TY - SER
KW - coconuts
KW - Carica papaya
KW - Artocarpus altilis
KW - Bischofia javanica
KW - Mangifera indica
KW - pandanus spp.
KW - Morinda citrifolia
KW - Ponetia pinnata
KW - Incoarpus fagifer
KW - Citrus fagifer
KW - Citrus sinensis
KW - Aeurites moluccana
KW - Atocarpus altilis
KW - Bishogia javanica
KW - Magfera indica
KW - mechanization
KW - smallholders
KW - South Pacific
AU - Wieland Künzel
AB - Tongan agriculture is based on the intercropping of a number of annual and perennial crops. A lower stratum which is characterised by mixed and staggered planting is tightly integrated with a dense stand of trees, bananas and coconuts. Ecological stability and the production of a wide variety of outputs are both secured by such an agroforestry system. Mechanisation, cash cropping and the beginning of a land shortage have started to change traditional land-use patterns in negative ways. A growing number of farmers see their tree crops as obstacles to intensive cash cropping. Regard for ecologically sound farming practices, which were followed by custom rather than by understanding, is falling away. A combination of modern and traditional farming practices could lead to higher returns with sustainable environmental stability. The natural, organisational and educational infrastructures for the evolution of such farming systems in Tonga are excellent. This report examines some of the factors which support and inhibit agroforestry in Tonga, and makes recommendations for further improvements. (author)
This paper is based on an agroforestry survey carried out in Tonga in adjoining villages. Different species were discussed, based on their function and distribution within the communities. Land ownership, ecological effects of agroforestry and tree mangement options were also discussed. 
AN - 91-01781; 91-02084
BT - South Pacific Smallholder Project Occasional Paper no. 12
CY - Armidale, NSW
DA - 01/1989
DB - Open WorldCat
LA - English
N2 - Tongan agriculture is based on the intercropping of a number of annual and perennial crops. A lower stratum which is characterised by mixed and staggered planting is tightly integrated with a dense stand of trees, bananas and coconuts. Ecological stability and the production of a wide variety of outputs are both secured by such an agroforestry system. Mechanisation, cash cropping and the beginning of a land shortage have started to change traditional land-use patterns in negative ways. A growing number of farmers see their tree crops as obstacles to intensive cash cropping. Regard for ecologically sound farming practices, which were followed by custom rather than by understanding, is falling away. A combination of modern and traditional farming practices could lead to higher returns with sustainable environmental stability. The natural, organisational and educational infrastructures for the evolution of such farming systems in Tonga are excellent. This report examines some of the factors which support and inhibit agroforestry in Tonga, and makes recommendations for further improvements. (author)
This paper is based on an agroforestry survey carried out in Tonga in adjoining villages. Different species were discussed, based on their function and distribution within the communities. Land ownership, ecological effects of agroforestry and tree mangement options were also discussed. 
PB - University of New England; South Pacific Smallholder Project
PP - Armidale, NSW
PY - 1989
SN - 0-85834-823-3; 978-0-85834-823-3
EP - 58
ST - Agroforestry in Tonga
T2 - South Pacific Smallholder Project Occasional Paper no. 12
TI - Agroforestry in Tonga: A traditional source for development of sustainable farming systems
UR - http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/20746333
ER -