@inbook {882, title = {Indigenous knowledge and resource management systems in the Canadian subarctic}, booktitle = {Linking social and ecological systems: management practices and social mechanisms for building resilience}, year = {2000}, note = {CIKARD paper is from a workshop on Linking Social and Ecological Systems for Resilience and Sustainability. Beijer International Institute of Ecological Economics, Stockholm Sweden. Draft, August 1994}, month = {2000}, pages = {95-128}, abstract = {The Cree Amerindians of subarctic Canada lived as a group of hunter-gatherers. The social systems of the Cree and the ecological systems they have depended upon have survived for a long time. The paper explores possible mechanisms (local knowledge, resource management practices, institutions, worldview) that enabled this survival, and the ways in which these mechanisms may have evolved.}, keywords = {aquatic resources, Cree Indians, ecology, wildlife }, url = {https://worldcat.org/en/title/36470157}, author = {Fikret Berkes}, editor = {Fikret Berkes and Carl Folke and Johan Colding (assistant Ed.)} } @inbook {877, title = {Indigenous African resource management of a tropical rain forest ecosystem: A case study of the Yoruba of Ara, Nigeria}, booktitle = {Linking social and ecological systems: management practices and social mechanisms for building resilience}, year = {1998}, note = {

Paper originally presented by D. Michael Warren at Property Rights and the Performance of Natural Resource Systems: Social and Ecological Systems for Resilience and Sustainability August 29-30, 1994. The Beijier International Institute of Ecological Economics, The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm Sweden

}, month = {March 1998}, pages = {158-189}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, organization = {Cambridge University Press}, address = {New York}, abstract = {In his introduction, Dr. Warren defines the term "indigenous knowledge." He says that indigenous knowledge is a type of decision-making system. He calls for understanding and conserving natural resources. He states that "every community has the capacity to deal with its problems." He bases his study on a Yoruba state in the tropical rainforest in southwest Nigeria. The study also shows the way the community uses indigenous knowledge for decision-making processes and the utilization of the resources. There is a description of Ara, the changing land use, and the indigenous knowledge of biodiversity in Ara followed by his conclusions.}, keywords = {aafin Alara, agroforestry, cola acuminata, cola nitida, cultural diversity, ecosystem management, gari, Ghaga River, human ecology, ICRAF, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, molebi, Odo-Igbo River, rainforests, social ecology, social systems, sustainable development, USAID, West Africa Multipurpose Tree Project}, isbn = {0-521-59140-6; 978-0-521-59140-9}, url = {https://www.worldcat.org/title/36470157}, author = {D. Michael Warren and Jennifer Pinkston}, editor = {Fikret Berkes and Carl Folke} } @inbook {887, title = {Integrated management of a temperate montane rainforest ecosystem through wholistic forestry: A British Columbian example}, booktitle = {Linking social and ecological systems: management practices and social mechanisms for building resilience}, year = {1998}, note = {

CIKARD copy is a draft outline of a paper prepared for the Beijer Institute of Ecological Economics, Stockholm Project \"Social and Ecological System Linkages\" and later published in Linking social and ecological systems.

}, month = {1998}, pages = {363-389}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, organization = {Cambridge University Press}, address = {New York}, abstract = {Evelyn Pinkerton identifies the problem of logging in the temperate rainforest of the Pacific Northwest, British Columbia, and Southeast Asia. She identifies the political and scientific dimensions of the problem. She discusses the limits of the wildlife and timber and what the research uncovered. She identified the term "new forestry." She lists and describes two other types of forestry: Wholistic and Gitksan Wholistic Forestry. She discusses the detail and economics of both types. She also includes five different pie charts with a brief definition for each.}, keywords = {ecosystem resilience, rainforests, riparian zone, transition zone}, isbn = {0-521-59140-6}, url = {https://www.worldcat.org/title/36470157}, author = {Evelyn Pinkerton}, editor = {Fikret Berkes and Carl Folke} } @inbook {931, title = {Using indigenous organizations from West Kalimantan}, booktitle = {Indigenous organizations and development}, series = {IT studies in indigenous knowledge and development}, year = {1996}, note = {

CIKARD copy is a draft of this book chapter;

Book preface by Norman Thomas Uphoff

}, month = {1996}, pages = {228-238}, publisher = {Intermediate Technology Publications [Practical Action Publishing]}, organization = {Intermediate Technology Publications [Practical Action Publishing]}, address = {London}, abstract = {This document details the cooperative interactions of a conservation project with local people and their organizations. The project took place in the Danau Sentarum Wildlife Reserve in West Kalimantan, Indonesia where fishing and hunting are the main sources of subsistence.}, keywords = {biodiversity, cooperatives, grassroots organizations, Indonesia}, isbn = {1-85339-321-5; 978-1-85339-321-1}, url = {https://www.worldcat.org/title/34672238}, author = {Carol J. Pierce Colfer and Reed L. Wadley and Enis Widjanarti}, editor = {Peter Blunt and Dennis M. Warren} } @book {398, title = {The cultural dimension of development: Indigenous knowledge systems}, series = {IT Studies in Indigenous Knowledge and Development Series}, year = {1995}, note = {

Wim H.J.C. Dechering, Technical Editor

}, month = {December 1995}, pages = {xviii, 582 pp.}, publisher = {Intermediate Technology Publications Ltd [Practical Action Publishing]}, organization = {Intermediate Technology Publications Ltd [Practical Action Publishing]}, address = {London}, abstract = {This book presents evidence from many countries and sources of the validity and usefulness of indigenous knowledge in the success of development projects. Part I consists of chapters with a focus on indigenous knowledge systems including: Ethnobotanical knowledge systems, Taman Obat Keluarga: Indigenous Indonesian medicine, Neem in Niger, The Lari Soils project in Peru, indigenous soil classificaton in Northern Zambia, Agroforestry in the Central Hills of Nepal, indigenous communication, and International rice research. The chapters in Part II show how indigenous knowledge is used in decision making: Raised Beds and Plant Disease Management, Famine relief in the Horn of Africa, Gender and socioeconomic status in the Philippines as a reflection of decision making in agriculture, Forest Gardens of Highland Sri Lanka, Indigenous decision-making in American agriculture, Indigenous Taxonomies and decision-making of Rice Farmers in South India, Crop Varietal Selection, and Patterns of medical choice among working-class families of Oaxaca, Mexico. Part III focuses on the role that indigenous organizations play in the decision making process in the following examples: Community Forestry Management in Nepal, Natural Resource Management among Pastoralists of Arid and Semi-arid Africa, Balinese Water Temples, Kpelle Farming, and the Niger River Fisheries project. Part IV deals with indigenous experimentation and innovation including: Indigenous horticultural approaches in tropical regions, Farmer Know-how and Communicaton for Technology Transfer in Niger, Duck Farming in Indonesia, Technology off the farm, Design of on- farm experiments in the Philippines, Soil and Water Conservation in Djenne, Mali, Kpelle steelmaking, and Protection of the Agricultural Environment in Eastern Africa. The chapters in Part V describe how different development institutions such as: CIKARD, LEAD, CIRAN, IUCN, IIED, ILEIA, CLADES, UNESCO, NISER, and REPPIKA, are using indigenous knowledge to facilitate the development process. Part VI consists of bibliographical essays on the attention given to indigenous knowledge in the literature of the past decade in the areas of agriculture and rural development and resource management.}, keywords = {Africa, agroforestry, Bali, ethnobotany, ethnoveterinary medicine, Horn of Africa, India, indigenous decision-making systems, indigenous development, indigenous experimentation, indigenous knowledge, indigenous organizations, Indonesia, Kpelle, Mali, Mexico, Nepal, Niger, Nigeria, Peru, Philippines, Sudan, Zambia}, isbn = {1-85339-264-2; 978-1-85339-251-1; eISBN 978-1-78044-473-4}, url = {https://www.worldcat.org/title/257046951}, editor = {D. Michael Warren and L. Jan Slikkerveer and David Brokensha} } @book {313, title = {Designing integrated conservation and development projects}, year = {1995}, month = {1995}, pages = {62}, publisher = {Biodiversity Support Program}, organization = {Biodiversity Support Program}, address = {Washington, DC}, keywords = {biodiversity}, isbn = {978-1-887531-16-0}, url = {https://www.worldcat.org/title/31394540}, author = {Michael Brown and Barbara Wyckoff-Baird} } @inbook {873, title = {Forest gardens of highland Sri Lanka: An indigenous system for reclaiming forest land}, booktitle = {The cultural dimension of development: Indigenous knowledge systems}, year = {1995}, month = {1995}, pages = {174-184}, publisher = {Intermediate Technology Publications Ltd [Practical Action Publishing]}, organization = {Intermediate Technology Publications Ltd [Practical Action Publishing]}, address = {London}, abstract = {

This paper describes initial efforts made to understand farmers\&$\#$39; ecological theory and management of forest garden systems located immediately around owner\&$\#$39;s homes, in a village in highland Sri Lanka. These were studied by the author for 13 months in 1985-86, during which time the structure and composition of the gardens were documented. The gardens are part of a larger farming system which may also include rice paddies, vegetable fields and/or plantation crops (such as tea). The research undertaken was multidisciplinary, and employed a combination of methods from landscape and vegetation ecology and ethnoscience. Different sections of the paper discuss the relevance of forest garden research, the process of understanding the principles of garden management, and ethnoscientific exploration of the farmers\&$\#$39; approach. The results show that the farmers\&$\#$39; classification of compatible and incompatible species in the gardens was commensurate with the pattern predicted by forest successional theory, and that the patchy structure of the gardens could be interpreted as a successional pattern, like gap phase succession, but understood and managed by the farmers, in part, on the basis of compatibility. An appendix lists the perennial species found in the gardens: on average the gardens contained 250 individual woody perennials of 29 species.

[EVERETT from agroforestry, ecology, sustainable agriculture]

Existing agroforestry systems in the tropics may provide valuable insight for sustainable tropical forest management. The basis for understanding such land use lies in the accumulated knowledge of generations of farmers as expressed in the design of their agroforestry systems. The forest gardens of highland Sri Lanka are dense, species-diverse systems. These analogs of natural forests provide their owners with food, fuel, fodder, timber and cash crops, and the native flora and fauna with habitat. The forest gardens have persisted through centuries of socio-political upheaval and economic change, while the natural forests surrounding them have been felled for timber and to make way for large scale plantation agriculture. Natural forest regeneration on abandoned plantations land is hindered by recurring fires during the dry season. Today, in the largely deforested highlands, the villages with their gardens resemble forest islands in a sea of degraded grasslands. The farmers in the traditional villages hold the key to reforestation encoded in the management of forest gardens which are planted in the grassland as villages expand. Principles from the farmers\&$\#$39; knowledge, particularly patterns of vegetation change over time, may also provide insight for reforesting marginal lands with ecologically and economically viable agroforestry systems elsewhere in the highlands of the tropics and for buffer zone management of forest reserves.

}, keywords = {agroforestry, Sri Lanka}, isbn = {1-85339-264-2; 978-1-85339-264-1; eISBN 978-1-78044-473-4}, url = {https://www.worldcat.org/title/59818080}, author = {Yvonne Everett}, editor = {D. Michael Warren and L. Jan Slikkerveer and David Brokensha} } @inbook {902, title = {The Lari Soils Project in Peru - A methodology for combining cognitive and behavioral research}, booktitle = {The cultural dimension of development: Indigenous knowledge systems}, year = {1995}, month = {1995}, pages = {71-81}, publisher = {Intermediate Technology Publications Ltd [Practical Action Publishing]}, organization = {Intermediate Technology Publications Ltd [Practical Action Publishing]}, address = {London}, abstract = {The authors pursue the relationship between cognitive and behavioral aspects of culture. An argument is developed for a methodology that effectively combines conclusions of different researchers to decipher "decision-making frames" of the agriculturalists at Lari. The focus of investigation was native Andean soil classification and management. Almost no data is presented. There is some discussion of the value of expert systems computer programs for modeling "ruled based decision models." Problems are discussed for interdisciplinary fieldwork. Advances in cultural anthropology generally come from one of three directions. First, anthropologists attempt to uncover cognitive aspects of an unfamiliar culture through the analysis of rules, plans, schemes, symbols and categories. Mental patterns may be unconscious and unformulated but capable of being discovered by posing the right questions, or conscious and explicit and the subject of ordinary conversation. Second, the actual events and activities are observed and analyzed in order to discover patterns of behavior. Lastly, mental rules, plans, and values are compared with actual cultural behavior to determine congruences, expections, and the rules for breaking the rules for behavior. Of the three, the relationship between cognitive and behavioral aspects of culture is the most problematic. While one expects some link between what people think they should do and what they actually do, the degree and character of the correspondence between cognitive rules and behavior is the subject of much controversy and may vary depending on cultural sphere or context. This paper presents a methodology for combining cognitive and behavioral research developed during the course of an interdisciplinary investigation of native Andea soil management. It involves teamwork, the construction of rule-based decision models using expert-system computer programs, and formal tests to assess the correspondence between the cognitive and behavioral models.}, keywords = {agricultural techniques, Arequipa, cognition, crop rotation, expert-systems, indigenous decision-making systems, indigenous knowledge, linguistics, methodology, Quechua, soil classification, soil management}, isbn = {1-85339-264-2; 978-1-85339-264-1; eISBN 978-1-78044-473-4}, url = {https://www.worldcat.org/title/257046951}, author = {David Guillet and Louanna Furbee and Jon Sandor and Robert Benfer}, editor = {D. Michael Warren and L. Jan Slikkerveer and David Brokensha} } @article {430, title = {BOS Newsletter}, volume = {13}, year = {1994}, note = {Entire issue}, month = {[1994]}, abstract = {

In this issue:

}, keywords = {AGRICOLA, Brazil, CGIAR, CIFOR, communications, dye, EC, ethnobotany, ethnomedicine, ethnosoil, FAO, GUF, ICRAF, IUCN, legume, Mexico, pedology, Peru, pulses, rattan, taxonomy, TFAP, timber , UNCTAD, vegetables, World Bank, World Conservation Union}, author = {BOS} } @inbook {861, title = {Calcutta: The Mudialy Fishermen{\textquoteright}s Cooperative Society}, booktitle = {The wealth of communities: Stories of success in local environmental management}, year = {1994}, month = {1994}, pages = {1-14}, publisher = {Kumarian Press}, organization = {Kumarian Press}, address = {West Hartford, CT}, abstract = {

The case study presents an account of the processes leading to the reclamation of a vast area of marshland through the combination of indigenous knowledge, and initiative with scientific technical knowledge, by a community of fishermen in Mudialy, a rural community near Calcutta, India.

Sewage and organic waste from the vast population of urban Calcutta is transformed into a nutrient source which is then fed into the marshes for fish farming and vegetable production.

The case study illustrates how indigenous knowledge systems and technical knowledge could be integrated to achieve environmentally sustainable and at the same time economically viable development projects building on community participation.

}, keywords = {aquatic resources, Calcutta, fisherman}, isbn = {1-56549-038-X}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/30567089}, author = {Charlie Pye-Smith and Grazia Borrini Feyerabend and Richard Sandbook}, editor = {Charlie Pye-Smith} } @article {630, title = {Nonsustainable use of renewable resources: Mangrove deforestation and mariculture in Ecuador}, journal = {Marine Resource Economics}, volume = {9}, year = {1994}, note = {4 charts}, month = {Spring 1994}, pages = {1-18}, abstract = {

The paper provides a conceptual model that examines

  1. open-access exploitation and
  2. mangrove deforestation as two potential causes for the scarcity of post-larval shrimp inputs to shrimp mariculture in Ecuador.

Results indicate that conversion of mangrove ecosystems to shrimp ponds may have obtained short-term profit at the expense of long-term productivity. Open-access collection of post-larval shrimp may also have contributed to dwindling stock levels. Specific policy recommendations are presented, and future empirical studies are proposed.

}, keywords = {biotic communities, deforestation, Ecuador, fisheries, mangrove plants, mariculture, renewable natural resources, shrimp}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1086/mre.9.1.42629577}, author = {Peter J. Parks and Manuel Bonifaz} } @article {432, title = {Sustainability}, volume = {13}, year = {1994}, note = {Entire issue}, month = {October 1994}, abstract = {

Contains the following articles:

}, keywords = {Brazil, deforestation, environmental utility space, ethnobotany, Indonesia, international development, medicinal plants, rainforests, reforestation, tropical forests}, author = {BOS} } @article {725, title = {Women and biodiversity}, journal = {Development: Journal of the Society for International Development (English Edition)}, year = {1994}, month = {1994}, pages = {67-71}, abstract = {

Balghis and Amna Badri discuss the important of biodiversity in understanding women\&$\#$39;s role in sustainable livelihoods using the example of Sudan.
The analysis of the links between women\&$\#$39;s issues and biodiversity identifies the following needs:

  1. documentation of women\&$\#$39;s knowledge, skills, and interventions in the interaction with the environment and satisfaction of survival needs;
  2. more research on how women develop skills and knowledge in dealing with survival needs;
  3. training of professional women in these fields and gender sensitizing of men;
  4. key leaders with knowledge about women\&$\#$39;s contributions to development;
  5. respecting women for their thoughtful contribution of knowledge and creative options;
  6. establishing a library resource of women\&$\#$39;s knowledge; and
  7. rewriting the biodiversity convention to account for rural population concerns.

Women\&$\#$39;s contribution to development engenders love for nature, life sustainability mechanisms, diversified skills, knowledge, and creativity. Biodiversity fulfills the basic needs of 40\% of the world economy and 80\% of the needs of the poor. Development has exacerbated poverty over the years, and women\&$\#$39;s groups must direct attention to policy, research, and actions which take into account women\&$\#$39;s issues. The example of Sudan exemplifies how women creatively use and depend upon ecological zones in deserts and savannahs for survival. Sudanese women invented over the past 2000 years 90 different fermented foods and drinks from grains and grew sorghum and millet to make 30 different food products. Creative ways to use dairy, vegetable, and fish products have been developed. Other uses were developed for frogs, locusts, cow urine, and tree products. Wild foods have been found to be nutritious, to cure medical problems, and to create cosmetics. Women\&$\#$39;s role in food production has been marginalized due to women\&$\#$39;s lack of power and low status in society and male researchers and policy makers ignorance of women\&$\#$39;s needs. A gender-focused policy and action plan would engender a grassroots and women\&$\#$39;s participatory approach to conserving biodiversity, small-scale programs that focus on women\&$\#$39;s needs, large-scale programs, if at all, that recognize women\&$\#$39;s needs, and poverty alleviation and food security conventions. Women in industrialized countries could learn more about ways to reduce consumption and to rely on healthier and indigenous methods which may be antithetical to multinational industries.

}, keywords = {biodiversity, Sudan, women{\textquoteright}s groups}, author = {Balghis Badri and Amna Badri} } @conference {757, title = {Biodiversity and African anthropogenic landscapes: Two case studies from Sierra Leone}, booktitle = {Paper presented at Annual Meeting of the U.S. African Studies Association, 4-7 December 1993, Boston}, year = {1993}, month = {1993}, publisher = {[U.S. African Studies Association]}, organization = {[U.S. African Studies Association]}, address = {Boston, MA}, abstract = {This document reviews two case studies of biodiversity in human-affected landscapes in Sierra Leone. Both plant and animal (especially birds) diversity is discussed.}, keywords = {biodiversity, genetic resources, West Africa}, author = {H. Kandeh and S. Bobor and P. Richards} } @article {533, title = {Community-based use of mangrove resources in St. Lucia}, journal = {International Journal of Environmental Studies}, volume = {43}, year = {1993}, month = {1993}, pages = {123-131}, abstract = {The sustainable use of mangrove forests can effectively contribute to their conservation. The experience with an integrated conservation-development project in St. Lucia showed that charcoal producers using mangrove fuelwood resources in a Marine Reserve Area have successfully changed their harvesting practices, reversing a trend of mangrove destruction. The conditions under which this change occurred included strengthening the organization of local users and their resource-use rights, and building a community-based management system, leading to the avoidance of open-access conditions. Surveys of the mangrove, undertaken before and after management intervention, showed that while the mean stand diameter of the fuelwood trees did not change significantly, there was an increase in the density of stems and in total basal area of timber.}, keywords = {agroforestry, Caribbean, charcoal , common property resources, fuelwood, mangrove swamps, renewable energy , rural development, St. Lucia}, doi = {10.1080/00207239308710819}, url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00207239308710819}, author = {Allan H. Smith and Fikret Berkes} } @article {737, title = {In good hands: Sustainable agriculture in the Lancandon Rainforest}, year = {1993}, month = {February 5, 1993}, abstract = {This is a proposal for the making of a videotape to document the work of Dr. James Nations. He is an ecological anthropologist. His work mainly entails the study of the Lancandon Rainforest. The video will document his most recent trip for observing the Lancandons. Kibben and Bartz{\textquoteright}s target audiences are public television viewers, policymakers of countries with tropical forests, educational institutions, and the tropical farmers themselves. The proposal also gives the benefits of the use of the tape, the backgrounds of everyone involved and a breakdown of production costs. Lastly, the proposal includes the letter of intent to back the project from the Film Arts Foundation.}, keywords = {intercropping}, author = {Steve Bartz and Jaime Kibben} } @article {824, title = {Indigenous knowledge and drought in the arid zone of Rajasthan [India]: Weather prediction as a means to cope with a hazardous climate}, year = {1993}, month = {March 1993}, institution = {Zurich Departement Wald-Und Holzforschung}, address = {Z{\"u}rich}, abstract = {This paper is the result of a first step of a cooperation between two sociologists as members of scientific research units in which the consideration of socio-cultural aspects of environment gains momentum. They emphasize the importance of the consideration of indigenous knowledge in the development process of areas with precarious environmental conditions. In their contribution they highlight the immense value of autochthonous perceptions of particularly rural surroundings to face future challenges and to safeguard the sustainable physical, social and cultural persistence of the semi-arid area of Rajasthan. (author)}, keywords = {agroforestry, drought, India, local knowledge, Rajasthan}, author = {L. P. Bharara and Klaus Seeland} } @article {590, title = {Indigenous knowledge for biodiversity conservation}, journal = {Ambio}, volume = {22}, year = {1993}, note = {

ArticleType: research-article
Issue Title: Biodiversity: Ecology, Economics, Policy
Full publication date: May 1993
Copyright \© 1993 Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences See also: http://repository.ias.ac.in/64142/1/21_pub.pdf (open repository).

}, month = {May 1, 1993}, pages = {151-156}, abstract = {Indigenous peoples with a historical continuity of resource-use practices often possess a broad knowledge base of the behavior of complex ecological systems in their own localities. This knowledge has accumulated through a long series of observations transmitted from generation to generation. Such "diachronic" observations can be of great value and complement the "synchronic" observations on which western science is based. Where indigenous peoples have depended, for long periods of time, on local environments for the provision of a variety of resources, they have developed a stake in conserving, and in some cases, enhancing, biodiversity. They are aware that biological diversity is a crucial factor in generating the ecological services and natural resources on which they depend. Some indigenous groups manipulate the local landscape to augment its heterogeneity, and some have been found to be motivated to restore biodiversity in degraded landscapes. Their practices for the conservation of biodiversity were grounded in a series of rules of thumb which are apparently arrived at through a trial and error process over a long historical time period. This implies that their knowledge base is indefinite and their implementation involves an intimate relationship with the belief system. Such knowledge is difficult for western science to understand. It is vital, however, that the value of the knowledge-practice-belief complex of indigenous peoples relating to conservation of biodiversity is fully recognized if ecosystems and biodiversity are to be managed sustainably. Conserving this knowledge would be most appropriately accomplished through promoting the community-based resource-management systems of indigenous peoples.}, keywords = {biodiversity, South America}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/4314060}, author = {Madhav Gadgil and Fikret Berkes and Carl Folke} } @article {843, title = {Traditional ecological knowledge, biodiversity, resilience and sustainability}, year = {1993}, note = {

Later published as:

Berkes F., Folke C., Gadgil M. (1994) Traditional Ecological Knowledge, Biodiversity, Resilience and Sustainability. In: Perrings C.A., M{\"a}ler KG., Folke C., Holling C.S., Jansson BO. (eds) Biodiversity Conservation. Ecology, Economy \& Environment, vol 4. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1006-8_15

}, month = {1993}, institution = {Beijer International Institute of Ecological Economics}, address = {Stockholm, Sweden}, abstract = {Traditional peoples who depended on their local ecosystems for their essential needs, have accumulated by trial-and-error a rich body of local environmental knowledge, and in several cases elaborated resource management systems, and developed institutions appropriate for implementing these systems. Biodiversity conservation appears to be integral to many traditional management systems from tropical forests to coastal fisheries. For example, some groups manipulate the local landscape to augment its heterogeneity, use conservation "rules of thumb" to help use species-rich communities sustainable, and intergrate the production of several multispecies systems. Thus, self-interest of traditional peoples has been key to biodiversity maintenance. As traditional peoples are integrated into the global economy and come under various pressures, they often lose their resource base, and in the long run, their knowledge systems, social institutions, and their world view which shapes their relations with the environment. The process of decoupling of traditional peoples from their resource base is likely to reduce the resilience of their social systems, as well as their local ecosystems through biodiversity loss. We make the argument in this chapter that the two are related, and the reduction of resilience will make both social and ecological systems more fragile. One challenge for biodiversity conservation is to learn from the knowledge-practice-belief complex of traditional peoples. But a perhaps more important challenge is to implement elements of it in "new TEK" systems which allow feedbacks from the environment, and respond to them in a more resilient way than do current day management practices. (author)}, author = {Fikret Berkes and Carl Folke and Madhav Gadgil} } @conference {805, title = {Traditional ecological knowledge in perspective}, booktitle = {Traditional ecological knowledge: Concepts and cases}, year = {1993}, month = {March 1993}, pages = {1-10}, publisher = {Winnepeg, Manitoba, Canada}, organization = {Winnepeg, Manitoba, Canada}, address = {International Program on Traditional Ecological Knowledge/IDRC}, abstract = {This paper deals with the concept of Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK). It outlines a definition of TEK and the spread of the idea. Included is a section on the similarities and differences between indigenous science and Western Science. Also included is a section on the practical applications/importance of TEK.}, keywords = {ecology, indigenous knowledge}, url = {https://library.umac.mo/ebooks/b10756577a.pdf}, author = {Fikret Berkes}, editor = {Julian T. Inglis} } @article {669, title = {The animal diet of families from B{\'u}zios Island (Brazil): An optimal foraging approach.}, journal = {Journal of Human Ecology}, volume = {3}, year = {1992}, month = {1992}, pages = {433-458}, abstract = {B{\'u}zios Island and its fishing community is located in southeast Brazil, on the coast of Sao Paulo State. Fish represent 68\% of the animal protein consumed by families from B{\'u}zios. The main issue of this study is to understand how islanders rank animal food, using optimal foraging theory. Meals taken by twelve families were sampled and interviews were performed with islanders. The variables used to understand the food ranking are: calories, proteins, fish prices, fish boniness, availability of resources and "preference" (given by islanders). Fish availability and boniness determine what islanders eat, prefer and sell. Food preferences also influences the consumption of food and price influences the fish harvest. Islanders are partially consuming the high ranked animals, based on a ratio of caloric content/boniness and following predictions of the optimal prey choice model. Moreover, high income families consume more calories, including the top ranked food (jerky). Our results suggest that the inclusion of currencies other than calories in human foraging models are feasible and also necessary to make these models more realistic. (author)}, keywords = {nutrition}, author = {Alpina Begossi and Peter J. Richerson} } @book {328, title = {Fisheries management in the Pacific: Tradition and the challenges of development in Marovo, Solomon Islands}, series = {Discussion Paper no. 32}, year = {1992}, note = {Series title variation: Discussion paper (United Nations Research Institute for Social Development) 32}, month = {March 1992}, pages = {23}, publisher = {United Nations Research Institute for Social Development}, organization = {United Nations Research Institute for Social Development}, address = {Geneva, Switzerland}, abstract = {This paper, a commissioned study under the UNRISD Research Programme on "Sustainable Development Through People{\textquoteright}s Participation in Resource Management," examines a case of traditional fisheries-related resource management; a case in which local people, from a basis of traditional, "common property" control over the sea and its resources handle a multitude of development issues. Presenting first some important issues relating to people{\textquoteright}s role in fisheries management and to the "common property" debate, we then describe a traditional system for management of land and sea resources in a Pacific Islands society - that of Marovo Lagoon, Solomon Islands. Emphasis is given to fisheries resources, with a view to explaining in practical terms how the customary marine tenure system operates under the social, political, economic and ecological circumstances of change arising from development pressures. Against this background, assessments are made of the viability of this traditional fisheries management system under present conditions of centralized political control and of both external and internal pressures for large-scale resource development enterprises. (author)}, keywords = {fishery management, Solomon Islands}, author = {Edvard Hviding and Graham B. K. Baines} } @article {564, title = {Food taboos and folk medicine among fishermen from the Tocantins River (Brazil)}, journal = {Amazoniana}, volume = {12}, year = {1992}, month = {January 1992}, pages = {101-118}, abstract = {Fish utilization for food and folk medicine, and fish preference of families from the Tocantins river were studied. Questionnaires were used in the 234 interviews performed in cities, towns and scattered houses located along 100 km of river stretch. Curimat{\'a} (Prochilodus nigricans) is the most consumed fish and pacu-manteiga (Mylossoma duriventre) the most preferred species. The fish species avoided are correlated with the species used in folk medicine. Food taboos, or fish species not consumed during illness, are also cited. The usefulness of fish species for folk medicine and the piscivorous habits of most fish quoted as not consumed partially explain the food choices of fishermen. These explanations conform to materialist theories in cultural ecology.}, keywords = {Brazil, diet, fishing communities, food taboos, Rio Tocantins}, author = {Alpina Begossi and Francisco Manoel de Souza Braga} } @book {336, title = {Global biodiversity strategy: Policy-makers{\textquoteright} guide}, year = {1992}, month = {1992}, pages = {35 pp.}, publisher = {World Resources Institute}, organization = {World Resources Institute}, address = {[Washington, DC]}, abstract = {This document provides an overview of the actions needed to respond to the needs for biodiversity conservation worldwide that were detailed in the Global Biodiversity Strategy. Other authors/contributors: World Resources Institute (WRI); The World Conservation Union (IUCN); United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) in consultation with Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO); United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)}, keywords = {biodiversity}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/221361601}, author = {Charles Barber and Walter V. Reid and Kenton R. Miller}, editor = {Kathleen Courrier} } @inbook {880, title = {Indigenous history and Amazonian biodiversity}, booktitle = {Changing Tropical Forests: Historical Perspectives on Today{\textquoteright}s Challenges in Central and South America: Proceedings of a Conference Sponsored by the Forest History Society and IUFRO Forestry History Group, Conference held in San Jos{\'e}, Costa Rica}, year = {1992}, month = {1992}, pages = {185-197}, publisher = {Forest History Society}, organization = {Forest History Society}, address = {Durham, NC}, abstract = {The rich biodiversity of Central and South American forests are undergoing difficult times. These forests have been altered throughout history, first by indigenous farming practices and now by state and private sustainable agriculture programs. Swidden type agriculture, practiced by indigenous people, converted many forests to fallows. Fallows and high forests can be compared using the Jaccard coefficient, which is simply the total number of species in a sample area. These numbers tell us that fallow forests represent indigenous reforestation, insofar as species richness of high forests are being replaced by an equivalently rich secondary forest. The number of most important species between fallow and high forests are significantly and predictably different. The indigenous farming practices are undoubtly less destructive than state practices. If modern states cannot protect the remaining indigenous populations, they may lose an abundance of knowledge relating to resource use, management, and biological and ecological diversification. (author)}, keywords = {biodiversity, Central America, ecology, forestry, South America}, isbn = {0-8223-1247-6}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/25787422}, author = {William L. Balée}, editor = {Harold K. Steen and Richard P. Tucker} } @article {601, title = {Karit{\'e} (Vitellaria paradoxa) and n{\'e}r{\'e} (Parkia biglobosa) associated with crops in South Mali}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {18}, year = {1992}, month = {May 1992}, pages = {89-105}, abstract = {

The effect of two tree species, karit{\'e} (Vitellaria paradoxa) and n{\'e}r{\'e} (Parkia biglobosa) on soil condition, development and production of cotton, sorghum and pearl millet, main crops in South Mali, has been investigated.

The soil under the trees is slightly richer (organic matter content and several cations) compared to adjacent tree-less sites. Also tree-specific effects exist.

Soil enrichment, however, is mainly a matter of redistribution of locally available nutrient resources.

Of the six associations studied, only karit{\'e}-cotton shows no tree-induced reduction in crop production. All other associations suffer greatly from reduced crop outputs caused by the trees, usually in the order of 60\%.

There are at least two reasons that explain tree-induced yield reduction. Because of increased humidity in the immediate surroundings of trees, in both soil and air, lower numbers of crop plants survive up to maturity, presumably because plants are attacked by fungi. Secondly, crop plants that mature show reduced output because of inter-specific competition for light and nutrients.

In case of n{\'e}r{\'e}, in order to minimize the trees\&$\#$39; negative influence lopping is advised. Such practice, however, is less suitable in case of karit{\'e}, because of its assumed lower potential to regenerate, as compared to n{\'e}r{\'e}.

}, keywords = {agriculture, Butyrospermum paradoxum, cotton, forestry, Mali, Parkia biglobosa, pearl millet, sorghum, tree/crop interface, Vitellaria paradoxa, West Africa}, doi = {10.1007/BF00115407}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00115407}, author = {L. J. M. Kater and S. Kante and Arnoud Budelman} } @conference {779, title = {Learning from fishers: Indigenous knowledge and SEAFDEC{\textquoteright}S pilot seafarming and searanching project}, booktitle = { Indigenous knowledge and sustainable development: 25 selected papers presented at the international symposium held by the International Institute of Rural Reconstruction, September 20-26, 1992}, year = {1992}, month = {Sept 20-26, 1992}, pages = {440-460}, publisher = {Regional Program for the Promotion of Indigenous Knowledge in Asia}, organization = {Regional Program for the Promotion of Indigenous Knowledge in Asia}, address = {Silang, Cavite, Philippines}, abstract = {This paper is a documentation of knowledge gained during the first phase of implementation of a development project by a research institution. The data reported here were gathered through individual and group interviews of village elders, Barangay officials, women, and fishers. Like the San Antonio fishermen along Laguna de Bay, the islanders of the Torres Strait, and the raft fishermen and shore dwellers of Brazil, Malalison fishers also differentiate sea space through specific names and practice a system of triangulation for marking fishing spots.}, keywords = {aquaculture, aquatic resources}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/820560133}, author = {Susana V. Siar and Rolando S. Ortega and Alessandro S. Babol} } @booklet {493, title = {Northern Perspectives}, volume = {20}, year = {1992}, month = {1992}, abstract = {

Entire issue included. Articles included are:

}, keywords = {American Indians, Eskimos, Native Americans}, author = {Ellen Bielawski and Milton M. R. Freeman and George Hobson and Martha Johnson and Novum Organum} } @inbook {929, title = {Traditional ecological knowledge in perspective}, year = {1992}, note = {Draft introductory chapter for volume based on Common Property Conference, Winnipeg, September 1992}, month = {September 1992}, abstract = {This document discusses different facets of traditional ecological knowledge (TEK): background, definitions, comparisons to "western science," and the practical significance of TEK. An overview of the book that this is an introduction to is also given.}, author = {Fikret Berkes} } @article {509, title = {Agroforestry, attitude towards risk and nutrient availability: A case study of south Indian farming systems}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {15}, year = {1991}, month = {July 1991}, pages = {1-15}, abstract = {Introduction of two systems of agroforestry to the farmers portfolio is evaluated for their changes in cropping pattern, input use, income generation, farmers attitude towards risk and nutrient availability. Two different types of farmers are studied under both irrigated and dryland farming systems. Farm survey data collected from south Indian villages have been used with a mean-variance framework to identify the risk aversion levels of farmers. The results indicate that the risk-taking preferences of farmers should be given consideration in evaluating the impact of agroforestry systems. Among the two agroforestry systems analyzed, the one with drumstick is shown to increase the risk of crop production while the one with leucaena reduces the risk and enables farmers to invest in more risky cash crops. The impact of agroforestry on crop allocation, input use and income differs due to the differences in resource availability of farmers. The influence of agroforestry on nutrient availability of the farm households also differs based on the components of agroforestry, orientation of farming and the nature of farming systems. It is argued that design of agroforestry systems should consider differences in resource constraints in farming systems and risk attitudes of farmers towards their allocation decisions and that such considerations would largely enhance the successful adoption of agroforestry in developing countries.}, keywords = {agriculture, economics, farming systems, forestry, India, mathematical programming, mean-variance analysis, nutritional availability, portfolio theory, quadratic programming, risk attitudes}, doi = {10.1007/BF00046275}, url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00046275}, author = {S. C. Babu and B. Rajasekaran} } @article {524, title = {Building on local knowledge: The challenge of agroforestry for pastoral areas}, journal = {Agroforestry Today (Kenya)}, volume = {3}, year = {1991}, month = {10/1991-12/1991}, pages = {3-7}, abstract = {

Edmund Barrow, who has worked with East African pastoralists for more than 15 years, believes that pastoral communities have a lot to offer agroforesters. The value of their indigenous knowledge is at last being recognised by researchers and development workers. But there was a time when much of it was ignored. Here he shares some of his experience. (author)

This paper deals with the disappearance of indigenous ecological knowledge of pastoral peoples in dryland Africa. Specifically dealt with are the Pokot of Kenya, The Sukuma of Tanzania, and the Turkana also of Kenya. The paper focuses on the intrinsic environmental knowledge that pastoralists have because of their isolation and harsh living conditions.

}, keywords = {cowpeas, East Africa, gender, Kenya, maize, pastoralism, Pokot, Sukuma, Turkana, women}, author = {Edmund G. C. Barrow} } @inbook {867, title = {Deforestation and species loss}, booktitle = {Preserving the Global Environment: The Challenge of Shared Leadership}, year = {1991}, month = {1991}, pages = {78-111}, publisher = {W.W. Norton}, organization = {W.W. Norton}, edition = {1}, address = {New York}, abstract = {Deforestation and species loss are problems that have plagued modernization the world over. The worldwide estimate of the deforestation rate which was calculated by the FAO in 1980 was a loss of some 11.3 million hectares annually. With the loss of these forests, animals species biodiversity is greatly threatened. Population pressure and bad governmental policies has led to much deforestation. Global implications are that the world{\textquoteright}s food supply at risk, as well as, the international commerce based on the trade of agricultural commodities. It is necessary to reform government policies regarding land use to help manage the problem.}, keywords = {badordinal, biodiversity, environmental policy, international cooperation, United States}, isbn = {0-393-96093-5}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/756959738}, author = {Kenton R. Miller and Walter V. Reid and Charles V. Barber}, editor = {Jessica Tuchman Mathews} } @article {675, title = {The diffusion of {\textquoteright}lambreta,{\textquoteright} an artifcial lure, at B{\'u}zios Island (Brazil)}, journal = {MAST}, volume = {4}, year = {1991}, month = {1991}, pages = {87-103}, abstract = {

We studied the adoption process of a special jig used to catch bluefish (enchova - Pomatomus saltator) at B{\'u}zios Island. B{\'u}zios Island is a fishing community of about 44 households located in southeast Brazil (S{\~a}o Paulo State). Data were collected through direct observations and interviews. Observations of fishing trips were done at Porto do Meio harbor. The main hook-and-line techniques used to catch bluefish at B{\'u}zios are lambreta (jigging), corrico (trolling) and deep line. The lambreta has been replacing the corrico. Lambreta allows more yield per hour fishing than corrico. Unlike the corrico, it does not require natural bait (nylon skirts give the lure a life-like motion). Innovator categories were also found: younger and full-time fishermen are most likely to adopt the lambreta in contrast to older and part-time fishermen. Both features of the innovation and adopters are important to understand the process of the diffusion of the lambreta among fisherman categories. (author)

}, keywords = {Brazil, fishing}, url = {http://www.marecentre.nl/mast/documents/artikel6_002.pdf}, author = {Alpina Begossi and Peter J. Richerson} } @article {593, title = {Indigenous natural-resource management systems for sustainable agricultural development: A global perspective}, journal = {Journal of International Development}, volume = {3}, year = {1991}, note = {An earlier version of this paper was presented at the International Symposium on Natural Resource Management Systems held at New Delhi, India, 6?II February 1990 See also: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jid.4010030312}, month = {1991}, pages = {387-401}, abstract = {Increasing pressure for food production due to the rapidly growing population has led to the gradual disappearance of numerous indigenous knowledge systems (IKSs) related to natural-resource management. This process exposes the earth{\textquoteright}s natural resources to constant ecological instability (such as loss of genetic diversity) and severe environmental vulnerability (such as soil degradation and soil erosion). Recent research on indigenous natural-resource management systems indicates that they are highly sophisticated and complex, reflecting generations of careful observations of the natural and physical environment. Keeping these in view, a literature review has been conducted to identify major consequences of the disappearance of IKSs related to natural-resource management. An attempt has been made to categorize indigenous natural-resource management systems. IKSs documented from all over the globe and received at the Center for Indigenous Knowledge for Agriculture and Rural Development (CIKARD) were used to illustrate specific instances of locally adapted and economically viable indigenous natural-resource management systems. Such examples were found in indigenous agronomic practices, agroforestry, indigenous genetic resources, and pastoral management. An integrated natural-resource management model has been developed with an overall goal of increasing food production by small-scale farmers with a least amount of deterioration to nature{\textquoteright}s resource base. The salient features of the proposed model include promoting small-scale farmer participation, recording indigenous knowledge systems related to natural resource management, conducting diagnostic interviews, evaluating modern technologies and conducting on-farm farmer-oriented research (OFFOR) trials for integrating indigenous and modern technologies. Careful implementation of such a model could contribute to ameliorating the growing natural-resource problems of the developing world such as soil erosion, environmental degradation, and ecological destruction.}, keywords = {natural resource management, on-farm research, participatory research}, doi = {10.1002/jid.4010030312}, url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jid.4010030312/abstract}, author = {B. Rajasekaran and D. Michael Warren and S. C. Babu} } @article {423, title = {Rain forest plan stirs debate at World Bank}, year = {1991}, month = {October 14, 1991}, pages = {A7}, address = {New York}, abstract = {The World Bank has come under heavy attack after issuing a memorandum that details the eviction of hundreds of thousands of people. They are planning a forestry project that will make it possible for roads to be built making the forest accessible. The problem is there are no resources to place these evicted forest dwellers into new homes. The purpose is to "improve management of the forest," and advance logging projects. They say they are making provisions to help with resettlement, however critics are still unsatisfied with the upcoming proposal.}, keywords = {forest resource management, rainforests}, url = {http://www.nytimes.com/1991/10/14/world/rain-forest-project-in-africa-stirs-debate-at-world-bank.html?pagewanted=all\&src=pm}, author = {Keith Bradsher} } @article {836, title = {The Cree view of land and resources: Indigenous ecological knowledge}, year = {1990}, month = {1990}, institution = {Hamilton, Ontario, Canada}, address = {McMaster University}, abstract = {This document looks at the traditional ecological knowledge (indigenous knowledge) and its relationship with modern society. Specifically, it details the knowledge held by the Cree Indians of Canada{\textquoteright}s north and gives examples and makes suggestions on how indigenous knowledge and development programs can be linked.}, keywords = {American Indians, common property, ethics, Native Americans, natural resource management, worldview}, author = {Fikret Berkes and P. George and Richard Preston and J. Turner} } @book {329, title = {Food and nutrition in the African rain forest}, year = {1990}, month = {1990}, pages = {96}, publisher = {UNESCO/MAB}, organization = {UNESCO/MAB}, address = {Paris}, abstract = {

This document is a collection of articles on the food practices of different tribes in the rain forest and tropical climatic zones of central Africa (Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo, Garbon, and Zaire). It looks at hunting and gathering practices, forest cultivation, food processing and consumption, physiological/biomedical aspects of food, and the socio-cultural aspects of food and nutrition. Tribes include: Aka, Baka, Issongo, Kola, Monzombo, Mvae, Ngando, Ngbaka, Ntomba, Oto, Twa, Yassa

}, keywords = {Aka, Baka, food processing and consumption, forest cultivation, hunter-gatherer, Issongo, Kola, Monzombo, Mvae, Ngando, Ngbaka, Ntomba, Oto, physiological/biomedical aspects of food, rainforests, socio-cultural aspects of food and nutrition, Twa, Yassa}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/22740525}, editor = {C. M. Hladik and S. Bahuchet and I. de Garine} } @article {604, title = {Land-use by immigrant Baoul{\'e} farmers in the Ta{\"\i} region, South-west C{\^o}te d{\textquoteright}Ivoire (Ivory Coast)}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {11}, year = {1990}, month = {1990}, pages = {101-123}, abstract = {

This paper discusses the cropping system of immigrant Baoul{\'e} farmers in the rain-forest area of South-west C{\^o}te d\&$\#$39;Ivoire (Ivory Coast). The area harbours one of the last substantial rain-forest reserves of humid West Africa. Part of it is known as Ta{\"\i} National Park, and has been adopted as one of UNESCO\&$\#$39;s Man and Biosphere Programme areas. The park area is threatened by farmers in search of land. Soils in the area typically show a low intrinsic nutrient content (particularly phosphorus and potassium), low pH values, a low CEC, and, locally, high levels of gravel. In the Baoul{\'e} cropping system fields are kept under perennial crops, mainly cacao, after having been used for food crop cultivation during the first two years. Yam, the most important food crop is grown on mounds. Next to the inherent poverty of the soil, this cropping technique, which disrupts the structure of the top soil is seen as one of the causes for low yields of cocoa on Baoul{\'e} farms in the area. Yields per ha amount to c. 60\% of that of the national average. The conclusion is that the Baoul{\'e} agricultural production system is ill-adapted to the local ecosystem. Measures to improve adaptation include: Introduction of crop species adapted to adverse soil conditions (e.g. rubber, oilpalm), to buffer cacao plantations through planting of shade trees, to apply fertilisers, and to make use of biological nitrogen-fixation. Generally, the remedies proposed involve investments in terms of cash and labour on the part of the farmers. It is argued that farmers will not change their current cropping practices as long as there is forested land in the vicinity. The presence of the Ta{\"\i} forest, c. 300.000 ha of virgin rain-forest, impedes the process of change towards more intensive land-use practices.

}, keywords = {agriculture, cacao, Humid C{\^o}te d{\textquoteright}Ivoire, Ivory Coast, land shortage, soil fertility, transition shifting cultivation, yams}, doi = {10.1007/BF00838724}, url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00838724}, author = {Arnoud Budelman and Peter M. Zander} } @article {698, title = {The tragedy of the commons: Twenty-two years later}, journal = {Human Ecology}, volume = {18}, year = {1990}, month = {March 1990}, pages = {1-19}, abstract = {Hardin{\textquoteright}s Tragedy of the Commons model predicts the eventual overexploitation or degradation of all resources used in common. Given this unambiguous prediction, a surprising number of cases exist in which users have been able to restrict access to the resource and establish rules among themselves for its sustainable use. To assess the evidence, we first define common-property resources and present a taxonomy of property-rights regimes in which such resources may be held. Evidence accumulated over the last twenty-two years indicates that private, state, andcommunal property are all potentially viable resource management options. A more complete theory than Hardin{\textquoteright}s should incorporate institutional arrangements and cultural factors to provide for better analysis and prediction. (author)}, keywords = {co-management, common property, fisheries, forestry, grazing lands, sustainable development, water resources , wildlife }, doi = {10.1007/BF00889070}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00889070}, author = {David Feeny and Fikret Berkes and Bonnie J. McCay and James M. Acheson} } @article {717, title = {Use of native browse by Fulani cattle in central Nigeria}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {12}, year = {1990}, month = {December 1990}, pages = {217-228}, abstract = {Shrubs and trees browsed by Fulani pastoralists{\textquoteright} cattle in two areas of central Nigeria were identified by means of interviews with the pastoralists and observations of browsing cattle. Thirty-nine plant species were identified, many of them indigenous economic trees. The species were ranked by pastoralists according to importance in cattle diet. Chemical analyses of plant parts eaten and investigation of frequency of occurrence of the species in the study areas revealed that the pastoralists{\textquoteright} ranking reflected not only the plants{\textquoteright} relative abundance but also their nutritive value.}, keywords = {agriculture, agrosilvopasture, browse, cattle, forage resource use, forestry, subhumid zone}, doi = {10.1007/BF00137285}, url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00137285}, author = {Wolfgang Bayer} } @article {719, title = {Usufruct rights to trees: The role of Ekwar in dryland central Turkana, Kenya}, journal = {Human Ecology}, volume = {18}, year = {1990}, month = {June 1990}, pages = {163-176}, abstract = {Usufruct rights to trees (Ekwar) in the Turkana silvo-pastoral system are an important aspect of natural resource management, particularly in the drier central parts of Kenya. Originating from a participatory forestry extension program, a survey was carried out that showed the extent and duration, often in excess of one generation, of occupancy of a person{\textquoteright}s Ekwar. Such rights center around the dry season fodder resources, especially of Acacia tortilis. However they are not definite and are linked to risk-spreading by flexibility in livestock management and the need that they be maintained through efficient usage and social linkages. Hitherto, such natural resource management systems have all but been ignored in the development process in favor of the "tragedy of the commons" paradigm. Likewise, pastoral development has tended to emphasize range and water, while trees are not given the attention they deserve. This endangers the resilience of the system, and it is therefore important that development works with, not against, such environmentally-sound practices to try to make them more sustainable in the long term.}, keywords = {East Africa, ecology, Kenya, livestock, natural resource management, pastoralists, tenure, trees, usufruct rights}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/4602963}, author = {Edmund G. C. Barrow} } @conference {809, title = {Wood energy management and knowledge in Pokhara area, Western Nepal}, booktitle = {Paper presented at Second International Congress on Ethnobiology, 21-26 October 1990, Kunming, Yunna, China}, year = {1990}, month = {Oct. 21-26 1990}, address = {Pokhara, Nepal}, abstract = {

Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA) methods were used to study indigenous knowledge of wood energy production and consumption in Pokhara. Commercial and non-commercial uses were examined. Wood energy comes mainly from fuelwood, charcoal, sawdust and bamboo harvested in surrounding areas, but also from lowland regions and roadside fuelwood sellers in fuelwood sufficient areas. Thus, the distribution involves mainly producers (villagers) to consumers (townspeople), through one to three levels of middlemen in between.

Producers illegally harvesting government or community forests were also studied. Most are lower caste poor and landless people, trying to earn a living during the non-agricultural season (September-May).

While many urban householders have shifted to fossil fuels, certain industries still rely on charcoal and wood from the forest. The depletion of sal (Shorea robusta), khair (Acacia catechu) and kaphal (Myrica esculanta) threatens the forests. Producers retain a rich working knowledge of forest resources, which has potential payoffs for more sustainable and equitable forest resource policy. (author)

}, keywords = {agroforestry}, author = {Mohan K. Balla and Sukhdev Chaudhary and Thakur B. Karkee} } @inbook {850, title = {Agricultural systems on the floodplains of the Peruvian Amazon}, booktitle = {Fragile lands of Latin America: Strategies for sustainable development}, series = {Westview special studies in social, political, and economic development}, year = {1989}, note = {Chapter 5}, month = {1989}, pages = {75-100}, publisher = {Westview Press}, organization = {Westview Press}, address = {Boulder, CO}, abstract = {The "development" of Amazonia continues unabated. Governments sharing the basin are promoting the occupation of the region for reasons that range from land pressures occasioned by inequitable land tenure systems or population pressure, expansion of food and fiber production to meet domestic needs or foreign exchange earnings, to exploitation of natural resources. Development models, however, have been based on those extraneous to the region. This chapter explores those models and systems. (author)}, keywords = {agroforestry, American Indians, climate, fallow, flora, local knowledge, Native Americans, Peru, rainfall, river, shifting cultivation, South America, swiddens}, isbn = {0-8133-7705-6}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/18351601}, author = {M{\'a}rio Hiraoka}, editor = {John O. Browder} } @conference {752, title = {Agroforestry: Proprietary dimensions}, booktitle = {Paper prepared for AAAS Technical Session, Agroforestry: A Global Perspective on Potentials and Constraints, 15 January 1989, San Francisco, CA}, year = {1989}, month = {January 15, 1989}, address = {San Francisco, CA}, abstract = {

This paper examines the changes in our thinking over the past several years concerning how tenure, or property rights in land and trees, affect farmer incentives for an adoption of agroforestry practices. We deal here with three quite different tenure situations:

Agroforestry has tended to be associated primarily with forestry on the holding, but agroforestry is the incorporation of trees into a farming system and the farming system often involves use of resources outside the holding, especially as regards tree products. The farmer\&$\#$39;s decisions about trees are made in terms of his or her overall access to tree products, whether on or off the holding. The farmer may have tenure (rights) in all these situations. The tenure will be most extensive over the agricultural holding but the farmer may also have use rights in a communal forest as a member of the community, and may hold a license, for instance for gathering dead wood, in a state forest. A farmer\&$\#$39;s options concerning trees in any of these tenure situations cannot be defined in isolation from the options in the other situations. (author)

}, keywords = {agroforestry}, author = {John W. Bruce and Louise Fortmann} } @book {303, title = {Common property resources: Ecology and community-based sustainable development}, year = {1989}, note = {Published in association with the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources; Conference on Conservation Development Implementing the World Conservation Strategy (1986: Ottawa, Ont); World Congress of Ecology (4th: 1986: Syracuse, NY)}, month = {1989}, pages = {302}, publisher = {Belhaven Press}, organization = {Belhaven Press}, address = {London; New York}, abstract = {Includes the following papers presented at the Conference on Conservation and Development: Implementing the World Conservation Strategy, held June 1986, Ottawa and the Fourth International Congress of Ecology, held Aug 1986, Syracuse, NY: Institutional arrangements for management of rural resources: common-property regimes; Natural resources: access, rights-to-use and management; The evolution of appropriate resource-management systems; Cooperation from the perspective of human ecology; Graphs and gaffs: A cautionary tale in the common-property resources debate; Reforming the use of natural resources; Multi-jurisdictional resources: testing a typology for problem structuring; Meeting environmental concerns caused by common-property mismanagement in economic development projects; Solving the common-property dilemma: Village fisheries rights in Japanese coastal waters; The evolution of Mexico{\textquoteright}s spiny lobster fishery; Where have all the exploiters gone? Co-management of the Maine lobster industry; Water as common property: The case of irrigation water rights in the Philippines; On the diversification of common-property resource use by Indian society; Changes taking place in common-property resource management in the Inland Niger Delta of Mali; Traditional resource management in the Melanesian South Pacific: A development dilemma.}, keywords = {congresses, Conservation of natural resources, ecology, economic development, environmental aspects}, isbn = {1-85293-080-2}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/478258426}, editor = {Fikret Berkes} } @inbook {863, title = {Costs and benefits of floodplain forest management by rural inhabitants in the Amazon estuary: A case study of Acai palm production}, booktitle = {Fragile lands of Latin America: Strategies for sustainable development}, year = {1989}, month = {1989}, pages = {114-129}, publisher = {Westview Press}, organization = {Westview Press}, address = {Boulder, CO}, abstract = {

This chapter is a case study of an economically productive and ecologically sustainable land use that has evolved among traditional inhabitants in the floodplain of the Amazon estuary. These river dwellers (\"ribeirinhos\"), typically mestizo in ethnicity, constitute a living bridge between indigenous Amerindian knowledge of the natural diversity and inherent productivity of the Amazon\&$\#$39;s floodplain resources and the modern world with its more limited view of the economic potential of natural ecosystems. The river dwellers of the Amazon estuary participate in the market economy, and are often mistakenly included in the economically marginal, rural population of lesser-developed countries that recent multi-lateral development programs have sought to advance. What prevailing development programs have failed to consider is how the river dwellers\&$\#$39; knowledge of their environment can contribute to a better use of fragile lands in the floodplain.

The present case study does not aspire to propose a comprehensive sustainable land-use strategy for the Amazon\&$\#$39;s floodplain (\"varzea\"). Rather, it focuses on the economic potential of one important natural resource element in the regional economy, the \"acai\" palm (Euterpe oleracea Mart.). We report the findings of a field experiment designed to measure the effects of different management practices utilized by river dwellers on fruit yields in natural stands of acai. Although measurements of the effects of these practices on other floodplain forest species were not included in this experiment, our findings are important since acai is the foremost commercial floodplain forest resource for rural inhabitants over extensive areas of the estuary. The case study described in this chapter is particularly interesting because rural inhabitants of the Amazon estuary implement an extensive form of land use in a biotope generally considered to have the greatest potential for intensive agriculture in Amazonia: the varzea floodplain of sediment-rich rivers. Forest resources are the most fragile component of the floodplain, which has served as the principal location for agriculture in Amazonia since aboriginal times. The acai palm is an especially fragile resource, as it has been subjected to intensive exploitation in the form of palm heart extraction since the 1960\&$\#$39;s. In contrast to other floodplain areas however, river dwellers in the estuary we studied have largely maintained the native forest cover and have developed management practices that assure the sustained utilization of forest resources such as acai.

The general adoption of a less intensive form of land use in a biotope of high agricultural potential is frequently viewed as a sign of the inhabitants\&$\#$39; lack of industry, \"collecting mentality,\" Indian blood, and \"primitive\" land-use practices. However, this option is in fact a rational one from ecological, cultural, and economic perspectives. Elsewhere, the ecological and cultural bases for this option have been examined in detail. Here we shall examine this option from an economic perspective by conducting a cost-benefit analysis of various management practices carried out by local inhabitants in naturally occurring stands of the acai palm. (author)

}, keywords = {Amazon, ecology, palm production}, isbn = {0-8133-7705-6; 978-0-8133-7705-6}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/18351601}, author = {Anthony B. Anderson and M{\'a}rio Augusto G Jardim}, editor = {John O. Browder} } @inbook {860, title = {An economic analysis of Huastec Mayan forest management}, booktitle = {Fragile lands of Latin America: Strategies for sustainable development}, year = {1989}, note = {Chapter 12}, month = {1989}, pages = {182-206}, publisher = {Westview Press}, organization = {Westview Press}, address = {Boulder, CO}, abstract = {

In this paper, I describe and evaluate a type of \"social forestry\" system currently used by indigenous farmers living at a density of 100 persons per square kilometer in a zone of \"fragile lands\" in northeastern Mexico. This zone can be classified as fragile for several reasons. It is a zone where bare soil is easily damaged by heavy rains and hot sun. It is a zone of slopes subject to erosion by runoff from the heavy rains. The land use I describe is not limited to the specific physical or social conditions of my study site. Systems similar to that of the Huastec have been described from other areas and could be applied by trained smallholders living in any forested area, regardless of forest type or slope.

The advantages of this systems are that it complements production from other farm subunits, gives farmers access to subsistence goods, produces commercially valuable products, conserves wild genetic resources of forest species, and protects soils. (author)

}, keywords = {agroforestry, Huastec, Latin America, Maya, Mexico}, isbn = {0-8133-7705-6; 978-0-8133-7705-6}, author = {Janis B. Alcorn}, editor = {John O. Browder} } @book {327, title = {Financial and economic analysis of agroforestry: Key issues}, series = {Discussion paper (University of East Anglia. School of Development Studies) no. 212}, year = {1989}, month = {June 1989}, pages = {77}, publisher = {University of East Anglia, School of Development Studies}, organization = {University of East Anglia, School of Development Studies}, address = {Norwich, UK}, abstract = {This is the summary and index of a paper dealing with cost-benefit analysis of agroforestry systems from an individual, household, institutional, and societal perspective. Included are the major steps needed to perform quantitative cost-benefit analysis and qualitative agroforestry issues. Also included is a note about prediction models used.}, keywords = {agroforestry}, isbn = {1-871546-62-1; 978-1-871546-62-0}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/23672191}, author = {Michael Stocking and Jan Boj{\"o} and Nick O. J. Abel} } @article {569, title = {Form or function: A comparison of expert and novice judgments of similarity among fish}, journal = {American Anthropologist}, volume = {91}, year = {1989}, month = {December 1989}, pages = {866-889}, abstract = {Ethnobiologists debate whether folk biological classifiers are natural historians attending primarily to the morphology of organisms or are pragmatists concerned primarily with utility. We argue that this question is best understood as a problem in intracultural variation: the relative importance of form and function depends on who is asked to judge the similarity of organisms as well as how they are asked to judge it. We find that expert fishermen judge similarities among fish on both functional and morphological criteria, while novices judge on morphological criteria alone and thereby approach the scientific classification of fish more closely than experts. Experts also vary more than do novices, presumably because they control more different kinds of knowledge on which to base a similarity judgment.}, keywords = {ethnobiology, fish, morphology}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/681586}, author = {James S. Boster and Jeffrey C. Johnson} } @book {335, title = {Funding ecological and social destruction: The World Bank and International Monetary Fund}, year = {1989}, month = {[1989?]}, pages = {43 pp.}, publisher = {The [Bank Information] Center}, organization = {The [Bank Information] Center}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {This book gives a brief history of The World Bank and its underlying purpose. It also examines the work done by The World Bank through case studies describing the work being done by them in several South American and African countries.}, keywords = {ecology}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/22205663}, author = {The Bank Information Center} } @inbook {884, title = {Indigenous soil management in the Amazon basin: Some implications for development}, booktitle = {Fragile lands of Latin America: Strategies for sustainable development}, series = {Westview Special Studies in Social, Political, and Economic Development}, year = {1989}, note = {Chapter 11}, month = {1989}, pages = {166-181}, publisher = {Westview Press}, organization = {Westview Press}, address = {Boulder, CO}, abstract = {This paper focuses on two main issues. First, it discusses the indigenous versus modernization approaches to soil resource management in Amazonian research and development strategies. The production systems of the Kayap{\'o} Indians of southern Para state are compared with those that inform current regional agricultural programs. While indigenous systems are complex, the principles that underlie them are not. Native land management models could be adapted by development planning agencies in a fuller way. Second, the outcomes of Kayap{\'o} and conventional colonist and livestock systems are compared in terms of soil fertility and yields. (author)}, keywords = {American Indians, deforestation, Kayapo, local knowledge, Native Americans, nutrition, pasture, Peru, rainforests, soil degradation, South America, tropical forests, Yurimaguas}, isbn = {0-8133-7705-6; 978-0-8133-7705-6}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/18351601}, author = {Susanna B. Hecht}, editor = {John O. Browder} } @article {825, title = {Institutional options and multiple sources of agricultural innovation: Evidence from an Ecuadorean case study}, year = {1989}, month = {December 1989}, institution = {Overseas Development Institute (ODI), Agricultural Administration Unit}, address = {London}, abstract = {Taking farmer-oriented agricultural research and extension as the starting point, this paper outlines the roles played by different actors in a local system of technology development and dissemination in south-central Ecuador. A brief review of efforts to institute a participatory research program within the national agricultural research system suggests that the success of this, and of linking research to extension, have depended on national political and economic context and institutional dynamics. The local case study then shows clearly that the public sector is not the only actor in technology development and dissemination. Farmer organizations and non-governmental grassroots support organizations are also very active and combine their agricultural work to broader goals of strengthening farmer organization, cultural recovery and ecological agriculture. Their work methods are highly participatory, greatly reduce the research/extension linkage problem and are built upon much local knowledge. They have significant capacity to distribute technology and train indigenous agricultural promoters. Nonetheless, they too have certain limitations, which are reviewed. While they conduct some controlled investigation, much of their research is iterative. Thus, while the public sector could learn much from these organizations for its own work, there is also a potential complementarity between them and the national agricultural research system.}, keywords = {agricultural innovations, ecology, Ecuador}, author = {Anthony Bebbington} } @article {605, title = {Large cardamom (Amomum subulatum Roxb.) plantation - An age old agroforestry system in Eastern Himalayas}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {9}, year = {1989}, month = {December 1989}, pages = {241-257}, abstract = {Large cardamom (Amomum subulatum Roxb.) is a shade loving plant grown in the Indian hill states of Sikkim and Dargeeling district of West Bengal. About 30 important tree species are used to provide shade to the cardamom plants. Alnus nepalensis, a deciduous, nitrogen fixing and fast growing tree, is the species most commonly underplanted with cardamom. In addition to providing shade, it is also used for fuelwood. The old trees are cut and young plants coming up are allowed to grow in cyclic order. The quick decomposing leaf litter of A. nepalensis also fertilises the cardamom plants. The nitrogen added to the soil in this way has been found to be as high as 249 kg/ha. Large cardamom thrives well in a moist soil, which is maintained by water diverted from seasonal springs on the upper slopes. The system is well suited to conserving soil, water and tree cover of the characteristically steep slopes of the region. Moreover, the management inputs required for growing cardamom are low but the crop gives a higher financial return than rice or maize. The shade trees used in the system are also a major source of fuel, fodder and timber, especially as access to state owned forests is restricted by legislation. However, increasing incidence of viral chirkey and foorkey disease, panicle rot and capsule borer are reducing the cardamom productivity. It has been observed that integrating dairying and apiculture will further augment profitability from large cardamom agroforestry system.}, keywords = {agroforestry systems, disease and pests, fodder, food flavouring agent, fuels, large cardamom, minor timber, nutrient, shade trees, Sikkim, water springs}, doi = {10.1007/BF00141087}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00141087}, author = {K. A. Singh and R. N. Rai and Patiram Bhutia and D. T. Bhutia} } @article {827, title = {Los agricultores de Yurimaguas: Uso de la tierra y estrategias de cultivo en la selva peruana}, year = {1989}, note = {includes photographs, diagrams, maps, bibliography}, month = {[1989]}, institution = {Lima, Peru}, address = {Centro de Investigaci{\'o}n y Promoci{\'o}n Amaz{\'o}nica}, abstract = {

(trans.) The Farmers of Yurimaguas: Land Use and Cultivation Strategies in the Peruvian Jungle

This book is the result of a study conducted by the Center for Amazonian Promotion and Investigation. The book contains nine chapters examining traditional agricultural practices and rural domestic farms. The study is based on a perspective recently developed by agriculturists which is farmer-oriented instead of the traditional western development model. The principal objectives in the book are understanding the complex system of subsistence agriculture and the cultivation of commercial products in the Yurimaguas area. The book consists of an in-depth look at the results of the study conducted in the Yurimaguas. Some important areas of the study are the work force, ethnoecology, crops (such as rice, yucca, plantain and bananas, corn, beans, peanuts, sugar cane, pineapple, and sweet potatoes). The authors stress the importance of indigenous technology and emphasize the methods in which the peasants of Yurimaguas have regained their traditional techniques.

}, keywords = {Amazon, bananas, beans, corn, crops, ethnoecology, farmer participatory research, peanuts, peasants, pineapple, plantains, rice, sugar cane, sweet potatoes, technology, work force, yucca, Yurimaguas}, author = {Pedro Bidegaray and Robert E. Rhoades} } @article {841, title = {The management of common property natural resources: Some conceptual and operational fallacies}, year = {1989}, note = {See also: http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/548811468740174575/pdf/multi-page.pdf}, month = {October 1989}, institution = {The World Bank}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {

The topic of common property natural resources \— and the tenurial regimes that come to be regarded as suitable alternatives for the purposes of accelerated growth \— is critical to the practical work on development projects, primarily in agriculture, forestry, or fisheries. The job of designing or appraising such projects is a matter of complex craftsmanship. Central to this process are not only the technical and financial skills, but also a conceptual understanding of the socio-economic and cultural fabric within which individuals use and/or abuse their ecosystem. We deal in this paper precisely with such conceptual issues about property regimes, attempting to shed some light on several difficult and often-controversial questions embedded in the art and craft of purposive development interventions.

The term \"common property\" has been largely misunderstood and falsely interpreted for the past two-three decades. Common property regimes are not the free-for-all they have been described to be, but are structured ownership arrangements within which management rules are developed, group size is known and enforced, incentives exist for co-owners to follow the accepted institutional arrangements, and sanctions work to insure compliance.

This book starts with a discussion of property rights in natural resource management. The discussion will concern four possible management regimes (state property, private property, common property, and open access). It then turns to a discussion of project strategies and resource management, drawing particularly on Bank project experience in livestock, forestry, and watershed protection. It concludes with an agenda for action in natural resources, emphasizing the rehabilitation of rural managerial capacity. (author)

}, keywords = {absentee ownership, common property, common property regimes, forestry, livestock, natural resources, open access regimes, private property regimes, resource management, rural management, state property regimes, watersheds}, isbn = {0-8213-1249-9}, url = {http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/548811468740174575/The-management-of-common-property-natural-resources-some-conceptual-and-operational-fallacies}, author = {Daniel W. Bromley and Michael M. Cernea} } @booklet {488, title = {[Newsletter]}, year = {1989}, month = {Autumn 1989}, publisher = {[BASAPP]}, address = {[Brighton]}, abstract = {

Contents:

Articles:

}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/863381873}, author = {British Association for Social Anthropology in Policy and Practice} } @article {644, title = {Rethinking crop genetic resource conservation}, journal = {Conservation Biology}, volume = {3}, year = {1989}, month = {1989}, pages = {19-29}, abstract = {A worldwide system of crop germplasm conservation has been developed around ex situ preservation. This system is based on a dual mandate of conservation and development, and it has largely ignored the farming systems that produce germplasm. A revisionist critique of the existing system is presented. Problems of the current strategy include incomplete collections, loss within these collections, isolation from evolutionary processes, and budgetary constraints. In situ conservation offers an alternative to current methods especially if conservation rather than development is the priority. The concept of genetic erosion is discussed and evaluated in light of recent evidence of uneven change in areas of crop diversity. Farmers in many parts of the world are conserving traditional varieties even as they modernize and adopt improved varieties. This pattern is illustrated by reference to Asian rice agriculture. A new approach to conservation is needed that builds a collaborative program between farmers, crop scientists, ecologists, biogeographers, and social scientists. A first step is to analyze farming systems that already conserve traditional crop varieties.}, author = {Stephen B. Brush} } @article {803, title = {The scientific basis for Shipibo soil classification and land use: Changes in soil-plant associations with cash cropping}, journal = {American Anthropologist}, volume = {91}, year = {1989}, month = {March 1989}, pages = {83-100}, abstract = {Since the Shipibo began cash cropping rice, their land use patterns have changed with proportionately less utilization of soft sandy soils, which are best for staple Musa production, and greater use of harder clayey soils, which are more suitable for rice and root crops. Statistical analysis of soil samples reveals the physical-chemical basis for Shipibo soil categories and indicates the effect of swidden agriculture on levels of important soil characteristics. While cultural principles for planting have summarized these important ecological relationships in the past, they are often violated with increasing rice production. Examination of time allocation and food consumption data shows that changes in Shipibo land use patterns are associated with higher labor costs during brief periods of the agricultural cycle and greater dependence on domesticated animal foods.}, keywords = {cultural ecology, human adaptation, Shipibo, soil classification, swiddens}, doi = {10.1525/aa.1989.91.1.02a00050}, url = {https://anthrosource.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1525/aa.1989.91.1.02a00050}, author = {Clifford A. Behrens} } @inbook {914, title = {Solving the common-property dilemma: Village fisheries rights in Japanese Coastal waters}, booktitle = {Common property resources: Ecology and community-based sustainable development}, year = {1989}, month = {1989}, pages = {59-75}, publisher = {Belhaven Press}, organization = {Belhaven Press}, address = {London; New York}, abstract = {Through a rights system and membership in local cooperative associations, Japanese coastal fishermen have legally guaranteed suitable access to and {\textquoteright}ownership{\textquoteright} of the living aquatic resources in their tenured waters. Contemporary Japanese coastal sea tenure involves time-honored village customary procedures that have been incorporated into modern legislation. Among other things, these complex and locally varied systems consist of the intimate interplay of community rules of conduct, local social sanctions and the interpersonal behaviour of fishermen with the formal institutions. This chapter examines the main features of fisheries rights, cooperative associations, and the use of sea territory in Japanese coastal waters.}, keywords = {aquatic resources, fisheries rights, Japan}, isbn = {1-85293-080-2}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/19518103}, author = {Kenneth Ruddle}, editor = {Fikret Berkes} } @inbook {916, title = {Succession management and resource distribution in an Amazonian rain forest}, booktitle = {Resource management in Amazonia: Indigenous and folk strategies}, series = {Advances in economic botany no. 7}, year = {1989}, month = {1989}, pages = {223-237}, publisher = {New York Botanical Garden}, organization = {New York Botanical Garden}, address = {Bronx, NY}, abstract = {

Many Amazonian peoples have a profound effect on rain forest structure and species composition through a process I call succession management. This article describes and examines the extent of such management in a Runa Indian community in Napo Province, Equador. The Runa live in dispersed settlements at low density, below 2 persons/km2. Unlike Amazonian people living in concentrated settlements, they are not under strong pressure to intensify succession management in order to concentrate forest resources. In order to assess the magnitude of such manipulation under low density conditions, I compare succession in two managed and two unmanaged five-year-old forest fallows. I found that management increases the species diversity of trees greater than 10 cm dbh (diameter at breast height). Planted tree crops accounted for between 8\% and 19\% of trees in this size class, and protected secondary species for between 6\% and 16\%. The distribution of many species, however, was not the result of conscious management decisions, although seedling establishment may have been altered by agriculture. It is possible that succession management in this Runa community could be further intensified to increase the proportion of useful planted and protected species. Nevertheless, resources present in Runa managed fallows provide significant amounts of food, construction material, and firewood as well as medicinal plants and other needed household items. (author)

}, keywords = {agroforestry, Amazon, Ecuador, fuelwood, rainforests, resource management, Runa, South America, succession}, isbn = {0-89327-340-6; 978-0-89327-340-8}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/19623957}, author = {Dominique Irvine}, editor = {Darrell Addison Posey and William L. Balée} } @inbook {854, title = {Agroforestry}, booktitle = {Jessenia and Oenocarpus: Neotropical oil palms worthy of domestication}, series = {FAO Plant Production and Protection Paper no. 88}, year = {1988}, month = {December 1988}, pages = {149-184}, publisher = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)}, organization = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)}, address = {Rome}, abstract = {The study focuses on the uses of oil palms in Colombia. It outlines the systems of land use employing palms. It also gives an analysis of how other plants and livestock fared in these systems. Several tables and illustrations are included. The paper goes on to suggest future research lines that would be helpful to study.}, keywords = {agroforestry, ethnobotany, Oenocarpus, palm oil}, isbn = {92-5-102676-9}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/19059118}, author = {Michael J. Balick and Steven R. King and Luis E. Forero Pinto}, editor = {Michael J Balick} } @article {522, title = {Book Reviews}, journal = {H\&J}, year = {1988}, month = {June 1988}, abstract = {

Book reviews:

}, author = {David Brokensha} } @inbook {918, title = {The Brazilian fiber belt: Harvest and management of Piassava palm (Attalea funifera Mart.)}, booktitle = {The palm -- Tree of life: Biology, utilization, and conservation symposium at the 1986 Annual Meeting of the Society for Economic Botany, New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York, 13-14 June 1986}, series = {Advances in Economic Botany no. 6}, year = {1988}, month = {1988}, pages = {254-267}, publisher = {New York Botanical Garden}, organization = {New York Botanical Garden}, address = {New York}, abstract = {

Piassava palm (Attalea funifera Mart.) is endemic to the coastal restinge forests of Bahia, Brazil. Its durable water resistant fiber has been commercially exploited since the 1500s, first in the fashioning of ship\&$\#$39;s anchor ropes and later in the manufacture of brooms and brushes. Although still destructively exploited on unattended land, piassava is increasingly being protected and managed as a valuable perennial crop. The leaf fibers harvested either seasonally or on a continuous basis, depending on the competing interests of the cutters and land owners. Management strategies for piassava habitat include:

  1. benign neglect
  2. burning
  3. planting

During burning, piassava\&$\#$39;s deep subterranean stems escape the flames, allowing this species to survive and numerically dominate the post-fire environment. Although widespread, the use of fire to \"improve\" piassave habitat is temporally infrequent. Land owners began planting on an experimental basis in the 1970s. Although geographical differences in fiber quality are recognized, planting is carried out exclusively with seed from local sources.

Piasava fiber exports have steadily declined since the beginning of this century due to over-exploitation and competition with other natural as well as synthetic materials. This situation has been aggravated by the rising value of the U.S. dollar. Export losses have been more than balanced, however, by the growing demand for piassava fiber within Brazil.

}, keywords = {Attalea, Bahia, fire, palms, Piassava, rainforests}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/17353831}, author = {Robert A. Voeks}, editor = {Michael J. Balick} } @article {557, title = {Factors determining the occurrence of the agroforestry system with Acacia mearnsii in Central Java}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {6}, year = {1988}, month = {February 1988}, pages = {119-135}, abstract = {In 1922, the colonial government introduced Acacia mearnsii in the tobacco-growing region of Wonosobo. Soon this species was accepted by the local people who developed an agroforestry system based on a rotation of A. mearnsii and agricultural crops. Now, the growing of the black wattle is becoming less popular. To study the prospects for this agroforestry system 143 farmers from 5 villages were interviewed. The functions of this agroforestry system are the production of fuelwood and bark (which contains tannin for the leather industry), soil conservation and soil improvement. The following factors affect A. mearnsii growing: population density (which affects farm size and demand for domestic fuelwood), tobacco-processing (which requires fuel), topography and commercialization. If current trends continue, the contribution of the functions of this agroforestry system to welfare will not be sufficient to compete successfully with subsistence and cash crops like potatoes and tobacco. Therefore, A. mearnsii cultivation is expected to decline further.}, keywords = {Acacia mearnsii, agroforestry, central Java, commercialization, farming system development, Indonesia}, doi = {10.1007/BF02344749}, url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02344749}, author = {Lucinne M. Berenschot and Bram M. Filius and Soedarwono Hardjosoediro} } @article {820, title = {Farmer strategies in regional agricultural change: The case of commercial potato production in Oxapampa}, year = {1988}, month = {September 1988}, institution = {International Potato Center (CIP), Social Science Department}, address = {Lima, Peru}, abstract = {

Regional agricultural systems are continually constituted and reconstituted by the strategies of individual farmers as they draw upon, and iteratively change, the resources to which they have access, and the constraints to which they are subject because of their personal experience and their membership of a particular social group. One important factor in regional agricultural change is the propensity of farmers to experiment with and change their agricultural strategies. The range of potential experiments is, however, limited by what the farmer conceives as possible. Moreover, the potential long-term success of such innovation depends upon the acquisition of accurate knowledge of the new crop and the environmental factors to which it is subject.

Examining the case of recent changes in potato farming in Oxapampa on the east slopes of the Andes, this paper demonstrates how this interplay between perceived possibilities, farmer experimentation and knowledge of the economic and ecological environment contributed to the rapid rise, and then fall, of potato cultivation. Implications both for the concept of adaptation and for the introduction of new crop technologies are discussed.

}, keywords = {Andes, ecology, Oxapampa, potato production}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/647893566}, author = {Anthony Bebbington} } @inbook {920, title = {The Mbeere in Kenya}, booktitle = {The Mbeere in Kenya Volume I: Changing Rural Ecology}, year = {1988}, note = {

General Note: Includes indexes

Contents: v. 1. Changing rural ecology -- v. 2. Botanical identities and uses

}, month = {1988}, pages = {142-213}, publisher = {University Press of America in association with IDA Institute for Development Anthropology}, organization = {University Press of America in association with IDA Institute for Development Anthropology}, address = {Lanham, MD}, abstract = {This article examines a survey of the Mbeere people in Kenya, East Africa. The survey concerns tree planting and what effects it. Specifically looks at why they plant, when they plant, and where they obtain seedlings. Including are recommendations based on the results of the survey.}, keywords = {Embu District, ethnobotany, Kenya, Mbere (African people), social conditions}, isbn = {0-8191-6999-4}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/17877447}, author = {Bernard W. Riley and David Brokensha} } @article {692, title = {The political economy of fisheries development in the third world}, journal = {Agriculture and Human Values}, volume = {5}, year = {1988}, note = {This article from Agriculture and Human Values, 5 (1-2) listed independently.}, month = {December 1988}, pages = {35-48}, abstract = {International agencies have contributed significantly to the promotion of capital-intensive fisheries development programs in many Third World nations. Activities of both bilateral and multilateral development assistance agencies are examined and shown to have certain common features, notably production-oriented programs typified by the introduction of powerful new fishing technologies, and the promotion of fishery exports as a means of increasing foreign exchange earnings. The argument is advanced that these programs have been largely detrimental to the best interests of recipient nations because they have ignored both resource limitations and the distributional consequences of such development. Fisheries development programs in the Third World are seen as being shaped by a convergence of institutional and class interests between national and international agencies. The perspective of political economy is used to examine these interests and explain their relation to policy outcomes. Evidence is presented to show that international agencies have contributed to dualistic patterns of industry growth which have skewed development benefits towards a narrow urban elite. Rural small-scale fishers have been increasingly marginalized as a result of their inability to compete over a limited and, in some cases, depleted resource. Fisheries development and resource management need to be seen as complementary aspects of a single process rather than as separate activities. Central to fisheries management is the question of resource allocation between competing users. Suggestions are offered by which international development agencies can play an important role in encouraging resource use patterns which are both biologically sustainable and socially just.}, keywords = {development assistance, fishery management, foreign exchange, international agency, political economy}, doi = {10.1007/BF02217175}, url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02217175}, author = {Conner Bailey} } @article {636, title = {Pollarding for multiple benefits}, journal = {Northern Journal of Applied Forestry}, volume = {5}, year = {1988}, note = {Reprint Series No. R974, Illinois State Natural History Survey}, month = {June 1988}, pages = {148-152}, abstract = {Pollarding is a traditional method of producing fuelwood in agroforestry systems where livestock browsing restricts tree regeneration by seedlings or coppice sprouts. As in coppicing, pollarding produces successive crops of wood from the vegetative sprouts of repeatedly harvested trees, but in pollarding the dominant sprouts are formed near the top of permanent trunks above the reach of livestock. The unique structure of pollards also makes them suitable for use as short-rotation fuelwood trees where fire restricts tree regeneration at ground level. In addition to fuelwood, pollards produce other tree products, as well as soil, wildlife, and esthetic benefits. With this combination of benefits, pollarding has potential for ameliorating certain environmental problems in the midwestern United States and for meeting the multiple objectives of many woodland owners. To assess this potential, we measured biomass yields and sprouting characteristics of honey locust and pin oak pollards harvested on 15- and 11-year rotations, respectively. Both species produced moderate yields of biomass and responded vigorously to pollarding. Potential benefits and problems of the method are discussed and applications of pollarding in farm and nonfarm settings are proposed.}, keywords = {fuelwood, pollarding}, author = {Christopher D. Burnett and David Gilluly} } @book {401, title = {The status of multipurpose trees in Thailand}, series = {Multipurpose Tree Species Network Research Series Report 2}, year = {1988}, month = {August 1988}, pages = {104}, publisher = {Winrock International}, organization = {Winrock International}, address = {Bangkok, Thailand}, abstract = {As the forestry problems are enormous, forest researchers have to find the proper program to tackle the existing problem. To promote the general well-being of the Thais there is the need to establish tree-lands wherever possible. To ensure progressively increasing supplies of fuelwood and charcoal as well as industrial wood, establishment of multipurpose trees is considered to be a superb chance for increasing wood productivity as well as restoring a proper ecological balance.}, keywords = {agroforestry, ecology, Thailand}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/26788851}, author = {Suree Bhumibhamon} } @article {661, title = {Structural and technical development in agriculture: An international overview}, journal = {Agriculture and Human Values}, volume = {5}, year = {1988}, note = {This article from Agriculture and Human Values, 5 (1-2) listed independently.}, month = {December 1988}, pages = {92-100}, abstract = {This study investigates the socio-historical relationships existing between the development of the agricultural structure and the process of technical development. Adopting a political economy posture, it is argued that the development of technical procedures in agriculture has been aimed historically at the maximization of production and productivity. This phenomenon has been generated by the social hegemony of groups interested in the enhancement of accumulation of capital and has been translated into an emphasis on large productive units, which discriminates against small and medium farms. This pattern of development has been legitimized through a social consensus which involves an emphasis on small family producers. This contradiction is embodied in the generation of a dualistic agricultural structure characterized by the prosperity of large farms, the persistence of small farms and the crisis of medium farms and in patterns of overproduction and unavailability of food for the poor segments of society.}, keywords = {agricultural economic structure, political economy, productive unit, technical development, veterinary medicine}, doi = {10.1007/BF02217180}, url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02217180}, author = {Alessandro Bonanno} } @article {844, title = {Trees and pastoralists: The case of the Pokot and Turkana}, year = {1988}, note = {

This paper argued that the traditional values and practices of the semi-nomadic Pokot and Turkana peoples of Kenya provided an excellent basis for institutional efforts to sustain the pastoralists\&$\#$39; semi-arid environments. Both groups managed pasture lands adaptively and co-operatively, under the leadership of elders. Trees along water courses were under individual tenure, highly valued and rarely cut, though people did not plant trees and failed to see the connection between seedlings and productive mature trees. The author argued that the many inappropriate and damaging interventions in the area, for instance intensification of land use, could be usefully replaced by developments that start with what people know, build on indigenous strategies and strengthen local rights of tenure.

}, month = {May 1988}, institution = {Overseas Development Institute (ODI)}, address = {London}, abstract = {

Pastoral people in arid and semi-arid lands have, with time, developed rational sustainable land use systems based on the mobility of their livestock herds, and making optimal use of the land both geographically and ecologically. Historically such systems were self-regulating with periodic famines and disease outbreaks acting as controls. These self-regulating mechanisms are for various reasons, no longer allowed full play with resulting deterioration in land-use patterns, particularly in the settlement zones.

Few people perceive the use of their land-use strategies as a soil and water conservation benefit, yet in preserving their land and vegetation this is exactly what it is. Likewise planners in soil and water conservation, in many cases, do not see the value of such strategies, preferring the use of structures in curing the problem rather than preventing the disease.

This paper attempts, in some small way to highlight some of the traditional values that the Pokot and Turkana have which could be of intrinsic value to soil and water conservation, if used sensibly in the dry areas. It further attempts to identify methods of incorporating such traditional values into soil and water conservation practice for arid and semi-arid lands. (author)

}, keywords = {soil conservation}, url = {https://odi.org/en/publications/trees-and-pastoralists-the-case-of-the-pokot-and-turkana/}, author = {Edmund G. C. Barrow} } @inbook {807, title = {Trees, people and the dry lands: The role of local knowledge}, booktitle = {Agroforestry development in Kenya: Proceedings of the Second Kenya National Seminar on Agroforestry}, year = {1988}, note = {Paper presented to Second Kenya National Seminar on Agroforestry}, month = {Nov. 7-16 1988}, publisher = {Institute of Forestry}, organization = {Institute of Forestry}, address = {Nairobi, Kenya}, abstract = {The importance of traditional knowledge as a tool in development is discussed in broad terms, its relevance to the change process and as to why it has not been fully utilized in the past. Pokot and Turkana transhumant silvo-pastoral systems are discussed in a broad land management perspective and then as they relate to individual tree species, their utilization and management. This is then briefly compared to the Sukuma (in Tanzania) agro-silvo-pastoral system. In all cases the people of the area display a rich and detailed local knowledge base as it relates to the environment and ecology. This comprises a detailed ethnobotanical knowledge as it relates to species utilization and their management, which is then related to broad land management systems which, especially in Pokot and Turkana are both environmentally sound, ecologically viable and culturally acceptable. Why then are such systems and knowledge bases not utilized? This is then related to traditional conservatism and constraints pertaining to such lands. In realizing that the traditional base is not perfect, ways are discussed as to how the people and the knowledge base can be brought into the focus of development and change, particularly in the silvo-pastoral context. This is based on a participatory sharing extension approach which identifies potential and constraints in the traditional base combined with problem identification and solution finding. The example of the Turkana Rural Development Programme{\textquoteright}s forestry sector is used to show how this can be achieved (or at least partly so) in a large district such as Turkana whose people are mobile and widely spaced. It is discussed in terms of extension approaches used, feedback from such work and the impact of the work to date. It is likewise shown that such work can fit into current day development thinking as a means of relating the local knowledge base to the present day. The conclusion challenges researchers and developers alike in terms of giving a real and meaningful emphasis to the traditional database, of relating their work to it and keeping the focus of such work on the people who live in such areas. Such pastoral people do not compartmentalize their lives into discrete boxes as Research and Development tends to do. This is not possible especially in the arid and semi-arid lands and especially as relates to silvo-pastoralism. The threads are too interlinked. The basis for change and improvement lies with making the people of the area the focus, making them responsible for their environment through the use of the traditional knowledge base as a foundation stone for sustainable real development, as if people matter. (author)}, keywords = {participatory research}, author = {Edmund G. C. Barrow} } @article {542, title = {Development anthropology and natural resource management}, journal = {L{\textquoteright}Uomo Societa tradizione sviluppo}, volume = {11}, year = {1987}, month = {Summer 1987}, pages = {226-249}, abstract = {

This is an opportune time to attempt an overview of this topic, because anthropologists have, in recent years, made important contributions to development policies and projects that are concerned with natural resources. The author examines several domains, including agriculture, pastoralism and range management, and forestry, with passing attention to others (fisheries, water and irrigation, soil conservation and game). In all these domains, he cites specific examples of anthropologists who have played direct and useful roles in development, in collaboration with governmental and international agencies. These agencies are showing an increased awareness of the potential help that anthropologists can provide, thereby creating a generally open and favorable climate for these activities. The contributions of anthropologists to all of these domains are given more prominence in development and create sensitivity to social and environmental concerns.

Development anthropology is a term that has become accepted over the last two decades, referring to the involvement of social anthropologists in planned attempts to encourage social and economic development, particularly (but not exclusively) in the third world. Dealing with the Institute for Development Anthropology, the United States Agency for International Development, United Nations Development Programme, and others, this report gives consideration to the different roles of development anthropology, followed by an analysis of the sorts of skills and training that are required, paying attention particularly to three overlapping fields: local natural resource management, indigenous knowledge systems and local participation. Then a detailed examination of the natural resource domains is provided. Followed by a review of how anthropologists actually work in this field, and finally ending with some conclusions and recommendations for specific actions.

}, keywords = {Food and Agricultural Organisation (FAO), IDA, integrated pest management, International Union of Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN), local natural resource management, natural resource management, natural resources, UNDP, USAID}, author = {David W. Brokensha} } @inbook {875, title = {Genetic conservation and the role of botanic gardens}, booktitle = {Botanic gardens and the world conservation strategy: Proceedings of an international conference, 26-30 November 1985 held at Las Palmas de Gran Canaria}, year = {1987}, month = {1987}, pages = {161-173}, publisher = {Academic Press Inc.}, organization = {Academic Press Inc.}, address = {London}, abstract = {

Botanic gardens -- although historically of great importance in the introduction of exotic materials often linked to cash crop development -- were part of the plant introduction systems out of which developed the genetic resource programs in the past few decades. But they have been less than successful in conserving plant materials. With the rapid growth in the nature conservation movement and the economic recession limiting funds, many have realized they have changing roles. Much of this has been sparked by dramatic appeals from botanic gardens in developed countries to help in conservation of the rapidly eroding tropical rain forest.

Current compartmentalized action needs to be coordinated, not from the viewpoint of assuming roles and responsibilities which will only exacerbate the inactivities of many organizations over the past couple of decades, but to produce fruitful liaison based on good science and not emotional or financial considerations.

To this end the authors outline a number of scientific imperatives which could lead to positive action and enable all organizations at this conference to assume their moral and evolutionary responsibilities. They may require radical changes in thinking (but after all evolution is based on genetic change in relation to environment). The manipulation of plants by man has led to a wealth of diversity for food, fiber, shelter and medicine. Now we have the chance to manipulate at the molecular level. We must stand ready with our material available, well documented and with clear priorities for future action.

}, keywords = {botanical gardens, conservation, rainforests}, isbn = {0-12-125462-3}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/16718888}, author = {J. T. Williams and J. L. Creech}, editor = {D. Bramwell and O. Hamann and V. H. Heywood and H. Synge} } @article {839, title = {The half-hidden economic roles of rural Nigerian women and national development}, year = {1987}, note = {Research monograph prepared for the World Bank}, month = {October 1987}, abstract = {As Nigerian oil exports flourished, its agricultural production floundered from 45 percent of the Gross Domestic Product in 1970 to 25 percent in 1987. However, in order to understand the full measure of the Nigerian agricultural stiuation, and assess its impacts on hindering or facilitating national development, one must understand just how women fit in the various farming systems of the country. This manuscript starts with an overview of Nigeria{\textquoteright}s recent oil and agricultural situation. Next, the paper presents a glimpse of Nigeria{\textquoteright}s major variance in ethnicity, ecology, and the division of agricultural labor and resources by gender. Then, the manual examines the gender division of labor and resources in the agricultural sector, and looks at recent changes. In section four, the paper draws links from micro to macro levels, and identifies the gaps in our knowledge of gender and agricultural systems in Nigeria. Finally, the text concludes with a summary of the major findings and a series of policy recommendations.}, keywords = {Africa, agriculture, animal by-products, animal husbandry, crop by-products, economics, farm forestry, female agriculture, harvesting, marketing, national development, Nigeria, oil, processing, rural people, soils, sowing, storage, tending, transporting, weeding, women}, author = {Rae Lesser Blumberg and Lorna Lueker} } @book {358, title = {Land and tree tenure in humid West Africa: A bibliography}, year = {1987}, month = {1987}, pages = {33}, publisher = {International Livestock Centre for Africa}, organization = {International Livestock Centre for Africa}, address = {Addis Abada, Ethiopia}, abstract = {This bibliography covers land and tree tenure systems in countries all or part of which are in the humid zone of West Africa. A national, rather than strictly ecological approach was chosen to reflect the focus of much of the literature, which frequently deals with countries as a whole. Within the region diverse customary systems and land use modes have been affected by national policies of different ideologies and degrees of effectiveness. References are listed alphabetically by author, and subject and geographical indexes are also provided. (author)}, keywords = {agroforestry, Benin, Cameroon, Cape Verde, chiefs, collateral, commons, communal tenure, customary law, forestry, fragmentation, Ghana, Guinea, inheritance, Ivory Coast, land ownership, land reform, legislation, Liberia, litigation, nationalization, Nigeria, property transfer, public ownership, security, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo, tree crops, West Africa, women{\textquoteright}s rights}, isbn = {92-9053-091-X}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/17341746}, author = {Paul Francis and Getachew Bulfeta} } @inbook {891, title = {Living fences in tropical America: A widespread agroforestry practice}, booktitle = {Agroforestry: Realities, Possibilities and Potentials}, year = {1987}, month = {1987}, pages = {169-178}, publisher = {Martin Nijhoff Publishers in cooperation with ICRAF; distributors for the U.S. and Canada, Kluwer Academic Publishers}, organization = {Martin Nijhoff Publishers in cooperation with ICRAF; distributors for the U.S. and Canada, Kluwer Academic Publishers}, address = {Dordrecht, Netherlands}, abstract = {The practice of using living fence posts to attach rows of barbed wire is widespread in tropical America although related scientific knowledge is relatively scarce. Besides holding wire, live fences produce fuelwood, fodder, and food, and act as windbreaks and protection for wildlife, but the greatest benefit is derived from the use of branches to establish more fences or to "fill in" old fences. Many trees are used, depending on ecological zones, availability of large cuttings for planting, and special needs dictated by preferences and beliefs of the farmers. Planting practices, studied in detail in Costa Rica, also vary. Advantages and drawbacks of living compared to non-living wood fences are discussed. Some speculations of future prospects and the possible involvement of scientists are advanced. (author)}, keywords = {agroforestry, Costa Rica, live fences}, isbn = {90-247-3590-4, 978-90-247-3590-7, 90-247-3591-2, 978-90-247-3591-4}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/16352684}, author = {Gerardo Budowski}, editor = {Henry L. Gholz} } @book {365, title = {Manual for multipurpose trees species}, series = {Multipurpose Tree Species Network Research Series}, volume = {2}, year = {1987}, month = {[1987?]}, pages = {56 pp.}, publisher = {Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development and Forestry/Fuelwood Research and Development Project (F/FRED)}, organization = {Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development and Forestry/Fuelwood Research and Development Project (F/FRED)}, address = {Morrilton, AR}, abstract = {This manual describes the collective work of dozens of agricultural and forestry researchers with interests in multipurpose tree species research. The manual, and the multi- location experiment it describes, are a major step in encouraging coordinated network research on the priority MPTS species. However, this guide is at present only intended as a manual for a single multi-location trial now being conducted in Indonesia, Malaysia, Pakistan, the Philippines, the Republic of China and Thailand.}, keywords = {agroforestry}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/49557087}, editor = {Kirtland M. Barker} } @book {388, title = {Special Report: The environment: Managing natural resources for sustainable development}, series = {Special report (United States Agency for International Development)}, year = {1987}, month = {[1987]}, pages = {48}, publisher = {U.S. Agency for International Development}, organization = {U.S. Agency for International Development}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {

This report covers the following topics:

}, keywords = {agroforestry, developing countries, environmental policy, natural resources}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/23690519}, author = {Nyle C. Brady and United States Agency for International Development (USAID)} } @article {720, title = {Weinstock{\textquoteright}s analogy}, journal = {Human Ecology}, volume = {15}, year = {1987}, month = {March 1987}, pages = {109-111}, abstract = {This article concerns the problem surrounding the comparison of South American and Southeast Asian swidden (slash and burn) systems. Topics discussed include the "apples and oranges" debate as well as root crop/seed crop cultivation, species diversity, and intent of production.}, keywords = {biodiversity, fallow, South America, southeast Asia}, doi = {10.1007/BF00891374}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/4602834}, author = {Stephen Beckerman} } @conference {810, title = {Woody biomass production: Traditional methods for modern problems}, booktitle = {Paper presented at Alternative Energy in the Midwest: Research and Applications, March 19-20, 1987, Rosemont, Illinois}, series = {ILENR/AE-87/06}, year = {1987}, month = {March 1987}, pages = {408-417}, publisher = {Illinois Department of Energy and Natural Resources}, organization = {Illinois Department of Energy and Natural Resources}, address = {Springfield, IL}, abstract = {

Recent research on fuelwood production in North America has concentrated on the simple coppice method, a highly productive but capital-intensive method that provides few of the benefits desired by landowners. In contrast to the maximum-yield approach taken by advocates of the simple coppice method, the goal of this study was to design low-input woodland management methods that would provide benefits consistent with landowner objectives. In particular, the objective was to develop systems of fuelwood production that could also be used to control soil erosion on marginal farmland and to provide high-quality wildlife habitat. From an energy perspective, the strategy is to sacrifice high productivity for wider adoption, thereby compensating for lower yields.

A review of the historical and ecological literature suggested that some of the lesser-known methods of fuelwood production methods may be better suited to the objectives of current landowners than the simple coppice system. To test this idea, experimental woodlots based on two traditional European woodland management systems were established. One of the systems, coppice with standards, is related to the simple coppice method. Although the primary product of coppice with standards is fuelwood from the coppice component, some trees (the standards) are retained for multiple coppice rotations to provide timber, to sustain wildlife, and to provide aesthetic benefits. The other system, pasture with pollards, is a type of agroforestry in which fuelwood-producing trees (the pollards) form a broken canopy above an herbaceous pasture layer. Pollards are much like coppiced trees except that regeneration occurs from the top of permanent trunks 8-12 feet tall, thereby preventing livestock from damaging young sprouts. Preliminary growth and yield data indicate that native tree species respond well to these methods. Potential benefits and problems of the two methods are discussed. (author).

}, keywords = {soil conservation}, author = {Christopher D. Burnett} } @book {296, title = {Andenes y camellones en el Per{\'u} Andino: Historia, presente y futuro}, year = {1986}, month = {January 1986}, publisher = {Ministerio de la Presidencia, Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog{\'\i}a}, organization = {Ministerio de la Presidencia, Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog{\'\i}a}, address = {[Lima, Peru]}, keywords = {furrow irrigation, hill farming, terraces}, url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=BHpgAAAAMAAJ}, editor = {Carlos de la Torre Espinoza Torre and Manuel Burga and John Earls} } @inbook {919, title = {The ecology of traditional pest management in Southeast Asia}, booktitle = {Traditional agriculture in southeast Asia: A human ecology perspective}, year = {1986}, month = {1986}, pages = {241-272}, publisher = {Westview Press}, organization = {Westview Press}, address = {Boulder, CO}, abstract = {

This chapter reviews traditional pest management practices and provides ecological explanations for how they function. Four major sources of information are used:

  1. qualitative descriptions of pest problems and pest management practices in traditional agriculture;
  2. quantitative studies of pest dynamics in traditional agriculture;
  3. ecological studies of natural ecosystems; and
  4. agricultural field experiments. (author)
}, isbn = {0813370264; 978-0813370262}, url = {http://gerrymarten.com/traditional-agriculture/tableofcontents.html}, author = {Becky J. Brown and Gerald G. Marten}, editor = {Gerald G. Marten} } @article {840, title = {The implications of farming systems analysis for land titling in the area of Quimistan, Santa Barbara, Honduras}, year = {1986}, note = {CIKARD copy is a draft}, month = {January 1986}, institution = {Institute for Environmental Studies, Land Tenure Center}, address = {University of Wisconsin-Madison}, abstract = {

This document summarizes a farming systems analysis carried out in the region of Quimistan, Department of Santa Barbara, Honduras, during January 1986. The work was done as a part of the Land Tenure Center\&$\#$39;s evaluation of the Honduran Land Titling Project. Our objectives were to characterize the agricultural systems and land use practices in the area, to identify problems and constraints related to land use, and to assess actual and potential impacts of the land titling project on agriculture in the region. The study is comprised of two parts:

  1. an agro-ecological characterization of the zone and
  2. detailed case studies of eight farming systems.
}, keywords = {agroforestry, crop rotation, fallow, fertilizer, firewood, fuelwood, herbicide, land tenure, manure, peasant community, pesticides, shifting cultivation, slash and burn, trees, tropical forests}, author = {Becky J. Brown and Alexander Coles} } @book {367, title = {Multipurpose tree species networks for the Forestry/Fuelwood Research and Development Project: Recommendations}, series = {Multipurpose Tree Species Network Research Series Report no. 1}, year = {1986}, month = {July 1986}, pages = {118}, publisher = {Winrock International}, organization = {Winrock International}, address = {Morrillton, AR}, abstract = {F/FRED usage of "multipurpose" tree species implies the use of trees for fuelwood or charcoal, fodder for domesticated animals, fruit for human food, green manure, etc. on a single tree in small farm management. This definition might exclude species which produce more than one important timber product which cannot be economically grown or processed on the small farm. Fuel and fodder uses appear to be the most important end-products to consider.}, keywords = {agroforestry}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/25890506}, author = {Kenneth G. MacDicken and Michael R. Dove and James L. Brewbaker and William F. Hyde} } @article {623, title = {Multistoried agroforestry garden system in West Sumatra, Indonesia}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {4}, year = {1986}, month = {December 1986}, pages = {315-338}, abstract = {The agroforestry garden system in Maninjau in West Sumatra is characterized by an intensive integration of forest species and commercial crops, forming a forest-like system. The intimate association of different species provides both subsistence and commercial products which supplement rice production. This complex agroforest is managed by the combination between cultural practices and respect of natural processes of vegetation production and reproduction. It represents a profitable production system and constitutes an efficient buffer between villages and protected forest. It is a good model of association between integration of forest resources and cultivation of cash crops in the form of a sustainable and flexible system.}, keywords = {buffer zone, commercial agroforestry, forest resource management, fruit trees, multistoried agroforest, Sumatra}, doi = {10.1007/BF00048106}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00048106}, author = {G. Michon and F. Mary and J. Bompard} } @inbook {905, title = {People and resources in Nepal: Customary resource management systems of the Upper Kali Gandaki}, booktitle = {Common property resource management}, year = {1986}, note = {Chapter 21}, month = {December 1987}, pages = {455-480}, publisher = {National Academy Press}, organization = {National Academy Press}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {This document looks at common property resource management in general and numerous case studies. Case studies cover topics in the resources of fish and wildlife; water; range and pastureland; agricultural land; and forest and bushland.}, keywords = {aquatic resources, common property, Nepal, resource management}, isbn = {0-309-04258-5}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/255773087}, author = {Donald A. Messerschmidt}, editor = {Daniel W. Bromley} } @inbook {921, title = {The question of hunter-gatherer territoriality: The case of the Batek of Malaysia}, booktitle = {The past and future of !Kung ethnography: Critical reflections and symbolic perspectives: Essays in honour of Lorna Marshall}, series = {Quellen zur Khoisan-Forschung no. 4}, year = {1986}, month = {1987}, pages = {137-162}, publisher = {Helmut Buske Verlag}, organization = {Helmut Buske Verlag}, address = {Hamburg}, abstract = {In this paper we hope to make a small additional contribution to the understanding of hunter-gatherer territoriality by describing the social organization, economic activities, and rights to land and resources among the Batek of peninsular Malaysia. The Batek provide an interesting complementary case to the !Kung because they live in a tropical rain forest, where food and water resources are relatively abundant, and because, unlike the !Kung, exchange with outsiders is an important part of their economy. The most striking contrast, however, is that the Batek are not territorial in any of the usual senses of the term.}, keywords = {Batek, gatherer, hunter-gatherer, Kung, Malaysia, rainforests, rattan, territoriality, tropical, wild fruit}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/16967559}, author = {Kirk Endicott and Karen Lampell Endicott}, editor = {Megan Biesele and Robert Gordon and Richard Lee} } @conference {790, title = {Relationships between Shipibo and western soil classification: Changes in land use patterns with cash cropping}, booktitle = {Paper presented at 85th Annual Meeting of the American Anthropological Association, 5 December 1986, Philidelphia}, year = {1986}, month = {December 1986}, abstract = {Since the Shipibo began cash cropping rice, their land use patterns have changed with less utilization of sandy soils, best for staple Mosa production, and greater use of harder soils, more suitable for rice and root crops. Statistical analysis of soil samples reveals the physical-chemical basis for Shipibo soil categories and indicates the effect of swidden agriculture on levels of important soil characteristics. While cultural prescriptions for planting have summarized these ecological relationships in the past, they are often violated with increasing rice production. This paper examines the greater labor costs associated with the adoption of cash cropping by Shipibo farmers. (author)}, keywords = {cultural ecology, human adaptation, Shipibo, soil classification, swiddens}, author = {Clifford A. Behrens} } @article {694, title = {The role of agroforestry in the farming systems in Rwanda with special reference to the Bugesera-Gisaka-Migongo (BGM) region}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {4}, year = {1986}, month = {December 1986}, pages = {271-289}, abstract = {The Rwandan farmers, faced with a perpetual land shortage, have evolved certain intensive systems of organic agriculture. These systems, particularly the homestead (compound) farming, involve the combination of food, fodder and tree crops. to a certain extent these systems can satisfy the multiple needs of the subsistence farmers living under several risks and constraints. However, they cannot cope with the expanding food demand of the rapidly increasing population. Some multipurpose, low-input technologies and agroforestry approaches have been designed to improve the productivity of these traditional systems; these include inter/mixed cropping systems and rotations, alley cropping with leguminous trees and shrubs, use of planted {\textquoteright}fallow{\textquoteright}, planting tree legumes on anti-erosive lines, mixed farming,community forestry and woodlots, and tree planting on farm/field boundaries. The essential aspects of these technologies are briefly discussed. (author)}, keywords = {agriculture, agroforestry, forestry, homestead farming, intercropping, land tenure, low-input technologies, organic agriculture}, doi = {10.1007/BF00048104}, url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00048104}, author = {V. Balasubramanian and A. Egli} } @inbook {912, title = {Seeing the forest while planting the trees: An anthropological approach to agroforestry in rural Haiti}, booktitle = {Politics, projects, and people: Institutional development in Haiti}, year = {1986}, note = {Chapter 7}, month = {1986}, pages = {193-226}, publisher = {Praeger}, organization = {Praeger}, address = {New York}, abstract = {This chapter describes an anthropological approach to environmental restoration that is currently being implemented in rural Haiti, and that has stimulated an historically unprecedented level of voluntary tree planting by Haitian peasants. The overall design of the Agroforestry Project has been described elsewhere. In keeping with the theme of this volume, the discussion focuses upon the underlying design principles and institutional dimensions of the Project.}, keywords = {administrative agencies, economic development, economic development projects, Haiti, institution building, politics and government, social aspects}, isbn = {0-03-004532-0}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/12345132}, author = {Gerald F Murray}, editor = {Derick W. Brinkerhoff and Jean-Claude García-Zamor} } @article {699, title = {The tree that purifies water: Cultivating multipurpose Moringaceae in the Sudan}, journal = {Unasylva (FAO)}, volume = {38}, year = {1986}, month = {February 1986}, pages = {23-28}, abstract = {Suspensions of seed powder from trees and shrubs of the Moringaceae family can effectively be used to clarify water, even turbid water from the River Nile. But species from this family have a variety of other uses as well. Although they show considerable promise for multipurpose use in the tropical belt, little is known about how to cultivate the various species. This article examines different methods of cultivation appropriate to different species -- often with surprising results.}, keywords = {agroforestry, fodder, fuelwood, medicinal plants, oil, ornamental trees, spices}, url = {http://www.fao.org/docrep/r7750e/r7750e04.htm$\#$the\%20tree\%20that\%20purifies\%20water:\%20cultivating\%20multipurpose\%20moringaceae\%20in\%20the\%20sudan}, author = {Samia Al Azharia Jahn and Hassan A. Musnad and Heinz Burgstaller} } @article {743, title = {The use of indigenous knowledge in analyzing resource allocation at the farm level: A new approach to economic analysis}, year = {1986}, month = {September 1986}, abstract = {Too often we hear of superior technology in the experiment station which farmers are either unable or unwilling to adopt. This research proposal takes a new approach to the problem. The first step will be to understand the production process from the perspective of the farmers. Then, this farmer-generated framework will be used to specify resource management domains, analyze efficiency in resource use, and identify potentials for development of new technology.}, keywords = {cognitive anthropology, economic analysis, economic anthropology, economics, ethnolinguistics, ethnoscience, ethnosemantics, Farming Systems Development Project-Eastern Visayas (FSDP-EV), indigenous knowledge, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Leyte, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries (MAF), Philippines, University of Philippines at Los Banos (UPLB), Visayas State College of Agriculture (ViSCA), World Bank}, author = {Randolph Barker and Thomas F. Weaver and Julie Leones and Daniele Perrot-Maitre} } @inbook {748, title = {Agroforestry and swidden cultivators in Latin America}, booktitle = {Land, trees and tenure: Proceedings of an International Workshop on Tenure Issues in Agroforestry, Nairobi, May 27-31, 1985}, year = {1985}, month = {June 1987}, pages = {283-291}, publisher = {ICRAF and the University of Wisconsin Land Tenure Center}, organization = {ICRAF and the University of Wisconsin Land Tenure Center}, address = {Nairobi, Kenya and Madison, WI}, abstract = {

Agroforestry is a relatively new and integrative scientific discipline, struggling for recognition and application to real problems. Agroforestry has very old antecedents and agroforestry practitioners are considered by many as mere relics bound for extinction (i.e. tropical swidden cultivators). The scientific agroforesters and their native counterparts face an uphill battle for survival or for recognition. It is no small matter to postulate that field and forest should survive together and, better yet, be integrated into productive systems, when progress or modernity have decided that field and forest should be torn asunder. Peasants and particularly swidden cultivators appear as the natural target\ beneficiaries of agroforestry. The latter share with the scientific agroforester a community of aims and of subject matter. These days the paths that lead to technological adoption are very much like a maze and we normally detect the exit. The technical messages come from everywhere, the bombardment of advice and the sales pitch is unceasing-eventually reaching even peasants. In this surfeit of information the message of agroforestry is rarely heard. So researchers presume that for agroforestry it doesn\&$\#$39;t make sense to compete in this game. No doubt in ICRAF other means of communication are being thought out and tried. In this paper, the author suggests that certain situations should be taken into account in order for scientific agroforestry to reach peasants effectively. At least in Latin America, conventional agronomy and allied disciplines have mostly proven unable to foster the adoption of technical advances in agriculture or agroforestry among peasants; that is, advances that are really viable and suitable. At times, researchers have known the what but not how, and at others, knowing how, we didn\&$\#$39;t exactly know what. Agroforestry should learn from these experiences. But scientists also know that major forces were at play and there is no point in attributing blame to agronomists or to peasants. Researchers are quite aware that available technology will be eventually adopted, if perceived by peasants as suitable. One plausible way for scientific agroforestry to be diffused among swidden peasants is to work towards a built-in sort of strategy, one that is linked to its development as a scientific discipline. Scientists have at their disposal many contributions that could be used and integrated in designing such strategy. This position paper should be seen as a complement to both concerns: land tenure and the future of agroforestry, as a discipline that should find ways to become accessible to peasants. This workshop deals with the role of land tenure in agroforestry and this theme shows that the broad concern is with the future of agroforestry. The proper consideration of the institutional framework of access to and the use of land and trees and their products, and the arrangements between persons or groups in land use operations is paramount. They are properly identified and assessed from the position papers.

}, keywords = {agroforestry, Latin America, swiddens}, isbn = {0-934519-01-3; 978-0-934519-01-4}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/17247139}, author = {Rafael Baraona}, editor = {J. B. Raintree} } @article {520, title = {Babassu palm in the agroforestry systems in Brazil{\textquoteright}s mid-north region}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {3}, year = {1985}, month = {September 1985}, pages = {275-295}, abstract = {Babassu palms (Orbignya spp.) cover nearly 200,000 km2 in Brazil, providing cash income, fuel, fibre, edible oil and food to a large number of tenant farm households. Babassu is closely integrated within pastoral and shifting cultivation systems of Mid-North Brazil. In pastures, babassu provides shade for cattle, aids soil moisture retention, produces organic matter, generates supplementary farm income at little cost, and offers year-round employment. On the other hand, the persistence of juvenile palms reduces pasture grass productivity due to plant competition, and therefore there is a trend to eradicate babassu through clearcutting and understorey suppression. At moderate densities of less than 100 individuals per ha, mature babassu palms in cropland do not appear to harm crop productivity. In such cases, palms are thinned and leaves of the remaining ones are cut back, supplying fuel for the burn and nutrients to the soil. However, reduced fallow cycles due to pasture conversion threaten babassu as well as crop productivity.}, keywords = {Babassu palm, charcoal , land tenure, northeast Brazil, Orbignya, Palmae, pasture expansion, shifting cultivation, vegetable oil}, doi = {10.1007/BF00046960}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00046960}, author = {P. H. May and Anthony B. Anderson and J. M. F. Fraz{\~a}o and M. J. Balick} } @book {320, title = {Environmentally sound small-scale energy projects: Guidelines for planning}, year = {1985}, month = {1985}, pages = {138}, publisher = {CODEL}, organization = {CODEL}, address = {New York}, abstract = {

The purpose of this manual is to help development workers and others to become aware of the environmental factors that should be considered in planning small-scale energy projects that are environmentally sound and therefore more likely to be sustained. Environmentally sound planning includes the physical environmental factors as well as the socioeconomic and cultural factors. This approach helps assure the protection of the renewable natural resources that supply most of the energy used in the Third World.

Traditional sources--dung, crop and forest residues, fuelwood, and human and animal energy-- make up a very significant amount of the energy used in developing countries. Estimates of how much traditional fuels are used vary, largely because of the difficulty in measuring non- commercial fuel use. Recent estimates indicate that in Asia these fuels account for about 65\% of total energy use, in Africa, about 85\%, and in Latin America, about 20\%. This masks the enormous variation both between and within countries. (author).

}, keywords = {renewable energy , small-scale energy, sustainable energy, traditional fuels}, isbn = {0-86619-171-2}, author = {Elizabeth Ann Bassan} } @book {319, title = {Environmentally sound small-scale energy projects: Guidelines for planning}, year = {1985}, month = {1985}, pages = {138}, publisher = {VITA Publications}, organization = {VITA Publications}, address = {Alexandria, VA}, abstract = {

This manual is the fourth volume in a series of publications that provide information for the planning of environmentally sound small-scale projects. Programs that aim to protect the renewable natural resources that supply most of the energy used in developing nations are suggested. Considerations are made for physical environmental factors as well as socioeconomic and cultural factors. Chapters focus on:

  1. uses and users (stating the purposes of this manual)
  2. ecology for sustainable energy development (discussing ecological concepts and processes)
  3. socioeconomic considerations of energy use (focusing attention on the role of women and the impact of social, cultural, and economic factors)
  4. energy planning for sustainable development (analyzing energy efficiency rations and suggesting energy output measuring techniques)
  5. Ulipur, Bangladesh: a case study (demonstrating how energy sources and uses are interrelated in a village setting)
  6. a process for planning energy projects (outlining planning procedures)
  7. energy sources and environmental considerations (including solar, wind, water, and biomass sources)
  8. matching energy sources with energy uses (considering household and agricultural applications)
  9. summary (identifying basic planning concepts). Appendices contain an energy conversion table, information on ecology and tropical climates, a 29-item bibliography, and sources of information.
}, keywords = {agroforestry, alternative energy sources, case studies, community development, community programs, conservation (environment), developing nations, ecological factors, energy, energy conservation, fuels, natural resources}, isbn = {0-86619-171-2}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/13093454}, author = {Elizabeth Ann Bassan}, editor = {Timothy S. Wood} } @article {565, title = {Food, coffee and Casuarina: An agroforestry system from the Papua New Guinea highlands}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {2}, year = {1985}, month = {December 1985}, pages = {273-279}, abstract = {An agroforestry farming system is described from the Papua New Guina highlands (1400 to 2100 m) that has been developed by village growers since about 1960 and has expanded rapidly since about 1970. Major components of the system are numerous species of annual and perennial food crops (especially bananas), arabica coffee and Casuarina oligodon. It provides food, a cash crop and timber for construction and fuel. It is likely that returns on labour inputs are very favourable, but no formal assessments have been made. Evaluation of the system as a whole, and research on certain key components (Casuarina ecology, banana cultivars, timing of operations) are suggested as high priority areas for systematic studies.}, keywords = {agriculture, Casuarina, coffee, food crops, forestry, highlands, Papua New Guinea}, doi = {10.1007/BF00147038}, url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00147038}, author = {R. Michael Bourke} } @inbook {899, title = {Native cultures and protected areas: Management options}, booktitle = {Culture and conservation: The human dimension in environmental planning}, year = {1985}, note = {Chapter 2}, month = {1985}, pages = {33-44}, publisher = {Croom Helm}, organization = {Croom Helm}, address = {London}, abstract = {On their own lands, the culturally native populations of Latin America protect large areas in natural ecosystems and achieve a renewable resource of a living environment. This relation can be reinforced by each of the four management options for the formal designation and organization or protected areas which are outlined in this paper: native owned lands, where the protection of the area is by native peoples; reserves, where a protected natural area corresponds with the territory of a particular native population; buffer zones, where a protected area serves as a physical or ecological barrier between native lands and the lands of others; and research stations, where certain areas under native management are organized as agricultural or ecological research stations.}, keywords = {common property, commons, community forestry, forest management, land tenure, land use, natural resource management}, author = {Leslie A. Brownrigg}, editor = {Jeffrey A. McNeely and David Pitt} } @article {652, title = {Soil and water conservation as a starting point for rural forestry: The OXFAM Project in Ouahigouya, Burkina Faso}, journal = {Rural Africana}, volume = {23-24}, year = {1985}, month = {Fall {\textquoteright}85-Win {\textquoteright}86}, pages = {79-85}, abstract = {This paper is a case study of the agroforestry program also known as the Microcatchment Project, funded by OXFAM in the Yatenga region of Burkina Faso. The area has a history of overuse of land resources leading to a decrease in the arable surface and severe degradation of the environment. Past efforts to improve the farmers{\textquoteright} situation have met largely with failure, while traditional methods of adapting were innovative but insufficient. The project, by relying on the farmers{\textquoteright} participation to develop techniques of water conservation, has shown that land degradation can be reversed and food production increased by the farmers themselves.}, keywords = {Burkina Faso, food production, microcatchment, OXFAM, water conservation}, author = {Peter Wright and Edouard G. Bonkoungou} } @article {656, title = {Some socioeconomic and environmental aspects of forest use by lowland farmers in Leyte, Philippines and their implications for agricultural development and forest management}, journal = {Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society}, volume = {13}, year = {1985}, month = {December 1985}, pages = {282-296}, abstract = {Public forests in central Leyte, Philippines provide an important source of annual food crops, perennial cash crops, and rattan and timber to lowland farmers. Household economic dependence upon and uses made of forest resources are associated with relative access to lowland-based activities, especially production of irrigated rice. Households unable to procure sufficient food staples through on or off-farm labor in the lowlands utilize adjacent public forests to cultivate subsistence food crops and to collect forest products. Households able to procure a larger portion of their food staples from lowland-based enterprises depend less upon forests and utilize them primarily for supplementary food production and perennial cash cropping. Current forest farming and forest product collecting activities, especially in annual food-focussed farms, result in erosion, soil degradation and gradual destruction of the indigenous flora. The importance of understanding and incorporating variable household economic dependence on and uses made of forest resources is discussed in relation to the introduction of appropriate strata-specific soil conservation, agroforestry and forest management measures.}, keywords = {forest resources, lowlands, public forests, rattan work, social forestry, soil conservation, soil erosion, sustainable agriculture}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/29791868}, author = {Stephen F. Siebert and Jill M. Belsky} } @article {511, title = {Alternative styles in living resources management: The case of James Bay}, journal = {Environments}, volume = {16}, year = {1984}, month = {1984}, pages = {114-123}, abstract = {This document looks at the impact of the James Bay hydroelectric development project on the Cree people, who are mainly hunters initially opposed to the project, but finally signed an agreement in 1975 with the government and developers. The fish and wildlife resource use practices of the Cree, the feasibility of the continuation of these practices in the light of the agreement they signed, and the development project are discussed.}, keywords = {Cree, hydroelectric, James Bay}, author = {Fikret Berkes} } @book {323, title = {Farm and community forestry}, series = {Energy Information Programme Technical Report no. 3}, year = {1984}, month = {1984}, pages = {236}, publisher = {Earthscan, International Institute for Environment and Development}, organization = {Earthscan, International Institute for Environment and Development}, address = {London; Washington, DC}, abstract = {This is a portion (Chapters 2 through 6) of the book. Chapter 2, "Traditions of Tree Cultivation" discusses the old and widespread tradition of agroforestry. The use of trees to increase agricultural productivity and to enrich the soil is an ancient practice. Trees are often used for fodder, windbreaks, boundaries, etc. Trees also provide cash crops (coconuts, rubber, gum arabic, commercial firewood, etc.). Chapter 3, "The Causes of Tree Depletion" covers the causes of tree depletion. Trees are being cut down at accellerating rates in order to provide firewood and agricultural land. This can be constructively done under the proper circumstances, but often unsuitable land is being left open for erosion. The basic problem is that human and animal populations are growing at a faster rate than trees can match. Organized efforts to combat the problem have thus far succeeded only in revealing its magnitude. Chapter 4, "Constraints on Tree Growing" describes some constraints to tree planting in developing nations. Some farmers believe that trees harbor insects or harmful birds. In other localities, a shortage of trees is not yet apparent. Communal ownership of land may make people reluctant to take responsibility for trees. In semiarid areas (where trees might do the most good), trees are hardest to plant and care for. Chapter 5, "Farm Forestry" discusses the commercial growing of trees on private land. Wealthier farmers can afford large-scale operations with high start-up costs. Poorer farmers might raise a few trees for lumber or nuts, etc., if the cost is negligible. Cash incentives and credit plans might enable more farmers to grow more trees. A farm forestry plan must (1) provide support to all classes of farmers, (2) provide a clear social and environmental benefit, and (3) avoid harming the local job situation (trees can be less labor-intensive than other crops). Chapter 6, "Tree Growing for Family Uses" examines "family forestry" (tree-based subsistance farming). Such operations are generally simple to set up but must meet some locally perceived need. It may take years for trees to prove themselves as moneymakers.}, keywords = {coppicing, fuelwood, pollarding, traditional agroforestry, trees}, isbn = {0-905347-53-6; 978-0-905347-53-0}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/11877494}, author = {Gerald Foley and G.W. Barnard} } @article {734, title = {Fuelwood, agro-forestry, and natural resource management: The development significance of land tenure and other resource management/utilization systems}, year = {1984}, note = {Prepared for U.S. AID/PPC/PDPR under Purchase Order OTR-0000-0-00-3441-00, April 1984}, month = {April 1984}, publisher = {Institute for Development Anthropology}, address = {Binghamton, New York}, abstract = {

Traditions of tree planting vary. Some societies saw no need to plant any trees, others planted a few for fruit, shade or poles, a few others had elaborate agro-forestry systems, making effective use of many species. In nearly all societies, people knew a great deal about trees and their properties, as demonstrated by the many detailed ethnobotanical studies. (author)

Looked at in this paper are the topics of tree planting - who plants and why, factors in tree planting, seed supply, soil, rainfall, pests, etc., along with a list of trees planted in different parts of Africa.
This paper contains part (G)-Tree Planting-of the manuscript Fuelwood, Agro-Forestry, and Natural Resource Management: The Development Significance of Land Tenure and Other Resource Management/Utilization Systems. This paper also contains a working bibliography for the manuscript; however, one page is missing.

}, keywords = {Africa, agroforestry, ethnobotany, forestry, fuelwood, land administration, land tenure, natural resources, Tanzania, trees}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4433438576}, author = {David Brokensha and Alfonso H. Peter Castro and Manasendu Kundu and Barry Hewlett} } @conference {768, title = {Indigenous irrigated production in S E Ghana: Lessons for the design of small holder irrigation schemes}, booktitle = {African Regional Symposium on Small Holder Irrigation, 5-7 September 1984, Harare, Zimbabwe}, year = {1984}, month = {Sept. 5-7 1984}, pages = {427-437}, publisher = {University of Zimbabwe}, organization = {University of Zimbabwe}, address = {Harare, Zimbabwe}, abstract = {This paper describes a system of indigenous irrigated production in S.E. Ghana and, more briefly, two irrigation schemes. It draws attention to the adaptation of cultivation practices to local ecological and climatic conditions in the indigenous system. The variety of tenure and other community arrangements providing access to land, labor and financial resources are also described. The ability of this system to adjust to deteriorating national economic conditions, and forms of adjustment are noted. Aspects of organization of the two development schemes are described, particularly to examine extent of farmer involvement. This is found to be constrained, leading to doubts on the viability of these projects or their benefit to small holders and government. (author)}, keywords = {smallholders, water }, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/19403156}, author = {N. G. Chisholm}, editor = {M. J. Blackie} } @book {297, title = {Appropriate land use systems for smallholder farms: A survey of ecological and socio- economic conditions in the Machakos district (Kenya)}, year = {1983}, month = {1983}, pages = {48-63}, publisher = {Technical University of Berlin }, organization = {Technical University of Berlin }, address = {Berlin, Germany}, abstract = {This excerpt is from the book above. Sections in this excerpt include: slaughtering; tree farming and rural afforestation; fruit trees; non-fruit trees; tree planting; fuel; soil and water conservation; soil and water conservation on arable land; terracing; cut-off drains; cultivation methods; soil and water conservation on grazing land; gully control and rehabilitation; and economics of production.}, keywords = {agroforestry}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/14238317}, author = {Peter Neunh{\"a}user and Herbert Bayreuther and Albert Engel and Michael Friesenegger and Aziz Magelassa and Antonio Monteiro Neves and Verena Renneke and Walter Salzer} } @conference {756, title = {Aspects of traditional farming systems in relation to integrated pest management}, booktitle = {Paper presented at Africa Seminar on the Use and Handling of Agricultural and Other Pest Control Chemicals, 30 October-6 November 1983, Duduville, Nairobi, Kenya}, series = {Working Paper no. 21}, year = {1983}, month = {April 1984}, publisher = {International Council for Research in Agroforestry}, organization = {International Council for Research in Agroforestry}, address = {Duduville, Nairobi, Kenya}, abstract = {

Pest management is the domain of entomologists, ecologists, biologists, agriculturalists, toxologists and chemists. The subject is highly complex and a multidisciplinary approach seems necessary. Unfortunately, however, there has been a tendency for each specialist to only consider his/her own discipline, thereby ignoring the numerous interactions between the dynamics of pest populations, the environment, crops, etc.

It is therefore recommended that agricultural pest management is always viewed in its ecological context and that the whole farming system is studied before it is manipulated with external pest control measures, particularly toxic chemicals.

The usual approach to pest management is pest-oriented rather than crop-oriented. However, since crops are more important than pests, it is suggested that the subject should be approached through experimental variation of crop management rather than of pest control possibilities, and emphasis on data on cropping systems characteristics rather than on pest populations. (author)

}, keywords = {pesticides}, author = {Willem C. Beets} } @conference {859, title = {An attempt to quantify some current agroforestry practices in Costa Rica}, booktitle = {Plant research and agroforestry: Proceedings of a consultative meeting held 8-15 April 1981, Nairobi, Kenya}, year = {1983}, month = {8-15 April 1981}, pages = {43-62}, publisher = {International Council for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF)}, organization = {International Council for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF)}, address = {Nairobi, Kenya}, abstract = {Measurement data from most agroforestry systems are still either nonexistent or empirical. In Costa Rica some information on components of a number of agroforestry systems has been collected during the last twenty years. A brief account of the results is presented, together with comments on current agroforestry practices. (author)}, keywords = {agroforestry, Costa Rica}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/11698847}, author = {Gerardo Budowski}, editor = {Peter A. Huxley} } @article {818, title = {Development approaches: General conclusions, recommendations and summary of the seven thematic studies}, year = {1983}, month = {1983}, institution = {COTA}, address = {Brussels, Belgium}, abstract = {

The aim of this study is to describe the approaches which encourage or might encourage the development of rural societies in the Third World. The study brings out on the one hand the technologies at present used by these rural societies and their potential for improvement, and on the other hand the new technologies which they can integrate into their development process.

Using numerous examples of projects, often carried out by NGOs, we show how they act in developing old and new technologies, perfecting technical innovations and fitting them into the rural community. (author)

Summary of the seven thematic studies:

  1. reafforestation and fuelwood savings;
  2. wells and boreholds \— replenishment of groundwater resources in the Sahel region;
  3. grain storage;
  4. processing of oil-bearing crops;
  5. alternative building techniques;
  6. metalworking; and
  7. village savings and credit schemes.
}, keywords = {agroforestry, building techniques, fuelwood, grain storage, groundwater, oil- bearing crops, rural development, savings and credit, technical assistance}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/18967554}, author = {Moussa Ba and Michel Lens and Oscar Sarroca and Bintou Simpore and Bernard Van Doren} } @article {713, title = {Tropical forest architectural analysis as applied to agroforests in the humid tropics: The example of traditional village-agroforests in West Java}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {1}, year = {1983}, note = {Online version is a shortened and revised version of Bompard J, Ducatillion C, Hecketsweiler P Michon G, (1980) A traditional agricultural system: Village-forest-gardens in West Java. University Sc. Montpellier, France. Rapp. DEA. 101 p. + annex.}, month = {June 1983}, pages = {117-129}, abstract = {

The features of the tropical forest are found in Sundanese village-gardens. They are rich in plant species, a layered structure of the vegetation, existing patchwork and succession of sylvigenetic phases (from pioneer to homeostatic phase). These traditional agroforests reflect the surrounding forest ecosystem, simplifying the features.

The architectural method of tropical forest analysis is applied to Sundanese agroforests, but here each plant is both a structural element of the ecosystem and a producing element of the agricultural landscape. Such structural analysis could represent one aspect of an integral analysis of complex agroforestry systems.

}, keywords = {architectural analysis, Java, traditional agroforestry, tropical forests}, doi = {10.1007/BF00596353}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00596353}, author = {G. Michon and J. Bompard and P. Hecketsweiler and C. Ducatillion} } @conference {781, title = {Management of agroforestry systems in Kenya}, booktitle = {Proceedings from Kenya National Seminar on Agroforestry, Nairobi, Kenya, 12-22 November 1980}, year = {1981}, note = {Organized jointly by the University of Nairobi and ICRAF}, month = {October 1981}, publisher = {University of Nairobi and International Council for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF)}, organization = {University of Nairobi and International Council for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF)}, address = {Nairobi, Kenya}, abstract = {

The key factor in forest management and agricultural practice is suitable land. That is what Kenya is short of; about two thirds of the country being semi-arid or arid. Forests in some areas of Kenya occupy prime land. Although Kenya has relatively little forest, the future may see some of this converted to agroforestry, a land use system that combines production of food and forest products, preferably on the same unit of land and on a sustainable yield basis. (author)

This document, on agroforestry management in Kenya, looks at aspects of agroforestry in terms of: soil fertility, animal feed, human needs, microclimate amelioration, the provision of nitrogen in soil, soil structure improvements, a domestic energy supply, and as a potential supply which can be maintained on a sustained yield basis. It also looks at: management concepts in agroforestry; land tenure and agroforestry; and the selection of appropriate species for agroforestry projects in regard to altitude and soil type.

}, keywords = {Africa, agroforestry, East Africa, Kenya}, url = {http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?f=2013/US/US2013014353410006998.xml;US201301435398}, author = {D. M. Kamweti}, editor = {Louise Buck} } @proceedings {380, title = {Proceedings of the Kenya National Seminar on Agroforestry, Nairobi, Kenya, 12-22 November 1980}, year = {1981}, note = { organized jointly by the University of Nairobi and International Council for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF); CIKARD collection has only the table of contents (6 pp.)}, month = {October 1981}, publisher = {International Council for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF)}, address = {[Nairobi, Kenya]}, abstract = {

This document contains a list of papers presented at the above seminar. Papers were presented under the following headings:

}, keywords = {germplasm}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/10924821}, author = {International Council for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF) and University of Nairobi}, editor = {Louise Buck} } @article {729, title = {Agroforestry practices in the dry regions}, year = {1980}, month = {October 1981}, pages = {419-434}, publisher = {ICRAF}, address = {Nairobi, Kenya}, abstract = {

Several diagrams are included which relate to the items listed below.

This document looks at agroforestry practices in regions characterized by prolonged dry seasons of eight to ten months, low summer rainfall of 200 to 600 mm, exhibiting high yearly fluctuations and high temperatures which often exceed 40C. In this region evaporation, which is accelerated by high temperatures and dry wind currents, is very high, possibly reaching over 20 mm/day during the hotest months. (author)

Sections in this document include: land use practices in Kenya; and, examples of agroforestry practices--Gum Gardens in the Sudan, the Bougag{\'e} Land Rotation System in Niger, and, the use of multi-purpose farm trees.

}, keywords = {Africa, crop rotation, fallow, fuelwood, multipurpose tree species, shifting cultivation}, author = {A. G. Seif el Din}, editor = {Louise Buck} } @inbook {879, title = {Indigenous and colonial land-use systems in Indo-Oceanian savannas: The case of New Caledonia}, booktitle = {Human ecology in savanna environments}, year = {1980}, note = {

original notation:

Bibliography. The entire book has information on indigenous knowledge

(table of contents included).

ISU $\#$GF 895 H84

}, month = {1980}, pages = {253-265}, publisher = {Academic Press}, organization = {Academic Press}, address = {London; New York}, abstract = {In this chapter, I focus on Melanesian land-use systems and in particular on the southwestern Pacific island of New Caledonia, where the historical contrast and conflict that developed in many parts of the tropics between indigenous and colonial systems can be demonstrated with great clarity. (author)}, keywords = {colonialism, land tenure}, isbn = {0-12-326550-9; 978-0-12-326550-0}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/6423546}, author = {Jacques Barrau}, editor = {David R. Harris} } @article {833, title = {Species and part of tree collected}, year = {1980}, note = {Devers, Inc. has also been a credited author.}, month = {August 1980}, institution = {Bureau for Program and Policy Coordination, U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID)}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {

People everywhere have a precise evaluation of firewood, knowing which species and parts of trees are the best for specific purposes \— for roasting, simmering, brewing, quick heat, a fire to warm oneself, etc. There is extensive technical knowledge among the local collectors and users concerning the species indigenous to the region and their cooking, heating, medicinal and other qualities, passed down from one generation of users to another. (author)

}, keywords = {firewood, fuelwood, taboos}, url = {https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015064769352}, author = {Dennis H. Wood and David Brokensha and Alphonso Peter Castro and Matthew S. Gamser and Beth A. Jackson and Bernard W. Riley} } @article {537, title = {Cultural ecology of Amazonian palms}, journal = {Reports of Investigations}, year = {1979}, month = {June 1979}, abstract = {The land requirements for subsistence shifting cultivation have long been documented, but there has been little attention paid to the wild plants that are fully as important to the needs of local communities. Throughout the Amazon, palms are one of the most conspicuous of such wild plant resources. They supply materials for housing, weapons, household articles, and food, and are heavily used by all the inhabitatnts of the region, yet the information that planners require regarding the actual rates at which the palms are utilized, their availability in the forest, or the impact of cultural practices on the future supply of this critical resource, has seldom been recorded. The present study attempts to provide such information for a modern community of Shipibo Indians in eastern Peru with the hope that it will contribute to wise resource planning, and that it will stimulate further investigation of these problems. (author)}, author = {John H. Bodley and Foley C. Benson} } @inbook {907, title = {Plant dispersal by Native North Americans in the Canadian subarctic}, booktitle = {The nature and status of ethnobotany}, series = {Anthropological Papers Series no. 67}, year = {1978}, month = {December 1987}, pages = {255-262}, publisher = {University of Michigan, Museum of Anthropology}, organization = {University of Michigan, Museum of Anthropology}, address = {Ann Arbor, Michigan}, abstract = {The reciprocal nature of the relationships between humans and plants is recognized today as integral to the study of ecological anthropology, cultural ecology, and ethnobotany. It is so central to our thinking that its importance cannot be overstated. Students who came into contact with Volney Jones during their formative years were fortunate to have been exposed to this basic assumption of ecology before it was widely recognized. One area of plant and man relations in which Jones has had some interest is that of the role played by native American Indian populations as agents of plant dispersal. This question not only touches upon his interests in the ecological nature of the relationships but it also reflects his conception of ethnobotany as both relying upon and contributing to our knowledge of botany and of anthropology. In this paper some examples of American Indian influence on native flora and some suggestions concerning the nature of this influence are offered, with speculations about its influence on our own scientific, botanical traditions. The reciprocal relationships involve certain species of plants, some Native Americans in the Canadian subarctic, and contemporary Euro-American and Euro-Canadian botanists. (author)}, keywords = {American Indians, First Peoples, Native Americans}, isbn = {0932206794; 9780932206794}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/464534850}, author = {M. Jean Black}, editor = {Richard I. Ford} } @inbook {851, title = {Agricultural technology and labor}, booktitle = {Mountain, field, and family: The economy and human ecology of an Andean valley}, year = {1977}, note = {Chapter 6}, month = {1977}, pages = {91-103}, publisher = {University of Pennsylvania Press}, organization = {University of Pennsylvania Press}, address = {Philadelphia}, abstract = {This paper examines the subsistence system of the Uchucmarquinos in the Andean valleys of Peru. Includes a look at tools, farming procedure, erosion control, and fallow time, as well as the calendar as it relates to the agricultural cycle. Also looks at redistribution of resources and reciprocal labor exchange.}, keywords = {subsistence agriculture}, author = {Stephen B. Brush} } @article {552, title = {El manejo de las selvas por los Mayas: Sus implicaciones silv{\'\i}colas y agr{\'\i}colas}, journal = {Bi{\'o}tica}, volume = {2}, year = {1977}, month = {1977}, pages = {47-61}, abstract = {

The Maya culture is one of the very few outstanding cultures that flourished in a tropical rain forest area. Their land use strategies, as a part of the great Middle America civilization, for agriculture, horticulture and forestry remain up to date scattered among the Maya communities that have conserved their Indian heritage. They are based in a diversity of crops and land uses that are adopted to the different climatic regions of the Maya area. They used the space in the past in a magnificent way using horizontal and vertical strategies. They had channels, terraces and drained fields for intensive agriculture. They used shifting agriculture in soils where no other alternative seemed to be better. They used their wild plant resources and developed forest practices to enrich their forest with desirable species composition. The present floristic composition of many rain forests of the Maya area is a result of ancient silviculture practices. All of these practices were part of a single land use strategy. For these reasons we cannot blame the fall of the Maya culture to an \"ecological collapse\" as has been proposed.

We feel that the answer can be found in economic, political and social reasons. There is a lot to learn from the Mayans to solve some of the present day problems for the management of biotic resources of the tropics. (author)

}, keywords = {ecology, fallow, Mexico, Native Americans, tropical forests}, url = {http://www.reservaeleden.org/agp/libro/lec/Cap23_manejo_selvas.pdf}, author = {A. Barrera and A. Gomez-Pompa and C. Vazquez-Yans} } @article {563, title = {Fishery resource use in a subarctic Indian community}, journal = {Human Ecology}, volume = {5}, year = {1977}, month = {1977}, pages = {289-307}, abstract = {Cree Indians of Fort George, James Bay, northern Canada, maintain a large and successful subsistence fishery. Methods used in the fishery, seasons and locations of catch, and yield levels were studied, together with the population biology two sea-run Coregonus species, cisco and whitefish, that dominate the catch. The fishery was characterized by a high degree of order, social regulation of the fishing effort and the gillnet mesh size, and practices that were identified as adaptations to the subarctic ecosystem. Fishing methods used permit the Cree to control the magnitude of the harvest and the species and size composition of the catch. There is evidence that fishers can alter the scarcity-abundance patterns of the fish stocks, and have a biologically measurable effect on the populations.}, keywords = {American Indians, Cree Indians, fishery management, Native Americans, subsistence resources}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/4602422}, author = {Fikret Berkes} }