@article {3231, title = {Universal Design for Learning (UDL) in the Academic Library: A Methodology for Mapping Multiple Means of Representation in Library Tutorials}, journal = {College \& Research Libraries}, volume = {76}, year = {2015}, note = {In this study, librarians at East Carolina University (ECU) incorporated Universal Design for Learning (UDL) elements in an existing biology LibGuide and transformed it into an online tutorial. Before the tutorial experiment, biology professors answered an informal survey asking about their opinions of the importance of specific research skills. Based on this survey and the relevant information literacy standards, as well as assignments in two basic biology courses, researchers developed the new tutorial. Specifically, it consists of four formats: audio, visual, kinesthetic, and text. Learning disabled students recruited through Project STEPP were invited to use the tutorial. After interacting with the tutorial online, they were invited to complete a 35-40-minite task. The result showed that the four students had different learning preferences in terms of learning format preferences, learning strategies preferences and best time to study preferences. The tutorial showed a fairly positive result. Participants rated an average of 7 to 8 on a scale from 1 to 10 for engagement with teaching the subject matter. They also agreed that the tutorial{\textquoteright}s navigation was made easier by the inclusion of the top tabs.}, pages = {537-553}, abstract = {Librarians designed a biology tutorial not only to address an assignment, but also to make tutorials more accessible to students with various learning styles. The Science Librarian created the content by using aspects of the Information Literacy Standards for Science and Technology/Engineering, an informal survey of biology faculty, and assignments for the biology labs. The Instructional Design Librarian created multiple modules that engaged users through text, images, audio, and interactive tutorials. The researchers used Universal Design for Learning principles to address multiple learning styles, specifically multiple means of representation, and created a mapping technique for those principles that can be applied to any library tutorial. To assess the effectiveness, students with learning disabilities completed a usability test on the tutorial. ibrarians at East Carolina University (ECU) revised an existing biology LibGuide to incorporate Universal Design for Learning (UDL) elements and transform it into an online tutorial. UDL is an educational framework for creating instruction that allows for inclusion of many different types of learning preferences into the targeted curriculum. The Science Librarian at Joyner Library serves as a liaison to not only science-related fields, but also Project STEPP, an innovative grant-based college retention program for undergraduate students with multiple learning disabilities. This unique combination of duties became the basis for a project to improve a Biology 1051/1101 tutorial with the Instructional Design Librarian at Joyner Library to include UDL. BIOL 1051/1101 is a lab course that counts as a required course for all students entering the science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields and a general education science credit for non-STEM majors. On average, BIOL 1051 has 15{\textendash}20 sections per semester with 45{\textendash}50 students per section. BIOL 1101 has 15{\textendash}17 sections per semester with 45{\textendash}48 students per section. Both lab classes Attribution-NonCommercial (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by-nc/3.0/) CC BY-NC }, keywords = {learning disabilities, universal design}, issn = {0010-0870}, doi = {10.5860/crl.76.4.537}, url = {http://crl.acrl.org/content/76/4/537.full.pdf}, author = {Webb, Katy Kavanagh and Jeanne Hoover} } @article {3171, title = {Universal design, inclusive design, accessible design, design for all: different concepts {\textemdash} one goal? On the concept of accessibility {\textemdash} historical, methodological and philosophical aspects}, journal = {Universal Access in the Information Society}, volume = {14}, year = {2015}, note = {

The article discusses the concept of accessibility from methodological, historical and philosophical perspectives. It aims to articulate different explication of the concept across various cultures and systems.

}, pages = {505-526}, abstract = {

Accessibility and equal opportunities for all in the digital age have become increasingly important over the last decade. In one form or another, the concept of accessibility is being considered to a greater or smaller extent in most projects that develop interactive systems. However, the concept varies among different professions, cultures and interest groups. Design for all, universal access and inclusive design are all different names of approaches that largely focus on increasing the accessibility of the interactive system for the widest possible range of use. But, in what way do all these concepts differ and what is the underlying philosophy in all of these concepts? This paper aims at investigating the various concepts used for accessibility, its methodological and historical development and some philosophical aspects of the concept. It can be concluded that there is little or no consensus regarding the definition and use of the concept, and consequently, there is a risk of bringing less accessibility to the target audience. Particularly in international standardization the lack of consensus is striking. Based on this discussion, the authors argue for a much more thorough definition of the concept and discuss what effects it may have on measurability, conformance with standards and the overall usability for the widest possible range of target users.

}, keywords = {Accessibility, disability, universal design, usability}, isbn = {1020901403}, doi = {10.1007/s10209-014-0358-z}, author = {Persson, Hans and {\r A}hman, Henrik and Yngling, Alexander Arvei and Jan Gulliksen} } @article {2917, title = {Utah Accessible Tutorials: Creating a collaborative project between a public and academic library}, journal = {Collaborative Librarianship}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, note = {This article described a project aimed at collaboration in libraries to improve library accessibility. Benefits, challenges and recommendations were highlighted in the article, so that in the future, other libraries could learn from this project and seek for opportunities of such collaboration as well.}, pages = {79-83}, abstract = {This article describes collaboration between a research librarian and application developer at the University of Utah with a teen services librarian at Salt Lake County Libraries. Our group came together as part of the Innovative Librarians Explore, Apply, and Discover-Utah (ILEAD Utah) program. We discuss how we worked together to create and develop a project, the opportunities and difficulties we faced, and offer suggestions for how to build similar partnerships successfully.}, author = {Rogers-Whitehead, Carrie and Rutledge, Lorelei and Reed, Jacob} } @book {2923, title = {Useful, usable, desirable : Applying user experience design to your library}, year = {2014}, note = {This book introduced and discussed not only physical library user experience but online aspects as well. Specifically, libririans should pay attentions to some chapters about how to improve website content and designs, how to train library staff to provide better customer service, so on and so forth. In generally, librarians should be able to learn from this book from different perspectives, in particular how to make libraries more accessible to the public.}, publisher = {American Library Association}, organization = {American Library Association}, author = {Schmidt, Aaron and Amanda Etches} } @article {2978, title = {Using cultural viewpoint metaphors to provide web accessibility for the visually impaired users}, journal = {Procedia Computer Science}, volume = {27}, year = {2014}, note = {

This article introduced an approach called Cultural Viewpoint Metaphors (CVM) to improve web accessibility for users with visual impairment. These users may not be able to understand original online contents, however, through CVM, which translates contents into daily signs, those contents may become easier to interpret. Therefore, the use of metaphors may bring in more available and readable contents visually impaired users in practice.

}, pages = {186-196}, author = {Let{\'\i}cia Seixas Pereira and Simone Bacellar Leal Ferreira and H{\'e}lio Braga and Luciana Cardoso de Castro Salgado and Ricardo Rodrigues Nunes} } @article {2921, title = {Using Google search appliance (GSA) to search digital library collections: A case study of the INIS collection search}, journal = {Grey Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2014}, note = {This article discussed the applicability of using Google search appliance (GSA) to search digital library collections. According to the result, it was not easy to use such an approach, however, it should be a good alternative to attract more readers and expand library accessibility. Librarians could consider trying GSA in future practices to explore how well it would fit to specific situations.}, pages = {123-132}, abstract = {Google Search has established a new standard for information retrieval which did not exist with previous generations of library search facilities. The INIS hosts one of the world\'s largest collections of published information on the peaceful uses of nuclear science and technology. It offers on-line access to a unique collection of 3.7 million bibliographic records and 483,000 full texts of non-conventional (grey) literature. This large digital library collection suffered from most of the well-known shortcomings of the classic library catalogue. Searching was complex and complicated, it required training in Boolean logic, full-text searching was not an option, and response time was slow. An opportune moment to improve the system came with the retirement of the previous catalogue software and the adoption of GSA as an organization-wide search engine standard. INIS was quick to realize the potential of using such a well-known application to replace its on-line catalogue. This paper presents the advantages and disadvantages encountered during three years of GSA use. Based on specific INIS-based practice and experience, this paper also offers some guidelines on ways to improve classic collections of millions of bibliographic and full-text documents, while reaping multiple benefits, such as increased use, accessibility, usability, expandability and improving user search and retrieval experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]}, issn = {15741796}, doi = {10.4403/jlis.it-10071.Web}, author = {Dobrica Savi{\'c}} } @article {2922, title = {Using new technology to comply with ADA assistive listening requirements}, journal = {Public Library Quarterly}, volume = {33}, year = {2014}, note = {This article introduced some new assistive listening technologies that libraries could use to engage more individuals with hearing disabililites. It should be beneficial for libraries to accommondate such tools so that more people could have access to all kinds of library materials regardless of listening barriers.}, pages = {131-144}, doi = {10.1080/01616846.2014.910724}, author = {Schaeffer, Cory} } @article {3035, title = {Understanding gender inequality in central e-government : A Korean case study}, journal = {Government Information Quarterly}, volume = {30}, year = {2013}, note = {This study examined gender inequality in using the Korean central government website in 2010. Participants{\textquoteright} real time Internet surfing was recorded by the clickstream data. As a result, 8458 participants{\textquoteright} online activities records were obtained. Results showed that males had more time spent on e-government surfing as well as daily visits. However, this became insignificant when family characteristics and socio-economic status were controlled. Looking at different categories of e-government websites, results showed that more females logged on to the government websites that were characterized as social and cultural affairs whereas more males logged on to public administrative affairs websites. Additionally, when examining different socioeconomic characteristics, some of them exerted significant impact on the e-government usage.}, pages = {300-309}, publisher = {Elsevier Inc.}, abstract = {In this study, we examine gender inequality in the use of the Korean central government website in 2010. Adapting the digital divide and the gender differentiation hypothesis, we analyze e-government users and the determinants of their demand for e-government websites. Specifically, after controlling for socio-economic factors and family characteristics as demand determinants, we test whether gender inequality in e-government access and usage persists across central government units that provide differentiated public services. Our regression results indicate (i) no persistent gender inequality, supporting the gender differentiation hypothesis, and (ii) the importance of family characteristics as a determinant of demands for e-government websites. However, we also find a persistent divide in access to and usage of central e-government services by education and occupation, which deserves more attention and further research.}, keywords = {data, gender, Socioeconomic factors, Web accessibility}, doi = {10.1016/j.giq.2013.01.003}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2013.01.003}, author = {Yeon-tae Choi and Park, Sangin} } @article {3036, title = {User requirements of social media for the elderly: a case study in Taiwan}, journal = {Behaviour \& Information Technology}, volume = {32}, year = {2013}, note = {

Although the Internet, and especially social media, has been dominated by young users, data has shown that increasing elderly people are adopting new technologies. Based on the idea that it is not the elderly\&$\#$39;s age but the utilisation process and the interface that impede the older people\&$\#$39;s use of new technologies, the study investigated how Facebook\&$\#$39;s interface design is elderly-friendly with a sample from Taiwan.

}, pages = {920-937}, abstract = {

Numerous researchers have proposed website design norms that are suitable for the elderly. However, in the design of community platforms, elderly users were not considered in social media usage. Young and middle-aged people are the main targets in several social media platforms. To coordinate the digital lives of elderly users, the emphasis in this study was to determine the problems and to search for solutions. The real requirements and proper solutions for the elderly were integrated by analysing possible factors. This study is an anthropological user centred approach, to explore the verbal behaviour of senior citizens while they accessed Facebook. Facebook, which is a social media platform with a multilingual language interface, is currently used worldwide and served the purpose of an experimental base for this research. By determining the user environments that are suitable for the elderly, including web page accessibility, interface design and real social life transformation, this article proposes the factors for a social media website, the factors for the elderly to use social media platforms, a social media platform design that can be easily used by the elderly and design factors suitable for the elderly.

}, keywords = {older adults, universal design, usability}, issn = {0144-929X}, doi = {10.1080/0144929X.2012.681068}, url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0144929X.2012.681068}, author = {Wen Huei Chou and Yu-Ting Lai and Kuang-Hsia Liu} } @proceedings {2843, title = {Using Simultaneous Audio Sources to Speed-Up Blind People{\textquoteright}s Web Scanning}, year = {2013}, note = {This short article used the Cocktail Party effect to illustrate the prominence of presenting multiple simultaneous sound sources for people with visual disabilities when they are scanning web contents. Similar ideas have been applied to audio books, thus what this article proposed should be taken into consideration when designing wbesties for visually impaired users. In this way, probably they could have access to more accessible webistes.}, abstract = {Sighted users are able to sift through a website quickly to find their information of interest. In contrast, screen readers present the information sequentially to blind users, which contrast with the visual presentation on screen that portrays more information at once. We believe that blind users will benefit from multiple simultaneous sound sources while scanning websites with several information items, in order to find their information of interest faster.}, doi = {Cocktail Party Effect, Information Overload, Web Accessibility, Multiple Audio Sources, Spatial Sound, Speech Perception , Scanning, Skimming, Blind People}, author = {Jo{\~a}o Guerreiro} } @proceedings {2971, title = {Understanding web accessibility and its drivers}, year = {2012}, note = {

This article analyzed several elements that drive people to understand web accessibility issues. And their findings suggest that some contributing factors, such as economic revenues and search engine optimization, had been overlooked and should be paid attention to in the future practice. Also, this article justified the benfits of encouraging peoiple to engage in web accessibility development, and pointed out the probability of reaching a consensus with respect to web accessibility defintion among developers as well as users.

}, abstract = {

Access is what the web is \‘about\’, it is the motivation behind its creation, and it is the rationale behind HTML. The desire to provide all users at CERN with the ability to access all documents was Tim Berners-Lee\’s primary goal, and this goal must also be carried through to equal access for all users. But this equality of access \– accessibility \– is difficult to quantify, define, or agree upon. In a constantly evolving field, understanding each other can be tricky; indeed, there are many different definitions in the literature, all with a different perspective. This makes it difficult for our community to interact, reach agreement, or share understanding. What is more, it makes it very difficult for those outside the web accessibility community to understand, plan, budget, enact policy, or conform to accessibility requirements and legislation when the community itself has so many, in some cases, conflicting definitions. We asked over 300 people, with an interest in accessibility, to discuss their views and definitions in an attempt to harmonise our understanding and support the expectations of users outside the community. We find that misunderstanding accessibility definitions, language, and terms might cause tension between different groups. That social, and not economic, aspects drive our perspectives of accessibility, and that definitions used by standards and regulatory bodies are most accepted - not those of individual experts. Forcing accessibility adoption does not encourage the acceptance of an accessibility ethos, but providing empirical evidence that accessibility benefits all, does. Finally, realistic and concise language was preferred when attempting to communicate, or define accessibility.

}, keywords = {Accessibility, usability, web}, author = {Yesilada, Yeliz and Giorgio Brajnik and Vigo, Markel and Simon Harper} } @article {3020, title = {The uptake of Web 2.0 technologies, and its impact on visually disabled users}, journal = {Universal Access in the Information Society}, volume = {11}, year = {2012}, note = {

This paper focused both on the developer\&$\#$39;s perspective and on the user\&$\#$39;s perspective on the dynamic updates accessibility. For the former group, it introduced technologies employed to implement dynamic Web pages and did a research on how often different technologies, such as JavaScript, Flash, and XMLHttpRequest, were used. For the latter group, the study investigated which technologies were favored by the visually impaired people in the UK and found that IE and JAWS were favourites.

}, pages = {185-199}, abstract = {

World Wide Web (Web) documents, once delivered in a form that remained constant whilst viewed, are now often dynamic, with sections of a page able to change independently, either automatically or as a result of user interaction. In order to make these updates, and hence their host pages, accessible, it is necessary to detect when the update occurs and how it has changed the page, before determining how, when and what to present to the user. This can only be achieved with an understanding of both the technologies used to achieve dynamic updates and the human factors influencing how people use them. After proposing a user-centred classification of dynamic updates, this paper surveys the current state of technology from two perspectives: that of the developer, and those of visually disabled users. For the former group, the paper introduces some of the technologies that are currently available for implementing dynamic Web pages, before reporting on the results of experiments analysing current and historical Web pages to determine the extent of use of these technologies \‘in the wild\’ and the trends in their uptake. The analysis shows that for the most popular 500 sites, JavaScript is used in 93\%, Flash in 27\% and about one-third (30\%) use XMLHttpRequest, a technology used to generate dynamic updates. Uptake of XMLHttpRequest is approximately 2.3\% per year across a random selection of 500 sites and is probably higher in the most popular sites. When examining dynamic updates from the perspective of visually disabled users, first an investigation is reported into which technologies (Web Browser and assistive technologies) are currently used by this group in the UK: Internet Explorer and JAWS are clear favourites. Then, the paper describes the results of an experiment, and supporting anecdotal evidence, which suggests that, at best, most users can currently reach updated content, but they must do so manually, and are rarely given any indication that any update has occurred. With technologies enabling dynamic updating of content currently deployed in about 30\% of the most popular sites, and increasing annually, action is urgently required if visually disabled users are to be able to use the Web. The paper concludes by discussing some of the issues involved in making these updates accessible.

}, keywords = {assistive technology, Dynamic content, visually impaired, Web accessibility}, issn = {1615-5289}, doi = {10.1007/s10209-011-0251-y}, author = {Andy Brown and Caroline Jay and Alex Q. Chen and Simon Harper} } @article {3244, title = {A usability analysis of municipal government website home pages in Alabama}, journal = {Government Information Quarterly}, volume = {29}, year = {2012}, note = {This study examined the municipal e-government websites in Alabama and compared thier usability scores and population, and usability and per capita income. Results showed no significant correlation between usability scores and population or between usability scores and per capita income. Instead, a number of problems concerning municipal government websites were identified.}, pages = {582-588}, publisher = {Elsevier Inc.}, abstract = {This study uses e-government and corporate usability benchmarks to compare municipal government websites in Alabama and examine correlations between usability scores and population, as well as usability scores and per capita income. E-government in Alabama is on the rise. At the state level, in 2008, Alabama ranked in the top 10 states in e-government after three years of being in the bottom three. Improvements in state-level e-government have not, however, necessarily trickled down to the municipal level, and this study found no correlation between usability and a municipality{\textquoteright}s population or per capita income. Indeed, the study reveals substantial problems with municipal website usability, including accessibility; such problems could erode the web credibility of municipalities trying to engage citizens, to create or strengthen sustainable practices, and to attract companies that can bring new jobs and improve the local economy. {\textcopyright}2012 Elsevier Inc.}, keywords = {Accessibility, usability, Web credibility}, isbn = {9781612847801}, doi = {10.1016/j.giq.2011.12.010}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2011.12.010}, author = {Youngblood, Norman E. and Jo MacKiewicz} } @article {3130, title = {Ubiquitous library usability test for the improvement of information access for the blind}, journal = {The Electronic Library}, volume = {27}, year = {2009}, note = {This study conducted an online survey and in-depth interviews to explore a better plan to improve information accessibility for the blind through the usability test of the service being made by the LG DTB Library. It finds several problems that the participant pointed out. It also indicated that mobile phone applications were welcomed by the blind.}, pages = {623-639}, abstract = {Purpose - Usability tests to improve information accessibility for the blind have rarely been carried out. Recently, the LG Digital Talking Book (LG DTB) Library has developed a ubiquitous service, which provides the blind with library service anytime, anywhere, using mobile phones with the automated library access procedure. The main purpose of this paper is to draw up a better plan to improve information accessibility for the blind through the usability test of the service being made by the LG DTB Library. Design/methodology/approach - An online survey and in-depth interviews are conducted among the blind, and usage statistics analysis of the Digital Talking Book Library services and web server log analysis are carried out together for the usability test. Findings - The blind respondents answer that late updates of new publications, unbalanced subject areas, and lack of educational contents are the most serious problems in reality. The paper also showed that handy-to-carry informati}, keywords = {aids for the disabled, blind, digital libraries, library, mobile technology, visually impaired}, issn = {0264-0473}, doi = {10.1108/02640470910979589}, author = {Seung-Jin Kwak and Kyung-Jae Bae} } @article {3180, title = {Using a CMS to Create Fully Accessible Web Sites}, journal = {Journal of Access Services}, volume = {6}, year = {2009}, note = {This article is an introduction of Edimaster Plus by Netic Hypermedia Inc.{\textquoteright}s content management system that could support the highest Web accessibility standards.}, pages = {261-264}, abstract = {A content management system (CMS) can facilitate the creation of fully accessible Web sites for people with disabilities. Edimaster Plus{\texttrademark} by Netic Hypermedia Inc. developed a content management system that supports the highest Web accessibility standards. Edimaster Plus{\texttrademark} proposes dynamic content management and search function tools adapted to different users, as well as a wide range of other tools, such as mobile devices, offering advanced functions of text, image, forms, and data table editing.}, keywords = {Web accessibility}, doi = {10.1080/15367960802305896}, url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15367960802305896}, author = {Rainville-Pitt, S{\'e}bastien and Jean-Marie D{\textquoteright}amour} } @article {2979, title = {The Use of Guidelines to Automatically Verify Web Accessibility}, journal = {Universal Access in the Information Society}, volume = {3}, year = {2004}, note = {

This paper presents a web accessibility check tool \— EvalIris \— developed to automatically check the accessibility of Websites. This tool could change according to the guidelines of web accessibility updated.

}, pages = {71-79}, abstract = {

Accessibility is one of the key challenges that the Internet must currently face to guarantee universal inclusion. Accessible Web design requires knowledge and experience from the designer, who can be assisted by the use of broadly accepted guidelines. Nevertheless, guideline application may not be obvious, and many designers may lack experience to use them. The difficulty increases because, as the research on accessibility is progressing, existing sets of guidelines are updated and new sets are proposed by diverse institutions. Therefore, the availability of tools to evaluate accessibility, and eventually repair the detected bugs, is crucial. This paper presents a tool \— EvalIris \— developed to automatically check the accessibility of Websites using sets of guidelines that, by means of a well-defined XML structure, can be easily replaced or updated

}, keywords = {Automated evaluation, universal design, Web accessibility, Web services}, isbn = {3494321930}, doi = {10.1007/s10209-003-0069-3}, author = {Julio Abascal and Myriam Arrue and Inmaculada Fajardo and Nestor Garay and Tom{\'a}s, Jorge} } @proceedings {3002, title = {Usability Testing with Screen Reading Technology in a Windows Environment}, year = {2000}, note = {

This study aims to examine the interactions between blind people and their uses of graphical user interface. The study identified a number of significant obstables that participants would be faced with when they use the screen reader.

}, pages = {102-109}, abstract = {

Ever since applications with graphical user interfaces were introduced, individuals who are blind have experienced great difficulty accessing these applications. The quality of access provided through a combination of screen reading software and speech synthesizer is greatly dependent on the design of the mainstream application interface. In attempt to better understand the access strategies employed by users of screen readers, this study was designed to (a) examine the interaction between users of screen reading technology and graphical user interface (GUI) elements and (b) to identify the type and significance of obstacles encountered during these interactions. Fifty-eight unique obstacles encountered by participants were identified. These obstacles were encountered by the thirteen participants a total 534 times. Although many obstacles lead to minor delays, the cumulative effect of these obstacles was to significantly delay, and in many cases, prevent task completion.

}, keywords = {assistive technology, blind, disability, Programming and programming languages}, isbn = {1581133146}, doi = {10.1145/355460.355543}, url = {http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=355460.355543}, author = {Kitch Barnicle} }