187, title = {Training for Library Patrons Who Are Hard of Hearing}, journal = {Journal of Access Services}, volume = {6}, year = {2009}, note = {

This article focused on people with hearing disabilities and the advantages of assistive technologies such as hearing aids. It proposed that university librarians need to pay particular attention to patrons with hearing loss to ensure their accessibility to university resources. It introduced a variety of barriers that individuals with hearing disabilities may encounter and the relevant laws and statistics, and the assistive technologies. Then it surveyed one public library and three academic libraries of their providing of facilties concerning information access for individuals with hearing loss. Findings were further discussed.

}, pages = {72-97}, abstract = {

An increasing number of library patrons are hard of hearing. The U.S. Bureau of Census projected that 35 million North Americans would suffer from hearing loss by the year 2005 based on the age-population projections. These individuals would have at one time been labeled as deaf due to the lack of assistive hearing technology such as hearing aids and cochlear implants. The advances in technology have created a new group of individuals who are mainstreamed into society and interested in library services. Libraries must create trainings for these individuals who are hard of hearing. Universal design has been used to create an atmosphere that is not only inviting to patrons who are hard of hearing, but also benefits other patrons with hidden disabilities. Assistive technologies have increased the literacy rates of children, adults, and individuals for whom English is a second language. (Contains 5 figures.)

}, keywords = {assistive technology, deaf, hearing disability}, doi = {10.1080/15367960802286260}, url = {http://search.ebscohost.com.proxy2.library.illinois.edu/login.aspx?direct=true\&db=lls\&AN=36592143\&site=ehost-live}, author = {Riley, Cordelia} } @article {3130, title = {Ubiquitous library usability test for the improvement of information access for the blind}, journal = {The Electronic Library}, volume = {27}, year = {2009}, note = {This study conducted an online survey and in-depth interviews to explore a better plan to improve information accessibility for the blind through the usability test of the service being made by the LG DTB Library. It finds several problems that the participant pointed out. It also indicated that mobile phone applications were welcomed by the blind.}, pages = {623-639}, abstract = {Purpose - Usability tests to improve information accessibility for the blind have rarely been carried out. Recently, the LG Digital Talking Book (LG DTB) Library has developed a ubiquitous service, which provides the blind with library service anytime, anywhere, using mobile phones with the automated library access procedure. The main purpose of this paper is to draw up a better plan to improve information accessibility for the blind through the usability test of the service being made by the LG DTB Library. Design/methodology/approach - An online survey and in-depth interviews are conducted among the blind, and usage statistics analysis of the Digital Talking Book Library services and web server log analysis are carried out together for the usability test. Findings - The blind respondents answer that late updates of new publications, unbalanced subject areas, and lack of educational contents are the most serious problems in reality. The paper also showed that handy-to-carry informati}, keywords = {aids for the disabled, blind, digital libraries, library, mobile technology, visually impaired}, issn = {0264-0473}, doi = {10.1108/02640470910979589}, author = {Seung-Jin Kwak and Kyung-Jae Bae} } @article {3180, title = {Using a CMS to Create Fully Accessible Web Sites}, journal = {Journal of Access Services}, volume = {6}, year = {2009}, note = {This article is an introduction of Edimaster Plus by Netic Hypermedia Inc.{\textquoteright}s content management system that could support the highest Web accessibility standards.}, pages = {261-264}, abstract = {A content management system (CMS) can facilitate the creation of fully accessible Web sites for people with disabilities. Edimaster Plus{\texttrademark} by Netic Hypermedia Inc. developed a content management system that supports the highest Web accessibility standards. Edimaster Plus{\texttrademark} proposes dynamic content management and search function tools adapted to different users, as well as a wide range of other tools, such as mobile devices, offering advanced functions of text, image, forms, and data table editing.}, keywords = {Web accessibility}, doi = {10.1080/15367960802305896}, url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15367960802305896}, author = {Rainville-Pitt, S{\'e}bastien and Jean-Marie D{\textquoteright}amour} } @article {3076, title = {Web Accessibility and Accessibility Instruction}, journal = {Journal of Access Services}, volume = {6}, year = {2009}, note = {The focus of this study is on how schools of library and information science (SLIS) and university libraries of the nation{\textquoteright}s 12 highest-ranked SLIS programs perform in terms of their web design and their curricula. The results were mixed. On the one hand, most programs under study provided web accessibility instructions. On the other hand, individual Web designers are not knowledgeable about the standards.}, pages = {116-136}, abstract = {Section 508 of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) mandates that programs and services be accessible to people with disabilities. While schools of library and information science (SLIS*) and university libraries should model accessible Web sites, this may not be the case. This article examines previous studies about the Web accessibility of SLIS Web sites and university library Web sites supporting SLIS and builds on these studies by providing current data about SLIS opportunities for learning about accessible products and services for individuals with disabilities. This study looks at the nation{\textquoteright}s 12 highest-ranked SLIS and at their disability-related curricula. A WebXACT-compliance check is used to determine World Wide Web (W3C) compliance for SLIS and the main libraries. A survey is distributed to the SLIS to determine disability curricular offerings. A Web search of SLIS course descriptions for these schools provides clarification about course offerings. The compliance check gives cause for concern. The survey results indicate that most SLIS programs offer disability instruction: Specifically most SLIS programs offer instruction of Web accessibility. The mixed results from the survey and the compliance check might indicate that the individuals that are responsible for Web design on these campuses are not knowledgeable about W3C standards. The fact that SLIS students are being taught appropriate accessibility standards should indicate that the future of Web accessibility is brighter. (*SLIS is used as a generic term throughout the article to refer to all library science, library and information science, information science, and other similar programs.) (Contains 4 tables and 1 note.)}, keywords = {Accessibility, Americans with Disabilities Act, law, library, Library Services}, doi = {10.1080/15367960802247825}, url = {http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true\&db=eric\&AN=EJ858774\&site=ehost-live\nhttp://www.informaworld.com/openurl?genre=article\&id=doi:10.1080/15367960802247825}, author = {Ravonne A. Green and Julia Huprich} } @article {3092, title = {Accessibiilty: A Comparitive Study}, journal = {International Journal of Information Technology \& Decision Making}, volume = {7}, year = {2008}, note = {This study compared the website accessibility of Korean and the US government organizations in 2004 and 2007 by using both automated software tool and human review of web content. It is special in two points: firstly, it compares the website accessibility of an Asian country and the United States, which has seldom done before; secondly, it compares detecting website accessibility with automated software tools and with human reviews. The main standard for web accessibility evaluation employed here is the WCAG Priority 1 \& 2 checkpoints. The eight websites evaluated in this study are governmental websites that is regarded as serving the general citizens and for non-profit purposes. This indicates that manual evaluations are necessary for web accessibility evaluations. The results indicate that the four Korean websites are substantially higher in web errors as in both the year 2004 and 2007, as compared to the U.S. ones. However, interestingly, the U.S. websites were shown performing poorer in 2007 than in 2004 as compared to the Korean website. Aditionally, human reviewers are generally finding fewer errors than the automated software tool. Moreover, the automated tools tend to provide redundant error counts and cannot detect to what extent does the text provided sufficiently describes the image.}, pages = {491-515}, abstract = {Because of the aging society, web accessibility will become more important, especially for the disabled people. Even though efforts have been made to reduce the informational gap resulting from web inaccessibility, websites from virtually every type of organization have major accessibility problems. This study used an automated software tool to evaluate the accessibility of four Korean government and four U.S. government websites. The web accessibility problems found were manually verified by both human experts and an assistive technology. Results were compared between the Korean and the US government websites and between the websites published in 2004 and 2007. Finally, how much accessibility of the Korean and the US government websites has improved during 2004{\textendash}2007, common web accessibility problems, and potential errors from the automated software tool are discussed.}, keywords = {Automated evaluation, Culture, evaluation, government, Korea, older adults, Website Accessibility}, doi = {10.1142/S0219622008003058}, author = {Soongoo Hong and P. Katerattanakul and S. J. Joo} } @article {3124, title = {Analysis of navigation behaviour of blind users using Browsing Shortcuts}, journal = {New Review of Hypermedia and Multimedia}, volume = {14}, year = {2008}, note = {This study investigated the blind web users{\textquoteright} navigation behavior in the process of information seeking. It introduced the Browing Shortcuts (BSs) mechanism to aid blind users in their web information seeking processes. It compared the behaviors of users who used this mechanism with those who had not. As a result, it demonstrated that this mechanism sifnified more rationalized navigation and significantly changed information seeking behavior.}, pages = {199-228}, abstract = {The World Wide Web is today the largest information seeking environment. Millions of people use it to satisfy their information needs. Although it is quite easy for able-bodied users to use it, there are still a lot of problems for people with disabilities. A major group of them are blind users. Blind users navigate the web in a different and less effective and efficient way especially when it comes to information seeking tasks. To ease the problem we introduced the Browsing Shortcuts (BSs) mechanism to enable blind people to move efficiently to various elements of a web page (e.g. functional elements such as forms, navigational aids, etc.), hence operating effectively as an interaction method and a vital counterbalance to low navigability of web pages. Although there are proofs that navigation performance was improved using the BSs mechanism, this effect had never been examined and explained in detail. In this paper, we re-analyse data collected from past experiments and review BSs usage from a navigation behaviour perspective. This is achieved by a new analysis using a visualisation method of "travel graphs" for studying the navigation methods of blind users. We compare behaviours of blind users using the BSs feature to the ones used without it to determine changes in behaviour. The basic aim behind this analysis is to examine how BSs have affected the navigation behaviour of blind users. We wished to determine how non-visual navigation using BSs assists users in parsing a web page into functional or semantic regions. Additionally, we wished to examine if and how these regions are accessed during an information seeking episode with and without the BSs mechanism. Finally, we wished to examine whether these changes are towards more rationalised information seeking behaviour. In overall, this new analysis of the recorded results indicate that the navigation model using BSs signifies more rationalised navigation and significantly change information seeking behaviour improving both navigability and information seeking performance.}, keywords = {blind, Web accessibility}, issn = {1361-4568}, doi = {10.1080/13614560802624258}, url = {http://www.informaworld.com/10.1080/13614560802624258}, author = {Christos Kouroupetroglou and Salampasis, Michail and Athanasios Manitsaris} } @article {3137, title = {Applying Web Usability Criteria for Vision-Impaired Users: Does It Really Improve Task Performance?}, journal = {International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction}, volume = {24}, year = {2008}, note = {This study identified 15 Web design criteria supporting the web accessbility for vision-impaired users. Then it did an experiment to compare the task performance in terms of the amount of time needed to perform the assigned tasks and level of easiness to navigate Web sites. The result showed websites designed against these 15 web site guidelines were associated with better task performance among vision-impaired users.}, pages = {17-47}, abstract = {Available accessibility guidelines do not necessarily guarantee usable Web sites, particularly when specific groups of users with special needs are considered. We have identified 15 Web design criteria aiming to provide integrated support of accessibility and usability for vision-impaired users. In this article, we present the results of a study investigating whether the application of such guidelines for vision-impaired users can actually improve their task performance when accessing Web applications. We report on two user tests, both involving vision-impaired users, that aim to provide empirical validation of the design criteria. During each test, users had to access and navigate two versions of a Web site, one version supporting the selected design criteria and one obtained with traditional techniques. Our results indicate that the 15 design criteria improved Web site usability both quantitatively and qualitatively by reducing the navigation time needed to perform the assigned tasks and by making the Web sites easier to navigate for blind and low-vision users.}, isbn = {1044731070177}, doi = {10.1080/10447310701771472}, author = {Barbara Leporini and Patern{\`o}, Fabio} } @inbook {2956, title = {Automatic Creation of User Profiles for Achieving Personal Web Accessibility}, booktitle = {Computers Helping People with Special Needs}, volume = {5105}, year = {2008}, note = {Instead of analyzing web accessibility overall, this article emphasized the importance of achieving personal web accessibility. Discussions with respect to a case study conducted in this article indicated that needs for assistive technology could vary so much that specific profiles should be created for individual users. Future work could continue exploring personalization issues and subsequent maintenance, information retrieval and privacy protection problems.}, pages = {354-361}, abstract = {Automatic capture of the user\'s interaction environment for user-adapted interaction and evaluation purposes is an unexplored area in the Web Accessibility research field. This paper presents an application that collects user data regarding assistive technologies (be either software or hardware) in an un-obtrusive way. As a result, CC/PP based profiles are created so that interopera-bility between components such as evaluation engines or server-side content adaptors can be attained. The implications that versioning issues and the poten-tial user group of a given assistive technology have on the guidelines to apply are also remarked. The major benefit of this approach is that users can perform their tasks avoiding distractions while interacting with the World Wide Web.}, author = {Vigo, Markel and Aizpurua, Amaia and Myriam Arrue and Julio Abascal} } @article {3062, title = {Cooperative multimedia management for participative learning: A case study}, journal = {New Review of Hypermedia \& Multimedia}, volume = {14}, year = {2008}, note = {

This article presents a case study of e-learning web accessibility in the era of Web 2.0. The case study used an e-learning 2.0 tool that supported users to collaborate with each other in the process of editing of didactical contents. Not only teachers and lecturers can contribute contents, Learners can also provide contents, thus supporting inclusive learning in general.

}, pages = {177-197}, abstract = {

Web 2.0 has definitively twisted roles and rules within processes leading to the final online resources we all can enjoy on the Internet. Producers and consumers of Web contents merged into \"prosumers\", dialectically sharing their knowledge, their experiences, as well as their needs. Such novel dynamics provide a strong spin-off for e-learning methodologies and technologies, by allowing students participation along learning materials life cycle, from simple feedbacks, up to real enrichments of didactical resources. As elsewhere on the Web 2.0 scenario, inclusive aspects of e-learning 2.0 represent either a new challenge or a new opportunity. This paper presents an e-learning 2.0 tool which is able to support users during the collaborative editing of didactical contents, from simple text to compound multimedia. Starting from a resource provided by the lecturer, learners can contribute in adding alternative contents and views, creating a multidimensional information structure. The resulting enriched material can be tailored to a specific user by resorting to automatic adaptation mechanisms. By utilizing typical Web 2.0 interfaces, our system involves all the different actors (lecturers, learning technologists, student support services, staff developers and students) to play a key role in improving the accessibility and, more generally, the effectiveness of learning materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

}, keywords = {Accessibility, distance education, education, multimedia, Web 2.0}, issn = {13614568}, doi = {Article}, url = {http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true\&db=lxh\&AN=35809055\&site=ehost-live}, author = {Stefano Ferretti and Silvia Mirri and Ludovico Antonio Muratori and Roccetti, Marco and Salomoni, Paola} } @article {3065, title = {Dealing with disability: Disabilities will touch nearly everyone in some manner. Here{\textquoteright}s a plan for preparing the nation for this future, but choices should not be put off}, journal = {Issues in Science and Technology}, volume = {24}, year = {2008}, note = {This article indicated the fact that over their life spans, the majority of US. residents would experience some sorts of disabilities. It defined what disability meant for us. How to improve access to a variety of facilities and promote education. Moreover, it recommanded how to expand the existing research.}, pages = {85-90}, abstract = {The article discusses a plan that would help manage disabilities in the United States. The authors state the barriers of positive choices for disabled people in the health care facilities, public places, and transportation, and that addressing these problems will enhance the quality of life among disabled people. An overview of the issue "The Future of Disability in America," published by the Institute of Medicine is offered. It notes that the issue addresses important topics, such as disability monitoring, access to health care, and other support services. Meanwhile, the authors suggest federal government to financially support disability-related services.}, issn = {07485492}, author = {Marilyn J. Field and Alan M. Jette} } @article {3197, title = {The Effects of Implementing Web Accessibility Standards on the Success of Secondary Adolescents}, journal = {Journal of Educational Multimedia and Hypermedia}, volume = {17}, year = {2008}, note = {

This study engaged 60 students from a secondary school to test the navigational effectiveness of web sites. They were provided with either an accessible web site or an nonaccessible one. Participants included abled and unabled adolescents. Results indicated that improving web accessibility may increase the response accuracy for all types of students.

}, pages = {387-411}, abstract = {

Web accessibility has become a paramount concern in providing equal access to audiences of all abilities. Unless web accessibility is supported and employed, the internet does not deliver worldwide access as it was intended. This study engaged 60 students in a secondary school setting in order to identify the navigational effectiveness and response accuracy of web sites constructed to adhere to federal guidelines relating to web accessibility. The goal of the study was to determine the effects of following or not following these guidelines in the creation of instructional, web-based learning modules for adolescents. Two separate informative web sites were created for adolescents with and without disabilities; one accessible and one non-accessible. The purpose was to evaluate the accuracy of response and time for each participant. Results of the study showed that all students who used the accessible web site scored higher on accuracy of response than those who used the non-accessible site. The results of this study indicate that web sites created using universal design guidelines that adhere to federal recommendations for web accessibility may assist all types of students in improving the accuracy of response when using information from a web site. (Contains 3 tables and 2 figures.)

}, keywords = {Design Requirements, disabilities, education, Federal Regulation, Guidelines, High Schools, internet, law, learning disabilities, standards, Teenagers , Web sites}, issn = {1943-5916(Electronic); 1055-8896(Print)}, url = {http://www.tdnet.com/upna/resolver/default.asp??genre=article\&issn=10558896\&volume=17\&issue=3\&title=Journal+of+Educational+Multimedia+and+Hypermedia\&spage=387\&date=2008-07-01\&atitle=The+Effects+of+Implementing+Web+Accessibility+Standards+on+the+Success+of}, author = {Savi, Christine Opitz and Savenye, Wilhelmina and Rowland, Cynthia} } @article {2763, title = {Including Heterogeneous Web Accessibility Guidelines in the Development Process}, volume = {4940}, year = {2008}, note = {This article proposed a more flexible framework to develop more accessible web applications. According to this approach, incorporating guidelines to the development process should make it easier for web developers to perform and evaluate tasks in a user-centered way.}, pages = {620-637}, abstract = {The use of web applications has extremely increased in the last few years. However, some groups of users may experience difficulties when accessing them. Many different sets of accessibility guidelines have been developed in order to improve the quality of web interfaces. Some of them are of general purpose whereas others are specific for user, application or access device characteristics. The existing amount of heterogeneous accessibility guidelines makes it difficult to find, select and handle them in the development process. This paper proposes a flexible framework which facilitates and promotes the web accessibility awareness during all the development process. The basis of this framework is the Unified Guidelines Language (UGL), a uniform guidelines specification language developed as a result of a comprehensive study of different sets of guidelines. The main components of the framework are the guidelines management tool and the flexible evaluation module. Therefore, sharing, extending and searching for adequate accessibility guidelines as well as evaluating web accessibility according to different sets of guidelines become simpler tasks.}, author = {Myriam Arrue and Vigo, Markel and Julio Abascal} } @article {2861, title = {Library services for people with disabilities in Greece.}, journal = {Library Review}, volume = {57}, year = {2008}, note = {This article introduced not only efforts of libraries in Greece with respect to providing better customer service, but also information and seeking behaviors of Greek people with disabilities. In particular, the author hightlighted the future potential of Greek libraries, and suggested the Greek libraries should follow the example of other international libraries in improving library web accessibility.}, pages = {138-148}, abstract = {Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to investigate current library services for people with disabilities in Greece and their information seeking behavior and to study both libraries\' and users\' perspectives in this field for the first time in Greece.
Design/methodology/approach - Survey methodology has been used as the basic research tool by sending questionnaires both to Greek libraries and to associations for the disabled.
Findings - The paper depicts the lack of library services to the disabled and acknowledges possible barriers but also presents several, recent steps of improvement and development in Greek libraries.
Research limitations/implications - Difficulty in identifying these vulnerable group of disabled users and estimating their exact figures.
Originality/value - This paper is useful for information professionals who seek a greater understanding of library services for people with disabilities in Greece, since there is almost no literature and research relevant to this topic. Furthermore, it shows that effective library programs for disabled users are generally lacking in Greece. Adapted from the source document.}, keywords = {Greece, library}, isbn = {0024253081}, doi = {10.1108/00242530810854017}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/57702042?accountid=14167 http://www.yidu.edu.cn/educhina/educhina.do?artifact=\&svalue=Library+Review\&stype=2\&s=on http://pqdt.calis.edu.cn/SearchResults.aspx?pm=0\&q= http://159.226.100.141/Reader/union_result.jsp?titl}, author = {Anna Koulikourdi} } @inbook {2776, title = {Measuring Web Accessibility by Estimating Severity of Barriers}, booktitle = {Web Information Systems Engineering {\textendash} WISE 2008 Workshops}, year = {2008}, note = {This article proposed a MAMBO (MAnually Measuring Barriers Of accessibility) metric to measure web accessibility by estimating severity of barriers. Some practical studies were conducted to test the efficacy of MAMBO, and the results substantiated the flexibility of this metric. Therefore, due to the complicated nature of the evaluation towards web accessibility, future studies could continue improving this MAMBO metric and expand its applicability area.}, abstract = {The paper addresses the issue of measuring web accessibility in such a way that differences in measurements reflect differences in the effectiveness experienced by disabled users. The paper presents the steps upon which a measuring methodology called MAMBO is based, and the data that are needed to compute the indexes, in addition to its concep-tual rationale. An experimentation of MAMBO is then described, based on analysis of 14 accessibility reports; results are shown and discussed, including the effects that different severity judgments may have on the metric, how to estimate confidence intervals on the values, and how the metric can be used to estimate accessibility with respect to specific user groups.}, author = {Giorgio Brajnik} } @article {3067, title = {The perception of accessibility in Web development by academy, industry and government: a survey of the Brazilian scenario}, journal = {New Review of Hypermedia and Multimedia}, volume = {14}, year = {2008}, note = {This paper compared different perceptions of the accessibility issue by people in academy, industry and government. This study recruited 613 participants from the 27 Brazilian states to survey this issue. Results showed that people from industries are more likely to declare themselves as experts, compared with people from the other two fields. Moreover, few people from all fields declared that they had ever built a webpage accessible for the blind. Astonishingly, large portions of participants declared that they had barely known of the Brazilian accessibility law, even by those governmental staffs.}, month = {December 2008}, pages = {149-175}, abstract = {Accessibility has become a serious issue to be considered by various sectors of the society. However, what are the differences between the perception of accessibility by academy, government and industry? In this paper, we present an analysis of this issue based on a large survey carried out with 613 participants involved with Web development, from all of the 27 Brazilian states. The paper presents results from the data analysis for each sector, along with statistical tests regarding the main different issues related to each of the sectors, such as: government and law, industry and techniques, academy and education. The concern about accessibility law is poor even amongst people from government sector. The analyses have also pointed out that the academy has not been addressing accessibility training accordingly. The knowledge about proper techniques to produce accessible contents is better than other sectors{\textquoteright}, but still limited in industry. Stronger investments in training and in the promotion of consciousness about the law may be pointed as the most important tools to help a more effective policy on Web accessibility in Brazil.}, keywords = {law}, doi = {10.1080/13614560802624241}, author = {A. P. Freire and Russo, C.M. and R. P. M. Fortes} } @article {3085, title = {A Quest for website accessibility in higher education institutions}, journal = {Internet and Higher Education}, volume = {11}, year = {2008}, note = {This qualitative study examined website accessibility of main university website homepages against the W3C. Results indicated that most universities under examination were not compliant with the guideline. However, an institution did a outstanding job and acted as an examplary model for other institutions.}, pages = {160-164}, publisher = {Elsevier Inc.}, abstract = {Researchers increasingly suggest that accessibility remains a prominent issue across the World Wide Web (www). This study raises awareness about issues of access in higher education. This qualitative research design utilized a listserv that invited university based webmasters to use freeware to evaluate the overall accessibility of their institutions{\textquoteright} homepage website. Participation was voluntary and evaluations were gathered electronically. Our sample indicated that most universities{\textquoteright} homepages were non-compliant with the www.WorldWideWeb Consortium guidelines. One particular institution, however, satisfied all W3C guidelines earning a perfect Triple A. Simply stated, this exemplary website serves people of all exceptionalities. Studying this institution{\textquoteright}s implementation process, we propose that other institutions might emulate this exemplary model to achieve greater website accessibility for all constituents. {\textcopyright}2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.}, keywords = {Accessibility, higher education, universal design, W3C guidelines, Web accessibility, Web design, world wide web}, issn = {1096-7516}, doi = {10.1016/j.iheduc.2008.06.007}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.iheduc.2008.06.007}, author = {Kelly A. Harper and Jamie DeWaters} } @proceedings {3110, title = {WCAG 1.0 versus WCAG 2.0 Web Accessibility Compliance: A Case Study}, volume = {3}, year = {2008}, note = {

This study presented results from a case study of 21 Dubai e-government websites accessibility evaluation against both the WCAG 1.0 and the WCAG 2.0. These websites were tested by automated accessibility testing tools. Results indicated that the latter version of guidelines produced more notable issues than the former version of the guideline. As a result, the author recommended e-government websites to develop and evaluate their websites against the new guideline.

}, pages = {94-101}, abstract = {

Most e-governments have traditionally used version 1.0 of the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) as a basis to ensure that their websites are accessible by people with disabilities. This was reflected in their design guidelines, accessibility evaluations, policy-making and legislations. Recently, WCAG 2.0 emerged as an ISO/IEC International accessibility standard that has been recommended for adoption by the W3C WAI. This paper seeks to examine if there is a need for e-governments to reassess their web accessibility conformance, in light of the latest WCAG 2.0 standard. A case study related to the 21 Dubai e-government websites is presented whereby accessibility is evaluated based on the WCAG 1.0 and WCAG 2.0 guidelines and using automated accessibility testing tools. We found that WCAG 2.0 conformance testing identified some notable accessibility issues that were not revealed by WCAG 1.0 conformance testing. Hence we recommend that e-governments should develop and update their web content and accessibility policies to conform to the latest WCAG 2.0 guidelines and success criteria. Additional implications for practice and academic research are also provided.

}, keywords = {access, Guidelines, universal design, Web accessibility}, isbn = {9780989130516}, author = {Faouzi Kamoun and Basel M. Al Mourad and Emad Bataineh} } @article {2994, title = {Web accessibility awareness in search engine results}, journal = {Universal Access in the Information Society}, volume = {7}, year = {2008}, note = {Accessing items in the result list tends to be an unsatisfactory experience for people with disabilities. This paper aims to integrate the web accessibility measurement into information retrieval processes. The results of the study is a prototype search engine that ranks results based on their accessibility level.}, pages = {103-116}, abstract = {The enormous amount of information available on the Internet requires the use of search engines in order to find specific information. As far as web accessibility is concerned, search engines contain two kinds of barriers: on the one hand, the interfaces for making queries and accessing results are not always accessible; on the other hand, web accessibility is not taken into account in information retrieval (IR) processes. Consequently, in addition to interface problems, accessing the items in the list of results tends to be an unsatisfactory experience for people with disabilities. Some groups of users cannot take advantage of the services provided by search engines, as the results are not useful due to their accessibility restrictions. The goal of this paper is to propose the integration of web accessibility measurement into information retrieval processes. Firstly, quantitative accessibility metrics are defined in order to accurately measure the accessibility level of web pages. Secondly, a model to integrate these metrics within IR processes is proposed. Finally, a prototype search engine which re-ranks results according to their accessibility level based on the proposed model is described. {\textcopyright}2007 Springer-Verlag.}, keywords = {Quantitative metrics, Search engines, Web accessibility}, doi = {10.1007/s10209-007-0106-8}, author = {Myriam Arrue and Vigo, Markel and Julio Abascal} } @article {3103, title = {Web Accessibility On Campus: Social Issues In Practice}, journal = {ACM SIGCAS Computers and Society}, volume = {38}, year = {2008}, note = {The study is reporting on the Accessible Technology Initiative (ATI) conducted by California State University, with a particular focus on the web part. As the leader of the web part of this initiative, the author mainly talked about what had been done by him and his collegues. Universities under investigation were the 23 universities community in california. Separately, the author introduced social components and technical components of the projects.}, pages = {30-32}, abstract = {A number of universities have long-established and highly-regarded research programs in adaptation of information technology (IT) for disabled persons. Some universities have also instituted successful programs to apply accessible IT in various areas of their campuses. But it is safe to claim that no 23-campus university system, with 450,000 students and 46,000 faculty and staff, has ever before attempted to make its entire IT presence---web, instructional materials, and procurement---fully accessible within five years. Since February 2007, the California State University (CSU) system has been doing exactly that, through its ground-breaking Accessible Technology Initiative (ATI).}, doi = {10.1145/1386585.1386593}, author = {Tom Jewett} } @article {2997, title = {A web design framework for improved accessibility for people with disabilities (WDFAD)}, journal = {Proceedings of the 2008 international cross-disciplinary workshop on Web accessibility (W4A) - W4A {\textquoteright}08}, year = {2008}, note = {The WDFAD provides precise guidelines on how to develop Web applications accessible to PWDs, especially for the blind, for Web developers. One of the reasosn that inhibits Web developers from implementing many of the web accessibility guidelines is that they are difficult to be integrated into exisitng developer workflows and rarely offering specific suggestions. This paper seeks to fullfill this gap by providing specific suggestions that are Web developer oriented.}, pages = {134-140}, abstract = {Information and Communication Technology (ICT) such as the World Wide Web (WWW) has increasingly become embedded in everyday life and is progressively becoming indispensable for public, business, personal efficiency or even improvement of livelihoods ...}, keywords = {blind, Guidelines, Web accessibility, web design framework}, isbn = {9781605581538}, doi = {10.1145/1368044.1368077}, url = {http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1368044.1368077}, author = {Rehema Baguma and Jude T. Lubega} } @inbook {2767, title = {Web Design Requirements for Improved Web Accessibility for the Blind}, booktitle = {Hybrid Learning and Education}, volume = {5169}, year = {2008}, note = {This article identified several web design requirements for people with visual disabilities to improve their web accessibility: 1) Provide a Text Only version of websites; 2) Apply a combination of web design requirements, such as providing skip navigation links, creating accessible tables and forms, providing alternative contents, so on and so forth. Findings in this article should help create better interfaces with better user experience for web developers, in particular for visually impaired people.}, pages = {392-403}, publisher = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg}, organization = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg}, abstract = {Considerable research has been done on how to make e-learning systems accessible. But Learners in electronic and hybrid learning environ-ments utilize many Web based systems beyond what the instructor and institu-tion provides and can control such as search engines, news portals and research databases. This paper presents Web design requirements that can improve the accessibility of such websites for PWDs particularly the blind. The require-ments were derived from both theoretical and quantitative data gathered from both literature and a case study. It was observed that graphical user interfaces, non-linear navigation, forms, tables, images, lack of key board support, non-standard document formats and acronyms and abbreviations hinder Web acces-sibility for the blind. Therefore in order to improve Web accessibility for the blind, the following requirements were suggested; a text only version of the website or a combination of design considerations namely: text alternatives for visual elements, meaningful content structure in the source code, skip naviga-tion link(s), orientation during navigation, ensure (tables, frames and forms) are accessible if any is used, test the website with keyboard only access, use or convert documents into standard formats and expand abbreviations and acro-nyms the first time they appear on a page. Meeting the given requirements in the Web development process improves Web accessibility for all blind Web us-ers including those engaged in hybrid learning.}, keywords = {blind, distance education, education, Web accessibility}, author = {Rehema Baguma and Jude T. Lubega} } @article {3177, title = {Web tools to create user-friendly sites}, journal = {Computers in Libraries}, volume = {28}, year = {2008}, note = {This article provides readers with a list of tools to help make a site more inviting and easier to use. Tools being recommended included Screen Recording Software, Website Views in Multiple Browsers, Broken Link Checker etc. }, pages = {14-17}, abstract = {Link verification is done on "normal" links, images, frames, plug-ins, backgrounds, local image maps, style sheets, scripts, and Java applets. Readability tests were first developed in the 1920s in the U.S. They are mathematical formulas designed to determine the suitability of books for American students at a certain age or grade level.}, keywords = {website building tools}, issn = {1041-7915}, author = {Pretlow, Cassi} } @article {3024, title = {Accessibility of Web-based Library Databases: The Vendors{\textquoteright} Perspectives in 2007}, journal = {Library Hi Tech}, volume = {25}, year = {2007}, note = {This study is a follow-up of a study in 2003 aiming to examine the accessibility of online databases from database vendors{\textquoteright} perspectives because most librarians heavily rely on them to develop products ADA and Section compliant. Online questionnaires were distributed to products vendors to examine the web accessibility. The results showed that most vendors thought their product accessibility as accessible to users of assistive technologies whereas few of them had actually conduct usability tests.}, pages = {509-527}, abstract = {Purpose {\textemdash} Web-based research databases are common in today{\textquoteright}s libraries, but most librarians lack the ability to evaluate them for accessibility for persons with disabilities. Consequently, they rely upon resource providers to develop products that are ADA and Section 508 compliant. Are database vendors stepping up to the plate? As a follow-up to a study reported in 2003, the purpose of this paper is to investigate accessibility of online databases from database vendors{\textquoteright} perspectives. Design/methodology/approach {\textemdash} Researchers used a web-based questionnaire to gather information from vendors of online databases concerning the accessibility of their products. The questions covered general information about product accessibility, compliance with Section 508 standards, and product accessibility/usability testing. Findings {\textemdash} Nearly all of the companies who participated in the survey consider their products to be mostly accessible to users of assistive technologies and are committed to improving product accessibility in the future. At the same time, few companies promote accessibility in their marketing efforts. Most companies test their products for accessibility, but few conduct usability tests with actual persons with disabilities. Research limitations/implications {\textemdash} This study covered a small sample of database vendors and relied on self-reporting by representatives from database companies. Until usability testing becomes a standard practice, product testing by independent parties is necessary to complete the accessibility report cards for online library database providers. Practical implications {\textemdash} Librarians must be proactive in encouraging vendors to continue to provide products that are accessible and user-friendly for everybody including persons with disabilities. Originality/value {\textemdash} This is the second known study that examines online database accessibility and usability based on database vendors{\textquoteright} perspectives.}, keywords = {databases, libraries, United States}, doi = {10.1108/07378830710840473}, url = {http://www.emeraldinsight.com.proxybz.lib.montana.edu/doi/full/10.1108/07378830710840473}, author = {Suzanne L. Byerley and Mary Beth Chambers and Thohira, Mariyam} } @article {2996, title = {Accessible E-Learning: Equal Pedagogical Opportunities for Students with Sensory Limitations}, journal = {SAIS 2006 Proceedings}, volume = {2}, year = {2007}, note = {

The study examined the accessibility, usability, and richness of CMS (course management system) used for e-learning in higher education. Particularly, it focused on how this could help the student with sensory disabilities.

}, pages = {38-49}, abstract = {

The transformation of the world into a highly technological place has led to the evolution of learning from the traditional classroom to e-learning, using tools such as course management systems (CMS). By its very nature, e-learning offers a range of advantages over traditional pedagogical methods, including issues of physical access. It is particularly useful for people with sensory limitations as it offers a level playing field for them in learning. This study examines the accessibility, usability, and richness of CMS used for e-learning in institutions of higher education. A model is proposed that underscores the influence of accessibility, usability, and richness of the CMS, coupled with learning motivation on the learning success as perceived by students with sensory limitations. The model is tested by surveying university students with sensory limitations about their views on the course management system used. The results suggested that accessibility and usability of a CMS have a positive influence on the learning success as perceived by students with sensory limitations. (Author abstract)

}, keywords = {assistive technology, distance education, education}, isbn = {9781605662381}, doi = {10.4018/978-1-60566-238-1.ch014}, url = {papers3://publication/uuid/eba5e6f7-1ffd-455a-ad1d-9e2c4a25c2c1}, author = {Rakesh Babu and Vishal Midha} } @article {3155, title = {A case of individual adaptation for universal accessibility}, journal = {EContent}, volume = {30}, year = {2007}, note = {This article talks about a new tool that IBM had developed to help people with a variety of disabilities. The new tool was used in California State University, Long Beach (CSULB).}, pages = {53-55}, abstract = {WebAdapt2Me, a learning tool, has been developed by the IBM for people with visual, mobility, and learning impairments. This tool helps users with special needs view the web in the way that is most productive to them. Users can set their preferences for various features that improve their visibility within a short time. The users can magnify everything on a page, change color of the text or background, turn off distracting animations, and sharpen images to improve legibility. The software is also programmed to sample the typing patterns of recovering stroke victims, people with arthritis or tremors, and other users who have trouble typing with accuracy. The tool provide the users complete control, including its ability to reduce visual clutter by reducing several columns to one.}, author = {Marla Misek} } @article {3116, title = {Cognitive and learning difficulties and how they affect access to IT systems}, journal = {Universal Access in the Information Society}, volume = {5}, year = {2007}, note = {

This article summarizes the discussions in a symposium that was hosted in October 2005. The symposium was based on a recognition of the profound impact that cognitive and learning difficulties had on a person\&$\#$39;s interaction with information technology. Major topics discussed in this symposium have been presented here.

}, pages = {329-339}, abstract = {

In October 2005, the IBM Human Ability and Accessibility Center and T.J. Watson Research Center hosted a symposium on \"cognitive and learning difficulties and how they affect access to IT systems.\" The central premise of the symposium was the recognition that cognitive and learning difficulties have a profound impact on a person\’s ability to interact with information technology (IT) systems, but that little support is currently being offered by those systems. By bringing together internationally renowned experts from a variety of different, but complementary, research fields, the symposium aimed to provide a complete overview of the issues related to this topic. This paper summarises the discussions and findings of the symposium.

}, keywords = {cognitive disability}, issn = {1615-5289, 1615-5297}, doi = {10.1007/s10209-006-0058-4}, author = {Simeon Keates and Adams, Ray and Cathy Bodine and Sara Czaja and Wayne Gordon and Peter Gregor and Emily Hacker and Vicki L. Hanson and John Kemp and Mark Laff and Clayton Lewis and Pieper, Michael and Richards, John and Rose, David and Savidis, Anthony and Schultz, Greg and Snayd, Paul and Trewin, Shari and Varker, Philip} } @article {3105, title = {Designing universal access: Web-applications for the elderly and disabled}, journal = {Cognition, Technology and Work}, volume = {9}, year = {2007}, note = {

This research is interested in exploring how web applications can be developed to benefit the elderly adn disabled users without affecting younger and more able users\&$\#$39; experience. The results of the experiments indicate the possibility of developing a web application that will benefit the elderly and dsiabled users without degrading usability for other users.

}, pages = {209-218}, abstract = {

Throughout a person\’s life they are likely to experience some degree of impairment. What must be ensured is that these individuals can benefit from the opportunities afforded by technology in the same way as those who are able bodied. With the Internet becoming an increasingly popular medium for organizations to deliver information and services to the public many of these technological benefits are provided through web applications. However, due to possible visual, physical or cognitive impairments, older users and those with disabilities are more likely to experience difficulties. This paper addresses issues relating to usability of web applications for elderly and disabled users and investigates ways in which it can be improved, and whether doing so will affect usability for younger and more able users. Results from experiments undertaken indicated that it was possible to develop a web application for elderly and disabled users without degrading usability for other users.

}, keywords = {Accessibility, older adults, usability, Web applications, Web design}, issn = {14355558, 14355566}, doi = {10.1007/s10111-007-0063-2}, author = {Robert Johnson and Simon Kent} } @article {2828, title = {Disability awareness training for library staff: evaluating an online module}, journal = {Library Review}, volume = {56}, year = {2007}, note = {This article introduced an online project for libririans in University of Dundee with respect to disability awareness training. Results indicated that through the training the awareness had been raised, however, more topics on dyslexia and others could be incorporated. Future practice would continue working on improving the project and extend it to other university libraries.}, pages = {707-715}, abstract = {The purpose of this article is to explore the views of library staff on the effectiveness of an online training module in disability awareness and to evaluate the appropriateness of this method of delivery for staff development in an academic library.}, keywords = {disabilities, human resource development, learning methods}, isbn = {0024253081}, doi = {10.1108/00242530710818036}, author = {Margaret E. S. Forrest} } @article {3223, title = {Equity of Access}, year = {2007}, note = {It talks about what means to be equal and how to be equal of library accessibility.}, url = {http://www.ala.org.ezaccess.libraries.psu.edu/ala/aboutala/missionhistory/keyactionareas/equityaction/EquityBrochure.pdf}, author = {ALA Action} } @article {3102, title = {How people use presentation to search for a link: Expanding the understanding of accessibility on the Web}, journal = {Universal Access in the Information Society}, volume = {6}, year = {2007}, note = {

This study used the eye-tracking technique to explore what features on the presentation of a webpage indeed contribute to people\&$\#$39;s viewing experience. This was done to help better understnading and improve the webpage browsing experience of blind people.

}, pages = {307-320}, abstract = {

It is well known that many Web pages are difficult to use for visually disabled people. Without access to a rich visual display, the intended structure and organisation of the page is obscured. To fully understand what is missing from the experience of visually disabled users, it is pertinent to ask how the presentation of Web pages on a standard display makes them easier for sighted people to use. This paper reports on an exploratory eye-tracking study that addresses this issue by investigating how sighted readers use the presentation of the BBC News Web page to search for a link. The standard page presentation is compared with a \“text-only\” version, demonstrating both qualitatively and quantitatively that the removal of the intended presentation alters \“reading\” behaviours. The demonstration that the presentation of information assists task completion suggests that it should be re-introduced to non-visual presentations if the Web is to become more accessible. The conducted study also explored the extent to which algorithms that generate maps of what is perceptually salient on a page match the gaze data recorded in the eye tracking study. The correspondence between a page\’s presentation, knowledge of what is visually salient, and how people use these features to complete a task might offer an opportunity to re-model a Web page to maximise access to its most important parts.

}, keywords = {usability, visual disability, Web accessibility, Web design, web presentation}, isbn = {1-59593-281-X}, doi = {10.1007/s10209-007-0089-5}, author = {Caroline Jay and Stevens, Robert and Mashhuda Glencross and Alan Chalmers and Yang, Cathy} } @article {3156, title = {Internet use and non-use: Views of older users}, journal = {Universal Access in the Information Society}, volume = {6}, year = {2007}, note = {

This study conducted surveys and interviews to explore the reasons that drove older people in the UK. use or not use the Internet. The results indicated that many older adults missed out the benefits that the Internet could provide them with. The results point out the importance of informing older people of the benefits of the website and correcting some of their misconceptions of computers.

}, pages = {43-57}, abstract = {

This paper reports the results of two connected surveys of computer and Internet use among the older population in the UK. 120 questionnaires and interviews were completed with participants aged over 55 in Derbyshire and 353 questionnaires and interviews with over 50s in Scotland. Rates of use, computer and Internet activities, and reasons for use and non-use were investigated. These were backed up by four semi- structured interviews with IT trainers, describing experiences and issues of training this age group. The results indicate a \“grey\” digital divide, with many older people missing out on the benefits that computers and the Internet can provide. They also indicate some of the reasons why older people do not use computers and the Internet more. These suggest some practical ways forward, highlighting the importance of changing older people\’s misconceptions about computers, better informing them about what they are, what they can do and how they can be of real practical use.

}, keywords = {internet, older adults}, issn = {1615-5289}, doi = {10.1007/s10209-006-0057-5}, author = {Anne Morris and Joy Goodman and Helena Brading} } @article {3047, title = {Investigating the problems faced by older adults and people with disabilities in online environments}, journal = {Behaviour \& Information Technology}, volume = {26}, year = {2007}, note = {This study examines a set of websites against the Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI) for older adults and people with disabilities. Sites being examined consist of four categories: the government sites, the university sites, the shopping sites and the charitable sites. The automated software being used was called Cynthia. Results showed that most sites were inaccessible.}, pages = {447-453}, abstract = {Irresponsible and inaccessible web design causes unnecessary problems to certain website users. By applying the web content accessibility guidelines to a website the amount of possible users who can successfully view the content of that site will increase especially for those who are in the disabled and older adult categories of online users. We present the results of assessing the compliance of a selection of websites with guidelines set out by the Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI). It was found that most sites evaluated were inaccessible to those with disabilities. Only one of the selected sites passed all three priority levels set out by the WAI. In many cases, minor modifications to sites will make them accessible to people with disabilities. Therefore it can only be speculated that the reasons for lack of conformance may vary from lack of awareness of the issue, time constraints or the general stress of having to keep up with new technologies. Companies who overlook users with disabilities however may be doing so at long-term risk to their legal position, public image and ultimately business success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]}, keywords = {older adults, Web accessibility, Website Accessibility, world wide web}, issn = {0144929X}, doi = {10.1080/01449290600740868}, url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01449290600740868}, author = {K. Curran and Walters, N. and Robinson, D.} } @article {3111, title = {New web site, new opportunities: Enforcing standards compliance within a content management system}, journal = {Library Hi Tech}, volume = {25}, year = {2007}, note = {This article reports on the result of a web content management system used to develop the new library web site. The new site focused on providing universal accesss to all users. The article demonstrated that the new web site better complied to the accessibility standards, as compared to the old one. The implementation of this new website provided useful reference to other university libraries.}, pages = {276-287}, abstract = {Purpose - This article sets out to describe the background behind WIT Libraries{\textquoteright} recently launched new-look web site: its origins, implementations and long-term goals, and explain how the library is using a new web content management system to its best advantage, particularly in terms of compliance with web standards and guidelines. Design/methodology/approach - This case study reports on the use of a web content management system to develop the new library web site. It describes the move from an existing site, where the main focus was on visual impact to the new site, which also focuses on providing open and equitable access to information for all users. Findings - Concludes by stating that the new library web site, as managed by the content management system, adheres to accessibility standards, which the old site, managed in a less efficient way, could not maintain. Research limitations/implications - The project is still in development. The study provides a short-term view of one small academic library{\textquoteright}s experience of implementing a usable and fully accessible web site. Practical implications - This account of WIT Libraries{\textquoteright} experience of working with a content management system to develop a usable and fully accessible web site is likely to be a useful source of practical information for organisations in similar positions, faced with similar challenges of a comparable scale. Originality/value - Offers practical insights for libraries in similar positions, showing them how successful transference of the library web site to a web content management system can include having excellent compliance with web standards and accessibility guidelines.}, keywords = {content management, Ireland, library, software applications, standards, Web accessibility, worldwide web}, issn = {0737-8831}, doi = {10.1108/07378830710755027}, author = {David Kane and Nora Hegarty} } @article {3050, title = {An Overview of International Research into the Library and Information Needs of Visually Impaired People}, journal = {Library Trends}, volume = {55}, year = {2007}, note = {This article is an integration of the research conducted to improve library and information accessibility for visually impaired people. It overviews several key international researches and their key findings and implications, thus providing helpful recommendations for future research and library building.}, pages = {785-795}, abstract = {The background to general user needs assessment, including its value in service design and development, and the range of applicable methodologies is discussed. The diverse nature of users is recognized and the inappropriateness of a "one size fits all" approach is emphasized, with particular reference to visually impaired people. The place of research in supporting an evidence-based approach to service design and development is noted. A contextual section identifies some of the drivers that underpin appropriate and adequate provision to visually impaired people. They include legislation, international conventions, and codes of practice. Key features of the research agenda are identified. Much of the recent research relating to user needs coalesces around the theme of information technology, particularly the Internet, and assistive technology; another component of the research agenda comprises investigation of the general needs of visually impaired people in achieving a fulfilling lifestyle that includes access to information and libraries. Selected examples of completed research work from different countries are described in terms of scope, methods, and outcomes. An assessment of the need for future research concludes the article.}, doi = {10.1353/lib.2007.0039}, author = {J. Eric Davies} } @article {3057, title = {Personalizable edge services for Web accessibility}, journal = {Universal Access in the Information Society}, volume = {6}, year = {2007}, note = {This paper mainly discusses the use of edge services to promote accessibility for disabled users. Edge servers allow for personalized content adaptation that meets users needs. In particular, this paper introduces the Personalizable Accessible Navigation (PAN), a set of edge services designed to improve Web pages accessibility.}, pages = {285-306}, abstract = {Web Content Accessibility guidelines by W3C (W3C Recommendation, May 1999. http://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG10/) provide several suggestions for Web designers regarding how to author Web pages in order to make them accessible to everyone. In this context, this paper proposes the use of edge services as an efficient and general solution to promote accessibility and breaking down the digital barriers that inhibit users with disabilities to actively participate to any aspect of society. The idea behind edge services mainly affect the advantages of a personalized navigation in which contents are tailored according to different issues, such as client{\textquoteright}s devices capabilities, communication systems and network conditions and, finally, preferences and/or abilities of the growing number of users that access the Web. To meet these requirements, Web designers have to efficiently provide content adaptation and personalization functionalities mechanisms in order to guarantee universal access to the Internet content. The so far dominant paradigm of communication on the WWW, due to its simple request/response model, cannot efficiently address such requirements. Therefore, it must be augmented with new components that attempt to enhance the scalability, the performances and the ubiquity of the Web. Edge servers, acting on the HTTP data flow exchanged between client and server, allow on-the-fly content adaptation as well as other complex functionalities beyond the traditional caching and content replication services. These value-added services are called edge services and include personalization and customization, aggregation from multiple sources, geographical personalization of the navigation of pages (with insertion/emphasis of content that can be related to the user{\textquoteright}s geographical location), translation services, group navigation and awareness for social navigation, advanced services for bandwidth optimization such as adaptive compression and format transcoding, mobility, and ubiquitous access to Internet content. This paper presents Personalizable Accessible Navigation (Pan) that is a set of edge services designed to improve Web pages accessibility, developed and deployed on top of a programmable intermediary framework. The characteristics and the location of the services, i.e., provided by intermediaries, as well as the personalization and the opportunities to select multiple profiles make Pan a platform that is especially suitable for accessing the Web seamlessly also from mobile terminals.}, keywords = {disability, universal design, Web accessibility}, isbn = {159593281X}, doi = {10.1007/s10209-007-0091-y}, author = {Ugo Erra and Gennaro Iaccarino and Delfina Malandrino and Scarano, Vittorio} } @article {3048, title = {Serving the Blind and Physically Handicapped in the United States of America}, journal = {Library Trends}, volume = {55}, year = {2007}, note = {This paper looked at the current condition and the future of serving the blind and physically handicapped in the United States, especially how the development of technology has served to improve their experience.}, pages = {796-808}, abstract = {Since the early 1930s federal legislation has enabled the Library of Congress to offer free library service to blind and physically handicapped individuals resident in the United States as well as to U.S. citizens overseas. Technological changes in the program have mirrored and sometimes anticipated transformations and developments in the world of consumer electronics. Braille is now accessible over the Internet by means of specialized keyboards; audiobooks, originally cut onto rigid shellac 78-rpm disks, have progressed to flexible discs and a refined analog cassette technology that will in turn soon be replaced by digital flash-memory cartridges playable on efficient, reliable, lightweight, and portable machines. The National Library Service for the Blind and Physically Handicapped looks forward to the inauguration of its new digital system in 2008.}, doi = {10.1353/lib.2007.0031}, url = {http://muse.jhu.edu/content/crossref/journals/library_trends/v055/55.4cylke.html\nhttp://muse.jhu.edu/journals/lib/summary/v055/55.4cylke.html}, author = {Frank Kurt Cylke and Michael M. Moodie and Robert E. Fistick} } @article {2780, title = {Web Accessibility}, journal = {Library Trends}, volume = {55}, year = {2007}, note = {

This article analyzed the Web accessibility phenomenon from six perspectives: 1) the digital library; 2) assistive/adaptive technologies; 3) design of accessible web interfaces; 4) web usability; 5) assessment of web accessibility; 6) accessibility awareness. All of these are key aspects worth looking into in future web accessibility research.

}, pages = {950-972}, abstract = {

The increasing provision of Web-based information resources has moved from a simple text interface to dynamic and interactive de-signs. While this move has provided people with a more creative and flexible experience, there are dangers that some people will be excluded because they cannot use standard methods of access. Research has shown that people with disabilities are most at risk of being excluded from access, and in particular people who are blind or visually impaired and who use assistive technologies such as screen readers. In a library environment, ensuring access for all is important because the method of delivery is predominantly Web-based and the development of e-book provision will provide increased opportuni-ties to access library services remotely. This article reviews some key issues relating to Web accessibility, identifying methods of access, principles of accessibility and usability, and how Web accessibility can be assessed. Studies show that despite a growing awareness of Web accessibility issues, people are still experiencing barriers to ac-cess. Research initiatives identified in this article, and the develop-ment of the W3C WAI WCAG version 2.0, show that the research momentum is being maintained, and together with specific library-oriented research this can only be positive for the development of the profession\&$\#$39;s practice in this area.

}, doi = {10.1353/lib.2007.0029}, url = {http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/lib/summary/v055/55.4brophy.html}, author = {Peter Brophy and Jenny Craven} } @article {3179, title = {Web accessibility at academic libraries: Standards, legislation, and enforcement}, journal = {Library Hi Tech}, volume = {25}, year = {2007}, note = {This article deliberately discusses the laws, guidelines, and standards of web accessibility in terms of university library websites. Laws and regulations being discussed included Section 504 and Section 508, among others.}, pages = {494-508}, abstract = {Purpose {\textemdash} The purpose of this paper is to provide an update, on the implementation of web accessibility guidelines at Kentucky academic library, web sites. Design/methodology/approach {\textemdash} The academic library home pages of Bachelor-degree granting institutions of Kentucky were tested for accessibility compliance using an online automated program. In addition, a series of manual accessibility tests were performed. Data were collected on errors against accessibility guidelines for each site. Data collected in 2003 were compared to data collected in 2007. Findings {\textemdash} The member of library home pages complying with basic accessibility guidelines is increasing. However, most sites that score well are built to comply with checkpoints that can be tested automatically. Few institutions included accessibility features which required manual verification Research limitations/implications {\textemdash} This study relies largely on data collected with an imperfect accessibility-checking software program. Some accessibility checkpoints can appear to be satisfied using automated accessibility tests despite the presence of accessibility barrier beings. Also, minor errors against accessibility guidelines are not distinguished from major accessibility barriers. Practical implications {\textemdash} This study provides an impetus for web developers to aim higher than the automated accessibility checkpoints. It demonstrates a limited number of manual accessibility checkpoints that can be objectively tested. Originality/value {\textemdash} This paper looks beyond accessibility guidelines that can be tested automatically to see if accessibility guidelines for which manual tests must be performed are being implemented. This study is one of the very few published follow-up studies of web accessibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]}, keywords = {academic libraries, Guidelines, law, standards, Web accessibility, worldwide web}, isbn = {2380250405}, doi = {10.1108/07378830710840446}, author = {Providenti, Michael and Zai, Robert, III} } @article {3040, title = {Web accessibility at university libraries and library schools}, journal = {Library Hi Tech}, volume = {25}, year = {2007}, note = {This study focused on the web site accessibility for people with print disabilities in all 56 ALA-accredited library schools and their libraries. The web pages were evaluated by Bobby 3.1.1. Results showed that only 50 to 60 web pages were accessible according to Bobby 3.1.1 examination. Compared with previous results, it showed some increases. Moreover, U.S. web sites appeared to have lower accessibility as compared to Canadian web sites.}, pages = {457-477}, abstract = {Purpose - Only properly designed web sites are accessible to people with print disabilities. The purpose of this paper is to follow up on earlier investigations of this kind by looking at the web sites of all 56 ALA-accredited library schools, and of the libraries on these campuses. Design/methodology/approach - Bobby 3.1.1 was used to evaluate compliance with major accessible web design guidelines. In addition, key web pages were checked manually for the presence of skip-navigation components, and the sites{\textquoteright} re-design status was ascertained. The results were presented in the form of basic descriptive statistics, including percentages of Bobby-approved pages and the average number of barriers per page. Correlations of the current accessibility data with older data sets and with library school ratings were also calculated. Findings - The results indicate that despite an increase in accessibility, only 50 to 60 per cent of the web sites were free of Bobby-detectable errors. Canadian sites were more accessible than US sites. Contrary to previous findings, recently redesigned sites tended to be more accessible. Highly ranked sites also tended to have higher accessibility scores. US sites showed a random-like up-and-down movement in accessibility status between 2002 and 2006. Research limitations/implications - The collected data reflect compliance with only a subset of accessible design principles. Practical implications - More education and continued advocacy is needed to increase web accessibility at libraries and library schools and to help establish library schools as models of program accessibility. Originality/value - This is the only study that provides trend information about the accessibility of a broader set of library and library school web sites.}, keywords = {academic libraries, disabilities, libraries, library, Web accessibility, worldwide web}, issn = {0737-8831}, doi = {10.1108/07378830110384584}, author = {David Comeaux and Schmetzke, Axel} } @article {3206, title = {Web Accessibility for Individuals With Cognitive Deficits: A Comparative Study between an Existing Commercial Web and Its Cognitively Accessible Equivalent}, journal = {ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction}, volume = {14}, year = {2007}, note = {This study tested a website specifically desinged for cognitive disabled people and compared it with its traditional one. It showed very positive results toward the newly designed one. Furthermore, the article recommended to create several levels of cognitive accessibility and testable protocols of accessibility which support people{\textquoteright}s needs.}, pages = {Article 12}, abstract = {Tim Berners-Lee claimed in 2001 that {\textquotedblleft}the power of theWeb is in its universality. Access by everyone regardless of disability is an essential aspect.{\textquotedblright} A considerable amount of work has been done to make the web accessible to those with sensory or motor disability, with an increasing number of government and enterprise intranet webs being {\textquotedblleft}accessible{\textquotedblright}, and also with some consortiums and groups seriously approaching this commitment. Some authors, such as Harrysson, have already highlighted the need for a cognitively accessible web. However, in spite of good intentions, there has been little work to date that has tackled this task. At least until now, the existing WAI and NI4 recommendations about cognitive disability are extremely difficult (if not impossible) to test, as they are only general recommendations. This article explains an alternative Web that has been constructed and tested on a sample of participants with cognitive disabilities (N=20) with positive results encouraging us to dedicate more effort to fine tune their requirements regarding specific cognitive deficits and automating the process of creating and testing cognitively accessible web content. This alternative web implies the use of a simplified web browser and an adequate web design. Discussion of the need to have several levels of cognitive accessibility, equivalent (although not identical) content for this collective and the need for testable protocols of accessibility that support these people{\textquoteright}s needs is also included. This article finishes with conclusions about the potential impact of accessible pages in the daily life of people suffering from cognitive deficits, outlining the features to be considered within a user profile specification that support cognitive difficulties and with reflections about the suitability of SemanticWeb Technologies for future developments in this field.}, issn = {1073-0516}, doi = {10.1145/1279700.1279702}, author = {Javier Sevilla and Gerardo Herrera and Bibiana Mart{\'\i}nez and Alcantud, Francisco} } @article {3059, title = {Web accessibility in information systems.}, journal = {International Journal of Web Information Systems}, volume = {3}, year = {2007}, note = {This study examined whether information systems curriculum taught students with enough web accessibility knowledge. It tested the web accessibility compliance to federal standards of 23 California State University campuses using the automated evaluation tool called WebXact software. Then a questionnaire was distributed to students who were enrolled in the first web development course at California State University, Dominguez Hills. The questionnaire tested their knowledge about web accessibility. Disappointedly, the result indicated that most web pages under examination failed the WAI guidelines. Moreover, two-thirds of students had almost no knowledge about web accessibility topics.}, pages = {363-377}, abstract = {Purpose - The purpose of this research is to examine web accessibility initiative (WAI) guidelines for web accessibility so as to incorporate web accessibility in information systems (IS) curriculum. Design/methodology/approach - The authors used the WebXact software accessibility evaluation tool to test the top pages of web sites of the 23 California State University (CSU) campuses in order to identify the level of compliance to federal standards. The authors also designed and conducted a questionnaire to survey the students who were enrolled in the first web development course at CSU, Dominguez Hills to access their knowledge and skills in various web accessibility topics. Findings - The research findings show that the majority of the CSU campuses{\textquoteright} top web pages failed to meet WAI guidelines at some point. Moreover, two-thirds of the students who responded to the survey have no knowledge of web accessibility topics included in the questionnaires. The results indicate that IS programs failed to incorporate accessibility in their curricula and produce web developers with the skills and knowledge in web accessibility. Research limitations/implications - The limitation of this research is that the sample size is small. The authors intend to increase the number of universities{\textquoteright} web site in the test and survey all students in the IS program in a future study. Practical implications - This research is background work that will help the authors to incorporate accessibility topics in their web development courses that include web accessibility basic concepts, universal design, Section 508 of the US Rehabilitation Act, web content accessibility guidelines, WAI guidelines for web accessibility, and web accessibility testing tools. Originality /value - This research improves the current state of web accessibility in curriculum higher education. Adapted from the source document.}, keywords = {archives, California, cognitive disability, User interface, Web accessibility, web accessibility -- universities}, doi = {10.1108/17440080710848134}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/57704956?accountid=26662\nhttp://link.periodicos.capes.gov.br/sfxlcl41?url_ver=Z39.88-2004\&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal\&genre=article\&sid=ProQ:ProQ:lisashell\&atitle=Web+accessibility+in+information+systems.}, author = {Mohammad Eyadat and Dortohy Fisher} } @proceedings {3112, title = {A web accessibility report card for top international university web sites}, year = {2007}, note = {This study examined the accessiblity of 100 international university library websites. The tested iterms included accessibility standards, image accessibility, alternate-language and text-only content, and quality of web accessibility statements. the results indicated that accessibility still remained as a major issue for many top universities. Accessibility for non-English-speaking countries and absent or low-quality accessibility policies were the main obstacles found.}, pages = {148-156}, abstract = {University web pages play a central role in the activities of current and prospective postsecondary students. University sites that are not accessible may exclude people with disabilities from participation in educational, social and professional activities. In order to assess the current state of university web site accessibility, we performed a multi-method analysis of the home pages of 100 top international universities. Each site was analyzed for compliance with accessibility standards, image accessibility, alternate-language and text-only content, and quality of web accessibility statements. Results showed that many top universities continue to have accessibility problems. University web site accessibility also varies greatly across different countries and geographic regions. Remaining obstacles to universal accessibility for universities include low accessibility in non-English-speaking countries and absent or low-quality accessibility policies.}, keywords = {academic libraries, disability, evaluation, international, Section 508, WCAG, Web accessibility}, isbn = {159593590X}, doi = {10.1145/1243441.1243472}, url = {http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=1243441.1243472}, author = {Shaun K. Kane and Shulman, Jessie a. and Shockley, Timothy J. and Richard E. Ladner} } @article {3003, title = {Accessibility Testing: Case History of Blind Testers of Enterprise Software}, journal = {Technical Communication}, volume = {53}, year = {2006}, note = {

The study conducted testing with both sighted test participants and blind test participants. After several types of evaluations, walkthroughs and testing with scenarios, the study demonstrated the importance of conducting tests with blind participants and recommanded to do so in the future.

}, pages = {32-38}, abstract = {

How do software companies evaluate whether accessibility criteria mandated by law are met? Confirmation is often provided by filling out a checklist. However, the method used for determining compliance to the checklist is not specified. Typically the task of filling out the checklist is done by accessibility specialists, usability professionals, quality assurance testers, or, in one case we know of, the development team that wrote the software. We have conducted several types of accessibility evaluations, walkthroughs, and testing with scenarios by sighted test participants and testing by blind test participants. While testing with blind participants takes considerable preparation time, we have uncovered important findings that were not revealed with sighted participants. We consider accessibility testing by blind participants an important component of our evaluations.

}, url = {http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/stc/tc/2006/00000053/00000001/art00005}, author = {Nancy L. Bayer and Lisa Pappas} } @article {2877, title = {Add Technology for Students With Disabilities to the Library or Media Center}, journal = {Intervention in School and Clinic}, volume = {42}, year = {2006}, note = {

This article stressed the importance of introducing technology into libraries and media centers for students with disabilities. Specific instructions were included, in particular some should-be-installed computer software. Also, the author mentioned duties of librarians in the process of improving accessibility for disabled students.

}, pages = {119-123}, abstract = {

An overview of technology services that can be offered in school libraries to assist students with disabilities. More of a listing than any sort of study.

}, doi = {10.1177/10534512060420020401}, url = {http://isc.sagepub.com/cgi/doi/10.1177/10534512060420020401}, author = {Robin H. Lock and Jerry D. Neal and Dennis Ehlert} } @article {3095, title = {Assessing the Library Homepages of COPLAC Institutions for Section 508 Accessibility Errors : Who{\textquoteright}s Accessible , Who{\textquoteright}s Not , and How the Online WebXACT Assessment Tool Can Help Assessing the Library Homepages of COPLAC Institutions for Section 508 Acc}, journal = {Journal of Access Services}, volume = {4}, year = {2006}, note = {This paper is a report of the web accessibility evaluation of the Council on Public Liberal Arts Colleges (COPLAC) libraries using the WebXACT tool. Findings were discussed further.}, pages = {59-73}, abstract = {The Council on Public Liberal Arts Colleges (COPLAC) libraries websites were assessed for Section 508 errors using the online WebXACT tool. Only three of the twenty-one institutions (14\%) had zero accessibility errors. Eighty-six percent of the COPLAC institutions had an average of 1.24 errors. Section 508 compliance is required for institutions receiving federal funding. While this study shows the need to correct the existing errors, the low error rate shows that COPLAC institutions have generally been conscious of accessibility standards and are working toward achieving fully accessible websites. Studies of the connections between average accessibility errors and the geographic locations of these institutions, the amount of federal funding received, and size were inconclusive. The main aim of the study is to demonstrate the need to check library websites using the free WebXACT tool. This tool offers suggestions for accessibility that should serve to decrease the number of pages that are inaccessible to patrons.}, keywords = {Web accessibility}, doi = {10.1300/J204v04n01}, author = {Julia Huprich and Ravonne A. Green} } @article {3056, title = {Closing the 95 Percent Gap: Library Resource Sharing for People with Print Disabilities}, journal = {Library Trends}, volume = {54}, year = {2006}, note = {This article regards the key elements that influence library resource sharing for people with disabilities in the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom. Challenges include attitudes, organizational isolation, diversity of alternate formats, nonadherence to standards, inaccessible online services, an uncooperative publishing industry, inconsistent access to equipment, and inadequate training. These elements have been analysed respectively and recommendations have been put forward.}, pages = {411-429}, abstract = {Experts estimate that only 5 percent of the world{\textquoteright}s publishing output is made accessible in alternate formats for people who cannot use print. While some popular commercial digital audio and textual products are available to people with print disabilities, many people do not have equal access to reading materials and other resources. People who cannot use print due to a visual, physical, neurological, or perceptual disability need libraries to provide the equitable access. Libraries need strategic partnerships, improved public policy, and international agreements to fulfill the promise. Equity laws, union catalogs, new technology, standards for production and resource sharing, postal subsidies, and commercial production of alternate formats have all helped. This article focuses on key elements that affect library resource sharing for people with disabilities in the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom. Challenges include attitudes, organizational isolation, diversity of alternate formats, nonadherence to standards, inaccessible online services, an uncooperative publishing industry, inconsistent access to equipment, and inadequate training. Recommendations are made to improve the legal framework, develop sharing library communities, and apply universal design principles}, doi = {10.1353/lib.2006.0025}, url = {http://ezaccess.libraries.psu.edu/login?url=http://search.proquest.com.ezaccess.libraries.psu.edu/docview/220464705?accountid=13158}, author = {Mary Anne Epp} } @article {3055, title = {How Database-Driven Web Sites Enhance Accessibility}, journal = {Library Hi Tech News}, volume = {23}, year = {2006}, note = {This article talks about how a database-driven approach could efficiently help the development of webpage research.}, pages = {34-38}, abstract = {Purpose - This article provides an update on "web accessibility" issues. Design/methodology/approach - Provides background information on currently applicable accessibility standards and offers a framework for exploring issues and highlighting potential pathways for success. Findings - This article provides an overview of how a database driven approach to web development can help address significant technical challenges related to providing universal information access. Originality/value - This paper is useful for information management professionals who seek greater understanding of database driven approach to web development.}, keywords = {data}, doi = {10.1108/07419050610713727}, author = {Isaac Hunter Dunlap} } @article {3060, title = {Improving deaf users{\textquoteright} accessibility in hypertext information retrieval: are graphical interfaces useful for them?}, journal = {Behaviour \& Information Technology}, volume = {25}, year = {2006}, note = {

This study compared the textual link with the graphical link on the performance of deaf signers in hypertext information retrival. It showed that textual link, instead of graphical ones, performed better.

}, pages = {455-467}, abstract = {

This paper explores the effect of substituting textual links for graphical ones on the performance of deaf signers in hypertext information retrieval (HIR). Both deaf and hearing users found more targets, were faster and became less disoriented in the verbal hypertext interface than in the graphical one. Deaf users were outperformed by hearing users in all conditions except in short paths with the graphical interface. The results and its applied consequences, which would be also relevant to other users with similar problems than those of deaf signers (elderly people, people with dyslexia, people navigating in a website using a foreign language or people with low literacy) are discussed in relation to the CoLiDeS model of web interaction (Kitajima et al. 2000) and to the overgeneralisation of \&$\#$39;Picture superiority effect\&$\#$39; (Nelson et al. 1976).

}, keywords = {deaf, hearing disability, Interface design, User interface, Web accessibility}, isbn = {0144929050033}, doi = {10.1080/01449290500331180}, author = {I. Fajardo and J. J. Ca{\~n}as and Salmer{\'o}n, L. and Julio Abascal} } @article {3005, title = {An investigation into the effects that digital media can have on the learning outcomes of individuals who have dyslexia}, journal = {Computers and Education}, volume = {47}, year = {2006}, note = {

This study attempted to explore the relationship between computer-based media use and task performance for individuals with dyslexia. Specifically, it examiend how e-learning and distance learning materials can be developed and designed for universal use.

}, pages = {74-93}, abstract = {

The effects that media can have on task performance have been greatly debated over the years. Whilst agreement has begun to emerge on the effects media have on cognitive performance, little is understood about the relationship between such media effects and individual differences such as individuals who have dyslexia. This paper presents findings from a study that investigated the effects computer-based media can have on the learning outcomes of individuals who have dyslexia. The purpose of the study was to obtain data that informed the development and design of e-learning and distance learning materials for universal use. The research process was based on Dual Coding Theory and refined by current theories on dyslexia. Findings from the research are intended to help academics and providers of e-learning materials to improve the design and delivery of their learning contents. ?? 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

}, keywords = {California, digitization, distance education, dyslexia, education, Human-computer interface, older adults}, issn = {0360-1315}, doi = {10.1016/j.compedu.2004.10.006}, author = {Nigel A. Beacham and James L. Alty} } @proceedings {3141, title = {Online form design for older adults: Introducing web-automated personalisation}, year = {2006}, note = {

This study focused on the promotion of older adults\&$\#$39; online form design in relation to e-Government. It briefly discussed earlier work and how this work can be employed in the forthcoming project that will investigate how web-automated personalization of online forms could be achieved to increase the interaction between older adults and the website.

}, address = {London}, abstract = {

Access to e-Government services, such as welfare, housing and financial assistance is typically achieved through accessing, completing and submitting paper-based forms. More recently, UK eGovernment service access forms have been made available online. With the aging population considered as a primary user of these services this paper promotes the need to establish older adults\’ online form design requirements. This paper briefly reports the validation and extension of earlier work and describes how the results from a recent study might be best employed to drive a forthcoming project that will investigate how web-automated personalization of online forms might be achieved to meet the interaction needs of older adults\’.

}, keywords = {older adults, online forms}, url = {http://www-edc.eng.cam.ac.uk/~jag76/hci_workshop06/lines_et_al.pdf}, author = {Lorna Lines and Oluchi Ikechi and Hone, Kate S. and Tony Elliman} } @article {3237, title = {Testing the usability of information technology applications with learners with special educational needs (SEN)}, journal = {Journal of Research in Special Educational Needs}, volume = {6}, year = {2006}, note = {

This study tested the usability of a multimedia learning environment (LE) for special educational needs students. The usability tests consisted of a series of graded activities that only required one or two actions. The study highlighted a number of issues inherent in working with a user group comprising SEN students, especially of the issue of matching the intellectual level of tasks with physical ease-of-use of the system.

}, pages = {31-41}, abstract = {

This paper reports on the \‘usability\’ element of a study examining the development of a multimedia Learning Environment (LE) for Special Educational Needs (SEN) students, designed to match learner requirements to learning materials, as elicited from cognitive and accessibility profiles drawn up by teachers and learning support assistants. In developing the system, the researchers examined how usability tests could be undertaken that meaningfully involved people with cognitive disabilities. Methods were developed following interviews with staff and much observation of lessons involving the use of computers. The usability tests themselves consisted of a series of graded activities drawn from various SEN sources. They required only one or two actions \— activating a mouse and/or guiding a cursor \— for completion. The study highlighted a number of issues inherent in working with a user group comprising SEN students, including interpreting non-compliance and other behaviour patterns, making tasks meaningful, and accounting for the presence and degree of assistance given by a helper. Of particular interest was the issue of matching the intellectual level of tasks with the physical ease-of-use of the system. The paper suggests various methods for obviating problems elicited, and makes recommendations for the further development of computer-based activities designed to promote independent learning and inclusivity.

}, keywords = {Accessibility, education, self-advocacy, software applications, usability}, doi = {10.1111/j.1471-3802.2006.00057.x}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-3802.2006.00057.x}, author = {Williams, Peter and David Nicholas} } @article {3173, title = {Virtual reference services for the print impaired: Separate, but not equal}, journal = {Computers in Libraries}, volume = {26}, year = {2006}, note = {This article focused on the accessibility challenges raised by virtual or Web-based reference services for people with disabilities. Specifically, it discussed a project called InfoEyes for visually impaired people.}, pages = {24-27}, abstract = {Physical libraries and collections present a host of accessibility challenges for those patrons who are blind, have low vision, or have physical limitations. Unfortunately, library services and access are not automatically improved with the Internet, computers, or digital library services. Whenever a library collection or service becomes digitized and networked, a new set of accessibility challenges arises.}, keywords = {visual disability, web reference service}, author = {Peters, Tom and Lori Bell} } @book {2943, title = {Web Accessibility: Web Standards and Regulatory Compliance}, year = {2006}, note = {

This book introduced basic guidelines of web accessibility with regards to web standards and regulatory compliance. Three aspects were discussed in here: 1) understanding the impact of web accessibility; 2) how to implement web accessibility to better design websites; 3) pertinent laws and policies about web accessibility issues. This book should provide some insights into both scholars and practitioners in WA field. Besides, people with or without disabilities could benefit from information delivered in this book at the same time.

}, isbn = {1-59059-638-2}, author = {Thatcher, Jim and Michael R. Burks and Christian Heilmann and Shawn Lawton and Henry Andrew Kirkpatrick and Patrick H. Lauke and Bruce Lawson and Regan, Bob and Rutter, Richard and Urban, Mark and Waddell, Cynthia D and Shawn Lawton Henry and Andrew Kirkpatrick} } @article {3174, title = {Is web conferencing software ready for the big time?}, journal = {Computers in Libraries}, volume = {26}, year = {2006}, note = {This article reviews some of the typical Web conferencing software that could be used by librarians and information professionals.}, pages = {32-35}, abstract = {Since librarians and information professionals are expected to spend more time on the Internet, due to budgetary and other restriction on travel to conferences, the discussion focuses on the accessibility of Web conferencing systems for people with vision, hearing and mobility handicaps. Reviews some of the typical Web conferencing software features, including: audio; text chat; video; co-browsing Web pages; desktop application sharing; and whiteboard applications. Lists a number of resources for finding information on Web conferencing.}, author = {Peters, Tom and Lori Bell} } @article {3143, title = {Website accessibility: A cross-sector comparison}, journal = {Universal Access in the Information Society}, volume = {4}, year = {2006}, note = {The study compared the degree to which web pages were accessible for disabled people among three types of homepage categories, namely the federal government homepages, the nonprofit homepages and the corporate homepages. Specifically, 21 executive branch departments, 100 randomly selected federal judicial pages, all 100 senator homepages, 100 randomly chosen representatives and the top 100 federal contractors were chosen to represent government homepages. The NPO 100 and the Fortune 100 were used to stand for the nonprofit and corporate homepages respectively. All the web pages were evaluated against both the Section 508 and the WAI standards. The results showed that government homepages (23\%) had a higher accessibility than nonprofit (11\%) and the corporate (6\%) under Section 508. Similarly, government homapages showed a higher level of accessibility (28\%) compared to the non-profit (11\%) and the corporate (18\%).}, pages = {393-399}, abstract = {The Web has transformed the way organizations interact with clients, customers, and constituents. A large portion of these groups is often neglected, namely people with disabilities. This study compares federal government, non-profit organization (NPO), and corporate homepages accessibility to determine how accessible these websites are to people with disabilities and how they compare to each other. The results indicate that federal homepages (23\%), which are mandated to be accessible, are significantly more accessible than NPO (11\%) and corporate homepages (6\%). [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]}, issn = {16155289}, doi = {10.1007/s10209-005-0003-y}, author = {Eleanor T. Loiacono and Scott McCoy} } @article {3066, title = {Improving website accessibility for people with early-stage dementia: a preliminary investigation.}, journal = {Aging \& mental health}, volume = {9}, year = {2005}, note = {

This study is the initial step for developing a web site specifically for older adults with dementia. The results showed positive effects with some limitations. Furthermore, the study recommended some tips to enhance web accessibility for this group of people.

}, pages = {442-8}, abstract = {

This study, conducted collaboratively with five men who have a diagnosis of early-stage Alzheimer\&$\#$39;s disease (AD), is the first stage of a formative research project aimed at developing a new website for people with dementia. Recommendations derived from a literature review of the implications of dementia-related cognitive changes for website design were combined with general web accessibility guidelines to provide a basis for the initial design of a new website. This website was compared with an equivalent site, containing the same information but based on an existing design, in terms of accessibility, ease of use, and user satisfaction. Participants were very satisfied with both sites, but responses did indicate some specific areas where one site was preferred over another. Observational data highlighted significant strengths of the new site as well as some limitations, and resulted in clear recommendations for enhancing the design. In particular, the study suggested that limiting the size of web pages to the amount of information that can be displayed on a computer screen at any one time could reduce the level of difficulty encountered by the participants. The results also suggested the importance of reducing cognitive load through limiting the number of choices required at any one time, the very opposite of the ethos of much website design.

}, keywords = {aging, internet, older adults, User interface}, issn = {1360-7863 (Print), 1360-7863 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1080/13607860500142838}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16024403}, author = {Ed Freeman and Linda Clare and Savitch, Nada and Royan, Lindsay and Rachael Litherland and Margot Lindsay} } @article {3210, title = {The longitudinal effects of accessible email for individuals with severe cognitive impairments.}, journal = {Aphasiology}, volume = {19}, year = {2005}, note = {

This study presented the longitudinal effects of an adapted email interface by people with severe cognitive disabilities because of acquired brain injury. The research tested the effects of 4 cognitively disabled people using the adapted interface for a period of time. The experiment showed positive effects. All four participants could independently e-mail and continued e-mailing after 9 months. Their psychological well-being was as a result significantly increased.

}, pages = {651-681}, abstract = {

Background \— Electronic communication has provided an unprecedented means of networking people for business, educational, and social purposes (eMarketer, 2001; Madden \& Rainie, 2003). However, this mainstream form of communication remains largely inaccessible to individuals with severe cognitive-communicative disabilities (Elman, 2001; Lenhart et al., 2003). This report describes the longitudinal effects of using an adapted email interface by individuals with severe cognitive disabilities due to acquired brain injury. Aims \— Research questions included: (1) Can people with severe cognitive impairments learn to email independently using an adapted interface? (2) If participants successfully learn to email, what types of supports are needed to maintain long-term use of email? (3) What, if any, are the psychosocial effects of long-term email participation? Methods \& procedures \— A combination of qualitative and quantitative approaches was used to address the above questions for four participants with acquired brain injury, one female and three males, ranging in age from 37 to 65 years, all of whom reported significant social isolation due to their cognitive disabilities. Following assessment (e.g., mock email assessment, goal attainment scaling, neuropsychological testing), they were trained to use a simplified email program using an explicit instructional methodology. Weekly email statistic reports and activity logs were generated to measure frequency, efficiency, topic parameters, and satisfaction related to using email. Outcomes \& results \— All four participants became independent, satisfied emailers in their home environments and continued to engage in social email after 9 months. The weekly metrics and email logs showed progressive improvements in efficiency, complexity of written expression, and range of topics discussed. All participants endorsed the social benefits of email and achieved the \"most successful outcome\" possible for several of their individual goals, including learning a new skill, feeling more connected with friends and family, and increasing their list of email partners. Conclusions \— This study is one of the first longitudinal reports on the use of assistive technology by people with severe acquired cognitive impairments, and demonstrates the potential of adapted email as a means of increasing their social communication with friends and family. Issues related to the need to decrease the intensity of human support required to establish long-term use of assistive technology are discussed. 2005 Psychology Press Ltd.

}, issn = {0268-7038}, doi = {10.1080/02687030544000100}, url = {http://ovidsp.ovid.com/ovidweb.cgi?T=JS\&CSC=Y\&NEWS=N\&PAGE=fulltext\&D=emed7\&AN=2005350213\nhttp://sfxeu08.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/sgul?sid=OVID:embase\&id=pmid:\&id=doi:10.1080/02687030544000100\&issn=0268-7038\&isbn=\&volume=19\&issue=7\&spage=651\&pages=651-681}, author = {Sohlberg, McKay Moore and Stephan Fickas and Laurie Ehlhardt and Todis, Bonnie} } @article {3168, title = {Metric for Web accessibility evaluation}, journal = {Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology}, volume = {56}, year = {2005}, note = {A new metric for measuring the content accessibility of the web for disabled people was developed and evaluated. The problems with the current metrics were pointed out.}, pages = {1394-1404}, abstract = {A novel metric for quantitatively measuring the content accessibility of the Web for persons with disabilities is proposed. The metric is based on the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) checkpoints, an internationally accepted standard, that can be automatically tested using computer programs. Problems with current accessibility evaluation and the need for a good Web accessibility metric are discussed. The proposed metric is intended to overcome the deficiencies of the current measurements used in Web accessibility studies. The proposed metric meets the requirements as a measurement for scientific research. Examples of large-scale Web accessibility evaluations using the metric are given. The examples cover a comparison of Web accessibility of top medical journal Web sites and a longitudinal study of a Web site over time. The validity of the metric was tested using a large number of Web sites with different levels of compliance (rating categories) to the standard WCAG. The metric, which uses a predetermined simple weighting scheme, compares well to the more complex C5.0 machine learning algorithm in separating Web sites into different rating categories.}, doi = {10.1002/asi.20233}, author = {Parmanto, Bambang and Zeng, Xiaoming} } @article {3196, title = {Digital Enhanced? An Examination of the Information Behaviors of Visually Impaired Post-Secndary Students}, journal = {Digital Librarian and Research Coordinator}, volume = {28}, year = {2004}, note = {This study conducted in-depth interviews with visually impaired undergraduate students. The interview showed that their library experience was improved by enhanced technologies. However, it also revealed that their experience was constrained by several factors including time constrainsts, feelings of dependence and others{\textquoteright} lack of understanding.}, pages = {25-42}, abstract = {In-depth qualitative interviews were conducted in order to examine the academic information behaviors of visually impaired undergraduates, with a focus on adaptive technology. Initial findings reveal that students{\textquoteright} information behaviours are enhanced by technology, active support networks, and personal determination. The results also show that students struggle with time constraints, feelings of dependence, others{\textquoteright} lack of understanding, and limitations on their access to electronic materials. The article explores possible improvements to library services, including inter-library sharing of adapted resources (e.g., Braille materials) and the creation of services to facilitate visually impaired students{\textquoteright} information behaviours while allowing them to maintain personal independence.}, author = {Saumure, Dristie} } @article {3178, title = {Library Web Accessibility at Kentucky{\textquoteright}s 4-Year Degree Granting Colleges and Universities}, journal = {D-Lib Magazine}, volume = {10}, year = {2004}, note = {Kentucky is among the 11 states where Web accessibility has been addressed by state laws and statutes. This study is a survey conducted in Kentucky about academic library web sites. The author firstly introduced the status quota of disability statistics in Kentucky. Kentucky has a high rate of population with disabilities. Based on this, the research surveyed thirty-three institutions and identified 31 homepages. These pages were then tested twice in Watchfire{\textquoteright}s WebXACT accessibility tester. The results indicated low levels of compliance with the basic principles of Web accessibility, suggesting that institutions need to take accessibility issues more seriously.}, doi = {10.1045/september2004-providenti}, url = {http://sk8es4mc2l.search.serialssolutions.com/?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004\&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8\&rfr_id=info:sid/summon.serialssolutions.com\&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal\&rft.genre=article\&rft.atitle=Library+Web+Accessibility+at+Kentucky{\textquoteright}s}, author = {Providenti, Michael} } @article {2979, title = {The Use of Guidelines to Automatically Verify Web Accessibility}, journal = {Universal Access in the Information Society}, volume = {3}, year = {2004}, note = {

This paper presents a web accessibility check tool \— EvalIris \— developed to automatically check the accessibility of Websites. This tool could change according to the guidelines of web accessibility updated.

}, pages = {71-79}, abstract = {

Accessibility is one of the key challenges that the Internet must currently face to guarantee universal inclusion. Accessible Web design requires knowledge and experience from the designer, who can be assisted by the use of broadly accepted guidelines. Nevertheless, guideline application may not be obvious, and many designers may lack experience to use them. The difficulty increases because, as the research on accessibility is progressing, existing sets of guidelines are updated and new sets are proposed by diverse institutions. Therefore, the availability of tools to evaluate accessibility, and eventually repair the detected bugs, is crucial. This paper presents a tool \— EvalIris \— developed to automatically check the accessibility of Websites using sets of guidelines that, by means of a well-defined XML structure, can be easily replaced or updated

}, keywords = {Automated evaluation, universal design, Web accessibility, Web services}, isbn = {3494321930}, doi = {10.1007/s10209-003-0069-3}, author = {Julio Abascal and Myriam Arrue and Inmaculada Fajardo and Nestor Garay and Tom{\'a}s, Jorge} } @article {3211, title = {A pilot study exploring electronic (or e-mail) mail in users with acquired cognitive-linguistic impairments.}, journal = {Brain injury : [BI]}, volume = {17}, year = {2003}, note = {This study reports the usability of a simplified e-mail interface for people with acquired cognitive-linguistic impairments. The participants were asked to read and reply to e-mails across four writing prompt conditions. Participants considerably preferred the customized e-mail interface.}, pages = {609-629}, abstract = {This paper reports the results of an exploratory study into the usability of a simplified e-mail interface for eight individuals with acquired cognitive-linguistic impairments. Participatory Action Research, a qualitative research method, was used to capture the range of performance variables and to emphasize a {\textquoteright}user-centred{\textquoteright} approach to the research process. The participants were asked to read and reply to e-mails across four writing prompt conditions. An analysis of errors and participant preferences for the prototype e-mail system was conducted. Errors fell into two general categories: (1) computer usability (e.g. conceptual understanding of mouse/cursor operation) and (2) message composition (e.g. generating ideas for a message). Participant preferences for the writing prompt conditions varied considerably. All participants endorsed the use of customized e-mail interfaces as a means of connecting with friends and family, thereby reducing social isolation. Implications for interface design, rehabilitation and future research into assistive technology are discussed.}, issn = {0269-9052 (Print), 0269-9052 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1080/0269905031000070189}, author = {Sohlberg, McKay Moore and Laurie A. Ehlhardt and Stephen Fickas and Sutcliffe, Alistair} } @article {3088, title = {The Provision of Library Services for Visually Impaired Students in UK Further Education Libraries in Response to the Special Educational Needs and Disability Act (SENDA)}, journal = {Journal of Librarianship and Information Science}, volume = {35}, year = {2003}, note = {This study investigated the impact of the Special Educational Needs and Disability Act 2001 on the provision of library resources for visually imparied students in the further education sector. Questionnaires and interview methods were used in the research. Results showed that there were still staffs not awaring of the Act.}, pages = {243-257}, abstract = {The provision of library resources for visually impaired students in the further education sector was investigated, and the effect the Special Educational Needs and Disability Act 2001 had on this was explored. Questionnaires were sent to library professionals in 230 further education colleges, in England, Scotland and Wales, in order to examine the general level of awareness and implications of the Act. Five respondents were interviewed to discover in more depth how the Act had affected libraries and the provision of resources for visually impaired students. Advice was also sought from the RNIB and others and a conference about Enabling ILT to Include All Learners{\textquoteright} was attended. It was found that the Act had affected each library differently. Some were better equipped to implement the requirements of the Act due to the resources already in place, the positive attitudes of senior management encouraging advancements in this area and previous experience in assisting visually impaired students. Other libraries had more work to do and concerns surrounding training and funding were raised as possible problems that could prevent the successful implementation of the Act. Senior management need to put financial resources aside for physical alterations, equipment and training. Library managers need to evaluate services and conduct physical access audits. Library staff need to continue being helpful and liaise with other colleges and relevant organizations to establish methods of best practice, to make library services accessible to visually impaired students in order to comply with the legislation.}, doi = {10.1177/0961000603035004004}, url = {http://lis.sagepub.com/cgi/doi/10.1177/0961000603035004004}, author = {Clare Harris and Oppenheim, Charles} } @article {3025, title = {Accessibility and usability of Web-based library databases for non-visual users}, journal = {Library Hi Tech}, volume = {20}, year = {2002}, note = {This study conducted research about two popular Web-based abstracting and indexing serves, namely the Periodical Abstracts and the Expanded Academic ASAP with regards to their accessibility for visual disabled people. The overall results indicated positive evaluations for both companies. The authors encouraged all vendors of online product to build accessibility assurances in order to provide visually disabled people with more convenience.}, pages = {169-178}, abstract = {This study examines the accessibility of two popular Web-based abstracting and indexing services, Periodical Abstracts, offered by OCLC FirstSearch, and Gale Group{\textquoteright}s Expanded Academic ASAP, when accessed by blind users using screen-reading programs. The study measured accessibility based on guidelines from the amended Section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 and on the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines issued by the WWW Consortium. The findings indicate that, while each database has a high degree of accessibility, there is a need for Web developers to conduct usability testing of commercial databases with people who rely on screen readers for access to the Web. Librarians must be cognizant of accessibility issues and demand assurance from database vendors that their products are accessible.}, keywords = {blind, databases, internet, libraries}, isbn = {0737883022}, doi = {10.1108/07378830220432534}, url = {http://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/abs/10.1108/07378830220432534}, author = {Suzanne Byerley and Mary Beth Chambers} } @article {3202, title = {Accessibility of Web-based information resources for people with disabilities}, journal = {Library hi tech}, volume = {20}, year = {2002}, note = {This article is an overview of the web-based accessibility issue written by guest editorial. It serves as the opening article of series related studies in this special collection.}, pages = {135-136}, abstract = {To a large extent, disability is a social construct. Whether individuals with "disabilities" can pursue independent and fulfilling lives is not so much a matter of their particular internal conditions as a question of enabling or disabling external factors put in place by society. This special theme issue aims to bridge the current information gap concerning the accessibility of the various electronic resources that make up today{\textquoteright}s online library environment.}, keywords = {blind}, isbn = {0737883021043}, doi = {10.1108/07378830210432534}, author = {Schmetzke, Axel} } @article {3046, title = {Accessible, open and inclusive: How visually impaired people view library and information services and agencies}, journal = {Journal of Librarianship and Information Science}, volume = {34}, year = {2002}, note = {

The study reported key findings from a project in the UK. The finding strongly suggests that there are more opportunities for greater cooperation among different agencies.

}, pages = {207-214}, abstract = {

Reports the key findings from a project, undertaken by the Library and Information Statistics Unit, Loughborough University (LISU) and funded by Resource: The Council for Museums Archives and Libraries, under the auspices of the Share the Vision Programme, to conduct an extensive survey of visually impaired people in the UK, with a view to determining their perceptions, opinions and activities regarding relevant information sources and library services that are available to them. It was hoped that the statistics and findings from the survey would provide useful input to evidence-based decision making and would be acted upon positively. A full report detailing the methodology, findings and recommendations was published in large print and on the World Wide Web http://www.lboro.ac.uk/departments/dils/lisu/public.html. A total of 582 interviews was obtained from a sample of people, the vast majority of whom were registered as either blind or partially sighted. The survey was carried out using a structured interview technique, either face to face with visually impaired people in clubs and drop-in centres across the UK, or by telephone. The survey focused on: levels of use; alternative formats; use of information technology; and user satisfaction. Concludes that there are opportunities for greater cooperation between the various agencies since, in 1999, less than one third of public library authorities reported having working relationships with any of the other providers considered in this study, and this picture had not changed for some years.

}, doi = {10.1177/096100060203400404}, url = {http://lis.sagepub.com/cgi/doi/10.1177/096100060203400404\nhttp://lis.sagepub.com/content/34/4/207.short\nhttp://lis.sagepub.com/cgi/doi/10.1177/096100060203400404\nhttp://lis.sagepub.com/content/34/4/207.short}, author = {Claire Creaser and J. Eric Davies and Wisdom, Stella} } @article {3043, title = {Establishing accessibility for e-journals: a suggested approach}, journal = {Library Hi Tech}, volume = {20}, year = {2002}, note = {According to the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) and Section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act (1998), responsibility for accessibility extends to the electronic environment. In accordance, the study examined 11 major electronic research journal services to test their basic accessibility. The results indicated that most of the e-journal providers in the study did not provide products that meet basic requirements. The author provided helpful recommendations in terms of improving the quality of e-journal accessibility.}, pages = {207-220}, abstract = {Libraries in the US are required by law to make library programs and services accessible to people with disabilities. The Americans with Disabilities Act and Section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act mandate that the responsibility for accessibility extends to the electronic environment. Increasingly, librarians who purchase electronic journals are becoming aware of the urgent need to consider accessibility issues, but many are uncertain about how to actually determine whether a product is accessible, and what to do if it is not. This study examines 11 major electronic research journal services for basic accessibility. Findings reflect that awareness of accessibility issues is low among electronic research journal service providers, with some notable exceptions. A strategy for increasing awareness of accessibility issues among e-journal providers is offered.}, keywords = {blind}, isbn = {0737883021043}, doi = {10.1108/07378830210432570}, url = {http://ezaccess.libraries.psu.edu/login?url=http://search.proquest.com.ezaccess.libraries.psu.edu/docview/200670876?accountid=13158}, author = {Bryna Coonin} } @article {3093, title = {Evaluating opportunities for expanded information access: a study of the accessibility of four online databases}, journal = {Library Hi Tech}, volume = {20}, year = {2002}, note = {This study used an e-mail survey to test the accessibility of four Web-based online resources: EBSCOhost MasterFile Elite, Electric Library Plus, Encyclopaedia Britannica Online, and The Oxford English Dictionary Online. The respondents were visually disabled. As indicated by the result, Encyclopaedia Britannica Online and EBSCOhost MasterFile Elite were more accesible than the other two.}, pages = {199-206}, abstract = {The author presents the results of a survey conducted for the purpose of evaluating the accessibility of four proprietary Web-based online resources: EBSCOhost MasterFile Elite, Electric Library Plus, Encyclopaedia Britannica Online, and The Oxford English Dictionary Online. The survey respondents were computer users who are blind or visually impaired and were already comfortable with using the World Wide Web. The survey was conducted entirely via e-mail. The survey responses reveal which online resources are accessible but also the elements that comprise an accessible online resource are described. This information can be used as a guide when evaluating other online resources.}, isbn = {0737883021043}, doi = {10.1108/07378830210432561}, url = {http://ezaccess.libraries.psu.edu/login?url=http://search.proquest.com.ezaccess.libraries.psu.edu/docview/200610167?accountid=13158}, author = {Jennifer Horwath} } @article {3139, title = {[ Image ] [ image ] [ image ] [ link ] [ link ] [ link ]: Inaccessible Web design from the perspective of a blind librarian}, journal = {Library Hi Tech}, volume = {20}, year = {2002}, note = {

The article presents real life experience of a librarian who is legally blind. It presents the real obstacles she met because of the inaccessibility of Web site.

}, pages = {137-140}, abstract = {

Web design accessibility from the perspective of a librarian who is legally blind is presented. Her experiences using computers and the Internet with screen-reading and screen-enlarging software is described, and the impact of constantly changing Internet technology and inaccessible Web design on the efficiency with which she assists patrons is explained. Real-life examples of the obstacles that inaccessible Web design has presented to her and to her patrons who are blind or visually impaired is presented, and suggestions to help librarians make their own libraries\&$\#$39; Web sites accessible are offered.

}, doi = {10.1108/07378830210432499}, url = {http://ezaccess.libraries.psu.edu/login?url=http://search.proquest.com.ezaccess.libraries.psu.edu/docview/200616321?accountid=13158}, author = {Valerie Lewis and Julie Klauber} } @article {3186, title = {Libraries, aggregator databases, screen readers and clients with disabilities}, journal = {Library Hi Tech}, volume = {20}, year = {2002}, note = {The study compared the accessibility for visually disabled people of three major aggregator databases, namely EBSCOhost, InfoTrac, and First Search Electronic Collections Online (ECO). A sighted researcher used all these databases with JAWS for Windows, OpenBook 5.0, ZoonText 7.0, and the L\&H Kurzweil 1000 and 3000. The results showed that JAWS for Windows 3.7 worked best for the disabled.}, pages = {179}, abstract = {Three aggregator databases, EBSCOhost, InfoTrac, and First Search Electronic Collections Online (ECO), were analyzed for compliance with the Web accessibility guidelines published by the Web Access Initiative section of the World Wide Web Consortium. A sighted librarian then used each database with JAWS for Windows 3.7, OpenBook 5.0, ZoomText 7.0, and the L\&H Kurzweil 1000 and 3000. Results indicate that JAWS for Windows 3.7 works best for the blind, and that ZoomText 7.0 is acceptable for those needing screen magnification. None of the databases tested offers a perfect accessibility option for clients with visual impairment. Conclusions suggest that aggregator databases do not follow the accessibility guidelines and consequently are not supplying accessible products.}, isbn = {0737883021043}, doi = {10.1108/07378830210432543}, url = {http://ezaccess.libraries.psu.edu/login?url=http://search.proquest.com.ezaccess.libraries.psu.edu/docview/200704295?accountid=13158}, author = {Riley, Cheryl A.} } @article {2987, title = {Making Web-based tables accessible for users of screen readers}, journal = {Library Hi Tech}, volume = {20}, year = {2002}, pages = {221-231}, abstract = {Reading and understanding information presented in tabular format have posed specific challenges for blind individuals who use screen readers to access computers. The results of a study of the types of problems blind individuals using screen readers experienced, when reading tables on the World Wide Web, have been summarized. Nine blind participants were asked to extract information from tables with varying levels of complexity. The participants used combinations of commonly used screen readers and Web browsers. The presentation of information in the tables was systematically varied through use of several HTML coding methods. The participants in the study found tasks that required them to extract information from tables challenging and often frustrating. Suggestions for making tables accessible to users of screen readers are provided.}, keywords = {blind, internet}, isbn = {0737883021043}, doi = {10.1108/07378830210432589}, url = {http://www.emeraldinsight.com/10.1108/07378830210432589}, author = {Amtmann, Dagmar and Kurt Johnson and Debbie Cook} } @article {3015, title = {Reading between the lines: an evaluation of WindowEyes screen reader as a reference tool for teaching and learning}, journal = {Library Hi Tech}, volume = {20}, year = {2002}, note = {The article evaluates the usibility of WindowEyes {\textemdash} a tool for visually diabled people to navigate their computer screen {\textemdash} in conjunction with three widely used academic databases, namely Lexis-Nexis academic universe, ProQuest and the EBSCO Academic Search Premier.}, pages = {162-168}, abstract = {WindowEyes Version 4.1 for Microsoft Windows 95, 98 and ME, was used in conjunction with three full-text databases frequently accessed by undergraduate students at academic libraries: EBSCO Academic Search Premier, ProQuest Research Library and Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the accessibility of three widely used academic databases in conjunction with a screen reader, WindowEyes. In addition, this article also discusses general considerations for evaluating and selecting accessibility hardware and software.}, isbn = {0737883021043}, doi = {10.1108/07378830210432525}, url = {http://ezaccess.libraries.psu.edu/login?url=http://search.proquest.com.ezaccess.libraries.psu.edu/docview/200680585?accountid=13158}, author = {Vibiana Bowman} } @proceedings {3038, title = {A Study on the Design and Evaluation of an Adaptive Web Browser for Students with Reading Difficulties}, year = {2002}, note = {This study evaluated the validity of a new browser, The Adaptive Web Browser (AWB), that was deseigned by authors to facilitate children with reading difficulties. The results showed that this Browser could effectively improve children{\textquoteright}s reading experience.}, pages = {2-3}, publisher = {IEEE}, abstract = {The web-based learning has been becoming an important channel for the education renovation. However, the children with reading difficulties, including the mental retardation and learning disabilities, have difficulties with word decoding and comprehension. To learn from the Internet, they are facing two challenges in manipulating browser to read through the web and comprehending the contents on the web pages. The Adaptive Web Browser (AWB) in our design, integrating the technologies of HTML interpreter, text-to-speech engine and picture communication symbols (PCS), facilitates comprehending the contents on web pages with auxiliary speaking sound or picture produced automatically as needed. In examining its usability, the result indicates that the Adaptive Web Browser can help the students with reading difficulties facilitate access to the web and increase comprehension of contents on the web pages}, isbn = {0769515096}, doi = {10.1109/CIE.2002.1186200}, author = {Chi Nung Chu and Ming Chung Chen and Tien Yu Li and Chung Kuo and Rd, Shinglung} } @article {3104, title = {Viewing the Sunrise: iPac 2.0 accessibility.}, journal = {Library Hi Tech}, volume = {20}, year = {2002}, note = {This paper attempts to evaluate the accessibility of iPac 2.0 against the five tools employed: Bobby, JAWS for Windows, Vischeck Color Blindness Simulator, W3C Validator, and ZoomText. Advantages and Disadvantages of each tool were detected and compared.}, pages = {p148-161}, abstract = {iPac 2.0, the Web-based online catalog of epixtech, inc., was scheduled to go into general release for Dynix and Horizon Sunrise customers in the fourth quarter 2001. Previous epixtech Web-based online catalogs (Java- and HTML-based) presented difficulties for accessibility. This article evaluates the third in a series of iPac products, 2.0, using the following accessibility tools: Bobby, JAWS for Windows, Vischeck Color Blindness Simulator, W3C Validator, and ZoomText. This article attempts to evaluate the accessibility of iPac 2.0 against these five tools, tools that are more traditionally used with standard HTML Web pages than Web-based online catalogs. }, isbn = {0737883021043}, doi = {10.1108/07378830210432516}, url = {http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true\&db=llf\&AN=502870189}, author = {Susan M. Johns} } @article {2995, title = {Voyager 2000: a review of accessibility for persons with visual disabilities}, journal = {Library Hi Tech}, volume = {20}, year = {2002}, note = {The study reviewed the accessibility of WebVoyage 2000 for persons with visual disabilites. After briefly reviewing the assistive technologies used by persons with visual disabilities and the major Web accessibility guidelines, they evaluated varies pages of the website. Overall, the authors had a positive result and they put forward some helpful recommendations for future improvement of the web accessibility.}, pages = {141-147}, abstract = {The authors evaluate the accessibility for persons with visual disabilities of WebVoyage 2000, the online public access catalog from Endeavor. They briefly review the assistive technologies used by persons with visual disabilities and the major Web accessibility guidelines and requirements; then, using specific provisions from Federal Web accessibility regulations, they examine several Voyager implementations, reviewing introductory pages, search pages, limit pages, list and record displays, and help pages noting areas where particular elements of page design or construction cause the content to be confusing or unusable to a person using a screen reader. The evaluation is concluded with specific recommendations for Endeavor and the implementing libraries for necessary modifications to make WebVoyage usable by persons with visual disabilities.}, keywords = {blind, libraries}, isbn = {0737883021043}, doi = {10.1108/07378830210432507}, url = {http://www.emeraldinsight.com/10.1108/07378830210432507}, author = {Robert Axtell and Judith M. Dixon} } @article {3120, title = {A new outlook: services to visually impaired people in UK public libraries}, journal = {Journal of Librarianship and Information Science}, volume = {33}, year = {2001}, note = {

The study used questionnaires to investigate the UK public library services against the background of the statutory duty of UK public library services to provide for blind and partially sighted users better library supports under the 1995 Disability Discrimination Act. According to the results, new recommendations were put forward including adding more statistic requirements in multiple aspects.

}, pages = {5-14}, abstract = {

Reports results of a questionnaire survey of UK public library services, undertaken at the end of 1999 by the Library and Information Statistics Unit (LISU), Loughborough University, to benchmark UK practice against international good practice and the recognized standards set out in the Library Association National Guidelines. The study was conducted against the background of the statutory duty of UK public library services to provide for blind and partially sighted users under the 1995 Disability Discrimination Act. The full objectives of the survey were: to build on and extend the findings of the 1997 Royal National Institute for the Blind (RNIB) Survey of public library authorities; to assess progress in UK authorities since the 1997 Survey; to assess developments in the new unitary authorities; to monitor the progress of public library services against the Library Association\&$\#$39;s Guidelines; and to place particular emphasis upon measuring service to users and the integration of public library services with those of other agencies. Data were gathered from 141 UK public library authorities (67.79\% response rate). Presents a number of recommendations, highlighting the actions required to ensure greater equity of provision and to bring UK services up to a common high standard in this area, covering: policy statements; budgetary provision; staffing; partnerships; service evaluation; materials provision; equipment; provision and access; and promotion.

}, doi = {10.1177/096100060103300102}, url = {http://lis.sagepub.com/content/33/1/5}, author = {Margaret Kinnell and Claire Creaser} } @proceedings {3072, title = {The Travails of Visually Impaired Web Travellers}, year = {2000}, note = {This article examined the issue of web accessibility in terms of travel and mobility. It attempts to identify the aid and the obstables for travel for visually impaired users.}, pages = {1-10}, abstract = {This paper proposes the inclusion of travel and mobility in the usability metrics of web design. Hypertext design and usability has traditionally concentrated upon navigation and/or orientation. The notion of travel extends navigation and orientation to include environment, mobility and the purpose of the travel task. The presence of travel aids are important for all users, but particularly so for those with a visual impairment. This paper presents the ground work for including travel into web design and usability metrics by presenting a framework for identifying travel objects and registering them as either cues to aid travel or obstacles that hinder travel for visually impaired users. The aim is to maximise cues and minimise obstacles to give high mobility as measured by the mobility index. This framework is based upon a model of real world travel by both sighted and visually impaired people, where travel objects are used for orientation, navigation, route planning and survey knowledge. Knowledge of the differences in travel between visually impaired and sighted people will enable the model to be used in assisting the design of better user agents and web content for visually impaired and other users.}, keywords = {hypertext, mobile technology, navigation, usability, visual disability, web}, isbn = {1581132271}, doi = {10.1145/336296.336304}, author = {Carole Goble and Simon Harper and Stevens, Robert} } @proceedings {3002, title = {Usability Testing with Screen Reading Technology in a Windows Environment}, year = {2000}, note = {

This study aims to examine the interactions between blind people and their uses of graphical user interface. The study identified a number of significant obstables that participants would be faced with when they use the screen reader.

}, pages = {102-109}, abstract = {

Ever since applications with graphical user interfaces were introduced, individuals who are blind have experienced great difficulty accessing these applications. The quality of access provided through a combination of screen reading software and speech synthesizer is greatly dependent on the design of the mainstream application interface. In attempt to better understand the access strategies employed by users of screen readers, this study was designed to (a) examine the interaction between users of screen reading technology and graphical user interface (GUI) elements and (b) to identify the type and significance of obstacles encountered during these interactions. Fifty-eight unique obstacles encountered by participants were identified. These obstacles were encountered by the thirteen participants a total 534 times. Although many obstacles lead to minor delays, the cumulative effect of these obstacles was to significantly delay, and in many cases, prevent task completion.

}, keywords = {assistive technology, blind, disability, Programming and programming languages}, isbn = {1581133146}, doi = {10.1145/355460.355543}, url = {http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=355460.355543}, author = {Kitch Barnicle} } @article {3236, title = {Perspectives on the Americans with Disabilities Act: Accessibility of Academic Libraries to Visually Impaired Patrons}, journal = {Journal of Academic Librarianship}, volume = {22}, year = {1996}, note = {The article was written under the background of the enactment of Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) in 1992. Using examples and explanations, it illustrates the Tittle I, Title III and the Tittle IV of the ADA.}, pages = {366-370}, abstract = {This article reviews the recent history of academic libraries{\textquoteright} responses to the needs of visually impaired patrons and offers suggestions to ease the impact of libraries{\textquoteright} enforcement of the Americans with Disabilities Act. {\textcopyright}1996 JAL Press Inc. All rights of reproduction in any form reserved.}, issn = {0099-1333}, doi = {10.1016/S0099-1333(96)90086-5}, author = {Wilhelmus, David W.} } @article {3251, title = {Accessibility of academic library web sites in North America: Current status and trends (2002-2012)}, abstract = {

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to present longitudinal data on the accessibility of 56 North American academic library web sites, as well as insights into the connection between accessibility and certain design methods and technologies. Design/methodology/approach: Bobby 3.1.1 was used to evaluate compliance with the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 1.0. Also studied were the main method of page layout (CSS versus HTML tables), whether a content management system was used, and whether skip-navigation links were employed. Findings: The percentage of Bobby-approved pages has remained consistent around 60 per cent in 2010 and 2012. However, the percentage of errors per page, a metric more sensitive to the pervasiveness of accessibility barriers, has steadily and significantly decreased. Sites whose layouts are built with cascading style sheets have fewer errors per page than those that use tables for layout. Sites that use a CMS have considerably higher percentages of approved pages and fewer errors per page than sites that are not built with a CMS. Research limitations/implications: The principal tool used, Bobby 3.1.1, is capable of detecting only a subset of accessible design principles. Future studies should examine compliance with the newer WCAG 2.0 guidelines. Practical implications: The use of a content management system may have a positive impact on accessibility. While this study reveals some promising trends, more education and continued advocacy is needed to increase web accessibility at libraries. Originality/value: This is the only study that provides up-to-date trend information about the accessibility of a broader set of academic library web sites (a set not limited to one state) over an extended time period. It is also the only accessibility study comparing academic library web sites that use a content management system to those that do not. \© Emerald Group Publishing Limited.

}, keywords = {academic libraries}, issn = {0737-8831}, url = {https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/07378831311303903/full/html}, author = {Comeaux D and Schmetzke A} }