@inbook {902, title = {The Lari Soils Project in Peru - A methodology for combining cognitive and behavioral research}, booktitle = {The cultural dimension of development: Indigenous knowledge systems}, year = {1995}, month = {1995}, pages = {71-81}, publisher = {Intermediate Technology Publications Ltd [Practical Action Publishing]}, organization = {Intermediate Technology Publications Ltd [Practical Action Publishing]}, address = {London}, abstract = {The authors pursue the relationship between cognitive and behavioral aspects of culture. An argument is developed for a methodology that effectively combines conclusions of different researchers to decipher "decision-making frames" of the agriculturalists at Lari. The focus of investigation was native Andean soil classification and management. Almost no data is presented. There is some discussion of the value of expert systems computer programs for modeling "ruled based decision models." Problems are discussed for interdisciplinary fieldwork. Advances in cultural anthropology generally come from one of three directions. First, anthropologists attempt to uncover cognitive aspects of an unfamiliar culture through the analysis of rules, plans, schemes, symbols and categories. Mental patterns may be unconscious and unformulated but capable of being discovered by posing the right questions, or conscious and explicit and the subject of ordinary conversation. Second, the actual events and activities are observed and analyzed in order to discover patterns of behavior. Lastly, mental rules, plans, and values are compared with actual cultural behavior to determine congruences, expections, and the rules for breaking the rules for behavior. Of the three, the relationship between cognitive and behavioral aspects of culture is the most problematic. While one expects some link between what people think they should do and what they actually do, the degree and character of the correspondence between cognitive rules and behavior is the subject of much controversy and may vary depending on cultural sphere or context. This paper presents a methodology for combining cognitive and behavioral research developed during the course of an interdisciplinary investigation of native Andea soil management. It involves teamwork, the construction of rule-based decision models using expert-system computer programs, and formal tests to assess the correspondence between the cognitive and behavioral models.}, keywords = {agricultural techniques, Arequipa, cognition, crop rotation, expert-systems, indigenous decision-making systems, indigenous knowledge, linguistics, methodology, Quechua, soil classification, soil management}, isbn = {1-85339-264-2; 978-1-85339-264-1; eISBN 978-1-78044-473-4}, url = {https://www.worldcat.org/title/257046951}, author = {David Guillet and Louanna Furbee and Jon Sandor and Robert Benfer}, editor = {D. Michael Warren and L. Jan Slikkerveer and David Brokensha} } @article {665, title = {Suggested ethical guidelines for accessing and exploring biodiversity}, journal = {Eubios Journal of Asian and International Bioethics}, volume = {5}, year = {1995}, note = {This paper sets forth a list of ethical guidelines as suggested by the title.}, month = {October 21, 1994}, pages = {38-40}, abstract = {Biodiversity in both developing and developed countries has been accessed for a long time by outside researchers and corporate prospectors as well as by local communities. Such activities are carried out for various purposes. Sometimes plants, animals and habitats are merely described, other times the goal is to extract for profit. These activities have helped to advance knowledge and create awareness of how precious biodiversity is. These activities have also generated many products that contribute to the health and well-being of global consumers, but may not necessarily provide benefits to their original stewards. (author)}, keywords = {ethnobiology}, url = {http://eubios.info/EJ52/EJ52I.htm}, author = {Anil K. Gupta} } @article {503, title = {Adapting forestry institutions to encourage people{\textquoteright}s participation in Senegal}, journal = {Unasylva (FAO)}, volume = {45}, year = {1994}, month = {March 1994}, pages = {3-10}, abstract = {Forestry issues, and especially desertification control, are now at the heart of the environmental debate in Senegal. This is therefore an appropriate moment to examine the process that has led to the present official commitment to people{\textquoteright}s participation in the rational management of Senegal{\textquoteright}s forestry resources which, it is increasingly acknowledged, have major production and protection implications for the future.}, keywords = {agroforestry, farmer participatory research}, url = {http://www.fao.org/docrep/t3350e/t3350e03.htm$\#$adapting\%20forestry\%20institutions\%20to\%20encourage\%20people\%27s\%20participation\%20in\%20senegal}, author = {Ibrahima Gu{\`e}ye and Abdoulaye Kan{\'e} and Oumy Ndlaye Kon{\'e}} } @book {315, title = {Development \& environment: Sustaining people and nature}, year = {1994}, month = {1994}, pages = {263}, publisher = {Blackwell Publishers/UNRISD}, organization = {Blackwell Publishers/UNRISD}, address = {Oxford, UK and Cambridge, MA}, abstract = {

Contains following papers:

}, keywords = {aquatic resources, developing countries, development and environment, management, natural resources, sustainable development}, isbn = {978-0-631-19394-4}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/29845451}, editor = {Dharam P. Ghai} } @book {354, title = {Intellectual property rights for indigenous peoples: A sourcebook}, year = {1994}, month = {1994}, publisher = {Society for Applied Anthropology}, organization = {Society for Applied Anthropology}, address = {Oklahoma City, OK}, abstract = {

Contains following papers:

}, keywords = {developing countries, ethnobotany, ethnopharmacology, indigenous peoples, intellectual property, Western hemisphere}, isbn = {978-0-9642023-0-6; 0-9642023-0-1}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/224715051}, editor = {Thomas C. Greaves} } @article {590, title = {Indigenous knowledge for biodiversity conservation}, journal = {Ambio}, volume = {22}, year = {1993}, note = {

ArticleType: research-article
Issue Title: Biodiversity: Ecology, Economics, Policy
Full publication date: May 1993
Copyright \© 1993 Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences See also: http://repository.ias.ac.in/64142/1/21_pub.pdf (open repository).

}, month = {May 1, 1993}, pages = {151-156}, abstract = {Indigenous peoples with a historical continuity of resource-use practices often possess a broad knowledge base of the behavior of complex ecological systems in their own localities. This knowledge has accumulated through a long series of observations transmitted from generation to generation. Such "diachronic" observations can be of great value and complement the "synchronic" observations on which western science is based. Where indigenous peoples have depended, for long periods of time, on local environments for the provision of a variety of resources, they have developed a stake in conserving, and in some cases, enhancing, biodiversity. They are aware that biological diversity is a crucial factor in generating the ecological services and natural resources on which they depend. Some indigenous groups manipulate the local landscape to augment its heterogeneity, and some have been found to be motivated to restore biodiversity in degraded landscapes. Their practices for the conservation of biodiversity were grounded in a series of rules of thumb which are apparently arrived at through a trial and error process over a long historical time period. This implies that their knowledge base is indefinite and their implementation involves an intimate relationship with the belief system. Such knowledge is difficult for western science to understand. It is vital, however, that the value of the knowledge-practice-belief complex of indigenous peoples relating to conservation of biodiversity is fully recognized if ecosystems and biodiversity are to be managed sustainably. Conserving this knowledge would be most appropriately accomplished through promoting the community-based resource-management systems of indigenous peoples.}, keywords = {biodiversity, South America}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/4314060}, author = {Madhav Gadgil and Fikret Berkes and Carl Folke} } @article {843, title = {Traditional ecological knowledge, biodiversity, resilience and sustainability}, year = {1993}, note = {

Later published as:

Berkes F., Folke C., Gadgil M. (1994) Traditional Ecological Knowledge, Biodiversity, Resilience and Sustainability. In: Perrings C.A., M{\"a}ler KG., Folke C., Holling C.S., Jansson BO. (eds) Biodiversity Conservation. Ecology, Economy \& Environment, vol 4. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1006-8_15

}, month = {1993}, institution = {Beijer International Institute of Ecological Economics}, address = {Stockholm, Sweden}, abstract = {Traditional peoples who depended on their local ecosystems for their essential needs, have accumulated by trial-and-error a rich body of local environmental knowledge, and in several cases elaborated resource management systems, and developed institutions appropriate for implementing these systems. Biodiversity conservation appears to be integral to many traditional management systems from tropical forests to coastal fisheries. For example, some groups manipulate the local landscape to augment its heterogeneity, use conservation "rules of thumb" to help use species-rich communities sustainable, and intergrate the production of several multispecies systems. Thus, self-interest of traditional peoples has been key to biodiversity maintenance. As traditional peoples are integrated into the global economy and come under various pressures, they often lose their resource base, and in the long run, their knowledge systems, social institutions, and their world view which shapes their relations with the environment. The process of decoupling of traditional peoples from their resource base is likely to reduce the resilience of their social systems, as well as their local ecosystems through biodiversity loss. We make the argument in this chapter that the two are related, and the reduction of resilience will make both social and ecological systems more fragile. One challenge for biodiversity conservation is to learn from the knowledge-practice-belief complex of traditional peoples. But a perhaps more important challenge is to implement elements of it in "new TEK" systems which allow feedbacks from the environment, and respond to them in a more resilient way than do current day management practices. (author)}, author = {Fikret Berkes and Carl Folke and Madhav Gadgil} } @article {832, title = {Saga of a star fish: Participative design of sustainable institutions for natural resource management}, year = {1992}, month = {1992}, institution = {Indian Institute of Management}, address = {Ahmedabad, India}, abstract = {

Management of natural resources requires reconciliation in the conflicting world views of different stake holders. The conflicts emerge because of the variation in the (a) perception of nature, (b) associated socio-ecological interactions and (c) the ethical values generating respect for non-voting members of our society. It is not easy to design institutions for collective action such that resources are managed not only for the current generation but also in a manner that options of future generations are not compromised.

An organization becomes an institution when its members use internal commands (i.e. the directions for action emanating from within one self) instead of external demands (i.e. external regulation or direction for individual action). The cultural conditions in both the cases are very different.

The paper provides discussion on the issues which affect \"Our\" participation in \"Peoples\" organizations and institutions in part one. Much of the literature on participation deals with the opposite, i.e. how people participate in the organizations designed by us. The eco-sociological perspective for survival of households over space, season and sector is given in part two. The nature of risks and the strategies for coping with the same are described. The relationship between culture and ecology is discussed in the light of eco-specificity of social interactions in part three. The problem of collective action, the role of risk and redundancy, and resource diversification are discussed in part four. The Eco-Institutional model dealing with interactions between access, assurances, ability and attitudes of the households with ecological resources, institutions, technology and culture are described in part five. How local creativity and innovative potential can become the building block of future development is discussed in part six. How institutions designed on the basis of alternative eco-ethics generate accountability to people and encourage people to people learning is illustrated with the help of the case of Honey Bee network. This global network of innovators at grassroots level builds upon the local excellence, and urge to experiment and evolve technology and institutions for sustainable resource use. The role played by the process of monitoring the collective action by different stake holders is given in part seven. In part eight, the linkages for lateral learning with particular reference to biodiversity are outlined. In part nine, the lessons and issues for becoming accountable to people are summarized. The ethical issues in farmer participatory research and implications of scaling up the peoples\&$\#$39; organization are brought out in part ten. In the annexure, a discussion on the philosophy of sustainability is presented. (author)

}, keywords = {participative design, resource management}, author = {Anil K. Gupta} } @article {504, title = {Agricultural diversification among smallholder rattan cultivators in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {13}, year = {1991}, month = {January 1991}, pages = {27-40}, abstract = {Many developing countries are trying to promote agricultural diversification among smallholders because they feel that smallholders are too dependent upon a narrow range of crops. Fieldwork among smallholder rattan cultivators in southern Borneo, Indonesia, suggests that smallholders do maintain a poorly diversified portfolio of agricultural activities. Farmers rely heavily upon rattan because of its superior profitability. A number of economic and agronimic constraints however prevent farmers from diversifying out of rattan into other crops. (author)}, keywords = {agriculture, central Kalimantan, diversification, dry rice, forestry, profitability calculation, rambutan, rattan, rubber}, doi = {10.1007/BF00129617}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00129617}, author = {Ricardo A. Godoy and Tan Ching Feaw} } @article {702, title = {Traditional agroforestry practices in Zimbabwe}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {14}, year = {1991}, month = {May 1991}, pages = {99-111}, abstract = {Traditional agroforestry systems in the communal areas of Zimbabwe are described. There are systems centered on main fields, on home gardens, on homesites and on grazing areas. In the main fields, the major tree-related management practice is the conservation of preferred indigenous fruit trees. Fruit trees are also the focus of forestry activities around the gardens and the homesite; but here it is the planting of exotic species. In a localized area of Zimbabwe Acacia albida is important in fields. There is almost no use of tree fallows in Zimbabwe. Trees in grazing areas have numerous roles, but at present there is little knowledge about traditional management practices in these areas. In the development of agroforestry systems in Zimbabwe it is suggested that those systems designed to improve fodder production will make a significant contribution to farm productivity because of the importance of cattle in the farming system and the present fodder shortage. Interventions involving the planting of fruit trees are likely to be very successful, as there is much interest in such planting. Another area that needs to be developed is that of tree plantings to improve soil fertility.}, keywords = {agriculture, fodder trees, forestry, fruit trees, gardening, grazing lands, species composition, traditional agroforestry, Zimbabwe}, doi = {10.1007/BF00045726}, url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00045726}, author = {B. M. Campbell and J. M. Clarke and D. J. Gumbo} } @book {295, title = {Amazonia: Voices from the rainforest}, year = {1990}, month = {1990}, pages = {98}, publisher = {Rainforest Action Network and Amazonia Film Project}, organization = {Rainforest Action Network and Amazonia Film Project}, address = {San Francisco}, abstract = {This guide, based on information gathered from questionnaires and interviews with amazonian organizations,discusses the efforts of the indigenous people of the Amazon to defend their rain forests. It also discusses what these Amazonian organizations feel outside world needs to know about their fight and what hey can do to help.}, keywords = {Amazon, rainforests}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/232654290}, author = {Monti Aguirre and Angela Gennio and Brent Milikan and Maria Amalia Souza and Glenn Switkes} } @article {836, title = {The Cree view of land and resources: Indigenous ecological knowledge}, year = {1990}, month = {1990}, institution = {Hamilton, Ontario, Canada}, address = {McMaster University}, abstract = {This document looks at the traditional ecological knowledge (indigenous knowledge) and its relationship with modern society. Specifically, it details the knowledge held by the Cree Indians of Canada{\textquoteright}s north and gives examples and makes suggestions on how indigenous knowledge and development programs can be linked.}, keywords = {American Indians, common property, ethics, Native Americans, natural resource management, worldview}, author = {Fikret Berkes and P. George and Richard Preston and J. Turner} } @article {680, title = {The economics of traditional rattan cultivation}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {12}, year = {1990}, month = {November 1990}, pages = {163-172}, abstract = {

In this paper the author:

}, keywords = {cane cultivation, irit, non-timber forest products, rattan, smallholders}, doi = {10.1007/BF00123471}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00123471}, author = {R. Godoy} } @article {821, title = {Genes for sustainable development: A briefing on biodiversity - Towards a global convention on the conservation and sustainable utilization of biological diversity}, year = {1990}, month = {1990}, institution = {Genetic Resources Action International}, address = {Barcelona, Spain}, abstract = {This paper looks at the background to the proposed convention and examines the current negotations in the context of existing agreements for the conservation and use of genetic resources. It emphasises the role of farming communities in conservation and utilization of genetic resources and argues that their rights should be recognized and that funds should be made available to support their work. (author).}, author = {Genetic Resources Action International (GRAIN)} } @article {610, title = {Living stakes: Kenyan farmers introduce an agroforestry technology}, journal = {Agroforestry Today}, volume = {2}, year = {1990}, month = {1990 April-June}, pages = {8}, abstract = {

Farmers in the Kenya highlands are using living stakes of Commiphora zimmermanni to support yam (Dioscorea minutiflora) and passion fruit (Passiflora edulis) vines.

The species is drought resistant and can be planted as green sticks which root readily, and grow slowly without developing large lateral roots which would compete with other crops, or canopies that would provide too much shade. The stakes thrive under frequent pollarding and are not killed by heavy plants climbing them.

}, keywords = {agroforestry, Kenya}, author = {Amare Getahun and Anthony Njenga} } @conference {797, title = {Sustainable yield in coastal zone and aquatic ecosystems}, booktitle = {Prepared for The National Research Council Panel on Collaborative Research Support for AID{\textquoteright}s Sustainable Yield and Natural Resource Management (SANREM) Project, November 1990}, year = {1990}, month = {November 1990}, abstract = {In this paper, I intend to identify both issues and problems faced in extracting yields from coastal zone environments. The issues are certainly ecological, but they are equally social, anthropological, and economic. The scope of the paper is wide enough to encompass the production of usable protein from inland aquatic sources such as rivers, lakes, and aquaculture facilities. The theme that emerges will center on the conceptual and operational reasons why coastal zone and aquatic ecosystems should be included as one of the "key agro-ecosystems facing critical poverty and environmental constraints." An ecosystem perspective that has adaptive management as a conspicuously built-in component will be advocated. (author)}, keywords = {aquatic resources, coastal zone}, author = {Vincent F. Gallueel} } @article {667, title = {Temple forests in India{\textquoteright}s forest development}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {11}, year = {1990}, note = {accepted 22 January 1990; published September 1990}, month = {9/1990}, pages = {199-211}, abstract = {

Historically the temple forests in India have served many spiritual and religious purposes. This paper stresses on the use of the underused repertoire of sacred acts to integrate the benefits of temple forests in rural development. The tree/plant species, planting design and the rituals related to their worship documented in the great epics, vedas and upanishads are of great value especially in the context of promoting forest development and the forest development led agricultural development. The Star, Planet and Zodiac forests contain a large number of native tree species ideally suited to tropical stress and drought.

The promotion of temple forests would help developing forests in the upstream areas which can help create climax forests and aid in soil and moisture conservation to help improve the productivity of downstream agriculture. As the chief utilitarian value of these temple trees and plants is in terms of the native (ayurvedic) medicine, their propagation would not only develop the downstream farming opportunities, but also promote the native medicine sector. (author)

}, keywords = {agriculture, forestry, institution, medicinal plants, planet, ritual, star, temple, traditional medicine, worship, zodiac}, doi = {10.1007/BF00045899}, url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00045899}, author = {M. G. Chandrakanth and J. K. Gilless and V. Gowramma and M. G. Nagaraja} } @article {842, title = {The use of marine organisms in folk medicine and horticulture: A preliminary study}, year = {1990}, month = {February 1990}, institution = {Seaweed Information Center (SICEN), University of the Philippines}, address = {Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines}, abstract = {This paper reports briefly on the use of marine organisms in folk medicine and horticulture among the coastal people of northern Mindanao and the Visayan Islands of Bohol, Cebu, and Negros in central Philippines. This island group seemed to us a good starting point for what could eventually be a broad and in-depth study of this subject. For one thing, the common folk medicinal and horticultural practices in these areas are, for the most part, based on efficacious use of marine plants and animals. For another, the people on these islands are linked by a common dialect that is spoken by two of us, a distinct advantage that precluded the need for translation during interveiws with local folks. (author)}, keywords = {ethnobotany, ethnopharmacology, medicinal plants, taxonomy}, author = {P. M. Alino and G. J. B. Cajipe and E.T. Ganzon-Fortes and W. R. Y. Licuanan and N. E. Montano and L. M. Tupas} } @proceedings {421, title = {Workshop to develop an Agroforestry Technology Information Kit, November 4-13, 1989}, year = {1990}, month = {1990}, publisher = {Philippene Dept. of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR); International Institute of Rural Reconstruction (IIRR); Ford Foundation (FF)}, address = {Quezon City, Philippines; Silang Cavite, Philippines; Manila, Philippines}, abstract = {The "Agroforestry Technology Information Kit" was prepared for the use and guidance of the Social Forestry Officers and Technicians of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources. This kit was meant to help our forestry officers and technicians be effective in their role as extension workers for the upland dwellers. It is full of narative know-how and skills that make life in the uplands more meaningful, profitable and ecologically sustainable. It is well-prepared and if properly operationalized and seriously implemented, it is expected to create a new dimension in the struggle for upland rehibilitation that can only be maintained through concerted and sustained effort of the government and the people. This kit is Philippine- focused: it is intended for use primarily in support of the training of DENR{\textquoteright}s 1,200 technicians for its Social Forestry Program nationwide. This program of DENR aims to give the Filipino uplanders access to forest lands for a tenure of 25 years or more. (author)}, keywords = {agriculture, agroforestry, conservation, ecology, Filipino, fruit, home-lot, livestock, management, natural resources, Philippine Department of Environment and Natural Resources, plants, seeds, soil and water conservation (SWC), sustainability, Taungya System, trees, water }, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/51168241}, editor = {Francis Korten and Romulo del Castillo and Julian Gonsalves and Jaime Roquillo and Forester Nicanor Iscala Jr} } @book {288, title = {Agroforestry in sub-Saharan Africa: A farmer{\textquoteright}s perspective}, series = {World Bank Technical Paper no. 112}, year = {1989}, month = {1989}, pages = {94}, publisher = {World Bank}, organization = {World Bank}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {This study reviews agroforestry practices in Sub-Saharan Africa as seen from the farmer{\textquoteright}s perspective. Agroforestry, broadly defined as the integration of trees and shrubs in farming systems, offers one of the most promising technological options for reversing soil degradation, restoring tree cover, and improving agricultural productivity in Africa. The literature on agroforestry was reviewed in order to identify a limited number of successful experiences for further field study. Seven case studies were then conducted by an interdisciplinary team, covering indigenous and innovative systems found in the highlands of East Africa, the semi-arid zone, and the humid lowlands of West Africa. This review identified a number of issues that need to be considered in the design and implementation of agroforestry projects for Africa in order for them to be successful. Key findings include the importance of understanding the economics of agroforestry systems from the farmer{\textquoteright}s point of view as well as from the broader perspective of the benefits to society. Project evaluation should therefore take into account local markets and opportunities for off- farm employment offered by tree products, as well as the opportunity costs perceived by farmers in making adoption decisions. Farm households are not homogeneous, and project design should be adapted to the socioeconomic level, age and gender of the people who are expected to adopt the proposed technology. In Africa, trees are integral parts of agro-sylvo- pastoral farming systems and should be considered in this sociocultural context, with particular attention to the constraints imposed by customary and legal rules regarding land and tree tenure. The institutional framework for implementation should be selected and developed with a view to long-term sustainability. Recommendations are made for the technical, economic, social, and institutional design of projects and for the direction of future research. (author)}, keywords = {agroforestry, Sub-Saharan Africa}, isbn = {0-8213-1389-4, 978-0-8213-1389-3}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/20630167}, author = {Cynthia C. Cook and Mikael Grut} } @conference {784, title = {Multi-storied cropping in Cavite: A farmer-derived agroforestry system}, booktitle = {Paper presented at IIRR/MBRLC/MF Workshop on Sustainable Agriculture in the Uplands 25 August-9 September 1989, Philippines}, year = {1989}, month = {Aug/Sept 1989}, publisher = {International Institute of Rural Reconstruction (IIRR)}, organization = {International Institute of Rural Reconstruction (IIRR)}, address = {Philippines}, abstract = {The search for addressing the environmental degradation problems facing the Uplands and Hillylands in most parts of Asia, Africa, and Latin America inevitably ends up in the selection of an Agro-Forestry based intervention strategy. Perennials such as trees are an important component of any such stabilization strategy. However, some of the best designers of widely adopted traditional agroforestry systems have been the farmers themselves. One such example is the polycultural, multistoried cropping system of Cavite, Philippines where over 12,285 hectares of land are devoted to agriculture planted to various crops which include coconut, coffee, banana, papaya, pineapple, upland rice, tuber crops and different kinds of fruit trees along with the shade producing Gliricidia sepium. This agroforestry system was developed by the farmers themselves and has evolved over the years (and continues to do so). This article discusses various technical aspects of this approach as practiced by the majority of Cavite farmers. (author)}, keywords = {intercropping, multiple cropping}, author = {Laurito B. Arizala and Julian F. Gonsalves} } @article {715, title = {Use and misuse of forest-harvested fruits in the Iquitos area}, journal = {Conservation Biology}, volume = {3}, year = {1989}, month = {December 1989}, pages = {350-361}, abstract = {Of 193 fruit species observed to be regularly consumed in the region surrounding Iquitos, Peru, 120 species are exclusively wold-harvested and 19 more originate from both wold and cultivated sources.The wild-harvested fruits of 57 species belonging to 24 different plant families are sold in the Iquitos market and are very important in the economy and diets of the area. Nearly half of the Iquitos fruit vendors sell wild-harvested fruits ( if fruits used as vegetables or starch sources are excluded), and over half of the fruit species sold are wild-harvested. Many fruit species consumed at Iquitos differ from those consumed in other parts of Amazonia. Although some native fruit species are beginning to be grown as crops, the wild populations of these high-potential species are being rapidly depleted by destructive harvesting techniques as market pressure begins to build. In the last few years, the availability of several of the most popular fruit species has decreased markedly. If nondestructive sustained-yield harvesting or resources such as wild-harvested fruits if to play its suggested important role in tropical forest conservation, much stronger efforts will be needed to prevent destructive over harvesting of these potentially significant resources.}, keywords = {deforestation, Iquitos, Peru, rainforests}, doi = {10.1111/j.1523-1739.1989.tb00241.x}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.1989.tb00241.x}, author = {Rodolfo Vasquez and Alwyn H. Gentry} } @article {595, title = {Innovation, technical assistance, and development: The importance of technology users}, journal = {World Development}, volume = {16}, year = {1988}, month = {June 1988}, pages = {711-721}, abstract = {In both industrialized and developing country situations technology users play a key role in generating successful new products and processes. Both "high-tech" innovation, such as the design of the Boeing 747 aircraft and IBM computer software, and innovative technologies for the rural poor, such as Vietnamese expeller pumps and Bangladeshi hybrid rice strains, owe much to the creativity and skill not of research scientist, but of local housewives, farmers and artisans. New approaches to technical assistance which increase the interaction between R\&D institutions and these technology users are needed in order to tap this important innovation resource. The incorporation of such an interactive research strategy into the work of the Sudan Energy Research Council led to highly successful initiatives in the fields of charcoal production, improved charcoal stoves, and agroforestry. (author)}, keywords = {charcoal , innovation, Sudan Energy Research Council, technical assistance}, doi = {10.1016/0305-750X(88)90177-5}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0305750X88901775}, author = {Matthew S. Gamser} } @inbook {894, title = {Local resource use systems in the tropics: Taking pressure off the forests}, booktitle = {Tropical rainforests: Diversity and conservation}, series = {Memoirs of the California Academy of Sciences}, volume = {12}, year = {1988}, month = {December 1988}, pages = {53-70}, publisher = {California Academy of Sciences}, organization = {California Academy of Sciences}, address = {San Francisco, CA}, abstract = {By focusing research on indigenous and local agroecosystems, much information can be gained for the development of resource-conserving, ecologically sound land-use strategies that promote the sustained-yield management of land already cleared in tropical regions. By keeping the farmers on the land they already have, pressure can be taken off the limited forest reserves that still exist. A research approach that looks at the agricultural ecosystem (agroecosystem) will allow an agro-ecological focus, in order to examine impacts on the land in the context of nutrient cycles, crop and non-crop population dynamics, energetics, and other ecological concepts. Examples of such studies are presented from tropical Mexico and Costa Rica, including the corn/bean/squash multiple-crop agroecosystem, the tropical home garden agroforestry system with a diverse mixture of trees, shrubs, herbs, and vines, and an experimental bench-terrace-cropping system with mixed vegetables planted on the flat surfaces and a high organic-matter-producing grass on the slopes. The importance of the sustainability of the natural resource sector linked to the sustainability of the agricultural sector is stressed as an integral part of tropical forest preservation strategies of the future. (author).}, keywords = {agroforestry, resource management}, isbn = {0-940228-19-X; 978-0-940228-19-1}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/18566557}, author = {Stephen R. Gliessman}, editor = {Frank Almeda and Catherine M. Pringle} } @article {636, title = {Pollarding for multiple benefits}, journal = {Northern Journal of Applied Forestry}, volume = {5}, year = {1988}, note = {Reprint Series No. R974, Illinois State Natural History Survey}, month = {June 1988}, pages = {148-152}, abstract = {Pollarding is a traditional method of producing fuelwood in agroforestry systems where livestock browsing restricts tree regeneration by seedlings or coppice sprouts. As in coppicing, pollarding produces successive crops of wood from the vegetative sprouts of repeatedly harvested trees, but in pollarding the dominant sprouts are formed near the top of permanent trunks above the reach of livestock. The unique structure of pollards also makes them suitable for use as short-rotation fuelwood trees where fire restricts tree regeneration at ground level. In addition to fuelwood, pollards produce other tree products, as well as soil, wildlife, and esthetic benefits. With this combination of benefits, pollarding has potential for ameliorating certain environmental problems in the midwestern United States and for meeting the multiple objectives of many woodland owners. To assess this potential, we measured biomass yields and sprouting characteristics of honey locust and pin oak pollards harvested on 15- and 11-year rotations, respectively. Both species produced moderate yields of biomass and responded vigorously to pollarding. Potential benefits and problems of the method are discussed and applications of pollarding in farm and nonfarm settings are proposed.}, keywords = {fuelwood, pollarding}, author = {Christopher D. Burnett and David Gilluly} } @inbook {857, title = {Agroforestry practices and research in India}, booktitle = {Agroforestry: Realities, possibilities and potentials}, year = {1987}, month = {1987}, pages = {109-137}, publisher = {Martin Nijhoff Publishers in cooperation with ICRAF; distributors for the U.S. and Canada, Kluwer Academic Publishers}, organization = {Martin Nijhoff Publishers in cooperation with ICRAF; distributors for the U.S. and Canada, Kluwer Academic Publishers}, address = {Dordrecht, Netherlands}, abstract = {

Many agroforestry practices in India are old and traditional. Some systems have been researched since the late 19th century, and there has been research on fodder-fuel plantations since the 1950s. A wide variety of practices in India are described here with research results incorporated wherever available. It is concluded that:

  1. there are many systems and practices that are yet to be adequately described;
  2. even though some systems are well-described, there is need of greater research on practice;
  3. the research endeavor so far, apart from indicating possibilities for increased production in fodder-fuel plantations has not really improved the components of agroforestry systems and their management. The challenges and opportunities for improvement are vast.
}, keywords = {India}, isbn = {90-247-3590-4}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/16352684}, author = {K. G. Tejwani}, editor = {Henry L. Gholz} } @book {293, title = {Agroforestry: Realities, possibilities and potentials}, year = {1987}, month = {1987}, pages = {227 pp.}, publisher = {Martinus Nijhoff in cooperation with ICRAF (International Council for Research in Agroforestry); distributors for the U.S. and Canada, Kluwer Academic Publishers}, organization = {Martinus Nijhoff in cooperation with ICRAF (International Council for Research in Agroforestry); distributors for the U.S. and Canada, Kluwer Academic Publishers}, address = {Dordrecht, Boston, Lancaster}, keywords = {agroforestry, ecology}, isbn = {90-247-3590-4}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/16352684}, editor = {Henry L. Gholz} } @book {326, title = {Feasibility study on tissue culture for multipurpose forest tree species}, series = {Multipurpose Tree Species Network Research Series Paper no. 1}, year = {1987}, month = {July 1987}, pages = {78}, publisher = {Winrock International-F/FRED}, organization = {Winrock International-F/FRED}, address = {Bangkok, Thailand}, abstract = {This report is a feasibility study on the tissue culture of multipurpose forest tree species. It covers the present status of tissue culture of F/FRED priority species, prospects of tissue culture in research and development and offers specific recommendations for the use of tissue culture. Other important and at times viable aspects such as breeding programs, provenance trials, etc., are generally not touched upon except when they tie in with the tissue culture programs.}, keywords = {agroforestry, multipurpose trees}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/23175968}, author = {Paiboolya Gavinlertvatana and A. C. Matheson and Eng Peng Sim} } @article {606, title = {Letting the piper call the tune: Experimenting with different forestry extension methods in the northern Sudan}, journal = {ODI Social Forestry Network Paper 4a}, year = {1987}, month = {June 1987}, pages = {1-3}, abstract = {

This paper is excerpted from a doctoral thesis entitled Innovation, User Participation and Forest Energy Development, completed at the Science Policy Research Unit, University of Sussex in December 1986.

This paper presents examples of the outcome of some of the grants made by the Energy Council (ERC) and, within it, the Government of Sudan/USAID sponsored Sudan Renewable Energy Project (SREP), examining the impact of institutional innovations upon social forestry development. The examples date from the period 1982 to 1985, while the writer was working with SREP. The Sudan experience demonstrates that people\&$\#$39;s participation in the design and administration of forestry projects is an important component of project success. Moreover, the most remote, poorest communities tend to have the greatest resources of organisation and enthusiasm to bring to forestry, and produces the best results when given maximum resopnsibility for project development and management. This is contrary to the way in which most social forestry is performed, in which poorer people have less direct access to and control over project planning and facilities. (author)

}, keywords = {agroforestry, community forestry}, url = {https://www.odi.org/publications/630-letting-piper-call-tune-experimenting-different-forestry-extension-methods-northern-sudan}, author = {Matthew S. Gamser} } @inbook {891, title = {Living fences in tropical America: A widespread agroforestry practice}, booktitle = {Agroforestry: Realities, Possibilities and Potentials}, year = {1987}, month = {1987}, pages = {169-178}, publisher = {Martin Nijhoff Publishers in cooperation with ICRAF; distributors for the U.S. and Canada, Kluwer Academic Publishers}, organization = {Martin Nijhoff Publishers in cooperation with ICRAF; distributors for the U.S. and Canada, Kluwer Academic Publishers}, address = {Dordrecht, Netherlands}, abstract = {The practice of using living fence posts to attach rows of barbed wire is widespread in tropical America although related scientific knowledge is relatively scarce. Besides holding wire, live fences produce fuelwood, fodder, and food, and act as windbreaks and protection for wildlife, but the greatest benefit is derived from the use of branches to establish more fences or to "fill in" old fences. Many trees are used, depending on ecological zones, availability of large cuttings for planting, and special needs dictated by preferences and beliefs of the farmers. Planting practices, studied in detail in Costa Rica, also vary. Advantages and drawbacks of living compared to non-living wood fences are discussed. Some speculations of future prospects and the possible involvement of scientists are advanced. (author)}, keywords = {agroforestry, Costa Rica, live fences}, isbn = {90-247-3590-4, 978-90-247-3590-7, 90-247-3591-2, 978-90-247-3591-4}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/16352684}, author = {Gerardo Budowski}, editor = {Henry L. Gholz} } @inbook {928, title = {Traditional agroforestry practices of native and Ribereno farmers in the lowland Peruvian Amazon}, booktitle = {Agroforestry: Realities, possibilities and potentials}, year = {1987}, month = {1987}, pages = {179-195}, publisher = {Martin Nijhoff Publishers in cooperation with ICRAF; distributors for the U.S. and Canada, Kluwer Academic Publishers}, organization = {Martin Nijhoff Publishers in cooperation with ICRAF; distributors for the U.S. and Canada, Kluwer Academic Publishers}, address = {Dordrecht, Netherlands}, abstract = {Recent research on traditional agriculture in the Peruvian Amazon indicates that agroforestry practices are widespread and extremely varied. This article describes five agroforestry systems found in the vicinity of Iquitos, Peru. Although all begin as shifting cultivation fields, they differ greatly in species composition and richness, in intensity and length of management, in economic orientation, and in adaptation to particular ecological conditions. Four of the five systems are found in mestizo communities of the region. The information presented shows that basic traditional swidden-fallow agroforestry practices are adaptable to varying environmental and economic situations (author).}, keywords = {barbasco, Bora Indians, caimito, cashews, charcoal , coca, corn, economics, fiber, mamey, manioc, medicine, palms, papayas, Peru, pichirina, pineapple, plantains, pomarosa, Riberenos, rifari, toronja, tropical cedar, umair, uvilla, zapote}, isbn = {90-247-3590-4}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/16352684}, author = {Christine Padoch and Wil de Jong}, editor = {Henry L. Gholz} } @inbook {926, title = {The user perspective and the agroforestry research and action agenda}, booktitle = {Agroforestry: Realities, possibilities and potentials}, year = {1987}, note = {Chapter 6}, month = {July 26-31,1987}, pages = {59-87}, publisher = {Martin Nijhoff Publishers in cooperation with ICRAF, distributors for the U.S. and Canada, Kluwer Academic Publishers.}, organization = {Martin Nijhoff Publishers in cooperation with ICRAF, distributors for the U.S. and Canada, Kluwer Academic Publishers.}, address = {Dordrecht, Netherlands}, abstract = {

This paper focuses on the user perspective and the agroforestry research and action agenda. The main points are that tapping farmer expertise and experience can provide information and judgment and \"successful\" technologies can often have a negative effect on specific groups. (author)

This document looks at why there is a need for a user perspective in tropical research and development, especially for agroforestry projects. It also looks at what agroforestry is used for and for whom is serves. The design and practice in rural areas where the landscape presents a challenge to agroforestry is looked at. Indigenous knowledge and agroforestry is discussed along with the four foci of a user perspective in agroforestry. It provides the agroforestry research and action agenda and it answers the question of: How can institutions develop and apply a user perspective for projects?

}, keywords = {farmer participatory research, on-farm research, participatory research, watersheds, women}, isbn = {90-247-3590-4}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/16352684}, author = {Dianne E. Rocheleau}, editor = {Henry L. Gholz} } @article {638, title = {Potential of the neem tree (Azadirachta indica) for pest control and rural development}, journal = {Economic Botany}, volume = {40}, year = {1986}, month = {April-June 1986}, pages = {201-209}, abstract = {The neem tree (Azadirachta indica) contains promising pest-control substances found effective against many economically important pests. These materials are easy to process by village-level industries and easy to use by limited-resource farmers, thereby offering potential for crop protection and off-farm income generation. The tree{\textquoteright}s numerous pharmacological and other complementary uses make it doubly attractive for incorporation in large-scale rural development efforts. (author)}, keywords = {insects, medicinal plants, pest management}, doi = {10.1007/BF02859144}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/4254854}, author = {Saleem Ahmed and Michael Grainge} } @inbook {921, title = {The question of hunter-gatherer territoriality: The case of the Batek of Malaysia}, booktitle = {The past and future of !Kung ethnography: Critical reflections and symbolic perspectives: Essays in honour of Lorna Marshall}, series = {Quellen zur Khoisan-Forschung no. 4}, year = {1986}, month = {1987}, pages = {137-162}, publisher = {Helmut Buske Verlag}, organization = {Helmut Buske Verlag}, address = {Hamburg}, abstract = {In this paper we hope to make a small additional contribution to the understanding of hunter-gatherer territoriality by describing the social organization, economic activities, and rights to land and resources among the Batek of peninsular Malaysia. The Batek provide an interesting complementary case to the !Kung because they live in a tropical rain forest, where food and water resources are relatively abundant, and because, unlike the !Kung, exchange with outsiders is an important part of their economy. The most striking contrast, however, is that the Batek are not territorial in any of the usual senses of the term.}, keywords = {Batek, gatherer, hunter-gatherer, Kung, Malaysia, rainforests, rattan, territoriality, tropical, wild fruit}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/16967559}, author = {Kirk Endicott and Karen Lampell Endicott}, editor = {Megan Biesele and Robert Gordon and Richard Lee} } @inbook {912, title = {Seeing the forest while planting the trees: An anthropological approach to agroforestry in rural Haiti}, booktitle = {Politics, projects, and people: Institutional development in Haiti}, year = {1986}, note = {Chapter 7}, month = {1986}, pages = {193-226}, publisher = {Praeger}, organization = {Praeger}, address = {New York}, abstract = {This chapter describes an anthropological approach to environmental restoration that is currently being implemented in rural Haiti, and that has stimulated an historically unprecedented level of voluntary tree planting by Haitian peasants. The overall design of the Agroforestry Project has been described elsewhere. In keeping with the theme of this volume, the discussion focuses upon the underlying design principles and institutional dimensions of the Project.}, keywords = {administrative agencies, economic development, economic development projects, Haiti, institution building, politics and government, social aspects}, isbn = {0-03-004532-0}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/12345132}, author = {Gerald F Murray}, editor = {Derick W. Brinkerhoff and Jean-Claude García-Zamor} } @article {647, title = {Scientific forestry and social change in Uttarakhand}, journal = {Economic and Political Weekly}, volume = {20}, year = {1985}, month = {Novemebr 1985}, pages = {1939-1952}, abstract = {

This paper, a study of the development of forestry science in the hill districts of Uttar Pradesh collectively known as Uttarakhand, addresses itself to three sets of issues;

  1. the utilisation of forests in the indigenous social system;
  2. the specific forms of state intervention, and the interpretation of scientific techniques in terms of traditional patterns of resource use; and
  3. the social changes that were a consequence of scientific forestry.

In contradistinction to other studies, this paper focuses on the content of colonial forestry science, with a view to understanding its social and cultural underpinnings. It is argued that the structure of forestry science was predicated on its \"other\"-viz the cultural and social meaning traditionally ascribed to the forests in different parts of India. Having disrupted existing forms of resource utilisation, scientific forestry had to contend with recurrent and widespread protest. This led to the evolution of sophisticated techniques, described in this paper, that could meet the often conflicting aims of commercial timber production and the preemption of peasant protest. Not surprisingly, this lead to a major dislocation in agrarian relations in Uttarakhand.

}, keywords = {agroforestry}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/4375015}, author = {Ramachandra Guha} } @inbook {903, title = {Patterns of resource use and human settlement in tropical forests}, booktitle = {Tropical rain forest ecosystems: Structure and function}, series = {Ecosystems of the world no. 14A}, year = {1983}, month = {1983}, pages = {301-313}, publisher = {Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company}, organization = {Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company}, address = {New York}, abstract = {

Criticisms of traditional resource use patterns in the tropics as wasteful and inefficient predominated in the literature in the past, but has given way in recent years to praise of the stability and conservativeness of these technologies. Such revised views are not surprising and are at least partially justified. They reflect the realization that traditional resource users usually allowed tropical forests to survive or at least to largely regenerate, whereas modern, fossil fuel-using man is expected to destroy these forests within the next century. However, in stressing the long-term persistence of traditional patterns, the: necessity\" and universality of some techniques and the self-sufficience and integrity of pre-modern resource use systems, commentators have done justice neither to the complexity nor the variability -- temporal, spatial, and technological -- of traditional human accommodations to tropical forests.

In this chapter, the authors review some of the conventional ways of viewing and classifying traditional resource use patterns, then point out some of the limitations of these familiar typologies, and finally discuss actual subsistence and settlement patterns in tropical forests, and comment on prospects for development of these areas.

In most broad discussions of indigenous resource use, some typology of food-getting technologies and/or of crops, crop types or crop assemblages, is meant to subsume the basic patterns of livelihood of all traditional groups. The division of technologies into hunting-gathering, shifting, cultivation, and permanent-field cropping is probably most familiar and commonly employed. These three very broad divisions of the spectrum of traditional subsistence, often erroneously assumed to be a necessary evolutionary sequence, are used by anthropologists and geographers to designate different levels of intensity of land resource use, as well as to differentiate levels of control and modification of forest environments. Observers have generally considered the following practices and patterns, technological and social, to be characteristic of these three very general types.

}, keywords = {rainforests}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/7576493}, author = {Christine Padoch and Andrew P. Vayda}, editor = {F. B. Golley} } @article {690, title = {The mulberry dike-fish pond complex: A Chinese ecosystem of land-water interaction on the Pearl River Delta}, journal = {Human Ecology}, volume = {10}, year = {1982}, month = {June 1982}, pages = {191-202}, abstract = {The Pearl River Delta offers humans a variety of land-use alternatives. A complex ecosystem which has been in existence in the Delta for centuries has greatly contributed to the region{\textquoteright}s agricultural productivity. The principal components are mulberry trees, silkworms, pond fish, and humans, interrelated in a harmonious and mutually beneficial way. The system is not only highly efficient and soundly balanced ecologically, but provides much higher economic returns than do other agrarian practices in the Delta.}, keywords = {anthropology/archaeometry, aquaculture, China, ecosystem, environmental management, fish, human ecology, mulberry, silkworm, sociology}, doi = {10.1007/BF01531240}, url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF01531240}, author = {Zhong Gongfu} } @article {718, title = {Use of the "non-weed" concept in traditional tropical agroecosystems of south-eastern Mexico}, journal = {Agro-Ecosystems}, volume = {8}, year = {1982}, month = {May 1982}, pages = {1-11}, abstract = {The use of a "non-weed" concept by traditional agriculturalists in a tropical lowland environment is discussed. Interviews demonstrated that the non-crop components of cropping systems are classified according to use potential on one hand, and effects on soil and crops on the other. A detailed vocabulary for the management of these plants is presented. Such a classification indicates that local farmers understand the intricate role of non-crop plants in their agricultural activities, in direct contrast with modern day agriculture which considers all weeds as noxious, and thus to be eliminated. The ecological importance of this concept, and its potential contribution to a design for overall agroecosystem management is discussed. (author)}, keywords = {taxonomy}, doi = {10.1016/0304-3746(82)90010-5}, author = {J. C. Chac{\'o}n and S. R. Gliessman} } @mastersthesis {443, title = {Indigenous technology transfer and the MAB biosphere reserve program}, year = {1981}, month = {1981}, school = {The University of Michigan}, abstract = {

A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science (Natural Resource Management) in The University of Michigan.

This document looks at the effectiveness of the Man and Biosphere Reserve Program in humid tropical forest ecosystems in Latin America. It also evaluates indigenous technology transfer in relation to the AB program and specifically looks at the Rio Platano Biosphere Reserve in Honduras. Recommendations are made for many organizations and individuals concerned with the MAB program.

}, keywords = {deforestation, medicinal plants, rainforests}, doi = {http://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/106355}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/68792144}, author = {Dennis Allen Glick} } @article {833, title = {Species and part of tree collected}, year = {1980}, note = {Devers, Inc. has also been a credited author.}, month = {August 1980}, institution = {Bureau for Program and Policy Coordination, U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID)}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {

People everywhere have a precise evaluation of firewood, knowing which species and parts of trees are the best for specific purposes \— for roasting, simmering, brewing, quick heat, a fire to warm oneself, etc. There is extensive technical knowledge among the local collectors and users concerning the species indigenous to the region and their cooking, heating, medicinal and other qualities, passed down from one generation of users to another. (author)

}, keywords = {firewood, fuelwood, taboos}, url = {https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015064769352}, author = {Dennis H. Wood and David Brokensha and Alphonso Peter Castro and Matthew S. Gamser and Beth A. Jackson and Bernard W. Riley} } @article {552, title = {El manejo de las selvas por los Mayas: Sus implicaciones silv{\'\i}colas y agr{\'\i}colas}, journal = {Bi{\'o}tica}, volume = {2}, year = {1977}, month = {1977}, pages = {47-61}, abstract = {

The Maya culture is one of the very few outstanding cultures that flourished in a tropical rain forest area. Their land use strategies, as a part of the great Middle America civilization, for agriculture, horticulture and forestry remain up to date scattered among the Maya communities that have conserved their Indian heritage. They are based in a diversity of crops and land uses that are adopted to the different climatic regions of the Maya area. They used the space in the past in a magnificent way using horizontal and vertical strategies. They had channels, terraces and drained fields for intensive agriculture. They used shifting agriculture in soils where no other alternative seemed to be better. They used their wild plant resources and developed forest practices to enrich their forest with desirable species composition. The present floristic composition of many rain forests of the Maya area is a result of ancient silviculture practices. All of these practices were part of a single land use strategy. For these reasons we cannot blame the fall of the Maya culture to an \"ecological collapse\" as has been proposed.

We feel that the answer can be found in economic, political and social reasons. There is a lot to learn from the Mayans to solve some of the present day problems for the management of biotic resources of the tropics. (author)

}, keywords = {ecology, fallow, Mexico, Native Americans, tropical forests}, url = {http://www.reservaeleden.org/agp/libro/lec/Cap23_manejo_selvas.pdf}, author = {A. Barrera and A. Gomez-Pompa and C. Vazquez-Yans} }