@inbook {882, title = {Indigenous knowledge and resource management systems in the Canadian subarctic}, booktitle = {Linking social and ecological systems: management practices and social mechanisms for building resilience}, year = {2000}, note = {CIKARD paper is from a workshop on Linking Social and Ecological Systems for Resilience and Sustainability. Beijer International Institute of Ecological Economics, Stockholm Sweden. Draft, August 1994}, month = {2000}, pages = {95-128}, abstract = {The Cree Amerindians of subarctic Canada lived as a group of hunter-gatherers. The social systems of the Cree and the ecological systems they have depended upon have survived for a long time. The paper explores possible mechanisms (local knowledge, resource management practices, institutions, worldview) that enabled this survival, and the ways in which these mechanisms may have evolved.}, keywords = {aquatic resources, Cree Indians, ecology, wildlife }, url = {https://worldcat.org/en/title/36470157}, author = {Fikret Berkes}, editor = {Fikret Berkes and Carl Folke and Johan Colding (assistant Ed.)} } @inbook {931, title = {Using indigenous organizations from West Kalimantan}, booktitle = {Indigenous organizations and development}, series = {IT studies in indigenous knowledge and development}, year = {1996}, note = {

CIKARD copy is a draft of this book chapter;

Book preface by Norman Thomas Uphoff

}, month = {1996}, pages = {228-238}, publisher = {Intermediate Technology Publications [Practical Action Publishing]}, organization = {Intermediate Technology Publications [Practical Action Publishing]}, address = {London}, abstract = {This document details the cooperative interactions of a conservation project with local people and their organizations. The project took place in the Danau Sentarum Wildlife Reserve in West Kalimantan, Indonesia where fishing and hunting are the main sources of subsistence.}, keywords = {biodiversity, cooperatives, grassroots organizations, Indonesia}, isbn = {1-85339-321-5; 978-1-85339-321-1}, url = {https://www.worldcat.org/title/34672238}, author = {Carol J. Pierce Colfer and Reed L. Wadley and Enis Widjanarti}, editor = {Peter Blunt and Dennis M. Warren} } @article {500, title = {A multilateral system for plant genetic resources: Imperatives, achievements and challenges}, journal = {Issues in Genetic Resoures}, year = {1994}, month = {May 1994}, abstract = {

Better use of plant genetic resources is critical to meeting the challenges of increasing food production and of alleviating poverty. All countries depend on plant genetic resources origination beyond their borders, which means that international cooperation is essential to secure continued access to these resources. International agreements are also necessary to guarantee their conservation. Both aims can be achieved only if there is an effective mechanism for sharing benefits with the countries that maintain these resources. This paper concludes that a multilateral system, within the framework of the Convention on Biological Diversity, is required to guarantee these objectives.

Because of the importance of plant genetic resources for food and agriculture, and their millennia-old history of evolution and exchange between and within farming cultures, they deserve special attention in the international debate on biodiversity. For agriculture, a multilateral approach is preferable, but can co-exist with bilateral arrangements for other uses.

The paper argues that in addition to national conservation efforts, there is a continuing need for international collections, maintained on behalf on the world community, such as those housed in the CGIAR centres. Furthermore, there is a need for a set of international agreements and cooperation mechanisms under a common legal framework, as well as an intergovernmental policy forum and an international fund. This would guarantee conservation of, and access to, plant genetic resources for food and agriculture and ensure the sharing of benefits. Broadening of plant breeding strategies is also required to allow the strengthening of linkages between conservation and development, and to ensure that benefits reach the farmers who continue to maintain and develop genetic resources. (author)

}, keywords = {biodiversity, plant genetics}, url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=uDXEx7n3A94C\&lpg=PP1\&pg=PP1$\#$v=onepage\&q\&f=false}, author = {David Cooper and Jan Engels and Emile A. Frison} } @book {304, title = {Community biodiversity development and conservation programme}, series = {Working Document no. 2}, year = {1993}, note = {Working document [2] for implementation phase [1] - 1994{\textendash}1997: as agreed by partners in Buga, Colombia, September 1993}, month = {14 October 1993}, pages = {35}, publisher = {CGN [Centre for Genetic Resources, The Netherlands]}, organization = {CGN [Centre for Genetic Resources, The Netherlands]}, address = {Wageningen}, abstract = {

This program is designed to unite two forms of crop improvement and conservation which operate side by side with little interaction. The institutional system linking genebanks with institutional and private industry, breeding, seed production and, ultimately, distribution to farmers. The non-institutional informal system is called the farmer/community system and uses local landraces and integrating conservation and utilization in a dynamic system of on-farm crop improvement and seed production. In most of the developing world the informal seed sector is much larger than the formal seed sector. The main difference is not between commercial and subsistence farms, but between crop types. It would be of great benefit for both systems if cooperation was established.

}, keywords = {biodiversity, germplasm}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/862982694}, author = {DLO-Centrum voor Plantenveredelings- en Reproduktieonderzoek (Wageningen) Center for Genetic Resources and Latin American Consortium for Agroecology and Development (Santiago) and Community Technology Development Association} } @book {339, title = {Harvest Moonshine{\textquoteright} taking you for a ride: A critique of the rainforest harvest{\textemdash}Its theory and practice}, year = {1993}, note = {A shortened and edited version of this article appeared in The Ecologist vol. 23, no. 4, July/August 1993}, month = {1993}, pages = {16}, publisher = {Survival International}, organization = {Survival International}, address = {London}, abstract = {Some say that the "harvesting" of rainforest products and their marketing on an international level can save the forests and their inhabitants. Others, including the author of this article, believe this is at best a money-making gimmick and at worst a harmful idea which could have exactly the opposite effects and lead to more destruction. Focusing on the predicament of tribal peoples, the author argues that it is vital for their future that "harvest" ideology is rejected and that support for them is chanelled, not into purchasing power for forest products, but into a worldwide outcry demanding respect for their rights. These beliefs have been attacked by companies promoting the "harvest" and the debate has become a very serious difference of opinion, the eventual outcome of which could shape the way rainforests and tribal peoples{\textquoteright} issues are seen by the general public for years to come.}, keywords = {rainforests}, url = {http://assets.survivalinternational.org/static/files/books/harvestmoonshine.pdf}, author = {Stephen Corry} } @article {612, title = {Los huertos familiares mayas en X-uilub, Yucat{\'a}n, M{\'e}xico. Aspectos generales y estudio comparativo entre la flora de los huertos familiares y la selva}, journal = {Biotica}, volume = {nueva epoca}, year = {1993}, month = {1993}, pages = {19-36}, abstract = {Within the general framework of forest management by the Maya, some general aspects of homgardens in X-uilub are presented such as their floristic compostition and structure as well as the factors that determine these characteristics. X-uilub is located in the western region of Yucatan and it is a good example of traditional management in this zone. Taking into consideration the similarity of species in both the homegardens and the forest, a comparative statistical analysis of all species present in the areas of intensive and extensive use as well as in the forest was carried out. Using mean values derived from number of individuals present per unit of analysis, eight different patterns of distribution of species were identified. The results suggest that there is a mosaic made up of different succession stages, and those species that belong to each stage are utilized, obtaining in this fashion greater benefits due to an expanded plant richness. (author)}, keywords = {agroforestry, home gardens, Mexico, Yucatan}, author = {Natividad Herrera Castro} } @book {336, title = {Global biodiversity strategy: Policy-makers{\textquoteright} guide}, year = {1992}, month = {1992}, pages = {35 pp.}, publisher = {World Resources Institute}, organization = {World Resources Institute}, address = {[Washington, DC]}, abstract = {This document provides an overview of the actions needed to respond to the needs for biodiversity conservation worldwide that were detailed in the Global Biodiversity Strategy. Other authors/contributors: World Resources Institute (WRI); The World Conservation Union (IUCN); United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) in consultation with Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO); United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)}, keywords = {biodiversity}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/221361601}, author = {Charles Barber and Walter V. Reid and Kenton R. Miller}, editor = {Kathleen Courrier} } @inbook {893, title = {Local organizations in community forestry}, booktitle = {Local organizations in community forestry extension in Asia}, series = {Field document no. 34}, year = {1992}, note = {Regional Wood Energy Development Programme in Asia; Asia-Pacific Agroforestry Network}, month = {1992}, publisher = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)}, organization = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)}, address = {Bangkok, Thailand}, abstract = {

This paper examines the nature and potential of local organizations in community forestry, with the following questions in mind:

  1. What types of local organizations are appropriate for community forestry in particular situations, and
  2. What makes some local organizations effective?
}, keywords = {agroforestry, Asia, forestry, forestry extension, Nepal}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/36405987}, author = {R. J. Fisher}, editor = {Cor Veer and Jim Chamberlain} } @book {369, title = {Partners in conservation: Plant genetic resources and the CGIAR system}, year = {1992}, month = {1992}, pages = {30}, publisher = {(International Board for Plant Genetic Research) IBPGR for CGIAR}, organization = {(International Board for Plant Genetic Research) IBPGR for CGIAR}, address = {Rome}, abstract = {Established in 1971, the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) is an informal association of 40 public and private sector donors that supports a network of 17 international agricultural research centres. The mission of the CGIAR is, through international research and related activities, and in partnership with national research systems, to contribute to sustainable improvements in the productivity of agriculture, forestry, and fisheries in developing countries in ways that enhance nutrition and well-being, especially among low income people. Today, over 1,800 scientists representing 60 different nationalities conduct research at the 17 CGIAR centres or in some 40 developing countries where they are posted to work with developing country partners. Their approach is interdisciplinary and their orientation is towards problem solving. Total contributions in 1992 were about $314 million. (author)}, keywords = {aquatic resources, germplasm resources, international cooperation, plant}, author = {Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR)} } @article {831, title = {Report on funding and investment opportunities for income generating activities that could complement strategies to halt environmental degradation in the greater Amazon Basin}, year = {1992}, note = {

Sourced from Refugee Studies Centre.

Report for the Biodiversity Support Program, World Wildlife Fund, The Nature Conservancy, WRI/Center for International Development and Environment

}, month = {Feb. 18, 1992}, institution = {Cultural Survival, Inc.}, address = {Cambridge, MA}, abstract = {This report summarizes the lessons learned from Cultural Survival{\textquoteright}s attempts to generate markets for Amazonian nontimber forest products. It identifies key research, institution building, production and processing constraints that must be addressed. These require funding if income generating efforts are to become part of overall solutions to saving the biological and cultural diversity of the Amazon. The major causes of environmental degradation, including Amazonian rainforest destruction, are population pressure, poverty, greed and ignorance. Scientists are coming to understand what forest residents have long known, namely that forests are capable of generating more income and employment than the same areas cleared for pasture or agriculture.}, keywords = {Bolivia, Brazil, environmental degradation, financing, income-generating projects, investment, marketing, rainforests}, author = {Dr. Jason W. Clay} } @inbook {913, title = {Social forestry: A cross-cultural analysis}, booktitle = {Ecosystem rehabilitation: Preamble to sustainable development}, volume = {1}, year = {1992}, month = {[1990]}, pages = {63-78}, publisher = {SPB Academic Publishing}, organization = {SPB Academic Publishing}, address = {The Hague, The Netherlands}, abstract = {

There is a growing appreciation of the importance of trees to rural people in developing countries. Several terms have been used to describe aspects of this relationship, including social forestry, agroforestry, and forestry for local community development. Each term denotes a connection between people and trees. Forestry has a social context; trees and food production systems are intimately linked and forestry activities should be an integral part of development, contributing to the satisfaction of basic material needs, ensuring environmental stability, and the attaining of other progressive goals. Many of these ideas about the role of forestry in rural development are not new. However, what is different is the emphasis placed on the participation of communities, households, and individuals in planting and managing trees.

This paper examines the importance and implications of indigenous technical knowledge for forestry development. It describes the extensive use of forest resources by rural people in developing countries. Further, it reviews various local tree management strategies that have been customarily used to retain tree cover in rural areas. I believe that participatory forestry interventions need to be based on a clear understanding of indigenous tree use and management systems. Such systems for a valuable foundation from which effective afforestation efforts can be launched. (author)

}, keywords = {community forestry, home gardens, intercropping, propagation, tree management}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/605953042}, author = {Alfonso H. Peter Castro}, editor = {Mohan K. Wali} } @article {516, title = {Apiculture and management of associated vegetation by the Maya of Tixcacaltuyub, Yucat{\'a}n, M{\'e}xico}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {13}, year = {1991}, month = {January 1991}, pages = {13-25}, abstract = {

We present the results of field work and a series of interviews with Mayan beekeepers, in order to answer the following questions:

  1. Which factors are relevant when establishing an apiary?
  2. How do Mayans choose the melliferous flora?
  3. How do Mayans manage the vegetation surrounding their apiaries? and
  4. What is their knowledge of flowering phenology and honey production cycle?

Apiary establishment depends on: no apiaries established at a minimum distance of 3 km; water availability (i.e., \"Haltunes\"); direct access to roads; combination of old and young vegetation (particularly abundance of Gymnopodium floribundum). Melliferous flora is classified according to quality and quantitity of the honey produced; 34 species are considered important at different times of the year. Finest honey and larger quantities are obtained from G. floribundum, followed by Viguiera dentata; the worst honey is from Lysiloma latisiliquum. Management of vegetation is minimum, mainly cutting plants that could impede growing of important melliferous, or protecting ( = not cutting) the latter; nevertheless, some of the most important melliferous are dominant in the vegetation. Their knowledge of flowering phenology and production cycle are quite complex. We discuss the problems the beekeepers are facing in regards to forest clearing, commercialization of produces, etc. (author)

}, keywords = {apiculture, Maya, Mexico, Tixcacaltuyub, vegetation management, Yucatan}, doi = {10.1007/BF00129616}, url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00129616}, author = {A. Chemas and V. Rico-Gray} } @book {330, title = {Food from dryland gardens: An ecological, nutritional, and social approach to small-scale household food production}, year = {1991}, month = {1991}, publisher = {Center for People, Food and Environment (CPFE)}, organization = {Center for People, Food and Environment (CPFE)}, address = {Tucson, Arizona}, abstract = {This book was written to encourage gardens that serve local needs, that are based on local knowledge and resources, and that conserve natural resources and the biological diversity of traditional crops. It is written for field workers, extension agents, students, project workers, and program planners. Both a beginner{\textquoteright}s guide as well as a reference for those with more experience, this book helps the reader observe and work with local people to ask appropriate questions about the community, the environment, and the potential for gardens to improve nutritional, economic, and social well-being. (author)}, keywords = {ethnobotany, horticulture}, isbn = {0-9627997-0-X}, author = {David A. Cleveland and Daniela Soleri} } @article {587, title = {Indigenous Kikuyu agroforestry: A case study of Kirinyaga, Kenya}, journal = {Human Ecology}, volume = {19}, year = {1991}, month = {1991}, pages = {1-18}, abstract = {

This article analyzes agroforestry practices among the Ndia and Gichugu Kikuyu of Kirinyaga, Kenya, at the turn of the century, before the onset of colonial rule. It describes ways in which people adapted to competing pressures for retaining and removing tree cover. It shows how religious beliefs, tenure relations based on a communal property-rights regime, and farm forestry practices contributed to the conservation of trees.

Such strategies were not aimed at reversing deforestation, but mitigating its impact by incorporating valued trees into local sociocultural and household production systems. The article points out that indigenous agroforestry practices need to be viewed in the context of local socioeconomic and ecological differences. It also considers the impact of the caravan trade on land use during the late 1800s. Tree scarcity in the late precolonial era is briefly contrasted with the area\&$\#$39;s \"woodfuel crisis\" of the 1980s.

}, keywords = {agroforestry, common property, conservation, firewood, forestry, fuelwood, indigenous technical knowledge , Kenya, Kikuyu}, doi = {10.2307/4602996}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/4602996}, author = {Alfonso H. Peter Castro} } @article {588, title = {Indigenous knowledge and biodiversity: Global commons or regional heritage?}, journal = {Cultural Survival Quarterly Magazine}, volume = {15}, year = {1991}, month = {September 1991}, pages = {4-8}, abstract = {Pharmaceutical companies are turning to indigenous knowledge-based forms of healing for new medicinal plants and they are walking away with million dollar deals. In general, very little money goes back to the communities and the healers who shared their knowledge. There are many different ideas as to how the money should be distributed. It is felt that the role of bridging the gap between the traditional communities and the pharmaceutical companies should be filled with anthropologists and enthnobiologists. They can facilitate a partnership agreement that will benefit both the indigenous community and industrial society.}, keywords = {ethnobotany, intellectual property rights}, url = {http://www.culturalsurvival.org/ourpublications/csq/article/indigenous-knowledge-and-biodiversity-global-commons-or-regional-heritag}, author = {A. B. Cunningham} } @article {687, title = {The indigenous knowledge of ecological processes among peasants in the People{\textquoteright}s Republic of China}, journal = {Agriculture and Human Values}, volume = {8}, year = {1991}, note = {This paper was also presented at the Second International Ethnobiology Program, October 22-26, 1990 in Kunming, China.}, month = {Win-Spr 1991}, pages = {59-66}, abstract = {

A decision-tree model of an indigenous forest management system centered around shamu (Cunninghamia lanceolata),an important timber species in China, was constructed from extensive interviews with peasants in two villages in Fujian Province, China. From this model additional interviews were conducted to elicit from these peasants their reasons for selecting among decision alternatives. Those reasons that were of an ecological nature were discussed in detail with the peasants to elicit indigenous interpretations of ecological processes in order to test an hypothesis that a strong analogy exists between traditional indigenous and scientific knowledge of ecological processes.

Three cases are presented that test this hypothesis. These three cases concern the effect of intercrops on the growth of shamu, the relative merits of seedlings and root collar sprout cuttings for forest regeneration, and the effects of repeated plantings of shamuon soil chemistry. All three cases provide strong support for the research hypothesis and suggest that, even in the absence of a formalized scientific method, humans exercise mental processes typical of scientific thinking. This phenomenon is called proto-science.

}, keywords = {agroforestry, Cunninghamia lanceolata, ethnoecology, evolutionary biology, indigenous knowledge, proto-science, shamu}, doi = {10.1007/BF01579657}, url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF01579657}, author = {Paul M. Chandler} } @article {695, title = {The southern Mount Kenya forest since independence: A social analysis of resource competition}, journal = {World Development}, volume = {19}, year = {1991}, month = {February 1990}, pages = {1695-1704}, abstract = {

CIKARD file:
This paper investigates conflicts between small- and large-scale forest users, as well as between forestry and non-forestry uses of land, in the Mount Kenya Reserve in Kirinyaga District, Kenya. It questions the prevalent belief that local households and small-scale forest enterprises posed the most serious threat to sustained-yield management of the reserve. Instead, the paper argues that widespread forest destruction was associated with large-scale industrial and commercial development: the use of fuelwood by tea factories, the expansion of plantation forests, and the establishment of government tea revenue farms.

Science Direct Abstract:
Large forest reserves represent a long-standing state response to tropical forest destruction. There are, however, growing doubts about their effectiveness as sustainable resource management regimes. This case study uses a social and historical perspective to examine conflicts about the use and management of the Mount Kenya Reserve in Kirinyaga District, Kenya since independence in 1963. Official policies and practices have treated local households and small-scale forest enterprises as the most serious threat to the reserve. In contrast, the paper argues that forest degradation has long been associated with official mismanagement and government-sanctioned development activities. In addition, it suggests that planned and spontaneous conversion of woodlands accelerated in the mid-1980s largely because of the implementation of government plans to establish extensive forest plantations. The paper also discusses proposals by the local and national government to convert forest reserves into tea revenue farms.

}, keywords = {agroforestry, Kenya}, doi = {10.1016/0305-750X(91)90013-8}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0305750X91900138}, author = {Alfonso H. Peter Castro} } @article {702, title = {Traditional agroforestry practices in Zimbabwe}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {14}, year = {1991}, month = {May 1991}, pages = {99-111}, abstract = {Traditional agroforestry systems in the communal areas of Zimbabwe are described. There are systems centered on main fields, on home gardens, on homesites and on grazing areas. In the main fields, the major tree-related management practice is the conservation of preferred indigenous fruit trees. Fruit trees are also the focus of forestry activities around the gardens and the homesite; but here it is the planting of exotic species. In a localized area of Zimbabwe Acacia albida is important in fields. There is almost no use of tree fallows in Zimbabwe. Trees in grazing areas have numerous roles, but at present there is little knowledge about traditional management practices in these areas. In the development of agroforestry systems in Zimbabwe it is suggested that those systems designed to improve fodder production will make a significant contribution to farm productivity because of the importance of cattle in the farming system and the present fodder shortage. Interventions involving the planting of fruit trees are likely to be very successful, as there is much interest in such planting. Another area that needs to be developed is that of tree plantings to improve soil fertility.}, keywords = {agriculture, fodder trees, forestry, fruit trees, gardening, grazing lands, species composition, traditional agroforestry, Zimbabwe}, doi = {10.1007/BF00045726}, url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00045726}, author = {B. M. Campbell and J. M. Clarke and D. J. Gumbo} } @article {744, title = {Victory for Chief Raoni and Menkr{\~a}gnoti people: Brazilian government demarcates area campaigned for by Sting}, year = {1991}, month = {Nov. 27, 1991}, abstract = {The Rainforest Foundation began with a meeting in an Indian village near the Xingu River. Raoni, a Kayap{\'o} leader, asked Sting, the musician, for help in defending the forest. Sting said yes. In 1989, Sting and Raoni toured the world to raise awareness and funds to draw public attention to the effort to demarcate (give legal protection to) the territory of the Mekr{\~a}gnoti people, an area with a perimeter of nearly 1,500 kilometers covered with tropical rainforests.}, keywords = {demarcation, Kayapo, Menkr{\~a}gnoti}, author = {Larry Cox} } @article {572, title = {Genetic resource conservation and utilization in the context of international development}, journal = {Diversity}, volume = {6}, year = {1990}, month = {March 1990}, pages = {18-21}, abstract = {The approach presented here, and projects developed in its support, seek to integrate conservation and utilization of genetic resources and increase economic benefits derived from the maintenance of biodiversity. Speeding the use of genetic resources for sustainable agricultural development can be best accomplished by combining the efforts of conservation biologists, social scientists, agronomists, ethnobotanists, and ecologists in an interactive mode. Such teams represent mutual interests for both preservation and use of resource diversity for international development.}, keywords = {Ecuador, natural resource management, Philippines}, author = {Joel I. Cohen and Christopher S. Potter} } @mastersthesis {440, title = {A grounded theory describing factors in the adoption process of the alley farming technology by Yoruba women in Nigeria}, year = {1990}, note = {See also: http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/29251187}, month = {1990}, school = {Iowa State University}, address = {Ames}, abstract = {

Dissertation

This study aimed to discover a theory from data on rural Yoruba women in southwestern Nigeria. The theory deals with farmers exposed to an agroforestry technology called \"alley farming.\" A theory of agricultural change was developed to provide a framework for alley farming research and extension. Grounded theory is an inductive system for generating theory from empirical data. The constant comparative method, which alternates between data collection and data analysis, was used during fieldwork in 1984-86. Before propositions and hypotheses were defined, data were collected, coded, and analyzed to develop concepts or premises. According to Reynolds\&$\#$39; description of theory construction, the axiomatic theory of farming women and agricultural innovation consists of four basic premises, each independent of the others, from which the propositions of the theory were logically derived.

Several major factors that inhibit or facilitate the diffusion of alley farming were identified, including

Examples, grounded empirically, demonstrate that the theoretical framework provided both a diagnosis of farmers\&$\#$39; needs and a prescription for further action. (author)

}, keywords = {agroforestry, Nigeria, women, Yoruba}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.31274/rtd-180813-10310}, url = {https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=12247\&context=rtd}, author = {Kristin Cashman} } @article {822, title = {Haiti agroforestry outreach project extension 1987-1989: Final report}, year = {1990}, month = {April 1990}, institution = {Pan American Development Foundation}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {This report covers both agroforestry activities and the social and institutional aspects of the project. The agroforestry activities of the project include choices of species and agroforestry systems; site selection; nursery technology and experience; and applied research experience. The social and institutional aspects of the project include the participation of private voluntary organizations (PVOs) and farmers; extension and training; social and economic benefits; and links with the public sector, funders and other agencies.}, keywords = {agroforestry, Haiti}, author = {Frederick J. Conway and Jon L. Jickling} } @article {603, title = {Land use, soil loss, and sustainable agriculture in Rwanda}, journal = {Human Ecology}, volume = {18}, year = {1990}, note = {

See also: 10.22004/ag.econ.55057 (OA University of Minnesota Repository)

}, month = {June 1990}, pages = {147-161}, abstract = {The conservation of scarce land resources is essential to the long-term viability of agriculture in Rwanda. High population density, steep slopes, and abundant rainfall prevail in the highland portions of this African country, making the task of erosion control uncommonly difficult for the peasant farmer. The specific use to which land is put, e.g,, cultivation, fallow, pasture, woodlots, and if it is cultivated, the particular combination of crops grown, can be seen as contributing to both the cause and the solution of the land degradation problem. Based on data from a nationwide survey of over 4,800 agricultural fields in Rwanda, this study reviews the extent to which the land use and cropping patterns employed by farmers are appropriately suited, in terms of erosion control, to the topographical and environmental characteristics of their landholdings. Analyses of other aspects of the traditional agricultural system, eg, variations in relative soil fertility, the use of organic fertilizers, and the location of fields relative to the household, are introduced to help explain why farmers often fail to maximize erosion control through land use and cropping practices. Adjustments to current land use practices that can be expected to reduce soil loss are discussed. (author)}, keywords = {cropping patterns, food security, Rwanda, slope, soil loss, sustainable agriculture}, doi = {10.1007/BF00889179}, author = {Daniel C. Clay and Laurence A. Lewis} } @conference {783, title = {Microenvironments unobserved}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the International Symposium on Natural Resources Management for a Sustainable Agriculture, February 6-10, 1990}, year = {1990}, note = {Chapter 12}, month = {February 1990}, pages = {179-205}, publisher = {Indian Society of Agronomy}, organization = {Indian Society of Agronomy}, address = {New Delhi}, abstract = {

The dominant paradigm of top-down development presents an oversimplified view of both farming systems and household livelihoods. Non-farming professionals under perceive both natural and human made microenvironments (MEs). Typically, MEs are ecologically specialized compared with their surroundings; concentrate soil, water and nutrients; are protected; and are physically, biologically and managerially complex and diverse. In third world agriculture, MEs often contribute to livelihoods and their sustainability by diversifying households\&$\#$39; portfolio of sources of food and income, by intensifying, increasing and stabilizing production and decreasing risk, by storing and supplying reserves for bad times and contingencies, by reducing the need to migrate, and by providing sites for innovation and experiment.

In knowledge, and in R \& D to develop the considerable potentials of MEs in third world agriculture, farmers have several comparative advantages but scientists can help as consultants. As a precondition for long-term investment in MEs, farm families need clear and secure rights and tenure. Non-farming professionals can contribute through better observation and heightened awareness of MEs, and through reversals of location, learning, and role. A shift in extension from packages of practices to baskets of choices should enable farming systems and livelihoods to be more sustainable by becoming more complex and diverse.

A challenge to non-farming agricultural professionals in the 1990s is whether they can make the quiet personal revolutions needed to support these changes. (author)

}, author = {Robert Chambers}, editor = {R. P. Singh} } @conference {789, title = {Promoting the fertilizer bush in agroforestry on-farm research: A participatory approach}, booktitle = {Paper presented at American Society of Agronomy Conference, October 21-26, 1990, San Antonio, Texas}, year = {1990}, month = {October 1990}, address = {San Antonio, TX}, abstract = {

Alley farming is an ecologically stabilizing process designed for tropical farmers to increase and sustain crop production. Rows of nutrient-rich trees form 5 meter alleys. If farmers regularly use prunings from these trees as mulch for crops grown in the alleys, the trees function as \"fertilizer bushes.\" Farmers can defer fallow on fragile soils, extend and diversify cropping, and increase yields. As an innovation bundle, alley cropping supplies useful by-products: animal fodder, crop staking material, firewood, and mulch for erosion control and moisture retention. Yet on-farm research demonstrates that if the technical aspects of alley cropping outpace essential human components, the practice becomes dysfunctional, and the benefits farmers derive are negligible. This paper examines what socio-cultural/economic and organizational components can make alley cropping an appealing and sustainable practice by tropical farmers. A framework was developed and tested in collaboration with 270 rural Nigerians to describe and measure the process where farmers become aware of alley cropping, adopt and modify or reject it, integrate and use the practice in their farming system and disseminate it to others, or discontinue the practice.

Interviews with 50 female and 97 male adopters were tape-recorded during fieldwork in 1988. Each alley farm of this 147 sample was visited. Nonadopters (123) were canvased to determine their understanding of, and feelings towards, alley farming. The projects\&$\#$39; field personnel and scientists were also interviewed to further the development of the framework. (author)

}, keywords = {agroforestry, alley farming}, author = {Kristin Cashman} } @article {667, title = {Temple forests in India{\textquoteright}s forest development}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {11}, year = {1990}, note = {accepted 22 January 1990; published September 1990}, month = {9/1990}, pages = {199-211}, abstract = {

Historically the temple forests in India have served many spiritual and religious purposes. This paper stresses on the use of the underused repertoire of sacred acts to integrate the benefits of temple forests in rural development. The tree/plant species, planting design and the rituals related to their worship documented in the great epics, vedas and upanishads are of great value especially in the context of promoting forest development and the forest development led agricultural development. The Star, Planet and Zodiac forests contain a large number of native tree species ideally suited to tropical stress and drought.

The promotion of temple forests would help developing forests in the upstream areas which can help create climax forests and aid in soil and moisture conservation to help improve the productivity of downstream agriculture. As the chief utilitarian value of these temple trees and plants is in terms of the native (ayurvedic) medicine, their propagation would not only develop the downstream farming opportunities, but also promote the native medicine sector. (author)

}, keywords = {agriculture, forestry, institution, medicinal plants, planet, ritual, star, temple, traditional medicine, worship, zodiac}, doi = {10.1007/BF00045899}, url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00045899}, author = {M. G. Chandrakanth and J. K. Gilless and V. Gowramma and M. G. Nagaraja} } @book {402, title = {The tropical forestry action plan: What progress?}, year = {1990}, month = {1990}, pages = {89}, publisher = {World Rainforest Movement and the Ecologist}, organization = {World Rainforest Movement and the Ecologist}, address = {Penang, Malaysia}, abstract = {This book discusses the results of a review of the implementation and success of the Tropical Forestry action Plan since it was introduced in 1985 as the answer to the tropical deforestation problem. This review details nine of the currently used plans in terms of their goals and how well they have met these goals.}, keywords = {forest policy, rainforests}, isbn = {967-99987-2-X}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/23738011}, author = {Marcus Colchester and Larry Lohmann} } @article {842, title = {The use of marine organisms in folk medicine and horticulture: A preliminary study}, year = {1990}, month = {February 1990}, institution = {Seaweed Information Center (SICEN), University of the Philippines}, address = {Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines}, abstract = {This paper reports briefly on the use of marine organisms in folk medicine and horticulture among the coastal people of northern Mindanao and the Visayan Islands of Bohol, Cebu, and Negros in central Philippines. This island group seemed to us a good starting point for what could eventually be a broad and in-depth study of this subject. For one thing, the common folk medicinal and horticultural practices in these areas are, for the most part, based on efficacious use of marine plants and animals. For another, the people on these islands are linked by a common dialect that is spoken by two of us, a distinct advantage that precluded the need for translation during interveiws with local folks. (author)}, keywords = {ethnobotany, ethnopharmacology, medicinal plants, taxonomy}, author = {P. M. Alino and G. J. B. Cajipe and E.T. Ganzon-Fortes and W. R. Y. Licuanan and N. E. Montano and L. M. Tupas} } @inbook {933, title = {Why study traditional agriculture?}, booktitle = {Agroecology}, series = {Biological resource management}, year = {1990}, month = {1990}, pages = {551-564}, publisher = {McGraw-Hill}, organization = {McGraw-Hill}, address = {New York}, abstract = {It is difficult to separate the study of agricultural systems from the study of the cultures that nurture them. For this reason, this paper deals with both the complexity of the production systems as well as with the sophistication of the knowledge of the people that manage them. This paper also attempts to integrate the arguments advanced by both social scientists and biologists, in order to justify the need to continue studying traditional agroecosystems. It is here argued that rescue of this knowledge must occur rapidly, not only because it is being irreversibly lost, but also because it is crucial for the advancement of agricultural ecology.}, keywords = {agricultural ecology, ecology}, isbn = {0-07-052923-X; 978-0-07-052923-6}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/20055574}, author = {Miguel A. Altieri}, editor = {C. Ronald Caroll and John H. Vandermeer and Peter M. Rosset} } @conference {809, title = {Wood energy management and knowledge in Pokhara area, Western Nepal}, booktitle = {Paper presented at Second International Congress on Ethnobiology, 21-26 October 1990, Kunming, Yunna, China}, year = {1990}, month = {Oct. 21-26 1990}, address = {Pokhara, Nepal}, abstract = {

Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA) methods were used to study indigenous knowledge of wood energy production and consumption in Pokhara. Commercial and non-commercial uses were examined. Wood energy comes mainly from fuelwood, charcoal, sawdust and bamboo harvested in surrounding areas, but also from lowland regions and roadside fuelwood sellers in fuelwood sufficient areas. Thus, the distribution involves mainly producers (villagers) to consumers (townspeople), through one to three levels of middlemen in between.

Producers illegally harvesting government or community forests were also studied. Most are lower caste poor and landless people, trying to earn a living during the non-agricultural season (September-May).

While many urban householders have shifted to fossil fuels, certain industries still rely on charcoal and wood from the forest. The depletion of sal (Shorea robusta), khair (Acacia catechu) and kaphal (Myrica esculanta) threatens the forests. Producers retain a rich working knowledge of forest resources, which has potential payoffs for more sustainable and equitable forest resource policy. (author)

}, keywords = {agroforestry}, author = {Mohan K. Balla and Sukhdev Chaudhary and Thakur B. Karkee} } @book {288, title = {Agroforestry in sub-Saharan Africa: A farmer{\textquoteright}s perspective}, series = {World Bank Technical Paper no. 112}, year = {1989}, month = {1989}, pages = {94}, publisher = {World Bank}, organization = {World Bank}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {This study reviews agroforestry practices in Sub-Saharan Africa as seen from the farmer{\textquoteright}s perspective. Agroforestry, broadly defined as the integration of trees and shrubs in farming systems, offers one of the most promising technological options for reversing soil degradation, restoring tree cover, and improving agricultural productivity in Africa. The literature on agroforestry was reviewed in order to identify a limited number of successful experiences for further field study. Seven case studies were then conducted by an interdisciplinary team, covering indigenous and innovative systems found in the highlands of East Africa, the semi-arid zone, and the humid lowlands of West Africa. This review identified a number of issues that need to be considered in the design and implementation of agroforestry projects for Africa in order for them to be successful. Key findings include the importance of understanding the economics of agroforestry systems from the farmer{\textquoteright}s point of view as well as from the broader perspective of the benefits to society. Project evaluation should therefore take into account local markets and opportunities for off- farm employment offered by tree products, as well as the opportunity costs perceived by farmers in making adoption decisions. Farm households are not homogeneous, and project design should be adapted to the socioeconomic level, age and gender of the people who are expected to adopt the proposed technology. In Africa, trees are integral parts of agro-sylvo- pastoral farming systems and should be considered in this sociocultural context, with particular attention to the constraints imposed by customary and legal rules regarding land and tree tenure. The institutional framework for implementation should be selected and developed with a view to long-term sustainability. Recommendations are made for the technical, economic, social, and institutional design of projects and for the direction of future research. (author)}, keywords = {agroforestry, Sub-Saharan Africa}, isbn = {0-8213-1389-4, 978-0-8213-1389-3}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/20630167}, author = {Cynthia C. Cook and Mikael Grut} } @article {835, title = {The Agroforestry Outreach Project in Haiti: A case study for project design}, year = {1989}, month = {March 1989}, institution = {Pan American Development Foundation}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {

FAO Workshop on Planning Self-Help Fuelwood Projects

The Haiti Agroforestry Outreach Project (AOP), designed and primarily funded by the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), provides tree seedlings to peasants to plant on their farms. The Agroforestry Outreach Project (APO) is implemented entirely through non-governmental organizations (NGOs). This case study begins with a discussion of how the AOP was designed and a description of the project\&$\#$39;s activities, including changes made after the project began. The motives of Haitian peasants for participating in the project are then discussed, with an emphasis on the economic viability ot tree cropping. The sustainability and replicability of the project are analyzed. The case study concludes with a series of questions for workshop participants to consider. (author)

}, keywords = {CARE (Cooperative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere), farmer participatory research, fuelwood, Operation Double Harvest, Pan American Development Foundation (PADF)}, author = {Frederick J. Conway} } @book {292, title = {Agroforestry projects for small farmers: A project manager{\textquoteright}s reference}, series = {A.I.D. evaluation special study no. 59}, year = {1989}, month = {January 1989}, pages = {78}, publisher = {U.S. Agency for International Development}, organization = {U.S. Agency for International Development}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {This report summarizes major issues identified in the general literature on agroforestry and those being addressed in ongoing Agency for International Development (AID) projects. Section 1 provides an overview of AID support for agroforestry activities. Section 2 describes state-of-the-art agroforestry techniques that could be used to increase and sustain agricultural production. Section 3 discusses technical and nontechnical issues pertinent to designing and implementing agroforestry projects or projects with agroforestry components.}, keywords = {agroforestry}, url = {http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNAAX212.pdf}, author = {Siew Tuan Chew} } @article {548, title = {Ecology and moral choice: Bias prejudice, and ecology}, year = {1989}, month = {January 1989}, abstract = {This draft concerns the issue of bias in environmental planning. Included are examples of value-loaded words like illiterate, primitive, and undeveloped, etc. Also included are the scientific method, cost-benefit analysis, the World Bank, reverse learning, intergenerational morality, Woburn, and toxic contamination.}, author = {John E. Carroll} } @book {324, title = {Farmer first: Farmer innovation and agricultural research}, year = {1989}, month = {1989}, pages = {218 pp.}, publisher = {Intermediate Technology Publications}, organization = {Intermediate Technology Publications}, address = {London}, abstract = {This document is a list of 42 papers presented at the workshop. These papers deal with farmer-oriented approaches to agricultural development, especially farmer interaction with researchers. The subjects include agroecology, crops and technologies in areas as diverse as Bangladesh, Kenya, Colombia, Peru, Nepal, India, Zambia, Brazil, and Botswana. Farmer experimentation is a reoccurring topic.}, keywords = {agroecology, agroforestry}, isbn = {1-85339-007-0; m978-1-85339-007-4; 978-1-78044-014-9}, doi = {10.3362/9781780440149}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/20444797}, editor = {Robert Chambers and Arnold Pacey and Lori Ann Thrupp} } @inbook {892, title = {Local knowledge for agroforestry and native plants}, booktitle = {Farmer first: Farmer innovation and agricultural research}, year = {1989}, month = {1989}, pages = {14-24}, publisher = {Intermediate Technology Publications}, organization = {Intermediate Technology Publications}, address = {London}, abstract = {

This article discusses the use of agroforestry and how the scientific use of agroforestry differs from traditional agroforestry. The authors also discuss how scientific agroforestry has recently started taking indigenous perspectives into account. They also discuss the influence agroforestry has on communities.

The authors discuss how the style of Rapid Rural Appraisal is more important than speed of the appraisal. They give a case study in Kenya to exemplify this importance of method. In the example, the trials, the errors, and hindsights of the study are discussed. The authors talk about how talking and sharing goals with the participants gave them a better way to evaluate the introduced methods. The authors also focus on the use of off-farm lands by the women. The researchers looked at what kind of plants the women were using and how these plants were being used.

}, isbn = {1-85339-008-9}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/20444797}, author = {Dianne E. Rocheleau and Kamoji Wachira and Luis Malaret and Bernard Muchiri Wanjohi}, editor = {Robert Chambers and Arnold Pacey and Lori Ann Thrupp} } @article {841, title = {The management of common property natural resources: Some conceptual and operational fallacies}, year = {1989}, note = {See also: http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/548811468740174575/pdf/multi-page.pdf}, month = {October 1989}, institution = {The World Bank}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {

The topic of common property natural resources \— and the tenurial regimes that come to be regarded as suitable alternatives for the purposes of accelerated growth \— is critical to the practical work on development projects, primarily in agriculture, forestry, or fisheries. The job of designing or appraising such projects is a matter of complex craftsmanship. Central to this process are not only the technical and financial skills, but also a conceptual understanding of the socio-economic and cultural fabric within which individuals use and/or abuse their ecosystem. We deal in this paper precisely with such conceptual issues about property regimes, attempting to shed some light on several difficult and often-controversial questions embedded in the art and craft of purposive development interventions.

The term \"common property\" has been largely misunderstood and falsely interpreted for the past two-three decades. Common property regimes are not the free-for-all they have been described to be, but are structured ownership arrangements within which management rules are developed, group size is known and enforced, incentives exist for co-owners to follow the accepted institutional arrangements, and sanctions work to insure compliance.

This book starts with a discussion of property rights in natural resource management. The discussion will concern four possible management regimes (state property, private property, common property, and open access). It then turns to a discussion of project strategies and resource management, drawing particularly on Bank project experience in livestock, forestry, and watershed protection. It concludes with an agenda for action in natural resources, emphasizing the rehabilitation of rural managerial capacity. (author)

}, keywords = {absentee ownership, common property, common property regimes, forestry, livestock, natural resources, open access regimes, private property regimes, resource management, rural management, state property regimes, watersheds}, isbn = {0-8213-1249-9}, url = {http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/548811468740174575/The-management-of-common-property-natural-resources-some-conceptual-and-operational-fallacies}, author = {Daniel W. Bromley and Michael M. Cernea} } @article {626, title = {Njukiine forest: Transformation of a common-property resource}, journal = {Forest \& Conservation History}, volume = {35}, year = {1989}, note = {Africa{\textquoteright}s Forests: A Special Issue and a Conference Notice (Oct., 1991) Aug 1989 is a draft.}, month = {8/1989; 10/1991}, pages = {160-168}, abstract = {

This paper examines the processes of socioeconomic, institutional, and ecological change at Njukiine Forest in Kirinyaga and Embu Districts, Kenya. It traces the area\&$\#$39;s transformation from a woodland managed on a common property basis by kinsmen and neighbors to a plantation forest operated by state-controlled organizations. The presentation highlights five aspects of this transformation:

  1. the precolonial common property regime, including the interplay between deliberate conservation practices and unintentional circumstances that protected the forest;
  2. population movements, commercial activities, and conflicts about tenure in the colonial era that undermined the old regime;
  3. protracted negotiations about Njukiine between the colonial state and the Embu Local Native Council, its designated institution for representing local interests;
  4. the short-lived management regime under council auspices; and
  5. the takeover of Njukiine by the Forest Department and its trusteeship by the Kirinyaga Districty County Council. Some implications of Njukiine\&$\#$39;s conservation history for contemporary community forestry efforts are discussed in the conclusion. Archival research and field work in Kenya during parts of 1982, 1983, and 1988 provide the basis for this study.
}, keywords = {agroforestry, colonial, common property, conservation, conservation history, Kenya, Njukiine Forest, plantation forest, population}, doi = {10.2307/3983495}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/3983495}, author = {Alfonso H. Peter Castro} } @proceedings {400, title = {The social sciences in Asian forestry curricula: Papers from the workshop held November 27-December 2, 1988 in Khon Kaen, Thailand}, year = {1989}, note = {also credited: Yale University, School of Forestry and Environmental Studies; Forestry/Fuelwood Research and Development Project (F/FRED)}, month = {11/27-12/2/1988}, publisher = {Winrock International}, address = {Morillton, AR}, abstract = {

Contains following papers:

}, keywords = {agroforestry}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/35213137}, editor = {Robert E. Clausi} } @book {415, title = {User groups as producers in participatory afforestation strategies}, year = {1989}, month = {December 1989}, publisher = {Harvard Institute for International Development}, organization = {Harvard Institute for International Development}, address = {Cambridge, MA}, abstract = {This paper{\textquoteright}s area of analysis is social forestry, particularly under regimes of common property or joint usufruct over natural resources. The paper will argue that sociological analysis brings an increment of professional precision to the thinking about participation in natural resource management by proposing strategies for organizing the individual users of natural resources into user groups and for enabling such user groups to act as producers and managers in order to generate increased benefits through group action. Conversely, the paper contends that when sociological understanding is absent, well intentioned attempts toward participation lack compass and often result, as will be shown, in misguided intervention. (author)}, keywords = {community woodlots, land tenure, land use, reforestation, social forestry, social organization}, author = {Michael M. Cernea} } @book {414, title = {User groups as producers in participatory afforestation strategies}, year = {1989}, month = {1989}, pages = {81}, publisher = {World Bank}, organization = {World Bank}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {This paper contains a discussion of policy options and operational strategies for improving social forestry programs. The analysis of the types of social forestry approaches called "community" forestry or "village" woodlots reveals that many forestry programs intended genuinely to be participatory are formulated in fuzzy terms, are not designed around well identified social actors, and neglect to ensure clear benefit distribution arrangements and incentives. Their confused sociological conceptualization and lack of sound social engineering renders the investments in such programs much less effective than they could be. Participatory social forestry strategies must aim at engaging the rural users of fuelwood into organized activities for producing and managing forests. The author argues that the profound behavioral change to be elicited on a gigantic mass scale among farmers through social forestry strategies is an evolutionary shift from simple foraging and gathering fuelwood in naturally grown forests to cultivation trees for fuelwood. Trees and forests are to be systematically produced.}, keywords = {agroforestry, fuelwood}, isbn = {0-8213-1416-5, 978-0-8213-1416-6}, url = {http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/1989/12/437451/user-groups-producers- participatory-afforestation-strategies}, author = {Michael M. Cernea} } @book {291, title = {Agroforestry practices in selected areas of Burma: Preliminary Consultant, Winrock International.}, series = {Multipurpose Tree Species Network Research Series no. 5}, year = {1988}, month = {September 1988}, pages = {45}, publisher = {Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development and Forestry / Fuelwood Research and Development Project (F/FRED)}, organization = {Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development and Forestry / Fuelwood Research and Development Project (F/FRED)}, address = {Bangkok, Thailand; Arlington, VA}, abstract = {Multipurpose Tree Species network Research Series NO. 5 This report is a preliminary assessment of the posibilities for developing agroforestry systems in Burma. It is based on discussions with project personnel, consultants working on similar or related projects, and a review of the literature available through the USAID office in Rangoon. This report strives to point out some potentials for agroforestry and farm forestry in Burma and suggests how interested agencies might proceed.}, keywords = {agroforestry, Burma}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/796896399}, author = {Dean Current and Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development, Forestry / Fuelwood Research and Development Project (F/FRED)} } @article {558, title = {Fairness in irrigation development}, journal = {Agriculture and Human Values}, volume = {5}, year = {1988}, note = {This article from Agriculture and Human Values, 5 (1-2) listed independently.}, month = {December 1988}, pages = {61-68}, abstract = {There is in much of contemporary irrigation development a large paradox. Irrigation development, while contributing to productivity, frequently thwarts social justice-it either introduces incipient inequalities in access or it reinforces those that exist. More progressive irrigation development policies are being developed and tested in several countries. These new approaches give more attention to the role of local groups in governing irrigation systems while reducing the heavy-handed involvement of state agencies. These new approaches are seen as both consistent with achieving greater fairness in irrigation development as well as with the new fiscal realities of governments nearly everywhere. Supporting these new approaches are a set of institutions and individuals with nonengineering expertise who traditionally have not been defined as central to irrigation development.}, keywords = {development policy, irrigation, social justice, state agency, water access}, doi = {10.1007/BF02217177}, url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02217177}, author = {E. Walter Coward Jr.} } @article {573, title = {Grassroots conservation: Veld products and people}, journal = {African Wildlife}, volume = {43}, year = {1988}, month = {1988}, pages = {286-293}, abstract = {The author calls plants "green glue," meaning they keep the soil together. He uses the term "veld products" and defines it as the use of plants by people for medicine, food supplements, shelter, fuel, etc. He is calling on researchers to develop and expand their focus on veld products. He talks of the needs of both plants and humans, vegetation change and plant use, resource management and conservation. He also talks of the consequences of conservation in his conclusion.}, keywords = {Acacia mearnsii, agroforestry, Australian black wattle, ethnobotany, fuelwood, Institute of Natural Resources, Kwa Zulu, Mark Gandar, medicinal plants, Natal, natural resource management, plants, qwa qwa, resource conservation, resource management, Southern Africa, Southern Life Association}, author = {Tony Cunningham} } @book {349, title = {Indigenous peoples and tropical forests: Models of land use and management from Latin America}, series = {Cultural survival report no. 27}, year = {1988}, month = {1988}, publisher = {Cultural Survival, Inc.}, organization = {Cultural Survival, Inc.}, address = {Cambridge, MA}, abstract = {This document describes and analyzes different land use systems in the rain forests of Latin America. It considers examples from different realms of resource use, such as: gathering; hunting; fishing and other aquatic resources; swidden agriculture; permanent agriculture; and large-scale sustainable resource management systems. Research priorities are suggested for each realm.}, keywords = {aquatic resources, land use, Latin America, rainforests}, isbn = {0-939521-38-5, 978-0-939521-38-8, 0-939521-32-6, 978-0-939521-32-6}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/249738828}, author = {Jason W. Clay} } @article {596, title = {Integration and role of planted trees in a bush-fallow cultivation system in central Zambia}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {7}, year = {1988}, month = {1988}, pages = {63-76}, abstract = {

The purpose of natural fallow in bush-fallow cultivaton systems is to improve soil fertility following a phase of cultivation and to provide useful forest products, including livestock feed. When natural fallow fails to serve these purposes, it can be supplemented or replaced by planted trees. This paper describes the development and function of Acacia fallow in the Soli tribal land of central Zambia and examines the supplementary role of planted trees.

The 31 woody species at five fallow sample sites were dominated byAcacia polyacantha. Thirty-nine percent of the species are leguminous and N-fixing while 42\% are fodder plants. These species make this Acacia fallow suitable for regeneration of soil fertility and production of fodder. The dominant species, A. polyacantha, has an extensive lateral root system and may attain a mean maximum girth at breast height (BH) of 125 cm within 20 years. In the study areaAcacia fallow regenerates from seed and root-stocks and with a maximum annual stem basal area increment of 0.87 m2ha-1 at BH can acumulate a total of 17.4 m2ha-1 in 20 years.

However, Acacia fallow is poor in edible wild fruits and durable construction wood. The scarcity of fruits in the study area has been compensated by widespread planting of exotic fruit trees. Ninety percent of households have fruit trees (mean 2.3 fruit species per household). However, in spite of the scarcity of good construction wood in the Soli tribal land, no local initiative has developed to plant timber trees. A clear opportunity therefore exists to promote timber tree planting. Such a tree planting programme was started in the study area during the 1985/86 planting season (December-February) when 25,100 seedlings of Eucalyptys grandis, Gmelina arborea and Leuceana leucocephala were distributed, free of charge and the programme will continue until 1988. A survey carried out five to seven months after planting revealed that the survival of E. grandis, L. leucocephala and G. arborea seedlings was 65\%, 90\% and 92\%, respectively. The high mortality of E. grandis seedlings was due to termite damage.

}, keywords = {nitrogen fixation}, doi = {10.1007/BF01890470}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01890470}, author = {E. N. Chidumayo} } @book {378, title = {Potential impact of biotechnology research for multipurpose tree species}, series = {Multipurpose tree species network research series paper 3}, year = {1988}, note = {Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development; Forestry/Fuelwood Research and Development Project}, month = {September 1988}, pages = {58 pp.}, publisher = {Winrock International}, organization = {Winrock International}, address = {Bangkok, Thailand and Los Banos, Philippines}, abstract = {

The basic objective of the study is to assess the potential socio-economic effect of multipurpose tree species (MPTS) biotechnology research. Three research areas were identified from interviews with various researchers and resource administrators:

  1. tissue culture for planting material production and enhancement,
  2. tissue culture for MPTS genetic improvement, and
  3. use of micro-organisms to enhance MPTS performance.
}, keywords = {agroforestry}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/24597957}, author = {Wilfrido Cruz} } @book {407, title = {Traditional knowledge and renewable resource management in northern regions}, series = {Occasional publication (Boreal Institute for Northern Studies); no. 23}, year = {1988}, note = {A joint publication of the IUCN Commission on Ecology and the Boreal Institute for Northern Studies}, month = {1988}, pages = {124}, publisher = {IUCN Commission on Ecology and the Canadian Circumpolar Institute, Boreal Institute for Northern Studies}, organization = {IUCN Commission on Ecology and the Canadian Circumpolar Institute, Boreal Institute for Northern Studies}, address = {Edmonton, AB, Canada}, abstract = {

Contains following papers:

}, keywords = {American Indians, Arctic regions, Eskimos, First Peoples, fisheries, Inuit, Native Americans, resource management}, isbn = {978-0-919058-68-2}, issn = {0068-0303}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/658935111}, editor = {Milton M. R. Freeman and Ludwig N. Carbyn} } @article {731, title = {Annexe 3: Rainwater harvesting in Turkana}, year = {1987}, month = {February 1987}, abstract = {

The population of the Turkana District, northwest Kenya, is approximately 220,000, of which 165,000 are pastoralists. The remainder are centered around the settlements and Food-For-Work (FFW) camps. Pastoralism -- goats, sheep, cattle, camels, and donkeys -- remains; therefore, the primary economic activity, supplemented by fishing and agriculture in some areas. The FFW camps originated in 1980, following a severe famine in the north of the district, which lead to a total of 80,000 people receiving relief food aid through an EEC-funded project. This number has steadily declined, and figures for 1986 indicate that about 10,000 people were employed on FFW schemes in the District. Much of this FFW has been on large-scale water-harvesting related schemes. (author)

This paper includes sections on:

}, keywords = {Africa, animals, food, Kenya, OXFAM, pastoralism, rain, Turkana, women}, author = {Adrian Cullis} } @article {518, title = {Aquaculture in ancient Hawaii: Integrated farming systems included massive freshwater and seawater fish ponds}, journal = {BioScience}, volume = {37}, year = {1987}, month = {May 1987}, pages = {320-331}, abstract = {

A combination of food-producing technologies is required to support a large human population where there is a limited amount of arable land. Today integrated farming systems--combining agriculture, aquaculture, animal husbandry, and waste treatment technologies--are in use in South and Southern Asia and China, as well as in Eastern Europe and the Middle East. (author)

This paper includes a brief history of aquaculture as it developed throughout the world. It includes sections on: socio-cultural systems of ancient Hawaii in regard to the development of the expansive aquaculture-agriculture networks; integration of ancient fishponds and \"traps\" into taro agriculture; and the historical relevance of ancient Hawaiian aquaculture to aquaculture in other parts of the world.

}, keywords = {ancient agriculture, brackish, brackish-water, common carp, duck, fish, freshwater ponds, integrated farming, loko, loko kuapa, loko pu{\textquoteright}uone, makaha, marine, seawater ponds}, doi = {10.2307/1310688}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/1310688}, author = {Barry A. Costa-Pierce} } @article {561, title = {Farming, fishing, and fire in the history of the upper R{\'\i}o Negro region of Venezuela}, journal = {Human Ecology}, volume = {15}, year = {1987}, month = {March 1987}, pages = {1-26}, abstract = {Studies of R{\'\i}o Negro subsistence farming and fishing activities are used to estimate the human carrying capacity for the region and the likely pattern of human land-use during prehistory. Ceramic evidence suggests human presence in the region more than 3,000 years ago. Traditional farming is labor intensive and relatively unproductive. Nevertheless, farmers achieve an energy return of 15.2:1, and produce 2,600 kcal per work hour. Fish are the major protein source, but fish catch per unit of effort and fish yield per hectare of floodplain are very low; fishermen are probably exploiting local fish resources very close to their limit. The low human population density would suggest that the R{\'\i}o Negro forest has been relatively undisturbed. Nevertheless, charcoal is widespread and abundant in forest soils. This charcoal is probably from anthropogenic or natural wildfires. These results suggest a much more complex history for Amazonia than previously thought. (author)}, keywords = {agriculture, Amazon, energetics, fire, fishing, subsistence agriculture, Venezuela, wildfires}, doi = {10.1007/BF00891369}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/4602829}, author = {Kathleen Clark and Christopher Uhl} } @inbook {875, title = {Genetic conservation and the role of botanic gardens}, booktitle = {Botanic gardens and the world conservation strategy: Proceedings of an international conference, 26-30 November 1985 held at Las Palmas de Gran Canaria}, year = {1987}, month = {1987}, pages = {161-173}, publisher = {Academic Press Inc.}, organization = {Academic Press Inc.}, address = {London}, abstract = {

Botanic gardens -- although historically of great importance in the introduction of exotic materials often linked to cash crop development -- were part of the plant introduction systems out of which developed the genetic resource programs in the past few decades. But they have been less than successful in conserving plant materials. With the rapid growth in the nature conservation movement and the economic recession limiting funds, many have realized they have changing roles. Much of this has been sparked by dramatic appeals from botanic gardens in developed countries to help in conservation of the rapidly eroding tropical rain forest.

Current compartmentalized action needs to be coordinated, not from the viewpoint of assuming roles and responsibilities which will only exacerbate the inactivities of many organizations over the past couple of decades, but to produce fruitful liaison based on good science and not emotional or financial considerations.

To this end the authors outline a number of scientific imperatives which could lead to positive action and enable all organizations at this conference to assume their moral and evolutionary responsibilities. They may require radical changes in thinking (but after all evolution is based on genetic change in relation to environment). The manipulation of plants by man has led to a wealth of diversity for food, fiber, shelter and medicine. Now we have the chance to manipulate at the molecular level. We must stand ready with our material available, well documented and with clear priorities for future action.

}, keywords = {botanical gardens, conservation, rainforests}, isbn = {0-12-125462-3}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/16718888}, author = {J. T. Williams and J. L. Creech}, editor = {D. Bramwell and O. Hamann and V. H. Heywood and H. Synge} } @conference {785, title = {Notes and reflections on the workshop on farmers and agricultural research: Complementary methods}, booktitle = {Paper presented at IDS Workshop on Farmers and Agricultural Research: Complementary Methods, July 26-31, 1987, University of Sussex}, year = {1987}, note = {IDS (Institute of Development Studies)}, month = {July 1987}, publisher = {Brighton, UK}, organization = {Brighton, UK}, address = {University of Sussex}, abstract = {The workshop, Farmers and Agricultural Research: Complementary Methods, was held at the Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK, from 26 to 31 July 1987. The objective was to take stock of new methods and approaches that scientists have been developing, to share experience, to assess potential, and to identify what steps should be taken next. The 42 notes and papers and the five days of the discussion at the workshop were designed for the exchange and exploration rather than to generate an agreed statement. What follows are therefore personal notes and reflections, and responsibility for the views expressed is mine and not of anyone else. All the same, I am trying to present views expressed, and there was a degree of consensus which suggests that few participants would probably wish to dissent substantially from much of what follows. (author)}, keywords = {agricultural research, agricultural science, agroforestry, agronomy, Bangladesh, bio-economic, Botswana, Brazil, Bungoma, Colombia, cropping systems, cropping systems research, crops, development, dry farming, dryland agriculture, East India, farmer experimentation, farmers, Farming Systems Development Project-Eastern Visayas (FSDP-EV), food, India, indigenous genetic resources, indigenous technical knowledge , Indore, Kenya, land classification, livestock, Luapula, Luapula Province, Nepal, on-farm varietal, Peru, Pokot, regular research field hearings (RRFH), research and development , resource-poor, rice, scientized packages, soil classification, Sub-Saharan Africa, topsoil, tree planting, trees, Turkana, watersheds, Zambia}, author = {Robert Chambers} } @conference {796, title = {Seeing the forest for the trees}, booktitle = {Paper presented at Farming Systems Research Symposium: How Systems Work, October 18-21, 1987}, year = {1987}, month = {October 1987}, address = {University of Arkansas}, abstract = {A grassroots approach to implementing alley farming is described in this paper. The approach emphasizes the participation and cooperation of Nigerian farm households in farming systems research. Strategies were developed to present the critical concepts of alley farming in a culturally acceptable, sustainable, and self-perpetuating manner. Findings are based on three years of field work with the International Livestock Center of Africa and the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture.}, keywords = {Africa, agroforestry, alley farming, cassia, Cassia siamea, farming, farming systems research , fertilizer, FSR\&D, grassroots organizations, IITA, ILCA, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, International Livestock Center for Africa, legume, luecaena, Nigeria, OFR, on-farm research}, author = {Kristin Cashman} } @article {487, title = {Unraveling another Mayan mystery}, year = {1987}, month = {June 1987}, pages = {40-49}, abstract = {It has been thought for some time that he inability of the Maya to feed themselves was the precursor of their downfall. However Arturo Gomez-Pompa, a botanist and conservationist at the University of California at Riverside, has found evidence of raised fields in Maya territory which would have had the ability to support the Maya at their height. This paper contrasts raised field technology with slash-and-burn technology and looks at the advantages of raised fields over both slash and burn and modern agriculture.}, keywords = {citrus, cocao, mahogany, mamey, Maya, pet kot, rainforests, raised fields, raman, sapodilla, sapote, slash and burn, Yucatan}, author = {Allan Chen} } @book {306, title = {Community forestry: Lessons from case studies in Asia and the Pacific Region}, year = {1986}, month = {[1986]}, pages = {248}, publisher = {Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific of the FAO of the United Nations, Regional Forestry Office; East-West Environment and Policy Institute}, organization = {Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific of the FAO of the United Nations, Regional Forestry Office; East-West Environment and Policy Institute}, address = {Bangkok, Thailand; Honolulu, Hawaii}, abstract = {

Contains the following papers:

}, keywords = {agroforestry, Asia}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/19892574}, author = {Y. S. Rao and Marilyn W. Hoskins and Napoleon T. Vergara and Charles P. Castro} } @article {840, title = {The implications of farming systems analysis for land titling in the area of Quimistan, Santa Barbara, Honduras}, year = {1986}, note = {CIKARD copy is a draft}, month = {January 1986}, institution = {Institute for Environmental Studies, Land Tenure Center}, address = {University of Wisconsin-Madison}, abstract = {

This document summarizes a farming systems analysis carried out in the region of Quimistan, Department of Santa Barbara, Honduras, during January 1986. The work was done as a part of the Land Tenure Center\&$\#$39;s evaluation of the Honduran Land Titling Project. Our objectives were to characterize the agricultural systems and land use practices in the area, to identify problems and constraints related to land use, and to assess actual and potential impacts of the land titling project on agriculture in the region. The study is comprised of two parts:

  1. an agro-ecological characterization of the zone and
  2. detailed case studies of eight farming systems.
}, keywords = {agroforestry, crop rotation, fallow, fertilizer, firewood, fuelwood, herbicide, land tenure, manure, peasant community, pesticides, shifting cultivation, slash and burn, trees, tropical forests}, author = {Becky J. Brown and Alexander Coles} } @mastersthesis {444, title = {Land tenure and agroforestry in southeastern Nigeria}, year = {1986}, note = {See also: http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/14399406}, month = {1985}, school = {University of Wisconsin-Madison}, address = {Madison}, abstract = {

This document contains excerpts from the above titled thesis.

The thesis of this paper is that a multidimensional framework for understanding land tenure is needed; once this has been established, it will be argued that communal land tenure does not inherently inhibit agricultural production in general, or agroforestry in particular. The study will focus on two Igbo villages, Ndubia and Umuokele, in southeastern Nigeria. It will illustrate that indigenous land tenure is not only plastic and complex, but that it is not an independent variable dictating land use. This is evidenced in the fact that in Ndubia, communal tenure dominates, while in Umuokele, individual land holding arrangements are most common; nonetheless, farming systems between the two villages are relatively homogenous. (author)

}, keywords = {common property, commons, land tenure, Nigeria}, url = {http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/005714109}, author = {Jill Ann Cantor} } @inbook {927, title = {Traditional agroforestry in West Java: The pekarangan (homegarden) and kebun-talun (annual-perennial rotation) cropping systems}, booktitle = {Traditional agriculture in southeast Asia: A human ecology perspective}, year = {1986}, month = {1986}, pages = {132-157}, publisher = {Westview Press}, organization = {Westview Press}, address = {Boulder, CO}, abstract = {This chapter looks at the role of kebun-talun and pekarangan in the Javanese landscape. Kebun-talun (rotation system between mixed garden and tree plantation) is a traditional system that increases overall production and serves multiple functions by sequentially combining agricultural crops with tree crops. Pekarangan (homegarden intercropping system) is a traditional system located in the villages that provides both subsistence and commercial products and serves multiple functions by simultaneously combining agricultural crops with tree crops and animals.}, keywords = {agriculture, agroforestry, animals, crop rotation, ecology, farming, home gardens, Indonesia, intercropping, Java, Javanese, kebun-talun, pekarangan, rice, tree crops, trees, upland farming}, isbn = {0-8133-7026-4}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/12975293}, author = {Linda Christanty and Oekan S. Abdoellah and Gerald G. Marten and Johan Iskandar}, editor = {Gerald G. Marten} } @inbook {862, title = {Contemporary Inuit exploitation of the sea-ice environment}, booktitle = {Sikumiut: People who use the sea-ice}, year = {1984}, note = {Chapter 8}, month = {1984}, pages = {73-95}, publisher = {Canadian Arctic Resources Committee}, organization = {Canadian Arctic Resources Committee}, address = {Ottawa, ON}, abstract = {To survive as hunters on arctic and subarctic coasts, Inuit have required expert knowledge of the demanding and dynamic sea-ice environment. This particular environment occurs through four of the six seasons of the Inuit year, namely ukia (late autumn), ukiu (winter), upingoaksak (early spring), and upingoa (spring). This paper presents certain aspects of contemporary Inuit use and knowledge of the sea-ice environment, an environment that continues to be of major importance, and of growing concern, to Inuit societies in Alaska, Canada, and Greenland.}, keywords = {American Indians, aquaculture, Eskimos, marine resources, Native Americans}, isbn = {0-919996-28-0}, author = {Milton M. R. Freeman}, editor = {Alan Cooke and Edie Van Alstine} } @article {554, title = {Ethnoecology as applied anthropology in Amazonian development}, journal = {Human Organization}, volume = {43}, year = {1984}, month = {Summer 1984}, pages = {95-107}, abstract = {Social and ecological devastation in Amazonia necessitates alternative strategies for sustained, ecologically sound development. The study of indigenous ecological knowledge (ethnoecology) is shown to offer the bases for these new strategies. Six catagories of folk knowledge are explored: gathered products, game, aquaculture, agriculture, resource units and cosmology. A set of recommendations for systematic ethnoecological research is offered, the application of which will not only identify new categories of resources, but also offer alternative resource management strategies to bring the benefits of development to all residents of Amazonia. (author)}, keywords = {Amazonia, Amazonian development, economic development, ethnoecology, indigenous, indigenous perception, knowledge, subsistence strategies}, url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/44125834 }, author = {Darrell A. Posey and John Frechione and John Eddins and Luiz Francelino Da Silva and Debbie Myers and Diane Case and Peter MacBeath} } @article {734, title = {Fuelwood, agro-forestry, and natural resource management: The development significance of land tenure and other resource management/utilization systems}, year = {1984}, note = {Prepared for U.S. AID/PPC/PDPR under Purchase Order OTR-0000-0-00-3441-00, April 1984}, month = {April 1984}, publisher = {Institute for Development Anthropology}, address = {Binghamton, New York}, abstract = {

Traditions of tree planting vary. Some societies saw no need to plant any trees, others planted a few for fruit, shade or poles, a few others had elaborate agro-forestry systems, making effective use of many species. In nearly all societies, people knew a great deal about trees and their properties, as demonstrated by the many detailed ethnobotanical studies. (author)

Looked at in this paper are the topics of tree planting - who plants and why, factors in tree planting, seed supply, soil, rainfall, pests, etc., along with a list of trees planted in different parts of Africa.
This paper contains part (G)-Tree Planting-of the manuscript Fuelwood, Agro-Forestry, and Natural Resource Management: The Development Significance of Land Tenure and Other Resource Management/Utilization Systems. This paper also contains a working bibliography for the manuscript; however, one page is missing.

}, keywords = {Africa, agroforestry, ethnobotany, forestry, fuelwood, land administration, land tenure, natural resources, Tanzania, trees}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4433438576}, author = {David Brokensha and Alfonso H. Peter Castro and Manasendu Kundu and Barry Hewlett} } @conference {768, title = {Indigenous irrigated production in S E Ghana: Lessons for the design of small holder irrigation schemes}, booktitle = {African Regional Symposium on Small Holder Irrigation, 5-7 September 1984, Harare, Zimbabwe}, year = {1984}, month = {Sept. 5-7 1984}, pages = {427-437}, publisher = {University of Zimbabwe}, organization = {University of Zimbabwe}, address = {Harare, Zimbabwe}, abstract = {This paper describes a system of indigenous irrigated production in S.E. Ghana and, more briefly, two irrigation schemes. It draws attention to the adaptation of cultivation practices to local ecological and climatic conditions in the indigenous system. The variety of tenure and other community arrangements providing access to land, labor and financial resources are also described. The ability of this system to adjust to deteriorating national economic conditions, and forms of adjustment are noted. Aspects of organization of the two development schemes are described, particularly to examine extent of farmer involvement. This is found to be constrained, leading to doubts on the viability of these projects or their benefit to small holders and government. (author)}, keywords = {smallholders, water }, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/19403156}, author = {N. G. Chisholm}, editor = {M. J. Blackie} } @article {528, title = {Change and indigenous agroforestry in East Kalimantan [Part I]}, journal = {Borneo Research Bulletin}, volume = {15}, year = {1983}, note = {Part II in Borneo Research Bulletin, 1983 15(2)
CIKARD 91-01773}, month = {April 1983}, pages = {3-21}, abstract = {

This paper discusses the move of some members of the Dayak tribe from their old homes in the Borneo highlands to a new area by the coast. Their shifting-cultivator style of agriculture has been modified due to the availability of outboard motors, machine-hulled rice, and chainsaws. These machines

  1. provide material advantages for the Dayak people,
  2. present more potential for environmental degradation if used indiscriminately, and
  3. tend to disempower women because of their weight (only men can easily handle them).
}, keywords = {environment, Indonesia, technology}, url = {http://www.borneoresearchcouncil.org/BRB\%20PDF\%20scans/BRB_1983_15_01.pdf}, author = {Carol J. Pierce Colfer} } @article {529, title = {Change and indigenous agroforestry in East Kalimantan [Part II]}, journal = {Borneo Research Bulletin}, volume = {15}, year = {1983}, note = {Part I in Borneo Research Bulletin, 1983 15(1)
CIKARD 91-01903}, month = {September 1983}, pages = {70-87}, abstract = {

This section is essentially an account of the differences that result when the third element, commerce, is introduced. To understand the changes and their impacts, we must first examine the system by which goods and food are produced and aquired in Long Ampung, in the virtual absence of commerce. The crux or core of the economic system is a form of agroforestry composed of at least two important components:

  1. a ricefield and its gradual transition back to (and including) primary forest, and
  2. a number of special purpose plots that for one reason or another do not appear to be involved in the \"normal\" forest succession process. (author)
}, keywords = {Apo Kayan, cash cropping, commercialism, gardening, lumber, marketing, primary forest, rainforests, rice, secondary forest, shopkeeping, tropical forests}, url = {http://www.borneoresearchcouncil.org/BRB\%20PDF\%20scans/BRB_1983_15_02.pdf}, author = {Carol J. Pierce Colfer} } @inbook {865, title = {Cultural ecology}, booktitle = {Y{\k a}nomam{\"o}: The fierce people}, year = {1983}, month = {1983}, pages = {64-77}, publisher = {Holt, Rinehart and Winston}, organization = {Holt, Rinehart and Winston}, edition = {3}, address = {New York}, abstract = {This excerpt looks at horticultural practices of the Yanomamo Indians in the rainforest of northern Brazil. Examines the importance of non-food cultigens on Yanomamo culture as well as subsistence farming techniques. Includes movement patterns as related to food production.}, keywords = {Latin America, Native Americans, Yanomamo}, isbn = {0-03-062328-6; 978-0-0-3062328-8}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/9557010}, author = {Napoleon A. Chagnon} } @article {586, title = {Indigenous forest and fish management in the Uaupes basin of Brazil}, journal = {Cultural Survival Quaterly}, volume = {6}, year = {1982}, month = {1982}, pages = {17-18}, abstract = {The Uanano Indians of the Uapes River Basin in the northwest portion of the Brazilian Amazon rainforest practice an important strategy of river management. By reserving the natural vegetation of riparian forest for fisheries maintenance rather than deforesting the margin for agriculture as is common elsewhere. This strategy demonstrates an unusual awareness of the interdependence of terrestrial and aquatic systems only recently documented by Western scientist and not yet fully recognized by economic developers. It is presented here as an example of rational ecosystem management with long-term economic benefits. (author)}, keywords = {aquaculture, Brazil, fishery management}, url = {http://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/brazil/indigenous-forest-and-fish-management-uaupes-basin-b}, author = {Janet M. Chernela} } @article {718, title = {Use of the "non-weed" concept in traditional tropical agroecosystems of south-eastern Mexico}, journal = {Agro-Ecosystems}, volume = {8}, year = {1982}, month = {May 1982}, pages = {1-11}, abstract = {The use of a "non-weed" concept by traditional agriculturalists in a tropical lowland environment is discussed. Interviews demonstrated that the non-crop components of cropping systems are classified according to use potential on one hand, and effects on soil and crops on the other. A detailed vocabulary for the management of these plants is presented. Such a classification indicates that local farmers understand the intricate role of non-crop plants in their agricultural activities, in direct contrast with modern day agriculture which considers all weeds as noxious, and thus to be eliminated. The ecological importance of this concept, and its potential contribution to a design for overall agroecosystem management is discussed. (author)}, keywords = {taxonomy}, doi = {10.1016/0304-3746(82)90010-5}, author = {J. C. Chac{\'o}n and S. R. Gliessman} } @book {299, title = {Bibliography on tropical agroforestry}, series = {Serie bibliotecolog{\'\i}a y documentaci{\'o}n, English version, bibliograf{\'\i}a no. 6}, year = {1981}, month = {1981}, pages = {67}, publisher = {Centro Agron{\'o}mico Tropical de Investigaci{\'o}n y Ense{\~n}anza (CATIE)}, organization = {Centro Agron{\'o}mico Tropical de Investigaci{\'o}n y Ense{\~n}anza (CATIE)}, address = {Turrialba, Costa Rica}, abstract = {This bibliography includes 680 references of documents on tropical agroforestry. Most of the documents deal with the American tropics, but there are also documents from Africa, Asia and Oceania. Two indices are presented, one by authors, and the other combining subjects, species and countries, including 363 authors, 94 subject keywords, 57 geographical terms and 71 botanical genera. Instructions are given on the use of the bibliography, how to consult the documents and how to obtain (by mail) copies of these papers. (author)}, keywords = {agroforestry}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/8353810}, author = {Jean Combe and Humberto Jim{\'e}nez Saa and Claudia Monge} } @article {686, title = {The importance of women to agroforestry in Borneo}, journal = {Pacific Health}, volume = {14}, year = {1981}, month = {1981}, pages = {10-13}, abstract = {In Borneo, a group of mountain people of the Dayak tribe recently moved from their old villages in the mountains to a new home by the coast. Though the Dayaks{\textquoteright} lives have imprioved in many ways, the children are suffering from the great amount of machine-hulled rice in their new diet (machine-hulled rice is less nutricious than hand-hulled rice). One reason for this is the new availability of outside jobs; there is less time to plant and maintain vegetable gardens. Another is the important part played by women in food production; women are often overlooked in agricultural extension projects.
The specific solution here seems to be a strengthening of agroforestry enterprises involving Dayak women. In general, extension efforts should focus on the important food providers in any group, regardless of what gender they might be. (author)}, keywords = {agroforestry, Borneo, Indonesia, nutrition, women}, author = {Carol J. Pierce Colfer} } @conference {793, title = {Resource use in the tidal swamps of central Kalimantan: A case study of Kanjarese and Javanese rice and coconut producers}, booktitle = {Tropical ecology and development: Proceedings of the Vth International Symposium of Tropical Ecology, 16-21 April 1979, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia}, year = {1980}, month = {April 16-21 1979}, publisher = {International Society of Tropical Ecology}, organization = {International Society of Tropical Ecology}, address = {Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia}, abstract = {

In Indonesia, tidal swamplands are a major resource. The Indonesian Government has initiated major land development schemes in tidal swamplands for transmigration. Transmigrants in four projects, the Purwosari project (established in 1937), the Tamban Luar project (established in 1972), and the Tamban Lupak project (established in 1977), have been interviewed. The Purosari project is a success because the transmigrants have planted coconuts using the Banjarese system (planting rice, followed by coconuts) described in this paper. The Tamban Luar project appears to be fairly successful, though rice yields are low, their incomes are higher than when they were in Java. They have not adopted the Banjarese increasing weed problems, and no income from coconuts. The Tamban Lupak project is experiencing pest and disease problems and it is not yet clear if it will be successful. The transmigrants here have also not adopted the Banjarese system.

Comparing the Banjarese and Javanese spontaneous migrants and their system of agriculture with the official government transmigrants in the large land development systems, it seems clear the rice/coconut system provides higher returns than the only rice system of the transmigrants. Besides this, it is evident that Javanese will migrate without any assistance from the government if there are opportunities for jobs as hired labourers, access to forests land at a low cost, and good sea transport between Java and Kalimantan. Government should encourage spontaneous migration to the tidal swamp lands of Kalimantan while still continuing its massive transmigration schemes. They should further encourage the farmers to adopt the Bajarese system of rice and coconuts. (author)

}, keywords = {displacement, Indonesia, outmigration, relocation}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/7942294}, author = {William L. Collier}, editor = {JoseĢ I. Furtado} } @article {833, title = {Species and part of tree collected}, year = {1980}, note = {Devers, Inc. has also been a credited author.}, month = {August 1980}, institution = {Bureau for Program and Policy Coordination, U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID)}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {

People everywhere have a precise evaluation of firewood, knowing which species and parts of trees are the best for specific purposes \— for roasting, simmering, brewing, quick heat, a fire to warm oneself, etc. There is extensive technical knowledge among the local collectors and users concerning the species indigenous to the region and their cooking, heating, medicinal and other qualities, passed down from one generation of users to another. (author)

}, keywords = {firewood, fuelwood, taboos}, url = {https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015064769352}, author = {Dennis H. Wood and David Brokensha and Alphonso Peter Castro and Matthew S. Gamser and Beth A. Jackson and Bernard W. Riley} } @article {613, title = {Maintenance of agriculture and human habitats within the tropical forest ecosystem}, journal = {Human Ecology}, volume = {4}, year = {1976}, month = {July 1976}, pages = {247-259}, abstract = {The tactics of shifting cultivation are reviewed with particular reference given to techniques of forest regeneration. The desirability of a forest-fallow system of agriculture is explained. Also discussed are the causes, indicators, and consequences of a breakdown of forest-fallow cultivation. In conclusion, the future of tropical forests for agriculture and habitats for man is considered (author).}, keywords = {shifting cultivation, tropical agriculture, tropical forests}, doi = {10.1007/BF01534289}, author = {William C. Clarke} } @book {376, title = {Place and people: An ecology of a New Guinean community}, year = {1971}, note = {This book was published by ANU Press between 1965{\textendash}1991.This republication is part of the digitisation project being carried out by Scholarly Information Services/Library and ANU Press.This project aims to make past scholarly works published by The Australian National University available to a global audience under its open-access policy.}, month = {1971}, pages = {xii, 265 pp.}, publisher = {Australian National University Press and University of California Press}, organization = {Australian National University Press and University of California Press}, address = {Canberra and Berkeley}, abstract = {This book provides a detailed look at Bomagai-Angoiang horticultural/agricultural production systems in New Guinea. Included are breakdowns of crop occurrence ratios, women{\textquoteright}s tasks, men{\textquoteright}s tasks, land distribution, village set-up, food preparation, population density, and shifting cultivation. Through a chronological approach this book shows the cycle of Bomagai-Angoiang production and the advantages and disadvantages swidden agriculture brings with it.}, keywords = {slash and burn, taxonomy}, isbn = {0-7081-0129-1}, url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1885/114753}, author = {William C. Clarke} } @inbook {900, title = {Notes on Amerindian agriculture}, booktitle = {Ethnographic notes on Amerindian agriculture}, series = {Savanna Research Series no. 9}, year = {1968}, month = {February 1968}, pages = {21}, publisher = {McGill University, Department of Geography}, organization = {McGill University, Department of Geography}, address = {Montreal}, abstract = {

The purposes of this paper are to examine the techniques of subsistence agriculture as carried out by the Amerindians living in the Rupununi district of southern Guyana, and to suggest possible considerations to be taken into account when attempts are made to impose methods of food production. The pressure of population on available resources is increasing to a serious extent, and it is desirable that some sedentary form of agriculture be developed, together with improved methods of transportation and the opening up of markets for the produce. It is obvious, however, that it is not possible to find one solution only to the problem of improving agriculture in this area. Different solutions must be found to the different situations that exits.

At present, the products of the bitter cassava are the staple of the Amerindian and, as a crop, it is remarkable in many respects. Some of its attributes are: high caloric yield per acre (approximately 4 million calories), drought tolerance, can remain in the ground and be reaped over a period of a year when mature, and will grow in relatively poor soil. Until the Amerindian attempts to produce a variety of crops or tries to develop some more permanent form of agriculture where soil, and possibly, water for irrigation become important, differences in the physical conditions have little effect on the success of cassava as a crop and may possibly have led to an impression that one solution can be found. (author)

}, keywords = {agroforestry, American Indians, Native Americans, nutrition}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/3145451}, author = {M. J. Dummett}, editor = {R. F. Salisbury and J. Dummett and T. L. Hills and D. Cook} } @article {754, title = {An ethnoecological approach to shifting agriculture}, journal = {Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences}, volume = {17}, year = {1954}, note = {Available at Wiley Online Library}, month = {December 1954}, pages = {133-142}, abstract = {To dispel some of the commonly held beliefs that swidden agriculture is a wasteful, gluttonous, simple/uncomplicated, and destructive endeavor, this paper looks at shifting cultivation in the Philippines. Looking at the Yagaw Hanunoo of southeastern Mindanoa Island and their practice of swidden agriculture is the primary focus of this paper. The author includes evidence of complex labor intense fields, use of secondary forest, controlled burning, multi-cropping, and highly efficient yield to labor outputs.}, keywords = {shifting cultivation, upland farming}, doi = {10.1111/j.2164-0947.1954.tb00402.x}, url = {https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?\&author=H.\%20Conklin\&journal=An\%20ethnoecological\%20approach\%20to\%20shifting\%20agriculture\&volume=17\&pages=133-142\&publication_year=1954}, author = {Harold C. Conklin} }