@inbook {896, title = {Models of subsistence and ethnobiological knowledge: Between extraction and cultivation in Southeast Asia}, booktitle = {Folkbiology}, year = {1999}, month = {June 1999}, pages = {91-118}, publisher = {MIT Press}, organization = {MIT Press}, address = {Cambridge, MA}, abstract = {The successful adaptation of human populations to rainforest environments depends largely on their capacity to organise and apply knowledge of its structure and composition. This paper examines our current understanding of this knowledge in a Southeast Asian context and how this relates to reliance on different models of subsistence. Particular emphasis will be placed on the differences between those populations which focus predominantly on direct extraction and those which focus on plant cultivation, and on populations which appear to be in various respects transitional. (author)}, isbn = {026263192X; 9780262631921}, url = {https://www.worldcat.org/title/237343776}, author = {Roy F. Ellen}, editor = {Douglas L. Medin and Scott Atran} } @inbook {873, title = {Forest gardens of highland Sri Lanka: An indigenous system for reclaiming forest land}, booktitle = {The cultural dimension of development: Indigenous knowledge systems}, year = {1995}, month = {1995}, pages = {174-184}, publisher = {Intermediate Technology Publications Ltd [Practical Action Publishing]}, organization = {Intermediate Technology Publications Ltd [Practical Action Publishing]}, address = {London}, abstract = {

This paper describes initial efforts made to understand farmers\&$\#$39; ecological theory and management of forest garden systems located immediately around owner\&$\#$39;s homes, in a village in highland Sri Lanka. These were studied by the author for 13 months in 1985-86, during which time the structure and composition of the gardens were documented. The gardens are part of a larger farming system which may also include rice paddies, vegetable fields and/or plantation crops (such as tea). The research undertaken was multidisciplinary, and employed a combination of methods from landscape and vegetation ecology and ethnoscience. Different sections of the paper discuss the relevance of forest garden research, the process of understanding the principles of garden management, and ethnoscientific exploration of the farmers\&$\#$39; approach. The results show that the farmers\&$\#$39; classification of compatible and incompatible species in the gardens was commensurate with the pattern predicted by forest successional theory, and that the patchy structure of the gardens could be interpreted as a successional pattern, like gap phase succession, but understood and managed by the farmers, in part, on the basis of compatibility. An appendix lists the perennial species found in the gardens: on average the gardens contained 250 individual woody perennials of 29 species.

[EVERETT from agroforestry, ecology, sustainable agriculture]

Existing agroforestry systems in the tropics may provide valuable insight for sustainable tropical forest management. The basis for understanding such land use lies in the accumulated knowledge of generations of farmers as expressed in the design of their agroforestry systems. The forest gardens of highland Sri Lanka are dense, species-diverse systems. These analogs of natural forests provide their owners with food, fuel, fodder, timber and cash crops, and the native flora and fauna with habitat. The forest gardens have persisted through centuries of socio-political upheaval and economic change, while the natural forests surrounding them have been felled for timber and to make way for large scale plantation agriculture. Natural forest regeneration on abandoned plantations land is hindered by recurring fires during the dry season. Today, in the largely deforested highlands, the villages with their gardens resemble forest islands in a sea of degraded grasslands. The farmers in the traditional villages hold the key to reforestation encoded in the management of forest gardens which are planted in the grassland as villages expand. Principles from the farmers\&$\#$39; knowledge, particularly patterns of vegetation change over time, may also provide insight for reforesting marginal lands with ecologically and economically viable agroforestry systems elsewhere in the highlands of the tropics and for buffer zone management of forest reserves.

}, keywords = {agroforestry, Sri Lanka}, isbn = {1-85339-264-2; 978-1-85339-264-1; eISBN 978-1-78044-473-4}, url = {https://www.worldcat.org/title/59818080}, author = {Yvonne Everett}, editor = {D. Michael Warren and L. Jan Slikkerveer and David Brokensha} } @article {500, title = {A multilateral system for plant genetic resources: Imperatives, achievements and challenges}, journal = {Issues in Genetic Resoures}, year = {1994}, month = {May 1994}, abstract = {

Better use of plant genetic resources is critical to meeting the challenges of increasing food production and of alleviating poverty. All countries depend on plant genetic resources origination beyond their borders, which means that international cooperation is essential to secure continued access to these resources. International agreements are also necessary to guarantee their conservation. Both aims can be achieved only if there is an effective mechanism for sharing benefits with the countries that maintain these resources. This paper concludes that a multilateral system, within the framework of the Convention on Biological Diversity, is required to guarantee these objectives.

Because of the importance of plant genetic resources for food and agriculture, and their millennia-old history of evolution and exchange between and within farming cultures, they deserve special attention in the international debate on biodiversity. For agriculture, a multilateral approach is preferable, but can co-exist with bilateral arrangements for other uses.

The paper argues that in addition to national conservation efforts, there is a continuing need for international collections, maintained on behalf on the world community, such as those housed in the CGIAR centres. Furthermore, there is a need for a set of international agreements and cooperation mechanisms under a common legal framework, as well as an intergovernmental policy forum and an international fund. This would guarantee conservation of, and access to, plant genetic resources for food and agriculture and ensure the sharing of benefits. Broadening of plant breeding strategies is also required to allow the strengthening of linkages between conservation and development, and to ensure that benefits reach the farmers who continue to maintain and develop genetic resources. (author)

}, keywords = {biodiversity, plant genetics}, url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=uDXEx7n3A94C\&lpg=PP1\&pg=PP1$\#$v=onepage\&q\&f=false}, author = {David Cooper and Jan Engels and Emile A. Frison} } @inbook {883, title = {Indigenous resource exploitation}, booktitle = {Ecology and Land Management in Amazonia}, year = {1990}, note = {Chapter 4}, month = {1990}, pages = {62-85}, publisher = {Belhaven Press}, organization = {Belhaven Press}, address = {New York/London}, abstract = {This document looks at various forms of indigenous resource exploitation in the Amazon basin. It details plant and animal (both wild and cultivated) use in the forest, savannas, and wetlands by numerous tribes. European influence is also briefly discussed.}, keywords = {Amazon River region, American Indians, Andoke, anteater, aquatic resources, archaeology, Brazil, Colombia, crop production, environmental policy, fishing, food sources, Guyana, hunter-gatherer, maize, manioc, Native Americans, natural resource conservation, nutrition, Piaroa, polyculture, rainforests, shifting cultivation, South America, swiddens, timber , tubers, Uanano, Venezuela, wetlands, Witoto, Yanomamo}, isbn = {1-85293-118-3; 978-1-85293-118-6}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/21195403}, author = {Michael J. Eden} } @book {318, title = {Environmental accounting for sustainable development: Selected papers from Joint UNEP/World Bank Workshops}, series = {World Bank Symposium}, year = {1989}, note = {Contributors include the United Nations Environment Programme; World Bank}, month = {1989}, pages = {100}, publisher = {The Bank}, organization = {The Bank}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {International organizations are making a substantial effort to incorporate environmental concerns in their regular operations. A great deal of work is now being done to help clarify the linkages between development and the environment. This work will enable us to integrate environmental and resource management concerns more effectively in the economic decision-making process. It will be an essential component in our efforts to establish the basis for long-term and sustainable development. This volume reflects the attention given during the past six years by the World Bank and the United Nations Environment Programme, as well as others, to this important topic. (author).}, keywords = {accounting, economic development, environmental aspects, environmental impact analysis, national income, natural resources}, isbn = {0-8213-1224-3}, editor = {Yusuf Ahmad and Salah El Serafy and Ernst Lutz} } @article {547, title = {Ecological aspects of swidden cultivation among the Andoke and Witoto Indians of the Colombian Amazon}, journal = {Human Ecology}, volume = {15}, year = {1987}, month = {September 1987}, pages = {339-359}, doi = {10.1007/BF00888030}, author = {Michael J. Eden and Angela Andrade} } @book {371, title = {People and the tropical forest: A research report from the United States Man and the Biosphere Program}, series = {Man and the Biosphere Program Project}, year = {1987}, note = {U.S. National Committee for Man and the Biosphere Tropical and Subtropical Forests Directorate}, month = {1987}, pages = {75}, publisher = {U.S. Department of State, U.S. Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Program, Tropical and Subtropical Forests Directorate}, organization = {U.S. Department of State, U.S. Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Program, Tropical and Subtropical Forests Directorate}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {

Contents:

}, keywords = {agroforestry, forest management, rainforests}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/721051055}, editor = {Ariel E. Lugo and John J. Ewel and Susanna B. Hecht and Peter G. Murphy and Christine Padoch and Marianne C. Schmink and Donald Stone} } @article {657, title = {Spatio-temporal variations of soil properties under cocoa interplanted with kola in a part of the Nigerian cocoa belt}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {5}, year = {1987}, month = {December 1987}, pages = {419-428}, abstract = {Spatio-temporal variations in soil properties under cocoa interplanted with kola in 15- and 40- ear-old plots were considered in a part of the Nigerian Cocoa Belt. The study shows that no significant variations occur in soil properties when both cocoa and kola are 15 years old. However, significant variations in many soil properties are recorded when cocoa and kola are 40 years old. At that time, soil conditions from sample points directly under kola and between kola and cocoa were similar while soil from the sample point directly under cocoa differed significantly, in most respects, from the other two points. Soil properties appear to improve under kola over time while the converse is the case under cocoa. It is adduced that these differences result from apparent differences in growth habit and nutrient extraction of kola and cocoa over time.}, keywords = {agriculture, forestry}, doi = {10.1007/BF00047176}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00047176}, author = {Olusegun Ekanade} } @inbook {849, title = {Agricultura en camellones en la cuena del lago Titicaca: aspectos tecnicos y su futuro}, booktitle = {Andenes y Camellones en el Peru Andino: historia presente y futuro}, year = {1986}, month = {1986}, pages = {331-350}, publisher = {Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Techologia, Oficina de Politica Cientifica y Technologica}, organization = {Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Techologia, Oficina de Politica Cientifica y Technologica}, address = {Lima, Peru}, abstract = {This article examines the past indigenous technology of raised field agriculture on the banks of Lake Titicaca in Peru and Bolivia. The author proposes that individual peasants and communal groups, without extraordinary foreign assistance, can reconstruct the abandoned raised fields and utilize them in new production. The article proposes that the plains of the altiplano, while they are of poor soil and unpredictable weather patterns, can be reclaimed by indigenous populations if the raised fields are cultivated with Andean plants indigenous to the area. The author proposes the principals to sustain this system. They are: the control of water, production, and recycling of nutrients, and managing the microclimate (fish and animals) of the raised fields. The author concludes by examining the future of raised field agriculture in Peru and Bolivia.}, keywords = {aquatic resources, Bolivia, furrow irrigation, hill farming, natural resource management, Peru, raised fields, terraces}, author = {Clark L. Erickson} } @book {296, title = {Andenes y camellones en el Per{\'u} Andino: Historia, presente y futuro}, year = {1986}, month = {January 1986}, publisher = {Ministerio de la Presidencia, Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog{\'\i}a}, organization = {Ministerio de la Presidencia, Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog{\'\i}a}, address = {[Lima, Peru]}, keywords = {furrow irrigation, hill farming, terraces}, url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=BHpgAAAAMAAJ}, editor = {Carlos de la Torre Espinoza Torre and Manuel Burga and John Earls} } @article {540, title = {Deforestation: Interdependency of fuelwood and agriculture}, journal = {OIKOS}, volume = {46}, year = {1986}, note = {Note that this bibliography record may have characters in non-English languages that are not displayed correctly.}, month = {May 1986}, pages = {404-412}, abstract = {

Forests, vital to maintaining environmental stability and the fuelwood and other wood needs of society, are disappearing at an alarming rate throughout the world. Agricultural expansion into about 10 million hectares of new land accounts for most of the 11.6 million hectares of forest land being lost each year. The most promising policy to reduce deforestation and increase food supplies is to double crop yields over the next 2 to 3 decades on the most productive agricultural lands. This would require successful control of soil erosion plus the increased use of fertilizers and other agricultural inputs that help increase crop yield.

Леса, способные поддерживать стабильность окружающей среды, потребности в древесине и другие потребности общества в том, что дает лес, исчезают во всем мире с тревожащей быстротой. Сепьскохозайственная экспансия почти на 10 млн га вновь освоенных земель шла за счет большей части лесной террито-рии в 11,6 млн га, ежегодно уничтожавшихся. Наиболее перспективная полити-ка замедления сведения лесов и увеличения лесных заласов - удвоение урожай-ности наиболее высокопродуктивных сельскохозаяственных земель в ближайшие 2-3 десятилетия. Это потребует эффективной борьбы с эрозией почв и увели-чения внесения удобрений и использования других сельскожозайственных ме-роприятий по повышению урожайности.

}, keywords = {agroforestry, deforestation, soil erosion}, doi = {10.2307/3565841}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/3565841}, author = {David Pimentel and Wen Dazhong and Sanford Eigenbrode and Helen Lang and David Emerson and Myra Karasik} } @inbook {921, title = {The question of hunter-gatherer territoriality: The case of the Batek of Malaysia}, booktitle = {The past and future of !Kung ethnography: Critical reflections and symbolic perspectives: Essays in honour of Lorna Marshall}, series = {Quellen zur Khoisan-Forschung no. 4}, year = {1986}, month = {1987}, pages = {137-162}, publisher = {Helmut Buske Verlag}, organization = {Helmut Buske Verlag}, address = {Hamburg}, abstract = {In this paper we hope to make a small additional contribution to the understanding of hunter-gatherer territoriality by describing the social organization, economic activities, and rights to land and resources among the Batek of peninsular Malaysia. The Batek provide an interesting complementary case to the !Kung because they live in a tropical rain forest, where food and water resources are relatively abundant, and because, unlike the !Kung, exchange with outsiders is an important part of their economy. The most striking contrast, however, is that the Batek are not territorial in any of the usual senses of the term.}, keywords = {Batek, gatherer, hunter-gatherer, Kung, Malaysia, rainforests, rattan, territoriality, tropical, wild fruit}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/16967559}, author = {Kirk Endicott and Karen Lampell Endicott}, editor = {Megan Biesele and Robert Gordon and Richard Lee} } @article {694, title = {The role of agroforestry in the farming systems in Rwanda with special reference to the Bugesera-Gisaka-Migongo (BGM) region}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {4}, year = {1986}, month = {December 1986}, pages = {271-289}, abstract = {The Rwandan farmers, faced with a perpetual land shortage, have evolved certain intensive systems of organic agriculture. These systems, particularly the homestead (compound) farming, involve the combination of food, fodder and tree crops. to a certain extent these systems can satisfy the multiple needs of the subsistence farmers living under several risks and constraints. However, they cannot cope with the expanding food demand of the rapidly increasing population. Some multipurpose, low-input technologies and agroforestry approaches have been designed to improve the productivity of these traditional systems; these include inter/mixed cropping systems and rotations, alley cropping with leguminous trees and shrubs, use of planted {\textquoteright}fallow{\textquoteright}, planting tree legumes on anti-erosive lines, mixed farming,community forestry and woodlots, and tree planting on farm/field boundaries. The essential aspects of these technologies are briefly discussed. (author)}, keywords = {agriculture, agroforestry, forestry, homestead farming, intercropping, land tenure, low-input technologies, organic agriculture}, doi = {10.1007/BF00048104}, url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00048104}, author = {V. Balasubramanian and A. Egli} } @book {385, title = {Socio-economic aspects of integrated resource management, with special reference to the forest resources of Kassala Province, Eastern Region: The case of Rawashda and Wad Kabu forests}, series = {Fuelwood Development for Energy in Sudan Field Document 13}, year = {1986}, month = {1986}, pages = {109}, publisher = {Govt. of the Democratic Republic of Sudan}, organization = {Govt. of the Democratic Republic of Sudan}, address = {Khartoum, Sudan}, abstract = {

Fuelwood Development for Energy in Sudan project is undertaking research to formulate management plans for Sudan ecologically marginal forests. Rawashda and Wad Kabu forests are taken as examples to initiate such plans. It is believed that the study of socio- economic parameters of forest users is an essential component to achieve such plans. This study is also fundamental for attaining an integrated land use system, as a prime option of natural resource use. This study is, consequently, aiming at:

  1. providing the base line information of the different communities identified in Table 1 and using the two forests;
  2. examine people\&$\#$39;s attitude, perception, participation options in maintenance and management of the two forests. Such parameters are also vital for adoption of an integrated land use strategy in the future, and
  3. based on 1 and 2 to outline broadly the most relevant plan of management land use strategy to be adopted, based on community self-generated options of institutions and objectives of use.

The main findings in this context can be summarized in the following:

  1. a complex pattern of economic activities ranging from pure pastoral nomadism to modern mechanized farming. Still characterized by combination of related activities of agriculture/livestock breeding, agriculture/forest resource use, etc. This diversity in activities, which is mostly dependent on the natural resource base, gives a sound base for any option of an integrated land use system;
  2. perception and attitude analysis have revealed a growing awareness of the role of the forest resources in the economy as source of grazing, domestic needs and source of income. This awareness is supported by willingness to participate in any integrated land use plan, yet from a different standpoint and objective. Preference of self-generated channels is quite evident, but with a specified role of the government; and
  3. the major finding is that, and among all communities, the situation is mature for action, although at different levels. (author)
}, keywords = {forest policy, Sudan}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/17919050}, author = {Mohamed El-Hadi Abu Sin and Mohammed Osman El Sammani} } @article {640, title = {Promising agroforestry systems in Venezuela}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {3}, year = {1985}, month = {June 1985}, pages = {209-221}, abstract = {

The main agroforestry systems in Venezuela are the multispecies plant associations in integrated coffee production system and the silvopastoral system. This paper describes the functional and structural aspects of these systems. The multilayered coffee production systems are practised mainly in the premontane moist forest of the Andes region, but are also found in other areas of the country. Various tree species are used for shade and as fence in big coffee plantations, whereas in small units with traditional production pattern, coffee is planted along with many other species, often constituting a 3\–4 layer canopy. Available data are presented on the production as well as some socioeconomic aspects. The silvopastoral systems are found in the tropical dry forest (savannas) and in the very dry tropical forest of the semiarid zones of the country. A large number of trees and shrubs are found in these pastoral areas where they play both productive (fodder and feed) and service (shelter) roles.

Although both these systems are practised over large areas of the country, practically no research has been done to improve them. In order to strengthen national capability to undertake such research, international support of cash and as well as technical advice is needed. (author)

}, keywords = {agroforestry systems, browsing, coffee production, fodder trees, silvopastoral systems, Venezuela}, doi = {10.1007/BF00122644}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00122644}, author = {Eduardo E. Escalante} } @article {681, title = {The economy of the Batek of Malaysia: Annual and historical perspectives}, journal = {Research in Economic Anthropology}, volume = {6}, year = {1984}, month = {1984}, pages = {29-52}, abstract = {This paper describes and provides an analyses of the economy of one Semang group, the Batek De{\textquoteright} of Kelantan. The paper focuses on the variation in economic activity, both seasonally and historically (since 1875), and attempt to determine the principles that govern these variations. Also, an attempt to explain why the Batek follow a hunter-gather lifeway rather than another possible way of life (i.e., swidden) is made.}, keywords = {agriculture, aquatic resources, Batek, Batek De{\textquoteright}, economic anthropology, economics, fishing, gathering, hunter-gatherer, hunting, Kelantan, Lebir River, Malaysia, peasants, rattan trading, Semang, trading}, author = {Kirk Endicott} } @article {554, title = {Ethnoecology as applied anthropology in Amazonian development}, journal = {Human Organization}, volume = {43}, year = {1984}, month = {Summer 1984}, pages = {95-107}, abstract = {Social and ecological devastation in Amazonia necessitates alternative strategies for sustained, ecologically sound development. The study of indigenous ecological knowledge (ethnoecology) is shown to offer the bases for these new strategies. Six catagories of folk knowledge are explored: gathered products, game, aquaculture, agriculture, resource units and cosmology. A set of recommendations for systematic ethnoecological research is offered, the application of which will not only identify new categories of resources, but also offer alternative resource management strategies to bring the benefits of development to all residents of Amazonia. (author)}, keywords = {Amazonia, Amazonian development, economic development, ethnoecology, indigenous, indigenous perception, knowledge, subsistence strategies}, url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/44125834 }, author = {Darrell A. Posey and John Frechione and John Eddins and Luiz Francelino Da Silva and Debbie Myers and Diane Case and Peter MacBeath} } @book {297, title = {Appropriate land use systems for smallholder farms: A survey of ecological and socio- economic conditions in the Machakos district (Kenya)}, year = {1983}, month = {1983}, pages = {48-63}, publisher = {Technical University of Berlin }, organization = {Technical University of Berlin }, address = {Berlin, Germany}, abstract = {This excerpt is from the book above. Sections in this excerpt include: slaughtering; tree farming and rural afforestation; fruit trees; non-fruit trees; tree planting; fuel; soil and water conservation; soil and water conservation on arable land; terracing; cut-off drains; cultivation methods; soil and water conservation on grazing land; gully control and rehabilitation; and economics of production.}, keywords = {agroforestry}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/14238317}, author = {Peter Neunh{\"a}user and Herbert Bayreuther and Albert Engel and Michael Friesenegger and Aziz Magelassa and Antonio Monteiro Neves and Verena Renneke and Walter Salzer} } @inbook {874, title = {From grain crops to tree crops in the Cuyunon swidden system}, booktitle = {Adaptive strategies and change in Philippine swidden-based societies}, year = {1981}, month = {1981}, pages = {91-104}, publisher = {Forest Research Institute College}, organization = {Forest Research Institute College}, address = {Laguna, Philippines}, abstract = {This paper concerns one possible answer to the question: What else can shifting cultivators do for a living that will allow them to exploit their environments on an ecologically-sound, sustained-yield basis, and yet satisfy both their subsistence needs and their market wants? The answer is arboriculture, or tree-crop farming -- cultivation of coconuts, bananas, fruit trees, and the like.}, keywords = {agroforestry, Philippines, swiddens}, url = {https://www.worldcat.org/title/10341908}, author = {James F. Eder}, editor = {Harold Olofson} } @conference {746, title = {A traditional agro-system in the Amazon region of Colombia}, booktitle = {Tropical Ecology and Development: Proceedings of the Vth International Symposium of Tropical Ecology}, year = {1980}, month = {April 1979}, pages = {509-514}, publisher = {International Society of Tropical Ecology}, organization = {International Society of Tropical Ecology}, address = {Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia}, abstract = {A study has been made in Rain forest shifting cultivation, as practiced by Andoke and Witoto Indians in the Caqueta basin of the Colombian Amazonia. Ecological aspects of cultivation have been investigated at both the individual field level and in terms of field/forest relationships. In general, the indigenous cultivation system functions in a stable manner. At the individual field level, this is achieved through a relatively specialized response to adverse environmental conditions. A particular feature of the system is its agri-silvicultural status. Field/forest relationships are equally critical to the stability of the system. Lengthy forest fallowing is practiced between cultivations, reflecting the dispersed nature of indigenous settlements. This contrasts with the more damaging impact of equally small-scale, but more concentrated, colonist agriculture in adjacent areas. The development implications of indigenous farming methods are considered.}, keywords = {Columbia, rainforests}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/7942294}, author = {Michael J. Eden} }