@article {812,
	title = {African traditional ecological knowledge: A preliminary investigation of indigenous or traditional ecological knowledge and associated sustainable management practices in Africa and relevance to CIDA{\textquoteright}s environmental policy},
	year = {1986},
	note = {Includes a letter from lalonde to Gerard McKiernan dated May 1991. This may be the outline for a book chapter in "Traditional Ecological Knowledge: Concepts and Cases" edited by Julian T. Inglis.},
	month = {1986},
	institution = {Canadian International Development Agency},
	address = {Wakefield, Quebec},
	abstract = {<p>The Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA), reviewed and synthesized wide ranging literature on \&quot;alternative\&quot; systems of African indigenous peoples\&$\#$39; traditional ecological knowledge (TEK), as revealed by indigenous land-use and renewable resource management practices. International involvement in this area by the UN, the World Bank, and various NGO\&$\#$39;s (IUCN, IIED, etc.), was also investigated to help identify the present scope or practical interest of TEK and possible future directions.</p><p>Main traditional livelihoods and land-use practices which sustainably exploit the ecosystem include sedentary and shifting agriculture, nomadic pastoralism, hunting, fishing, food gathering, rainforest use and limited agro-forestry for food, materials and medicines, etc. This is demonstrated, where possible with case-studies involving the following regions of African tribal groups: Kenya - Maasai; Tanzania - Pare; Zaramo, Luguru; Niger - Fulani; and the San of the Kalahari, etc. The report also investigated the nature or ambiguity between indigenous and post-colonial \&quot;traditional\&quot; practices of rural Africa and the constraints or challenges this poses to the current transmission and respect for TEK among indigenous Africans and development planners alike.</p>},
	keywords = {Africa, agroforestry, Canada, deforestation, desertification, education, ethnoconservation, ethnopharmacology},
	author = {Andre Lalonde}
}
