@booklet {495, title = {The possibility of introducing trees (amenity) and agro-sylvo-pastoral tree management systems into tribal society: A case study at Jebel Bura{\textquoteright}s Forest, Yemen}, year = {n.d.}, abstract = {

There is a great demand for firewood in Yemen, and the local supply is very limited. The establishment of a tree-farming industry would seem like an excellent idea, but is is not clear whether the local people would be receptive to such a plan. Rural Yemenites tend to be rather self-reliant, cynical people who distrust outsiders and their own government.

The authors instituted a three-phase investigation of the potential for agroforestry in Yemen. Phase I involved conducting an ecological study of the area and winning the cooperation of the local people. Phase II involved the construction of a statistical model of the region\&$\#$39;s ecology and the formation of a community-based agroforestry program. Phase III is currently ongoing, and involves the establishment of specific projects (erosion control, dune stabilizing, fuelwood plantations, etc.).

}, keywords = {agroforestry, forestry, rapid rural appraisal, Yemen}, author = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)} } @inbook {882, title = {Indigenous knowledge and resource management systems in the Canadian subarctic}, booktitle = {Linking social and ecological systems: management practices and social mechanisms for building resilience}, year = {2000}, note = {CIKARD paper is from a workshop on Linking Social and Ecological Systems for Resilience and Sustainability. Beijer International Institute of Ecological Economics, Stockholm Sweden. Draft, August 1994}, month = {2000}, pages = {95-128}, abstract = {The Cree Amerindians of subarctic Canada lived as a group of hunter-gatherers. The social systems of the Cree and the ecological systems they have depended upon have survived for a long time. The paper explores possible mechanisms (local knowledge, resource management practices, institutions, worldview) that enabled this survival, and the ways in which these mechanisms may have evolved.}, keywords = {aquatic resources, Cree Indians, ecology, wildlife }, url = {https://worldcat.org/en/title/36470157}, author = {Fikret Berkes}, editor = {Fikret Berkes and Carl Folke and Johan Colding (assistant Ed.)} } @inbook {877, title = {Indigenous African resource management of a tropical rain forest ecosystem: A case study of the Yoruba of Ara, Nigeria}, booktitle = {Linking social and ecological systems: management practices and social mechanisms for building resilience}, year = {1998}, note = {

Paper originally presented by D. Michael Warren at Property Rights and the Performance of Natural Resource Systems: Social and Ecological Systems for Resilience and Sustainability August 29-30, 1994. The Beijier International Institute of Ecological Economics, The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm Sweden

}, month = {March 1998}, pages = {158-189}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, organization = {Cambridge University Press}, address = {New York}, abstract = {In his introduction, Dr. Warren defines the term "indigenous knowledge." He says that indigenous knowledge is a type of decision-making system. He calls for understanding and conserving natural resources. He states that "every community has the capacity to deal with its problems." He bases his study on a Yoruba state in the tropical rainforest in southwest Nigeria. The study also shows the way the community uses indigenous knowledge for decision-making processes and the utilization of the resources. There is a description of Ara, the changing land use, and the indigenous knowledge of biodiversity in Ara followed by his conclusions.}, keywords = {aafin Alara, agroforestry, cola acuminata, cola nitida, cultural diversity, ecosystem management, gari, Ghaga River, human ecology, ICRAF, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, molebi, Odo-Igbo River, rainforests, social ecology, social systems, sustainable development, USAID, West Africa Multipurpose Tree Project}, isbn = {0-521-59140-6; 978-0-521-59140-9}, url = {https://www.worldcat.org/title/36470157}, author = {D. Michael Warren and Jennifer Pinkston}, editor = {Fikret Berkes and Carl Folke} } @inbook {887, title = {Integrated management of a temperate montane rainforest ecosystem through wholistic forestry: A British Columbian example}, booktitle = {Linking social and ecological systems: management practices and social mechanisms for building resilience}, year = {1998}, note = {

CIKARD copy is a draft outline of a paper prepared for the Beijer Institute of Ecological Economics, Stockholm Project \"Social and Ecological System Linkages\" and later published in Linking social and ecological systems.

}, month = {1998}, pages = {363-389}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, organization = {Cambridge University Press}, address = {New York}, abstract = {Evelyn Pinkerton identifies the problem of logging in the temperate rainforest of the Pacific Northwest, British Columbia, and Southeast Asia. She identifies the political and scientific dimensions of the problem. She discusses the limits of the wildlife and timber and what the research uncovered. She identified the term "new forestry." She lists and describes two other types of forestry: Wholistic and Gitksan Wholistic Forestry. She discusses the detail and economics of both types. She also includes five different pie charts with a brief definition for each.}, keywords = {ecosystem resilience, rainforests, riparian zone, transition zone}, isbn = {0-521-59140-6}, url = {https://www.worldcat.org/title/36470157}, author = {Evelyn Pinkerton}, editor = {Fikret Berkes and Carl Folke} } @inbook {902, title = {The Lari Soils Project in Peru - A methodology for combining cognitive and behavioral research}, booktitle = {The cultural dimension of development: Indigenous knowledge systems}, year = {1995}, month = {1995}, pages = {71-81}, publisher = {Intermediate Technology Publications Ltd [Practical Action Publishing]}, organization = {Intermediate Technology Publications Ltd [Practical Action Publishing]}, address = {London}, abstract = {The authors pursue the relationship between cognitive and behavioral aspects of culture. An argument is developed for a methodology that effectively combines conclusions of different researchers to decipher "decision-making frames" of the agriculturalists at Lari. The focus of investigation was native Andean soil classification and management. Almost no data is presented. There is some discussion of the value of expert systems computer programs for modeling "ruled based decision models." Problems are discussed for interdisciplinary fieldwork. Advances in cultural anthropology generally come from one of three directions. First, anthropologists attempt to uncover cognitive aspects of an unfamiliar culture through the analysis of rules, plans, schemes, symbols and categories. Mental patterns may be unconscious and unformulated but capable of being discovered by posing the right questions, or conscious and explicit and the subject of ordinary conversation. Second, the actual events and activities are observed and analyzed in order to discover patterns of behavior. Lastly, mental rules, plans, and values are compared with actual cultural behavior to determine congruences, expections, and the rules for breaking the rules for behavior. Of the three, the relationship between cognitive and behavioral aspects of culture is the most problematic. While one expects some link between what people think they should do and what they actually do, the degree and character of the correspondence between cognitive rules and behavior is the subject of much controversy and may vary depending on cultural sphere or context. This paper presents a methodology for combining cognitive and behavioral research developed during the course of an interdisciplinary investigation of native Andea soil management. It involves teamwork, the construction of rule-based decision models using expert-system computer programs, and formal tests to assess the correspondence between the cognitive and behavioral models.}, keywords = {agricultural techniques, Arequipa, cognition, crop rotation, expert-systems, indigenous decision-making systems, indigenous knowledge, linguistics, methodology, Quechua, soil classification, soil management}, isbn = {1-85339-264-2; 978-1-85339-264-1; eISBN 978-1-78044-473-4}, url = {https://www.worldcat.org/title/257046951}, author = {David Guillet and Louanna Furbee and Jon Sandor and Robert Benfer}, editor = {D. Michael Warren and L. Jan Slikkerveer and David Brokensha} } @article {500, title = {A multilateral system for plant genetic resources: Imperatives, achievements and challenges}, journal = {Issues in Genetic Resoures}, year = {1994}, month = {May 1994}, abstract = {

Better use of plant genetic resources is critical to meeting the challenges of increasing food production and of alleviating poverty. All countries depend on plant genetic resources origination beyond their borders, which means that international cooperation is essential to secure continued access to these resources. International agreements are also necessary to guarantee their conservation. Both aims can be achieved only if there is an effective mechanism for sharing benefits with the countries that maintain these resources. This paper concludes that a multilateral system, within the framework of the Convention on Biological Diversity, is required to guarantee these objectives.

Because of the importance of plant genetic resources for food and agriculture, and their millennia-old history of evolution and exchange between and within farming cultures, they deserve special attention in the international debate on biodiversity. For agriculture, a multilateral approach is preferable, but can co-exist with bilateral arrangements for other uses.

The paper argues that in addition to national conservation efforts, there is a continuing need for international collections, maintained on behalf on the world community, such as those housed in the CGIAR centres. Furthermore, there is a need for a set of international agreements and cooperation mechanisms under a common legal framework, as well as an intergovernmental policy forum and an international fund. This would guarantee conservation of, and access to, plant genetic resources for food and agriculture and ensure the sharing of benefits. Broadening of plant breeding strategies is also required to allow the strengthening of linkages between conservation and development, and to ensure that benefits reach the farmers who continue to maintain and develop genetic resources. (author)

}, keywords = {biodiversity, plant genetics}, url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=uDXEx7n3A94C\&lpg=PP1\&pg=PP1$\#$v=onepage\&q\&f=false}, author = {David Cooper and Jan Engels and Emile A. Frison} } @article {590, title = {Indigenous knowledge for biodiversity conservation}, journal = {Ambio}, volume = {22}, year = {1993}, note = {

ArticleType: research-article
Issue Title: Biodiversity: Ecology, Economics, Policy
Full publication date: May 1993
Copyright \© 1993 Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences See also: http://repository.ias.ac.in/64142/1/21_pub.pdf (open repository).

}, month = {May 1, 1993}, pages = {151-156}, abstract = {Indigenous peoples with a historical continuity of resource-use practices often possess a broad knowledge base of the behavior of complex ecological systems in their own localities. This knowledge has accumulated through a long series of observations transmitted from generation to generation. Such "diachronic" observations can be of great value and complement the "synchronic" observations on which western science is based. Where indigenous peoples have depended, for long periods of time, on local environments for the provision of a variety of resources, they have developed a stake in conserving, and in some cases, enhancing, biodiversity. They are aware that biological diversity is a crucial factor in generating the ecological services and natural resources on which they depend. Some indigenous groups manipulate the local landscape to augment its heterogeneity, and some have been found to be motivated to restore biodiversity in degraded landscapes. Their practices for the conservation of biodiversity were grounded in a series of rules of thumb which are apparently arrived at through a trial and error process over a long historical time period. This implies that their knowledge base is indefinite and their implementation involves an intimate relationship with the belief system. Such knowledge is difficult for western science to understand. It is vital, however, that the value of the knowledge-practice-belief complex of indigenous peoples relating to conservation of biodiversity is fully recognized if ecosystems and biodiversity are to be managed sustainably. Conserving this knowledge would be most appropriately accomplished through promoting the community-based resource-management systems of indigenous peoples.}, keywords = {biodiversity, South America}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/4314060}, author = {Madhav Gadgil and Fikret Berkes and Carl Folke} } @book {370, title = {Peasant participation in community reforestation: Four communities in the Department of Cuzco, Peru}, series = {Community Forestry Case Study Series no. 7}, year = {1993}, month = {1993}, pages = {58}, publisher = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}, organization = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}, address = {Rome}, abstract = {This case study examines the history of government-sponsored communal afforestation efforts in four communities of the Cuzco Region of Peru. The monograph conveys the village perspective on three decades of afforestation, analyzing the differential impact of tree planting efforts on various sub-groups within the village. In this manner the study examines the incentives and disincentives to tree planting for distinct groups of community members. The study also assesses the constraints to reforestation and the costs and benefits distribution problems these communities have faced. Finally, the book provides some general guidance as to factors that encourage or discourage participation in tree planting activities. (author)}, keywords = {agroforestry, reforestation}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/39193387}, author = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)} } @proceedings {475, title = {Report of the Seminar on the Role of Community Participation in Integrated Coastal Fisheries Management, Port-of-Spain (Trinidad), 19 August 1993}, year = {1993}, note = {FAO/UNDP Project FI:DP/INT/91/007 "Integrated Coastal Fisheries Management"}, month = {August 1993}, address = {Port-of-Spain, Trinidad}, abstract = {

Coastal zones play a very important role in world development, in fact, these areas are among the fastest growing in terms of both people and economic activities as stated by project co-ordinator for project INT/91/007 in his address to the seminar on the Role of Community Participation in Integrated Coastal Fisheries Management.

The three principal strategy elements identified for the pilot project in the Gulf of Paria included:

The seminar theme cut across all three strategy elements and rightly placed the communities at the center of our attention as there would be no significant progress in the management of fisheries, the coastal zone or the environment without the active participation of the concerned communities. (author)

}, keywords = {aquaculture, Caribbean, coastal zones, common property, community management, community participation, fish, fisheries, Gulf of Paria, natural resources, resource management, Spain, Trinidad, turtle}, author = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and UNDP (United Nations Development Programme)} } @article {843, title = {Traditional ecological knowledge, biodiversity, resilience and sustainability}, year = {1993}, note = {

Later published as:

Berkes F., Folke C., Gadgil M. (1994) Traditional Ecological Knowledge, Biodiversity, Resilience and Sustainability. In: Perrings C.A., M{\"a}ler KG., Folke C., Holling C.S., Jansson BO. (eds) Biodiversity Conservation. Ecology, Economy \& Environment, vol 4. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1006-8_15

}, month = {1993}, institution = {Beijer International Institute of Ecological Economics}, address = {Stockholm, Sweden}, abstract = {Traditional peoples who depended on their local ecosystems for their essential needs, have accumulated by trial-and-error a rich body of local environmental knowledge, and in several cases elaborated resource management systems, and developed institutions appropriate for implementing these systems. Biodiversity conservation appears to be integral to many traditional management systems from tropical forests to coastal fisheries. For example, some groups manipulate the local landscape to augment its heterogeneity, use conservation "rules of thumb" to help use species-rich communities sustainable, and intergrate the production of several multispecies systems. Thus, self-interest of traditional peoples has been key to biodiversity maintenance. As traditional peoples are integrated into the global economy and come under various pressures, they often lose their resource base, and in the long run, their knowledge systems, social institutions, and their world view which shapes their relations with the environment. The process of decoupling of traditional peoples from their resource base is likely to reduce the resilience of their social systems, as well as their local ecosystems through biodiversity loss. We make the argument in this chapter that the two are related, and the reduction of resilience will make both social and ecological systems more fragile. One challenge for biodiversity conservation is to learn from the knowledge-practice-belief complex of traditional peoples. But a perhaps more important challenge is to implement elements of it in "new TEK" systems which allow feedbacks from the environment, and respond to them in a more resilient way than do current day management practices. (author)}, author = {Fikret Berkes and Carl Folke and Madhav Gadgil} } @conference {759, title = {Community-based coastal fishery management in the Philippines: A review on small island coral reef fishery management}, booktitle = {Workshop on Indigenous Knowledge and Sustainable Development in the Philippines, June 24-26 1992, Silang, Cavite, Philippines}, year = {1992}, month = {June 1992}, address = {Silang, Cavite, Philippines}, abstract = {

When there is public outcry on the destruction of natural resources, the classic response of government is to impose legislations such as total log ban or closure of fishing grounds. However, experience has not shown that legislative measures alone do not solve the problem since the displaced users of the resource will still continue to practice their trade for subsistence. With minimal effect of legislation in conserving natural resources, government has turned to the users for assistance in the management of resources by what is now popularly known as community-based resource management.

Silliman University, based in central Visayas, initiated this management scheme for coral reef fishery resources in four island communities in the central Visayas region of the Philippines, namely: Sumilon Island, Apo Island, Balicasag Island, and Pamilacan Island. This paper describes the experience of the community-based coastal fishery resource management implementors, problems encountered in the implementation, and success of the endeavor. Added to this are the personal observations by the author during his recent visit to Balicasag Island and Apo Island, describing the lasting effects in involving the fisherfolk in managing their own resources using the knowledge they learned through years of experience plus new technology introduced by an educational institution. (author).

}, keywords = {aquaculture, marine conservation}, author = {Efren Flores} } @book {317, title = {Draft user{\textquoteright}s manual for FISHBASE: A biological database on fishes}, series = {ICLARM Contribution no. 861}, year = {1992}, note = {This is a user{\textquoteright}s manual. Disc not included. The database is available online.}, month = {September 1992}, pages = {47}, publisher = {International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management (ICLARM)}, organization = {International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management (ICLARM)}, address = {Manila, Philippines}, abstract = {FISHBASE is a biological database on fishes developed by the International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management (ICLARM) in collaboration with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and with the support of the Commission of the European Communities (CEC). FISHBASE presents information on all aspects of ichthyology and of fishes as resources, notably on their nomenclature, distribution, ecology, reproduction, growth, mortality, etc.}, keywords = {aquatic resources, database, fish}, url = {http://www.fishbase.org}, author = {Rainer Froese and Maria Lourdes D Palomares and Daniel Pauly} } @proceedings {357, title = {Lab to land: Biotechnology for sustainable agriculture in Asia (Proceedings of the first ANSAB Workshop)}, year = {1992}, note = {ANSAB Workshop (1st : March 29-April 1, 1992 : Kathmandu, Nepal)}, month = {3/29-4/1/1992}, publisher = {Appropriate Technology International and New Era (Firm)}, address = {Washington, DC and Kathmandu, Nepal}, abstract = {

Papers include:

}, keywords = {agricultural biotechnology, agroforestry, Asia}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/29788291}, editor = {John D. Ferchak and Sharmila Ribeiro} } @inbook {893, title = {Local organizations in community forestry}, booktitle = {Local organizations in community forestry extension in Asia}, series = {Field document no. 34}, year = {1992}, note = {Regional Wood Energy Development Programme in Asia; Asia-Pacific Agroforestry Network}, month = {1992}, publisher = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)}, organization = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)}, address = {Bangkok, Thailand}, abstract = {

This paper examines the nature and potential of local organizations in community forestry, with the following questions in mind:

  1. What types of local organizations are appropriate for community forestry in particular situations, and
  2. What makes some local organizations effective?
}, keywords = {agroforestry, Asia, forestry, forestry extension, Nepal}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/36405987}, author = {R. J. Fisher}, editor = {Cor Veer and Jim Chamberlain} } @booklet {493, title = {Northern Perspectives}, volume = {20}, year = {1992}, month = {1992}, abstract = {

Entire issue included. Articles included are:

}, keywords = {American Indians, Eskimos, Native Americans}, author = {Ellen Bielawski and Milton M. R. Freeman and George Hobson and Martha Johnson and Novum Organum} } @inbook {906, title = {Pharmaceutical discovery, ethnobotany, tropical forests and reciprocity: Integrating indigenous knowledge, conservation and sustainable development}, booktitle = {Sustainable harvest and marketing of rain forest products}, year = {1992}, note = {

General Note: Proceedings of a meeting sponsored by Conservation International and the Asociaci{\'o}n Nacional para la Conservaci{\'o}n de la Naturaleza, held in Panama City on June 20-21, 1991
Bibliography note: Includes bibliographical references and index
Book title submitted as Sustainable Harvest of the Rainforest in original bibliography; Chapter 26 in Sustainable Harvest and Marketing of Rain Forest Products

}, month = {July 1992}, pages = {231-238 [1-12]}, publisher = {Island Press}, organization = {Island Press}, address = {Washington, DC and Covelo, CA}, abstract = {This is an incomplete paper that details the works and goals of Shaman Pharmaceuticals. They are trying to discover ways to develop antifungal, antiviral, and sedative drugs from the same type of plants. They are combining the methods of ethnobotany, chemistry, and pharmacology. Also, they are trying to come up with a better way to screen and test these drugs. The combination of ethnobotanists and medical personnel show the coming together of the two pieces of a scientific puzzle. The company has created The Healing Forest Conservancy, a non-profit organization to share the responsibilities of the development of plant biodiversity.}, keywords = {Conservation International, Asociaci{\'o}n Nacional para la Conservaci{\'o}n de la Naturaleza, ethnobotany, ethnopharmacology, medicinal plants, rainforests, traditional medicine}, isbn = {1-55963-168-6; 978-1-55963-168-6}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/231440749}, author = {Steven R. King}, editor = {Mark J. Plotkin and Lisa Famolare} } @conference {792, title = {Report of the Consultation on Sustainable Development and Environment in the Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries Sectors in Latin America and the Caribbean: Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Development, Santiago, Chile, 28 to 30 April 1992}, series = {RLAC-CSD3}, year = {1992}, month = {April 1992}, publisher = {FAO Regional Office for Latin America and the Caribbean}, organization = {FAO Regional Office for Latin America and the Caribbean}, address = {Santiago, Chile}, abstract = {Contains information on soil resources, land use, erosion, salinization, desertification, management of soil and water resources, fragile ecosystems, agriculture and water pollution, water and soil conservation, treatment and use of sewage water in irrigation, rehabilitation of degraded lands, use of agro-chemicals, health impacts, integrated pest control, and gives suggestions for action on sustainable agriculture and rural development. This paper attempts to present a broad view of the problems presently hindering the conservation of biological diversity and of its relationship to biotechnology and to suggest possible solutions which are becoming an interesting economic alternative for the developing countries. (author)}, keywords = {ex situ conservation, in situ conservation, intellectual property rights}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/28814990}, author = {FAO Regional Office for Latin America and the Caribbean and UNCED (United Nations Conference on Environment and Development)} } @book {391, title = {Sustainable harvest and marketing of rain forest products}, year = {1992}, note = {CIKARD copy: 4 page table of contents from the book}, month = {July 1992}, pages = {xv, 325 pages}, publisher = {Island Press}, organization = {Island Press}, address = {Washington, DC and Covelo, CA}, keywords = {ethnopharmacology, medicinal plants, rainforests, traditional medicine}, isbn = {1-55963-169-4}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/24952705}, editor = {Mark J. Plotkin and Lisa Famolare} } @article {504, title = {Agricultural diversification among smallholder rattan cultivators in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {13}, year = {1991}, month = {January 1991}, pages = {27-40}, abstract = {Many developing countries are trying to promote agricultural diversification among smallholders because they feel that smallholders are too dependent upon a narrow range of crops. Fieldwork among smallholder rattan cultivators in southern Borneo, Indonesia, suggests that smallholders do maintain a poorly diversified portfolio of agricultural activities. Farmers rely heavily upon rattan because of its superior profitability. A number of economic and agronimic constraints however prevent farmers from diversifying out of rattan into other crops. (author)}, keywords = {agriculture, central Kalimantan, diversification, dry rice, forestry, profitability calculation, rambutan, rattan, rubber}, doi = {10.1007/BF00129617}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00129617}, author = {Ricardo A. Godoy and Tan Ching Feaw} } @article {499, title = {A diagnostic survey of shifting cultivation in northern Laos: Targeting research to improve sustainability and productivity}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {13}, year = {1991}, month = {February 1991}, pages = {95-109}, abstract = {About 25\% of Laos{\textquoteright} four million people practise shifting cultivation (mainly of rice) on a third of the country{\textquoteright}s cropped area. Official policy is to eliminate shifting cultivation by the year 2000. Diagnostic surveys of shifting cultivation were conducted in Luang Prabang and Oudomsay Provinces in northern Laos to understand the practice from a farmer{\textquoteright}s perspective, to observe fields, and to identify and give priority to problems and research to address problems. Weeds, low and possibly declining soil fertility, intensification of the cropping cycle, rats (plus birds, wild pigs), and insects lowered rice yields or reduced system sustainability. The forest ecosystem has been degraded by logging, burning, and rice monocropping; and potentials for environmental rehabilitation through natural succession are minimal. Farmers cannot adopt high labor and cash cost innovations; and improved fallow is needed as an intermediate step prior to crop diversification, adoption of agroforestry technologies, and sedentary agriculture. (author)}, keywords = {agriculture, deforestation, forestry, government policy, improved fallow, shifting cultivation, sustainability, weeds}, doi = {10.1007/BF00140235}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00140235}, author = {S. Fujisaka} } @article {583, title = {Indigenous agroforestry of Pohnpei: 1. Plant species and cultivars}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {16}, year = {1991}, month = {November 1991}, pages = {139-157}, abstract = {Plant species and cultivars of the indigenous agroforestry system of Pohnpei were surveyed in transects through 54 randomly-selected farms. The agroforestry system was characterized by extensive cultivation of yams (Dioscorea), aroids (Alocasia), and Piper methysticum under a permanent overstory of breadfruit, coconut, and forest remnant trees and a middle canopy of Hibiscus tiliaceus, Musa spp., and Morinda citrifolia. In the 10 ha of survey plots, 161 species were found, of which 102 were trees, shrubs, and crops and 59 were uncultivated herbaceous plants. Numbers of tree, shrub, and crop species per farm ranged from 16 to 37 with an average of 26. Twenty-eight breadfruit and 38 yam cultivars were found in the survey plots, showing that cultivar diversity is an important component of the biological diversity maintained and utilized in Pohnpeian agroforests.}, keywords = {agroforestry, cultivars, indigenous agriculture, low-input agriculture, Micronesia, Pacific islands, species diversity}, doi = {10.1007/BF00129745}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00129745}, author = {W. C. Raynor and J. H. Fownes} } @article {584, title = {Indigenous agroforestry of Pohnpei: 2. Spatial and successional vegetation patterns}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {16}, year = {1991}, month = {November 1991}, pages = {159-165}, abstract = {A vegetation survey of 54 randomly-selected Pohnpeian land holdings quantified agroforest vegetation patterns in terms of horizontal distribution in the landscape and changes over time. Spatial distribution of species, expressed as distance from the main household, varied greatly with successional stages to produce the characteristic pattern of the Pohnpeian agroforest. Food crops, bananas, and Piper methysticum were planted around the house compound first, then gradually planted further away over time. Upland forest and secondary successional trees were removed by girdling, and gradually replaced by annual and perennial crops and breadfruit and other trees. A fallow or reduced management stage was discerned, characterized by low densities of early successional crops and higher densities of weedy secondary successional species; this stage resulted from a reduction in management intensity, mainly due to a variety of socioeconomic factors. Although the indigenous Pohnpeian agroforestry system is permanent and thought to be sustainable, it is dynamic in space and time.}, keywords = {agroforestry, low-input agriculture, Micronesia, Pacific islands, spatial pattern, succession, traditional agriculture}, doi = {10.1007/BF00129746}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00129746}, author = {W. C. Raynor and J. H. Fownes} } @book {408, title = {Tree and land tenure in the eastern Nepal terai: A case study by rapid appraisal}, year = {1991}, note = {A research report prepared for the Forests, Trees, and People Programme funded by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the Swedish International Development Authority (SIDA)}, month = {1991}, pages = {91}, publisher = {IOF (Institute of Forestry)/ YALE/IRG/USAID Institute of Forestry Project and FAO/SIDA Forests, Trees and People Programme}, organization = {IOF (Institute of Forestry)/ YALE/IRG/USAID Institute of Forestry Project and FAO/SIDA Forests, Trees and People Programme}, address = {Pokhara, Nepal [Kathmandu, Nepal]}, abstract = {This is a case study of tree and land tenure in the eastern Nepal terai. The work includes an explanation of local terms and spelling conventions as well as extensive tables and maps.}, keywords = {agroforestry, ethnobotany, forestry, medicinal plants, taxonomy}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/28676224}, author = {Bhishma P. Subedi and Chintamani L. Das and Donald A. Messerschmidt and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and Sweden. Styrelsen f{\"o}r internationell utveckling} } @inbook {886, title = {Institutional incompatibility in community forestry: The case of Nepal}, booktitle = {Community organizations and government bureaucracies in social forestry}, series = {Working paper no. 22}, year = {1990}, month = {May 1990}, pages = {11-25}, publisher = {Environment and Policy Institute, East-West Center}, organization = {Environment and Policy Institute, East-West Center}, address = {Honolulu, Hawaii}, abstract = {This paper examines a number of problems which have slowed progress considerably. The major areas of conflict include the tendency of bureaucrats to assume that there is a vacuum of knowledge and institutional capacity in rural communities, over-emphasis on committees as a form of organization, and over-emphasis on panchayats in organizing community forestry.}, keywords = {agroforestry}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/23804282}, author = {R. J. Fisher}, editor = {Jefferson Fox and R. J. Fisher} } @inbook {908, title = {Plant-based livestock medication}, booktitle = {Agroforestry Technology Information Kit (DENR/IIRR/FF)}, year = {1990}, note = {Agroforestry Technology Information Kit (DENR/IIRR/FF)}, month = {[1990]}, abstract = {This kit apparently originated in the Philippines. It provides a list of useful medicinal plants that can be used on livestock in place of expensive drugs and medicines. The list, compiled by interviews with farmers, includes the scientific and popular names, useful properties, and methods of administration.}, keywords = {ethnoveterinary medicine, medicinal plants, taxonomy}, author = {International Institute of Rural Reconstruction (IIRR) and Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) and Ford Foundation (FF)} } @article {698, title = {The tragedy of the commons: Twenty-two years later}, journal = {Human Ecology}, volume = {18}, year = {1990}, month = {March 1990}, pages = {1-19}, abstract = {Hardin{\textquoteright}s Tragedy of the Commons model predicts the eventual overexploitation or degradation of all resources used in common. Given this unambiguous prediction, a surprising number of cases exist in which users have been able to restrict access to the resource and establish rules among themselves for its sustainable use. To assess the evidence, we first define common-property resources and present a taxonomy of property-rights regimes in which such resources may be held. Evidence accumulated over the last twenty-two years indicates that private, state, andcommunal property are all potentially viable resource management options. A more complete theory than Hardin{\textquoteright}s should incorporate institutional arrangements and cultural factors to provide for better analysis and prediction. (author)}, keywords = {co-management, common property, fisheries, forestry, grazing lands, sustainable development, water resources , wildlife }, doi = {10.1007/BF00889070}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00889070}, author = {David Feeny and Fikret Berkes and Bonnie J. McCay and James M. Acheson} } @conference {798, title = {The adaptation of rice-fish culture technology: The case of Mang lsko in Cavite, Philippines}, booktitle = {Paper presented at the second Asian regional workshop on rice-fish research and development, October 24-28, Central Luzon State University, Munoz, Nueva Ecija. Philippines.}, year = {1989}, note = {

May also be published as Fermin, F.V. 1992. The adaptation of rice-fish farming technology: the case of Mang Isko in Cavite, Philippines, p. 333-338. In C.R. De la Cruz, C. Lightfoot, B.A. Costa-Pierce, V.R. Carangal and M.P. Bimbao (eds.) Rice-fish research and development in Asia. ICLARM Conf. Proc. 24, 457 pp.

}, month = {Oct. 24-28, 1989}, publisher = {Central Luzon State University, Munoz}, organization = {Central Luzon State University, Munoz}, address = {Nueva Ecija, Philippines}, abstract = {One of the IIRR{\textquoteright}s goals is to improve the quality of life of the rural poor and to achieve this objective, it assists the rural poor to identify and start potential alternative sources of supplemental income, at the same time providing fish for family consumption and addressing their nutritional requirements. One possible approach is rice-fish culture.}, keywords = {Philippines, rice-fish culture}, author = {Frank Fermin} } @conference {752, title = {Agroforestry: Proprietary dimensions}, booktitle = {Paper prepared for AAAS Technical Session, Agroforestry: A Global Perspective on Potentials and Constraints, 15 January 1989, San Francisco, CA}, year = {1989}, month = {January 15, 1989}, address = {San Francisco, CA}, abstract = {

This paper examines the changes in our thinking over the past several years concerning how tenure, or property rights in land and trees, affect farmer incentives for an adoption of agroforestry practices. We deal here with three quite different tenure situations:

Agroforestry has tended to be associated primarily with forestry on the holding, but agroforestry is the incorporation of trees into a farming system and the farming system often involves use of resources outside the holding, especially as regards tree products. The farmer\&$\#$39;s decisions about trees are made in terms of his or her overall access to tree products, whether on or off the holding. The farmer may have tenure (rights) in all these situations. The tenure will be most extensive over the agricultural holding but the farmer may also have use rights in a communal forest as a member of the community, and may hold a license, for instance for gathering dead wood, in a state forest. A farmer\&$\#$39;s options concerning trees in any of these tenure situations cannot be defined in isolation from the options in the other situations. (author)

}, keywords = {agroforestry}, author = {John W. Bruce and Louise Fortmann} } @inbook {917, title = {The Alaska Eskimo Whaling Commission: Successful co-management under extreme conditions}, booktitle = {Co-operative management of local fisheries: New directions for improved management and community development}, year = {1989}, month = {1989}, pages = {137-153}, publisher = {University of British Columbia Press}, organization = {University of British Columbia Press}, address = {Vancouver, British Columbia}, abstract = {This chapter describes the manner in which the scientific managers (whether national or international) on the one hand, and the Alaskan North Slope Inupiat and the Bering Sea Yupik whalers on the other, have, despite their cultural differences, formed an effective co-management arrangement during a decade of intense activity in defence of each group{\textquoteright}s respective culturally-based position.}, keywords = {American Indians, aquaculture, Eskimos, marine resources, Native Americans}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/923443645}, author = {Milton M. R. Freeman}, editor = {Evelyn Pinkerton} } @conference {766, title = {Forestation and deforestation in Mexico: Community response}, booktitle = {Paper presented at Annual Meetings of the Society for Applied Anthropology, April 5-9, 1989, Santa Fe, NM}, year = {1989}, month = {April 1989}, publisher = {Society for Applied Anthropology}, organization = {Society for Applied Anthropology}, address = {Santa Fe, NM}, abstract = {Deforestation is a severe economic and environmental problem in Mexico, as elsewhere in the world. This paper presents comparative data of natural resource control by two communities located in different ecological zones in the Mexican state of Oaxaca. One community, Huitzo, in the valley of Oaxaca, has suffered much deforestation due to commercial and domestic uses as well as fire. Through local effort the community has begun a reforestation project to combat erosion and reduced water tables. The other community, Yavesia, in the northern mountains, still has a large virgin forest, due principally to the community{\textquoteright}s refusal to sell wood to paper companies. To further protect their resources, a local women{\textquoteright}s group has initiated the installation of wood-efficient clay stoves. The quality of improved stove designs is a much-debated issue and will be discussed further in this paper. The two projects will also be described and compared with the aim of extracting the important organizational success factors. (author).}, keywords = {Acacia, agroforestry, fuelwood, household technologies}, author = {Lisa Freeman} } @book {332, title = {Forestry and food security}, series = {FAO forestry paper 90}, year = {1989}, month = {1989}, pages = {128}, publisher = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}, organization = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}, address = {Rome}, abstract = {This report summarizes the current state of understanding regarding the links between forestry and food security. It is the result of a series of investigations begun in 1985 in response to the widely felt concern that excessive deforestation is threatening not only the soil and water base essential for continued food production, but also the present and future availability of the many forest plants and animals that are sources of food.}, keywords = {agroforestry, Amazonia, cash crops, cloud forests, common property, erosion, fodder, fuelwood, gardens, fallows, gender, Ghana, household, mangroves, microclimate, plant foods, salinization, soil conservation, water conservation, wildlife , windbreaks, women, yields}, isbn = {92-5-102847-8, 978-92-5-102847-6}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/20998704}, author = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)} } @book {334, title = {Forestry and nutrition: A reference manual}, year = {1989}, month = {1989}, pages = {v, 114}, publisher = {FAO, RAPA}, organization = {FAO, RAPA}, address = {Bangkok, Thailand}, abstract = {This document contains literature from a variety of relevant disciplines and includes material which may be useful for selecting specific forestry activities to strengthen food security. In the presentation of this bibliography, the subject areas in which more research is needed are highlighted.}, keywords = {animal foods, ethnobotany, ethnomedicine, fodder, fuelwood, plant foods, range and livestock management, traditional medicine, wildlife }, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/66373043}, author = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific} } @book {333, title = {Forestry and nutrition: A reference manual}, year = {1989}, month = {1989}, publisher = {FAO}, organization = {FAO}, address = {Bangkok, Thailand}, abstract = {The first section provides a brief overview of the links between forestry and nutrition and a review of the findings from the literature. This is followed by an annotated bibliography which includes 239 references. Subject and geographic indices are included to facilitate use of the bibliography. The purposes of this reference manual are to highlight what is known about the linkages between forestry and nutrition and to provide a guide for further research into this area. It is directed to foresters and nutritionists alike and draws on information from their respective literature as well as from other areas of relevant study. Although the reference manual focuses on nutrition and forestry in general, it is directed to those working on forestry and nutrition issues in developing countries, and thus, focuses on regions of the tropics and subtropics. (author)}, keywords = {agroforestry, conservation, ethnobotany, ethnomedicine, fodder, fuelwood, livestock, medicinal plants, plant foods, rural development, wildlife }, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/66373043}, author = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Regional Forestry Officer} } @book {340, title = {Household food security and forestry: An analysis of socio-economic issues}, year = {1989}, month = {1989}, pages = {147}, publisher = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}, organization = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}, address = {Rome}, abstract = {The focus of this study is on the socio-economic aspects of forestry{\textquoteright}s role in household food security. It draws together information on household foods and income which are actually derived from activities dependent on tree and forest products. It examines their importance in different situations and among different population groups and how the uses of these resources are changing, focusing particularly on the impacts on the poor and women. The study also addresses the consequences of decreasing forest resources and discusses the implications for forest policy and for management of forests and trees outside the forests.}, keywords = {agroforestry, deforestation, energy, fodder, fuelwood, gardening, gender, honey, nutrition, nuts and seeds, plant foods, women}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/21140813}, author = {FAO Forestry Department, Forests, Trees and People [Program]} } @article {691, title = {The need to build upon farmer practice and knowledge: Reminders from selected upland conservation projects and policies}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {9}, year = {1989}, month = {October 1989}, pages = {141-153}, abstract = {

On-farm research and development projects in SE Asia\&$\#$39;s uplands have addressed problems of ecosystems degradation. Farmer adoption, however, of land conservation technologies has generally not resulted or has not been sustainable. This paper examines four agroforestry projects and two policy approaches meant to protect upland resources. Promoted innovations and farmer adoption are described. Six lessons are reemphasized:

Overall, variable scale diagnosis and design that is unbiased towards pre-selected technologies is needed. Lessons learned contributed to farmer-participatory agroforestry research being conducted in an upland rice-based system in the Philippines. (author)

}, keywords = {adoption, agriculture, conservation, diagnosis and design, farmer knowledge, farmer participation, farmer practice, forestry, labor, participatory research, resource management, rice, slash and burn, soil erosion, sustainability, swiddens, upland farming}, doi = {10.1007/BF00168259}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00168259}, author = {S. Fujisaka} } @book {420, title = {Women in community forestry: A field guide for project design and implementation}, year = {1989}, month = {1989}, pages = {45}, publisher = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}, organization = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}, address = {Rome}, abstract = {Rural women are major caretakers and users of forests. Each day they walk long distances to gather fodder and fuelwood. They seek out fruits, nuts and small creatures for food for their families. They use bark, roots and herbs for medicines. Trees provide shade, beauty and environmental protection for their homes. Thus, trees and forests play a major role in their daily lives. Unfortunately, most forestry programmes are organized by men who may not understand women{\textquoteright}s relationship to forests. Forestry has typically been a man{\textquoteright}s profession and it is hard for many foresters to perceive of women as being competent in this field. Moreover women{\textquoteright}s needs regarding the forest often differ from those of men. Rural women confront obstacles that limit their ability to participate in community development programmes. They frequently lack the self-confidence or a forum in which to speak up publicly for themselves and for their families. They often lack access to child care, credit, education and land tenure, which limits them more than it limits the men of their own families. These obstacles prevent them from being heard and from achieving a more powerful role in accessing and making decisions about tree and forest resource management. This field guide focuses on practical ways to include women in project design and implementation and is meant to be a tool to facilitate discussion, offer options and promote action on behalf of women and forestry. (author)}, keywords = {agroforestry}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/21987106}, author = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)} } @inbook {854, title = {Agroforestry}, booktitle = {Jessenia and Oenocarpus: Neotropical oil palms worthy of domestication}, series = {FAO Plant Production and Protection Paper no. 88}, year = {1988}, month = {December 1988}, pages = {149-184}, publisher = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)}, organization = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)}, address = {Rome}, abstract = {The study focuses on the uses of oil palms in Colombia. It outlines the systems of land use employing palms. It also gives an analysis of how other plants and livestock fared in these systems. Several tables and illustrations are included. The paper goes on to suggest future research lines that would be helpful to study.}, keywords = {agroforestry, ethnobotany, Oenocarpus, palm oil}, isbn = {92-5-102676-9}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/19059118}, author = {Michael J. Balick and Steven R. King and Luis E. Forero Pinto}, editor = {Michael J Balick} } @article {557, title = {Factors determining the occurrence of the agroforestry system with Acacia mearnsii in Central Java}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {6}, year = {1988}, month = {February 1988}, pages = {119-135}, abstract = {In 1922, the colonial government introduced Acacia mearnsii in the tobacco-growing region of Wonosobo. Soon this species was accepted by the local people who developed an agroforestry system based on a rotation of A. mearnsii and agricultural crops. Now, the growing of the black wattle is becoming less popular. To study the prospects for this agroforestry system 143 farmers from 5 villages were interviewed. The functions of this agroforestry system are the production of fuelwood and bark (which contains tannin for the leather industry), soil conservation and soil improvement. The following factors affect A. mearnsii growing: population density (which affects farm size and demand for domestic fuelwood), tobacco-processing (which requires fuel), topography and commercialization. If current trends continue, the contribution of the functions of this agroforestry system to welfare will not be sufficient to compete successfully with subsistence and cash crops like potatoes and tobacco. Therefore, A. mearnsii cultivation is expected to decline further.}, keywords = {Acacia mearnsii, agroforestry, central Java, commercialization, farming system development, Indonesia}, doi = {10.1007/BF02344749}, url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02344749}, author = {Lucinne M. Berenschot and Bram M. Filius and Soedarwono Hardjosoediro} } @article {560, title = {Farming systems approaches to international technical cooperation in agriculture and rural life}, journal = {Agriculture and Human Values}, volume = {5}, year = {1988}, note = {This article from Agriculture and Human Values, 5 (1-2) listed independently.}, month = {December 1988}, pages = {24-34}, abstract = {A farming systems approach to development has meant many things over the past 15 years, depending on its institutional and ecological setting, its target populations, and the goals motivating its implementation. Despite the diversity of approaches, and the sometimes rancorous discussion over which was best and why, the approach is now recognized in many places as the only one that can identify and respond to the needs of limited resource farm families, especially those in marginal ecosystems. Involving an iterative process of diagnosis, design, testing and extension, the farming system approach to date has done more to change research objectives at national and international institutions than to change actual farmer practices. By legitimizing what limited resource farmers do and why they do it, a farming systems approach lends itself to policy analysis as well. Recent research in farming systems suggests greater attention should be payed to exogenous variables, including policy and infrastructure, as well as to development of technology that really responds to the felt needs of limited resource farmers in improving their level of living.}, keywords = {farming system approach, iterative process, limited resource, system approach, target population}, doi = {10.1007/BF02217174}, url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02217174}, author = {Cornelia Butler Flora} } @article {574, title = {Great planting disasters: Pitfalls in technical assistance in forestry}, journal = {Agriculture and Human Values}, volume = {5}, year = {1988}, note = {This article from Agriculture and Human Values, 5 (1-2) listed independently.}, month = {December 1988}, pages = {49-60}, abstract = {Social forestry, in contrast to traditional forestry, is intended to meet biological/environmental, procedural and equity goals. Social forestry projects may not fulfill this multiplicity of goals either because priority is given to a single goal or because various factors including the structure and norms of implementing institutions and the distribution of local power overwhelm procedural and distributive intentions. Thus, despite participatory and equitable project designs, social forestry projects may result in the distribution of benefits to the rich and costs to the poor and products that either have little local value or lose their value over time. Factors leading to these outcomes are explored and countervailing measures considered.}, keywords = {agricultural economics, equity goals, ethics, evolutionary biology, history, project design, social forestry, technical assistance, veterinary medicine}, doi = {10.1007/BF02217176}, url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02217176}, author = {Louise Fortmann} } @book {341, title = {IADSS (Information and Decision Support System): Users{\textquoteright} manual}, series = {Multipurpose Tree Species Network Research Series, manual no. 1}, year = {1988}, month = {1988}, pages = {140}, publisher = {Winrock International, F/FRED Global Research Unit}, organization = {Winrock International, F/FRED Global Research Unit}, address = {Paia, Hawaii}, abstract = {This manual is a publication of the Fuelwood/Forestry Research and Development (F/FRED) in Hawaii. Specifically, it covers the setup and use of F/FRED){\textquoteright}s Information and Decision Support System (IADSS). IADSS is a computer program designed to hold and process the results of field trials and other forestry-related experiments. The manual has three sections that are more or less traditional in computer literature: installation procedures, a quick lesson in the use of the system, and a detailed description of system operations. The installation section is very straightforward. A list of required hardware is provided, along with instructions for setting up Digital Operating System (DOS) directories and transferring material from a disc to one{\textquoteright}s hard drive. The quick start section shows the user how to start the IADSS program. IADSS is "menu-driven"; it has a number of forestry-related databases (experiments, abstracts, soil, climate, etc.) that can be reached via screen menus. These databases can be accessed or modified using "search," "add," "modify," and "delete" commands. The system options section describes each option available within each database (experiment descriptions, trial site information, weather measurements, etc.). All are illustrated with appropriate screen presentations. This is a very readable and straightforward document. An intelligent person who knows nothing about computers could set up and operate an IADSS system using this manual.}, keywords = {computers, forestry, Hawaii, information, manual}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/768268914}, author = {Forestry/Fuelwood Research and Development Project, Global Research Unit} } @article {645, title = {Revival of an ancient starch crop: A review of the agronomy of the sago palm}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {7}, year = {1988}, month = {December 1988}, pages = {259-281}, abstract = {Since 1971 there has been a revival of interest in the possibilities for cultivation of the true sago palm, Metroxylon spp. Agronomic and economic research shows that the palm can become an important starch producing crop. Many queries concerning the agronomy of the crop have been solved. The palm is especially suited to humid tropical lowlands. It is fairly salinity tolerant, but less tolerant to swampy conditions than generally thought. Research programmes to solve the remaining problems have been started in Sarawak on peat soils and will be started in Indonesia on mineral soils, both regarding the cultivated crop and exploitation of natural stands. Yields of 5 tons of dry starch per ha and year in the first year, increasing to 15 tons in the tenth, are to be expected in good quality natural stands under cultivation and on mineral soils. In new plantings there will be no yield in the first eight years; after that yields will increase rapidly to 25 tons per ha and year, tapering off slowly to 15 tons. Yields on peat soils under cultivation are expected to remain 25\% lower. In both natural stands and plantings an extensive drainage system is to be provided, which also allows the trunks, the raw material, to be floated out to the factory. Both systems of cultivation are expected to be economically viable with an internal rate of return estimated at 10\%.}, keywords = {agriculture, forestry, metroxylon, natural stands, palm agronomy, perennial crop, planting, sago palm, starches}, doi = {10.1007/BF00046972}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00046972}, author = {M. Flach and D. L. Schuiling} } @book {286, title = {A survey of women{\textquoteright}s attitudes toward forestry and fuelwood in eight rural villages in eastern Sudan}, series = {Field document (Fuelwood Development for Energy in Sudan) no. 31}, year = {1988}, month = {March 1988}, pages = {41 leaves}, publisher = {Forests Administration}, organization = {Forests Administration}, address = {Khartoum, Sudan}, abstract = {This report analyzes a survey of Sudanese women{\textquoteright}s attitudes toward forestry and fuelwood. The survey was carried out in December, 1986 in eight rural villages in Eastern Sudan. It was sponsored by FAO{\textquoteright}s Fuelwood Development for Energy Project and designed and carried out by students from Ahfad University for Women in Omdurman. It is the first survey of this size and scope to focus specifically on women{\textquoteright}s attitudes as they relate to forestry in Sudan. Based on the results of this survey, forestry extension staff will be able to strengthen and expand existing forestry programs to address the needs and perceptions of rural women.}, keywords = {agroforestry, fuelwood, Khartoum, Sudan}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/29011350}, author = {Rosemary N. Furfey} } @article {703, title = {Traditional agroforestry system in the Cordilleras (Ifugao)}, journal = {Likasyaman (Technology Series)}, year = {1988}, month = {April-June 1988}, abstract = {This short summary of a traditional agroforestry setup in Ifugao, Philippines, discusses qualitatively the advantages of using an indigenous shade tree with coffee for enhanced production. Coffee, introduced during Spanish occupation, is grown under raintree (Samanea caman) along with rattan vines (Calamus merrillii) which is in demand locally for the cottage industry. There is little to no exogenous technological influence in this system (except the introduction of coffee) because there is no pruning, fertilization or improved plant varieties of coffee. The author considers the system sustainable based on nutrient and water cycling advantages of raintree (a nitrogen fixer) particularly soil nutrient additions of litter fall. A brief ecological and socioeconomic descriptions of the region are included.}, keywords = {Acacia, coffee, traditional agroforestry}, author = {Guillermo Felipe} } @book {407, title = {Traditional knowledge and renewable resource management in northern regions}, series = {Occasional publication (Boreal Institute for Northern Studies); no. 23}, year = {1988}, note = {A joint publication of the IUCN Commission on Ecology and the Boreal Institute for Northern Studies}, month = {1988}, pages = {124}, publisher = {IUCN Commission on Ecology and the Canadian Circumpolar Institute, Boreal Institute for Northern Studies}, organization = {IUCN Commission on Ecology and the Canadian Circumpolar Institute, Boreal Institute for Northern Studies}, address = {Edmonton, AB, Canada}, abstract = {

Contains following papers:

}, keywords = {American Indians, Arctic regions, Eskimos, First Peoples, fisheries, Inuit, Native Americans, resource management}, isbn = {978-0-919058-68-2}, issn = {0068-0303}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/658935111}, editor = {Milton M. R. Freeman and Ludwig N. Carbyn} } @article {534, title = {Compound farms of southeastern Nigeria: A predominant agroforestry homegarden system with crops and small livestock}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {5}, year = {1987}, month = {June 1987}, pages = {153-168}, abstract = {Compound farms are a homegarden-type of agroforestry system involving the deliberate management of multipurpose trees and shrubs in a multistoried association with agricultural crops and small livestock within the compounds of individual houses. In addition to the advantages of diversified production, risk minimization, improved labour and nutrient use efficiences and soil conservation, compound farms represent germplasm banks containing many of the useful tree/shrub species currently disappearing due to indiscriminate clearing of forest and woodlands.}, keywords = {Africa, agriculture, agroforestry, compound farm, forestry, germplasm conservation, home gardens, Nigeria, tree improvement}, doi = {10.1007/BF00047519}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00047519}, author = {J. C. Okafor and E. C. M. Fernandes} } @article {838, title = {The exercise of traditional rights in Rawashda and Wad Kabo forest}, year = {1987}, month = {April 1987}, institution = {Government of the Republic of Sudan, Forests Administration}, address = {[Khartoum]}, abstract = {The adverse conditions which lead to the severe deterioration of natural resources which cause, besides serious desertification and desert encroachment, acute shortage in fuelwood energy, building and industrial materials dictate that a new outlook should be adopted to obtain participation in forest management in order to face these challenges.}, keywords = {fuelwood}, url = {http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?f=1994/XF/XF94030.xml;XF9327607}, author = {Abdelgadir Mohd Fadul} } @book {358, title = {Land and tree tenure in humid West Africa: A bibliography}, year = {1987}, month = {1987}, pages = {33}, publisher = {International Livestock Centre for Africa}, organization = {International Livestock Centre for Africa}, address = {Addis Abada, Ethiopia}, abstract = {This bibliography covers land and tree tenure systems in countries all or part of which are in the humid zone of West Africa. A national, rather than strictly ecological approach was chosen to reflect the focus of much of the literature, which frequently deals with countries as a whole. Within the region diverse customary systems and land use modes have been affected by national policies of different ideologies and degrees of effectiveness. References are listed alphabetically by author, and subject and geographical indexes are also provided. (author)}, keywords = {agroforestry, Benin, Cameroon, Cape Verde, chiefs, collateral, commons, communal tenure, customary law, forestry, fragmentation, Ghana, Guinea, inheritance, Ivory Coast, land ownership, land reform, legislation, Liberia, litigation, nationalization, Nigeria, property transfer, public ownership, security, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo, tree crops, West Africa, women{\textquoteright}s rights}, isbn = {92-9053-091-X}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/17341746}, author = {Paul Francis and Getachew Bulfeta} } @book {377, title = {Planning self-help forestry projects in Asia}, year = {1987}, note = {Based on the Workshop on Planning Self-Help Fuelwood Projects in Asia 1987 February 2-13 Chiang Mai and Khon Kaen, Thailand}, month = {[1987?]}, pages = {84}, publisher = {Swedish International Development Authority and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}, organization = {Swedish International Development Authority and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}, address = {[Rome]; [unidentified]}, abstract = {The purpose of the Workshop was to introduce participants to concepts and methods of self-help forestry planning. The Workshop content was primarily developed through the process of participatory learning, relying heavily on direct inputs and involvement by the participants and less on formal papers. A great deal of time was spent on field trips and group discussions, covering both the field exercises and the participants{\textquoteright} analyses of their own countries{\textquoteright} conditions. This report is designed both to review theoretical concepts and to provide practical guidelines to facilitate self-help forestry planning. The report reflects the stated emphasis of the Self-Help Workshop, which covers three main points: 1) the role of trees in farming systems, with particular emphasis on indigenous knowledge and traditional resource management in Asia; 2) the importance of local participation; factors affecting participation, and means of facilitating participation; and 3) the integrated approach to project planning which addresses the needs, attitudes and constraints of the local population.}, keywords = {agroforestry, farmer participatory research, fuelwood, on-farm research, tree planting}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/19318420}, author = {SIDA (Swedish International Development Authority/Styrelsen f{\"o}r internationell utveckling) and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)} } @book {383, title = {Restoring the balance: Women and forest resources}, year = {1987}, month = {1987}, pages = {32}, publisher = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; Swedish International Development Authority}, organization = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; Swedish International Development Authority}, address = {[Rome]; [Stockholm]}, abstract = {Trees are important in rural economies largely as a result of the uses to which they are put by women. The fact that a special relationship exists between women, the family, and trees has been ignored by past development programs.}, keywords = {agroforestry, fuelwood, reforestation}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/19792443}, author = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and SIDA (Swedish International Development Authority/Styrelsen f{\"o}r internationell utveckling)} } @proceedings {474, title = {Forestry networks}, year = {1986}, month = {September 1986}, publisher = {Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development}, address = {Morrillton, AR}, abstract = {Rapid depletion of forest reserves and the growing scarcity of wood for cooking and tree products for other household uses have emerged in recent years as a growing concern of development planners and specialists in most countries and development institutions. In recognition of this AID identified forestry research as one of its top four priorities for long-term commitment.}, keywords = {agroforestry, fuelwood}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/14412966}, author = {F/FRED Forestry Networks Workshop}, editor = {Adams, Norma and Robert K. Dixon} } @inbook {897, title = {Mountain people in the Philippines: Ethnographic contributions to upland development}, booktitle = {Man, agriculture and the tropical forest: Change and development in the Philippine uplands}, year = {1986}, note = {Chapter 3}, month = {1986}, pages = {49-51 and 76-85 [43-85]}, publisher = {Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development}, organization = {Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development}, address = {Bangkok, Thailand}, abstract = {A crisis of deforestation and consequent soil erosion looms in many southeast Asian upland ecosystems. Blame for this problem has been attributed to both slash and burn agriculturalists or timber extraction industries. To the extent that the actions of uplanders rather than legal and illegal logging are seen as being responsible for diminishing forest reserves, a growing demand exists among policy-makers and foresters for a more holistic, interdisciplinary approach to appropriate intervention strategies. Anthropologists are now frequently incorporated into technical programs and are given a growing recognition that economic change cannot be understood adequately in isolation from the social institutional framework. Recent efforts in social forestry, for example, suggest that anthropological perspectives have direct practical applicability to development programs.}, keywords = {agroforestry, animal feed, community forestry, fallow, fuelwood, medicine, rice, swiddens}, isbn = {0933595123; 9780933595125}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/18193024}, author = {Susan D. Russell}, editor = {Sam Fujisaka and Percy E. Sajise and Romulo del Castillo} } @article {622, title = {Multipurpose trees and shrubs on farmlands in Tamil Nadu State (India)}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {4}, year = {1986}, month = {March 1986}, pages = {17-32}, abstract = {

Farmers in Tamil Nadu State integrate numerous species of multipurpose trees and shrubs on their farmlands in close association with agricultural crops and/or livestock. The dominant among them are Borassus flabellifer, Tamarindus indica, Ceiba pentandra, Acacia leucophloea and A. nilotica.

These woody perennials are better able to cope with poor growing conditions. Their increasing integration on farmlands represents a strategy to minimise risk of crop failure. Some species (e.g., Prosopis juliflora and Delonix elata) are deliberately used to ameliorate infertile or saline soils in order to permit the growing of annual crops. In addition to producing fuelwood, charcoal, fruit and fodder and providing many service functions, these species require only fewer inputs and give the farmer a choice of management options in the event of poor crop growth. The productivity of these traditionally managed and little-studied agroforestry systems can considerably be improved by scientific interventions.

}, keywords = {agroforestry, agrosilvopasture, economic fallow, green manure, multipurpose trees, waste reclamation}, doi = {10.1007/BF01834699}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01834699}, author = {R. Jambulingam and E. C. M. Fernandes} } @book {419, title = {Women and community forestry in Sudan}, year = {1986}, month = {[1986?]}, pages = {28}, publisher = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}, organization = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}, address = {[Rome]}, abstract = {Eighty percent of Sudan{\textquoteright}s population relies on trees to meet energy needs. High demands for firewood has led to the disappearance of about one-third of Sudan{\textquoteright}s forests. Reforestation has become a high priority with one goal hoping to convert wood consumers into tree producers. Special programs have been implemented to inform villagers about the need for trees and their capability to grow trees. Special women{\textquoteright}s committees are formed, and with the help of female extensionists, women begin small nurseries in the village or even in their own homes. Tree planting allows to plan for the future in order to meet the growing demand and to slow the effects of desert encroachment.}, keywords = {agroforestry, arid region, desertification, farmer participatory research, fuelwood, Sahel}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/34367596}, author = {Caroline Webb} } @article {520, title = {Babassu palm in the agroforestry systems in Brazil{\textquoteright}s mid-north region}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {3}, year = {1985}, month = {September 1985}, pages = {275-295}, abstract = {Babassu palms (Orbignya spp.) cover nearly 200,000 km2 in Brazil, providing cash income, fuel, fibre, edible oil and food to a large number of tenant farm households. Babassu is closely integrated within pastoral and shifting cultivation systems of Mid-North Brazil. In pastures, babassu provides shade for cattle, aids soil moisture retention, produces organic matter, generates supplementary farm income at little cost, and offers year-round employment. On the other hand, the persistence of juvenile palms reduces pasture grass productivity due to plant competition, and therefore there is a trend to eradicate babassu through clearcutting and understorey suppression. At moderate densities of less than 100 individuals per ha, mature babassu palms in cropland do not appear to harm crop productivity. In such cases, palms are thinned and leaves of the remaining ones are cut back, supplying fuel for the burn and nutrients to the soil. However, reduced fallow cycles due to pasture conversion threaten babassu as well as crop productivity.}, keywords = {Babassu palm, charcoal , land tenure, northeast Brazil, Orbignya, Palmae, pasture expansion, shifting cultivation, vegetable oil}, doi = {10.1007/BF00046960}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00046960}, author = {P. H. May and Anthony B. Anderson and J. M. F. Fraz{\~a}o and M. J. Balick} } @article {671, title = {The Chagga homegardens: A multistoried agroforestry cropping system on Mt. Kilimanjaro (Northern Tanzania)}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {2}, year = {1985}, month = {June 1984}, pages = {73-86}, abstract = {

The homegardens are characterised by an intensive integration of numerous multipurpose trees and shrubs with food crops and animals, simultaneously on the same unit of land.

The Chagga are skilled farmers with an intimate knowledge of the crops and their ecological requirements. They have a good idea of functions/uses of the plant species on their farms. The large species diversity provides both subsistence and cash crops. It enables the farmer to keep his management options open and provides insurance against drought, pest and economic risks.

}, keywords = {agroforestry, Chagga, home gardens, land tenure, livestock integration, multipurpose trees, multistoried cropping, Tanzania}, doi = {10.1007/BF00131267}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00131267}, author = {E. C. M. Fernandes and A. Oktingati and J. Maghembe} } @book {302, title = {Changes in shifting cultivation in Africa: Seven case studies}, series = {FAO Forestry Paper no. 50/1}, year = {1985}, month = {1985}, pages = {185}, publisher = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}, organization = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}, address = {Rome}, abstract = {Excerpts from following papers: The case of the CGOT Sector, Sedhiou (Casamance), Senegal: transformations of traditional agriculture after an unsuccessful large-scale operation for mechanized groundnut production in forest zones; Integrated Rural Development Project, Eastern Province, Sierra Leone; Development of ecological methods of upland farming in West Usambara Mountains, Tanzania; Smallholder plantation agriculture of immigrant Baoule farmers in southwestern Ivory Coast; Alternatives and improvements to shifting cultivation on the east coast of Madagascar; The modifications to traditional shifting cultivation brought about by the forest development project in the HADO area, Kondoa, Tanzania; Forestry and socio-economic aspects of modification of traditional shifting cultivation through the taungya system in the Subri area, Ghana.}, keywords = {agroforestry, shifting cultivation, traditional agriculture}, isbn = {92-5-102283-6 978-92-5-102283-2}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/13803278}, author = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Forestry Department} } @article {620, title = {Multipurpose leguminous trees and shrubs for agroforestry}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {2}, year = {1985}, note = {Adapted from a paper presented at the International Symposium on Nitrogen Fixing trees in the Tropics, 19-24 September, 1983 Rio-de-Janeiro, Brazil}, month = {September 1984}, pages = {145-163}, abstract = {There are various ways in which farmers deliberately incorporate trees and shrubs on farm production fields. Many of the species so incorporated are legumes. The role of such woody perennials in agroforestry systems can be productive and/or protective. Legumes offer by far the maximum range of choice of woody species for agroforestry in terms of their economic uses as well as ecological adaptibility. In addition to the several leguminous woody species that are well known in agroforestry, there are many more whose potentials have not yet been fully understood. An evaluation is presented of the agroforestry potentials of a few leguminous species from the point of view of their growth characteristics, ecological adaptability, combining ability with other species and uses/functions. The science of agroforestry is still in its infancy. There exists no research data on the various management aspects of these potentially promising group of plants. ICRAF, in its capacity as an international research council, has assembled several multipurpose leguminous trees and shrubs of agroforestry potential at the Council{\textquoteright}s recently-established Field Station in Machakos, Kenya, primarily for demonstration and training purposes. Initial results from these trials are presented in the paper.}, keywords = {Africa, agroforestry systems, coffee shade, ecological adaptability, Leucaena leucocephala, woody perennial}, doi = {10.1007/BF00147030}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00147030}, author = {P. K. R. Nair and E. C. M. Fernandes and P. N. Wambugu} } @proceedings {412, title = {Understanding tree use in farming systems: Based on the Workshop on Planning Fuelwood Projects with Participation of Rural People, Lilongwe, Malawi, 12-30 November 1984}, year = {1985}, month = {1985}, publisher = {FAO}, address = {Rome}, abstract = {The purpose of the Workshop was twofold: first, to provide the participants with relevant and practically useful information on farming systems--to show that planning for tree- planting in rural areas must take account of complex, established systems of food production, livestock management, and off-farm income, and that it must appreciate the major social relationships; second, to acquaint participants with the basic information on rural societies that was necessary for successful planning and the main methods of acquiring such information.}, keywords = {agroforestry, fuelwood}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/25636078}, author = {FAO Workshop on Planning Fuelwood Projects with Participation of Rural People} } @article {724, title = {Women and agroforestry: Four myths and three case studies}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {2}, year = {1985}, month = {December 1985}, pages = {253-272}, abstract = {Women are traditionally important participants in both the agricultural and forestry components of agroforestry production. Women are frequently ignored in the design of agroforestry projects because of commonly held myths about their participation in both production activities and in public life. The involvement of women in agroforestry projects and activities are examined in case studies from the Dominican Republic, India and Kenya. Considerations for including women in agroforestry projects are discussed. (author)}, keywords = {agriculture, forestry, women}, doi = {10.1007/BF00147037}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00147037}, author = {Louise Fortmann and Dianne E. Rocheleau} } @inbook {862, title = {Contemporary Inuit exploitation of the sea-ice environment}, booktitle = {Sikumiut: People who use the sea-ice}, year = {1984}, note = {Chapter 8}, month = {1984}, pages = {73-95}, publisher = {Canadian Arctic Resources Committee}, organization = {Canadian Arctic Resources Committee}, address = {Ottawa, ON}, abstract = {To survive as hunters on arctic and subarctic coasts, Inuit have required expert knowledge of the demanding and dynamic sea-ice environment. This particular environment occurs through four of the six seasons of the Inuit year, namely ukia (late autumn), ukiu (winter), upingoaksak (early spring), and upingoa (spring). This paper presents certain aspects of contemporary Inuit use and knowledge of the sea-ice environment, an environment that continues to be of major importance, and of growing concern, to Inuit societies in Alaska, Canada, and Greenland.}, keywords = {American Indians, aquaculture, Eskimos, marine resources, Native Americans}, isbn = {0-919996-28-0}, author = {Milton M. R. Freeman}, editor = {Alan Cooke and Edie Van Alstine} } @article {554, title = {Ethnoecology as applied anthropology in Amazonian development}, journal = {Human Organization}, volume = {43}, year = {1984}, month = {Summer 1984}, pages = {95-107}, abstract = {Social and ecological devastation in Amazonia necessitates alternative strategies for sustained, ecologically sound development. The study of indigenous ecological knowledge (ethnoecology) is shown to offer the bases for these new strategies. Six catagories of folk knowledge are explored: gathered products, game, aquaculture, agriculture, resource units and cosmology. A set of recommendations for systematic ethnoecological research is offered, the application of which will not only identify new categories of resources, but also offer alternative resource management strategies to bring the benefits of development to all residents of Amazonia. (author)}, keywords = {Amazonia, Amazonian development, economic development, ethnoecology, indigenous, indigenous perception, knowledge, subsistence strategies}, url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/44125834 }, author = {Darrell A. Posey and John Frechione and John Eddins and Luiz Francelino Da Silva and Debbie Myers and Diane Case and Peter MacBeath} } @book {323, title = {Farm and community forestry}, series = {Energy Information Programme Technical Report no. 3}, year = {1984}, month = {1984}, pages = {236}, publisher = {Earthscan, International Institute for Environment and Development}, organization = {Earthscan, International Institute for Environment and Development}, address = {London; Washington, DC}, abstract = {This is a portion (Chapters 2 through 6) of the book. Chapter 2, "Traditions of Tree Cultivation" discusses the old and widespread tradition of agroforestry. The use of trees to increase agricultural productivity and to enrich the soil is an ancient practice. Trees are often used for fodder, windbreaks, boundaries, etc. Trees also provide cash crops (coconuts, rubber, gum arabic, commercial firewood, etc.). Chapter 3, "The Causes of Tree Depletion" covers the causes of tree depletion. Trees are being cut down at accellerating rates in order to provide firewood and agricultural land. This can be constructively done under the proper circumstances, but often unsuitable land is being left open for erosion. The basic problem is that human and animal populations are growing at a faster rate than trees can match. Organized efforts to combat the problem have thus far succeeded only in revealing its magnitude. Chapter 4, "Constraints on Tree Growing" describes some constraints to tree planting in developing nations. Some farmers believe that trees harbor insects or harmful birds. In other localities, a shortage of trees is not yet apparent. Communal ownership of land may make people reluctant to take responsibility for trees. In semiarid areas (where trees might do the most good), trees are hardest to plant and care for. Chapter 5, "Farm Forestry" discusses the commercial growing of trees on private land. Wealthier farmers can afford large-scale operations with high start-up costs. Poorer farmers might raise a few trees for lumber or nuts, etc., if the cost is negligible. Cash incentives and credit plans might enable more farmers to grow more trees. A farm forestry plan must (1) provide support to all classes of farmers, (2) provide a clear social and environmental benefit, and (3) avoid harming the local job situation (trees can be less labor-intensive than other crops). Chapter 6, "Tree Growing for Family Uses" examines "family forestry" (tree-based subsistance farming). Such operations are generally simple to set up but must meet some locally perceived need. It may take years for trees to prove themselves as moneymakers.}, keywords = {coppicing, fuelwood, pollarding, traditional agroforestry, trees}, isbn = {0-905347-53-6; 978-0-905347-53-0}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/11877494}, author = {Gerald Foley and G.W. Barnard} } @book {342, title = {Improved production systems as an alternative to shifting cultivation}, series = {FAO Soils Bulletin no. 53}, year = {1984}, month = {1984}, pages = {201}, publisher = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}, organization = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}, address = {Rome}, abstract = {Shifting cultivation, under its diverse forms of slash and burn systems, is a traditional method of cultivating tropical upland soils, mostly for subsistence purposes. During the rest or fallow periods intervening between crops, the natural fertility of the soil is restored for renewed utilization in a subsequent period of crop growth. This traditional system of cultivation is in ecological balance with the environment and does not irreversibly degrade the soil resource, provided a sufficient length of fallow is allowed for soil restoration.}, keywords = {agricultural systems, agroecology, agroforestry, alley cropping, appropriate technology and intermediate technology, climate, farming systems, horticulture, livestock, rainfall, research , shifting cultivation, soil management, watersheds}, isbn = {92-5-102121-X}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/11418879}, author = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). Soil Resources, Management and Conservation Service} } @article {635, title = {Plant species in the Kilimanjaro agroforestry system}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {2}, year = {1984}, month = {September 1984}, pages = {177-186}, abstract = {An inventory of plant species was conducted on farms, farm boundaries and homesteads in the Kilimanjaro agroforestry system. The survey covered 30 farms in 6 villages in Hai District on the slolpes of Mount Kilimanjaro, Tanzania. Over 100 plant species spread over 40 families were identified and their uses obtained through interviews with farmers. The species identified include 53 tree species, 29 food crop species, 21 non-woody plants of economic value and 8 weed species. The food crops, trees and other economically useful plants are carefully chosen by the local farmers and intimately intercropped on the same unit of land. In most cases, the plants had two or more uses of which food, fuelwood, medicine, poles, timber and fodder were the most important. (author)}, keywords = {agroforestry, biodiversity, Chagga home gardens, Kilimanjaro, multiple cropping, multipurpose plants}, doi = {10.1007/BF00147032}, url = {http://rd.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00147032$\#$}, author = {A. O{\textquoteright}kting{\textquoteright}ati and J. A. Maghembe and E. C. M. Fernandes and G. H. Weaver} } @article {716, title = {Use of multipurpose trees in hill farming systems in Western Nepal}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {2}, year = {1984}, month = {September 1984}, pages = {187-197}, abstract = {

A large number of multipurpose trees and shrubs are deliberately retained or incorporated on farms in the subsistence farming systems on the steep slopes in parts of Nepal. Woody perennials are maintained in contour strips across the slopes and around the fields. The contribution of these trees is the production of foder and firewood and their protective function in reducing the erosion hazards and thereby making crop production possible in those steep slopes where profitable cropping would otherwise be extremely difficult. Based on a case study in two villages of the Western Development Region, this paper presents some data on basic farm management aspects, production of crops and other components, etc. of the system. The performance of the system is assessed and its merits and weakness highlighted.

Although the hill farming system extends over quite a large area and accounts for a large number of Nepal\&$\#$39;s population, it has not received any research attention nor benefitted by any scientific innovations. Improvement possibilities in terms of component technologies as well as farming systems including the incorporation of the several locally available medicinal plants are indicated. (author)

}, keywords = {agroforestry, erosion control, hill farming, medicinal plants, multipurpose trees, Nepal}, doi = {10.1007/BF00147033}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00147033}, author = {Peter F. Fonzen and Erich Oberholzer} } @book {297, title = {Appropriate land use systems for smallholder farms: A survey of ecological and socio- economic conditions in the Machakos district (Kenya)}, year = {1983}, month = {1983}, pages = {48-63}, publisher = {Technical University of Berlin }, organization = {Technical University of Berlin }, address = {Berlin, Germany}, abstract = {This excerpt is from the book above. Sections in this excerpt include: slaughtering; tree farming and rural afforestation; fruit trees; non-fruit trees; tree planting; fuel; soil and water conservation; soil and water conservation on arable land; terracing; cut-off drains; cultivation methods; soil and water conservation on grazing land; gully control and rehabilitation; and economics of production.}, keywords = {agroforestry}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/14238317}, author = {Peter Neunh{\"a}user and Herbert Bayreuther and Albert Engel and Michael Friesenegger and Aziz Magelassa and Antonio Monteiro Neves and Verena Renneke and Walter Salzer} } @book {321, title = {Environmentally sound small-scale forestry projects: Guidelines for planning}, year = {1983}, month = {1983}, pages = {109}, publisher = {VITA Publications/CodeL}, organization = {VITA Publications/CodeL}, address = {Arlington, VA}, abstract = {This manual has been written for community development workers in Third World countries who are not technicians in the area of forestry, but who want some general guidelines for planning environmentally sound small-scale forestry projects.}, keywords = {agroforestry, small-scale forestry}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/9851928}, author = {Peter F. Ffolliott and John L. Thames} } @conference {762, title = {Effect of culture on home garden structure}, booktitle = {Tropical ecology and development: Proceedings of the Vth International Symposium of Tropical Ecology, 16-21 April 1979, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia}, year = {1980}, month = {04/16-21/1979}, pages = {447-451}, publisher = {International Society of Tropical Ecology}, organization = {International Society of Tropical Ecology}, address = {Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia}, abstract = {The village of Bantar Kalong Pananjung is situated in the transition region of West Java and Central Java. The people of Bantar Kalong consist of Sundanese and Javanese who are living and assimilated together. But they still maintain their customs based on their respective culture. This study is to compare the Sundanese and Javanese home garden structure, and to understand how far the Javanese culture affects Sundanese home garden structure.}, keywords = {culture, ecology, home gardens}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/7942294}, author = {Oekan S. Abdoellah and H. H. Isnawan}, editor = {José I. Furtado} } @conference {793, title = {Resource use in the tidal swamps of central Kalimantan: A case study of Kanjarese and Javanese rice and coconut producers}, booktitle = {Tropical ecology and development: Proceedings of the Vth International Symposium of Tropical Ecology, 16-21 April 1979, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia}, year = {1980}, month = {April 16-21 1979}, publisher = {International Society of Tropical Ecology}, organization = {International Society of Tropical Ecology}, address = {Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia}, abstract = {

In Indonesia, tidal swamplands are a major resource. The Indonesian Government has initiated major land development schemes in tidal swamplands for transmigration. Transmigrants in four projects, the Purwosari project (established in 1937), the Tamban Luar project (established in 1972), and the Tamban Lupak project (established in 1977), have been interviewed. The Purosari project is a success because the transmigrants have planted coconuts using the Banjarese system (planting rice, followed by coconuts) described in this paper. The Tamban Luar project appears to be fairly successful, though rice yields are low, their incomes are higher than when they were in Java. They have not adopted the Banjarese increasing weed problems, and no income from coconuts. The Tamban Lupak project is experiencing pest and disease problems and it is not yet clear if it will be successful. The transmigrants here have also not adopted the Banjarese system.

Comparing the Banjarese and Javanese spontaneous migrants and their system of agriculture with the official government transmigrants in the large land development systems, it seems clear the rice/coconut system provides higher returns than the only rice system of the transmigrants. Besides this, it is evident that Javanese will migrate without any assistance from the government if there are opportunities for jobs as hired labourers, access to forests land at a low cost, and good sea transport between Java and Kalimantan. Government should encourage spontaneous migration to the tidal swamp lands of Kalimantan while still continuing its massive transmigration schemes. They should further encourage the farmers to adopt the Bajarese system of rice and coconuts. (author)

}, keywords = {displacement, Indonesia, outmigration, relocation}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/7942294}, author = {William L. Collier}, editor = {José I. Furtado} } @inbook {907, title = {Plant dispersal by Native North Americans in the Canadian subarctic}, booktitle = {The nature and status of ethnobotany}, series = {Anthropological Papers Series no. 67}, year = {1978}, month = {December 1987}, pages = {255-262}, publisher = {University of Michigan, Museum of Anthropology}, organization = {University of Michigan, Museum of Anthropology}, address = {Ann Arbor, Michigan}, abstract = {The reciprocal nature of the relationships between humans and plants is recognized today as integral to the study of ecological anthropology, cultural ecology, and ethnobotany. It is so central to our thinking that its importance cannot be overstated. Students who came into contact with Volney Jones during their formative years were fortunate to have been exposed to this basic assumption of ecology before it was widely recognized. One area of plant and man relations in which Jones has had some interest is that of the role played by native American Indian populations as agents of plant dispersal. This question not only touches upon his interests in the ecological nature of the relationships but it also reflects his conception of ethnobotany as both relying upon and contributing to our knowledge of botany and of anthropology. In this paper some examples of American Indian influence on native flora and some suggestions concerning the nature of this influence are offered, with speculations about its influence on our own scientific, botanical traditions. The reciprocal relationships involve certain species of plants, some Native Americans in the Canadian subarctic, and contemporary Euro-American and Euro-Canadian botanists. (author)}, keywords = {American Indians, First Peoples, Native Americans}, isbn = {0932206794; 9780932206794}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/464534850}, author = {M. Jean Black}, editor = {Richard I. Ford} } @inbook {925, title = {The types of utilization}, booktitle = {Tropical forest ecosystems: A state-of-knowledge report prepared by UNESCO/UNEP/FAO}, series = {Natural Resources Research no. 14}, year = {1978}, month = {1978}, pages = {453-487}, publisher = {UNESCO}, organization = {UNESCO}, address = {Paris}, abstract = {The purpose of this chapter is to examine different types of utilization of the forest ecosystems of the humid tropics, but excluding complete transformation to agro-ecosystems. Improved grassland will be discussed chiefly to demonstrate that it is possible to simplify the forest ecosystem to a certain degree, frequently in connection with tree crops, but without the intention of suggesting a research program. The farming or cropping of large wild mammals will not be discussed but will be mentioned in connection with wildlife management. Harvesting and product transport and the socio-economic aspects of development schemes (though their direct or indirect influence on utilization is considerable) will not be considered except for the necessity of research.}, keywords = {agroforestry, logging, shifting cultivation}, isbn = {92-3-101507-9}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4745455}, author = {UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) and UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme) and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)} } @inbook {870, title = {Experience with individual species}, booktitle = {Tree planting practices in African savannas}, series = {Forestry Development Paper no. 19}, year = {1974}, note = {Chapter 7}, month = {1974}, pages = {42-44}, publisher = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations [sold by Unipub]}, organization = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations [sold by Unipub]}, address = {Rome; New York}, abstract = {

This excerpt deals with specific native trees that can be found in the subdesert zones and their traditional environmental value. The specific species discussed are: Acacia albia, Acacia nilotica, Acacia senegal, Azadicachta indica and Conocarpus lancifolius. All, except for the Acacia senegal, rely on extraneous water supplies for adequate growth. The Acacia senegal relies on rainfall alone for its moisture.

Uses of these trees vary from conservers of soil to economic sources. One example of this is the Acacia albia, it is used mainly for fodder and refertilization of the soil. The Acacia nilotica is the most important species in the Sudan, because of is drought resistance. Gum extraction and fuel use are the economic functions of the Acacia senegal. This is one of the only trees that can be grown for economic purposes in subdesert zones. Each one fulfills a specific purpose in the Sahel.

}, keywords = {Acacia albida, Acacia nilotica, Acacia senegal, Africa, agroforestry, Azadirachta indica, Conacarpus lancifolius, economics, ethnoconservation, planting}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/2931603}, author = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)} }