@article{208,
  keywords = {fish, duck, common carp, ancient agriculture, freshwater ponds, seawater ponds, marine, brackish, brackish-water, loko, loko pu'uone, loko kuapa, makaha, integrated farming},
  author = {Barry A. Costa-Pierce},
  title = {Aquaculture in ancient Hawaii: Integrated farming systems included massive freshwater and seawater fish ponds},
  abstract = {<p>A combination of food-producing technologies is required to support a large human population where there is a limited amount of arable land. Today integrated farming systems--combining agriculture, aquaculture, animal husbandry, and waste treatment technologies--are in use in South and Southern Asia and China, as well as in Eastern Europe and the Middle East. (author)</p><p>This paper includes a brief history of aquaculture as it developed throughout the world. It includes sections on: socio-cultural systems of ancient Hawaii in regard to the development of the expansive aquaculture-agriculture networks; integration of ancient fishponds and &quot;traps&quot; into taro agriculture; and the historical relevance of ancient Hawaiian aquaculture to aquaculture in other parts of the world.</p>},
  year = {1987},
  journal = {BioScience},
  volume = {37},
  pages = {320-331},
  month = {05/1987},
  url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/1310688},
  doi = {10.2307/1310688},
  language = {English},
}