@article {617, title = {Marine resources management in the context of customary tenure}, journal = {Marine Resource Economics}, volume = {7}, year = {1992}, month = {Winter 1992}, pages = {249-273}, abstract = {Although customary marine tenure (CMT) systems for the management of local marine resources occur throughout the world, compared with other models of fisheries management they remain relatively little known. The Pacific Basin is especially rich in CMT systems, which play key roles in overall social, economic and cultural life of societies. Based on a Solomon Island example, we examine the organizational principles and potentials of CMT systems to provide sustainable yields and equitable access to resources, their resilience to external pressures, and mechanisms for ensuring local autonomy in resource control. Next we demonstrate that CMT systems are an expression of traditional ecological knowledge, and show the importance of such knowledge to scientific research and the planning of resource management. Finally, we suggest priorities for research on CMT systems.}, keywords = {aquaculture, community-based management, fishery management, Pacific Basin, Solomon Islands, sustainable fisheries, traditional conservation, traditional environmental knowledge}, doi = {10.1086/mre.7.4.42629038}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1086/mre.7.4.42629038}, author = {K. Ruddle and E. Hviding and R. E. Johannes} } @booklet {493, title = {Northern Perspectives}, volume = {20}, year = {1992}, month = {1992}, abstract = {

Entire issue included. Articles included are:

}, keywords = {American Indians, Eskimos, Native Americans}, author = {Ellen Bielawski and Milton M. R. Freeman and George Hobson and Martha Johnson and Novum Organum} } @book {368, title = {NGO-government interaction in rice-fish farming and other aspects of sustainable agricultural development in Thailand}, series = {Network paper ODI, Agricultural Administration (Research and Extension) Network no. 28}, year = {1991}, month = {December 1991}, pages = {41}, publisher = {Agricultural Administration Unit, Overseas Development Institute}, organization = {Agricultural Administration Unit, Overseas Development Institute}, address = {London}, abstract = {John Sollow{\textquoteright}s paper reports that whilst formerly widespread in Central Thailand, the populartity of rice-fish culture began to be replaced by more profitable agricultural technologies from the early 1970{\textquoteright}s. These technologies are of limited applicability in Northeast Thailand, where rice-fish culture began to spread in the early 1980s, following rapid declines in traditional wild fish sources. NGOs were among the first to notice its increasing popularity and to bring it to the attention of several government agencies. Subsequently, on-farm, farmer managed trials by the Department of Agriculture helped to confirm the viability of the practice, and to bring it to the attention of policy-makers. Considering these results and their own experiences, the Department of Fisheries has assigned a high priority to the extension of rice-fish culture in Northeast Thailand. The Department of Agriculture Extension is also involved in extending the practice there and elsewhere. Research efforts continue to address factors limiting the adoption and productivity of the technology. Major extension efforts are expected to continue. The relationship between government and non-government agencies is largely informal. Some examples of contacts which have been mutually beneficial are given, and possible ways of strengthening institutional linkages are discussed. Most are open to debate, but all relate to improved communications, be it in style, content or frequency.}, keywords = {agricultural development projects, aquatic resources, fish culture, rice, sustainable agriculture, Thailand}, issn = {0951-1873}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/25907615}, author = {John Sollows and Lanthom Jonjuabsong and Aroon Hwai-Kham} } @article {822, title = {Haiti agroforestry outreach project extension 1987-1989: Final report}, year = {1990}, month = {April 1990}, institution = {Pan American Development Foundation}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {This report covers both agroforestry activities and the social and institutional aspects of the project. The agroforestry activities of the project include choices of species and agroforestry systems; site selection; nursery technology and experience; and applied research experience. The social and institutional aspects of the project include the participation of private voluntary organizations (PVOs) and farmers; extension and training; social and economic benefits; and links with the public sector, funders and other agencies.}, keywords = {agroforestry, Haiti}, author = {Frederick J. Conway and Jon L. Jickling} } @inbook {863, title = {Costs and benefits of floodplain forest management by rural inhabitants in the Amazon estuary: A case study of Acai palm production}, booktitle = {Fragile lands of Latin America: Strategies for sustainable development}, year = {1989}, month = {1989}, pages = {114-129}, publisher = {Westview Press}, organization = {Westview Press}, address = {Boulder, CO}, abstract = {

This chapter is a case study of an economically productive and ecologically sustainable land use that has evolved among traditional inhabitants in the floodplain of the Amazon estuary. These river dwellers (\"ribeirinhos\"), typically mestizo in ethnicity, constitute a living bridge between indigenous Amerindian knowledge of the natural diversity and inherent productivity of the Amazon\&$\#$39;s floodplain resources and the modern world with its more limited view of the economic potential of natural ecosystems. The river dwellers of the Amazon estuary participate in the market economy, and are often mistakenly included in the economically marginal, rural population of lesser-developed countries that recent multi-lateral development programs have sought to advance. What prevailing development programs have failed to consider is how the river dwellers\&$\#$39; knowledge of their environment can contribute to a better use of fragile lands in the floodplain.

The present case study does not aspire to propose a comprehensive sustainable land-use strategy for the Amazon\&$\#$39;s floodplain (\"varzea\"). Rather, it focuses on the economic potential of one important natural resource element in the regional economy, the \"acai\" palm (Euterpe oleracea Mart.). We report the findings of a field experiment designed to measure the effects of different management practices utilized by river dwellers on fruit yields in natural stands of acai. Although measurements of the effects of these practices on other floodplain forest species were not included in this experiment, our findings are important since acai is the foremost commercial floodplain forest resource for rural inhabitants over extensive areas of the estuary. The case study described in this chapter is particularly interesting because rural inhabitants of the Amazon estuary implement an extensive form of land use in a biotope generally considered to have the greatest potential for intensive agriculture in Amazonia: the varzea floodplain of sediment-rich rivers. Forest resources are the most fragile component of the floodplain, which has served as the principal location for agriculture in Amazonia since aboriginal times. The acai palm is an especially fragile resource, as it has been subjected to intensive exploitation in the form of palm heart extraction since the 1960\&$\#$39;s. In contrast to other floodplain areas however, river dwellers in the estuary we studied have largely maintained the native forest cover and have developed management practices that assure the sustained utilization of forest resources such as acai.

The general adoption of a less intensive form of land use in a biotope of high agricultural potential is frequently viewed as a sign of the inhabitants\&$\#$39; lack of industry, \"collecting mentality,\" Indian blood, and \"primitive\" land-use practices. However, this option is in fact a rational one from ecological, cultural, and economic perspectives. Elsewhere, the ecological and cultural bases for this option have been examined in detail. Here we shall examine this option from an economic perspective by conducting a cost-benefit analysis of various management practices carried out by local inhabitants in naturally occurring stands of the acai palm. (author)

}, keywords = {Amazon, ecology, palm production}, isbn = {0-8133-7705-6; 978-0-8133-7705-6}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/18351601}, author = {Anthony B. Anderson and M{\'a}rio Augusto G Jardim}, editor = {John O. Browder} } @article {569, title = {Form or function: A comparison of expert and novice judgments of similarity among fish}, journal = {American Anthropologist}, volume = {91}, year = {1989}, month = {December 1989}, pages = {866-889}, abstract = {Ethnobiologists debate whether folk biological classifiers are natural historians attending primarily to the morphology of organisms or are pragmatists concerned primarily with utility. We argue that this question is best understood as a problem in intracultural variation: the relative importance of form and function depends on who is asked to judge the similarity of organisms as well as how they are asked to judge it. We find that expert fishermen judge similarities among fish on both functional and morphological criteria, while novices judge on morphological criteria alone and thereby approach the scientific classification of fish more closely than experts. Experts also vary more than do novices, presumably because they control more different kinds of knowledge on which to base a similarity judgment.}, keywords = {ethnobiology, fish, morphology}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/681586}, author = {James S. Boster and Jeffrey C. Johnson} } @book {399, title = {The gene hunters: Biotechnology and the scramble for seeds}, series = {African Centre for Technology Studies research series no. 1}, year = {1989}, month = {1989}, pages = {288}, publisher = {Princeton University Press}, organization = {Princeton University Press}, address = {Princeton, NJ}, abstract = {As biotechnology grows in the agricultural world, the race is on for better seeds. The potential impacts resulting from biotechnological advances could be devastating. These changes will be unpredictable transformations in the global organization and distribution of production. This book examines the history of botany in the field of biotechnology. Various topics dealing with plant breeding and the seed industry discuss options Africa has for the future. Intellectual property rights and their protection are discussed. A case study involving germplasm and Kenya{\textquoteright}s agriculture is featured. This is a broad and encompassing discussion of the seed war.}, keywords = {Africa, biodiversity, botany, developing countries, economic policies, food security, forecasting, germplasm resources, intellectual property/germplasm, plant biotechnology, socioeconomics}, isbn = {0-691-00378-5}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/19269376}, author = {Calestous Juma} } @article {485, title = {Searching for medicinal wealth in Amazonia}, volume = {19}, year = {1989}, month = {1989}, pages = {94-103}, abstract = {Guided by local shamans, ethnobotanist Mark Plotkin is documenting how the plants of the tropical rain forest are used for healing.}, keywords = {traditional knowledge, traditional medicine}, author = {Donald Dale Jackson} } @book {406, title = {Traditional ecological knowledge: A collection of essays}, series = {IUCN conservation library}, year = {1989}, note = {November 1989 Includes bibliographical references (p. 71-77)}, month = {November 1989 }, pages = {77}, publisher = {IUCN}, organization = {IUCN}, address = {Gland [Switzerland]; Cambridge}, abstract = {

IUCN is pleased to publish this collection of articles which originate from the working group on Traditional Ecological Knowledge of our Commission on Ecology. This book does not presume to be an authoritative review of the state of knowledge in the field. It is, rather, a collection of free essays which offer fascinating glimpses of the deep understanding and practice of \"ecology\" displayed by traditional societies on different continents. (editor)

Contains the following essays:

}, keywords = {ecology, natural conservation}, isbn = {2-88032-998-1}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/729639587}, editor = {R. E. (Robert Earle) Johannes} } @article {674, title = {The dehesa: An agrosilvopastoral system of the Mediterranean region with special reference to the Sierra Morena area of Spain}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {6}, year = {1988}, month = {February 1988}, pages = {71-96}, abstract = {A multidisciplinary team undertook a six-year investigation on the agro-ecological and socio-economic aspects of the dehesa system in the Sierra Norte area, a part of the Sierra Morena of the Sevilla Province, Western Andalusia, Spain. This paper summarizes its findings on the various agro-ecological features of the system and evaluates the system{\textquoteright}s functional aspects vis-a-vis the trends and developments in land use in the region over the past few centuries. The synergistic effects of tree cover on understorey grassland vegetation is discussed in terms of soil fertility build-up and favourable micro-climatic and hydrological features, and the potential use of this information in future research and development programmes to improve the dehesa system in the Mediterranean region is outlined. (author)}, keywords = {agrosilvopasture, dehesa, effect of trees on soils, ethnobotany, mediterranean region, oak trees, Sierra Morena}, doi = {10.1007/BF02344747}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02344747}, author = {Richard Joffre and Jean Vacher and Carlos de los Llanos and Gilbert Long} } @article {666, title = {Technology transfer: Institutions, models, and impacts on agriculture and rural life in the developing world}, journal = {Agriculture and Human Values}, volume = {5}, year = {1988}, note = {This article from Agriculture and Human Values, 5 (1-2) listed independently.}, month = {December 1988}, pages = {16-23}, abstract = {Technology transfer is a multi-level process of communication involving a variety of senders and receivers of ideas and materials. As a response to market failure, or as an effort to accelerate market-driven social change, technology transfer may combine public and private aparatus or rely solely on public institutional mechanisms to identify, develop, and deliver innovations and information. Technology transfer institutions include universities, government ministries, research institutes, and what may be termed the {\textquoteright}project sector{\textquoteright}. Four farm- and village-level change models are considered: traditional community development, adoption-diffusion, training and Visit Extension, and Farming Systems Research. The challenges to technology transfer efforts center on developing indigenous capacity to generate and adapt agricultural technology to local conditions. This is the primary objective of technology transfer in agriculture and the basis for advancing rural development.}, keywords = {community development, farming systems, rural development, technology transfer, transfer effort}, doi = {10.1007/BF02217173}, url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02217173}, author = {Joseph J. Molnar and Curtis M. Jolly} } @inbook {930, title = {Tropical dry forests: The most endangered major tropical ecosystem}, booktitle = {Biodiversity}, year = {1988}, note = {Chapter 14}, month = {1988}, pages = {130-137}, publisher = {National Academy Press}, organization = {National Academy Press}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {The most threatened of major tropical forest types is the tropical dry forest. They are threatened for many different reasons. The expensive land that is generally used for agricultural production is clear cut. This does very serious damage to the anticipated restoration of the site by conservationists who are working to stop the sellers. These sellers have much influence in local politics and will hold these positions well into the future. Fortunately, much of this cleared land could be properly restored if the proper seed sources are present. Properly manipulated, domestic animals may be our best hope in combatting the ever present threat of fire. These animals help to disperse seeds into the pastures and graze off of the grasses that would provide the fuel for the next dry season{\textquoteright}s grass fires. Restoration ecology is working to preserve these forests and maintain their rich biodiversity. The real well-being will rest in the hands of the policy makers.}, keywords = {biodiversity, dry forests, tropical forests}, isbn = {0-309-03783-2; 978-0-309=03783-9}, url = {http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=989\&page=130}, author = {Daniel H. Janzen}, editor = {E. O. Wilson and Frances M. Peter} } @book {413, title = {Useful farming practices: New edition}, year = {1988}, month = {1988}, pages = {451}, publisher = {Japan Association for International Cooperation of Agriculture \& Forestry}, organization = {Japan Association for International Cooperation of Agriculture \& Forestry}, address = {Tokyo}, abstract = {This book is a general overview of farming techniques for diverse ecological systems and technological capabilities. Major areas of discussion are horticulture, animal husbandry, agricultural engineering, farming machines and tools, sericulture, forestry, and fisheries. There is also an emphasis on rice cultivation.}, keywords = {agricultural engineering, agroforestry, animal husbandry, appropriate technology and intermediate technology, aquatic resources, ecology, ethnobotany, fisheries, forestry, horticulture, rice, sericulture, upland farming}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/22662784}, author = {Japan Association for International Cooperation of Agriculture \& Forestry (AICAF)} } @article {599, title = {Kandyan gardens of Sri Lanka}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {5}, year = {1987}, month = {June 1987}, pages = {123-137}, abstract = {Kandyan Gardens (KG) or Kandyan Forest Gardens (KFG) of Sri Lanka represent a traditional system of perennial cropping which has been in practice for several centuries. It is esseentially a system of mixed cropping with a variety of economically valuable groups of tree crops such as spices, fruits, medicinal plants and timber species. However, these systems are usually in small homestead holdings and are practiced in only a few districts. KFG is different from other homegarden systems mostly in terms of the variety of plants grown. Moreover the farmers who practice this system enjoy a {\textquoteright}relatively better{\textquoteright} level of living by virtue of returns from both the economic cash crops and the subsistence products. Presumably, with improved management, the system has the potential for increased production and better returns. This paper examines the situation with respect to the KG system and endeavours to identify the directions of research for the improvement of the system. (author)}, keywords = {coffee, intercropping, labor, land use patterns, mixed cropping, pepper}, doi = {10.1007/BF00047517}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00047517}, author = {V. J. Jacob and W. S. Alles} } @inbook {885, title = {Indigenous technology and farming systems research: Agroforestry in the Indian desert}, booktitle = {Social sciences and farming systems research: Methodological perspectives on agricultural development}, series = {Westview special studies in agriculture science and policy}, year = {1986}, note = {Chapter 11}, month = {1986}, pages = {221-244}, publisher = {Westview Press}, organization = {Westview Press}, address = {Boulder, CO}, abstract = {This case study describes a Farming Systems project directed by the author in India with the faculty of Mohan Lal Sukhadia Agricultural University, the agricultural school for the State of Rajasthan. The project dealt with an arid zone where grain is produced in association nitrogen fixing trees. The multiple benefits of this association make it unlikely that farmers will change this production system unless major climatic or infrastructural changes occur. The probable persistence of this pattern has major implications for agricultural research strategies.}, keywords = {agricultural systems, agroforestry, research , social sciences}, isbn = {0-8133-7136-8}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/13009091}, author = {Barry H Michie}, editor = {Jeffrey R Jones and Ben J. Wallace} } @article {622, title = {Multipurpose trees and shrubs on farmlands in Tamil Nadu State (India)}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {4}, year = {1986}, month = {March 1986}, pages = {17-32}, abstract = {

Farmers in Tamil Nadu State integrate numerous species of multipurpose trees and shrubs on their farmlands in close association with agricultural crops and/or livestock. The dominant among them are Borassus flabellifer, Tamarindus indica, Ceiba pentandra, Acacia leucophloea and A. nilotica.

These woody perennials are better able to cope with poor growing conditions. Their increasing integration on farmlands represents a strategy to minimise risk of crop failure. Some species (e.g., Prosopis juliflora and Delonix elata) are deliberately used to ameliorate infertile or saline soils in order to permit the growing of annual crops. In addition to producing fuelwood, charcoal, fruit and fodder and providing many service functions, these species require only fewer inputs and give the farmer a choice of management options in the event of poor crop growth. The productivity of these traditionally managed and little-studied agroforestry systems can considerably be improved by scientific interventions.

}, keywords = {agroforestry, agrosilvopasture, economic fallow, green manure, multipurpose trees, waste reclamation}, doi = {10.1007/BF01834699}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01834699}, author = {R. Jambulingam and E. C. M. Fernandes} } @article {699, title = {The tree that purifies water: Cultivating multipurpose Moringaceae in the Sudan}, journal = {Unasylva (FAO)}, volume = {38}, year = {1986}, month = {February 1986}, pages = {23-28}, abstract = {Suspensions of seed powder from trees and shrubs of the Moringaceae family can effectively be used to clarify water, even turbid water from the River Nile. But species from this family have a variety of other uses as well. Although they show considerable promise for multipurpose use in the tropical belt, little is known about how to cultivate the various species. This article examines different methods of cultivation appropriate to different species -- often with surprising results.}, keywords = {agroforestry, fodder, fuelwood, medicinal plants, oil, ornamental trees, spices}, url = {http://www.fao.org/docrep/r7750e/r7750e04.htm$\#$the\%20tree\%20that\%20purifies\%20water:\%20cultivating\%20multipurpose\%20moringaceae\%20in\%20the\%20sudan}, author = {Samia Al Azharia Jahn and Hassan A. Musnad and Heinz Burgstaller} } @inbook {855, title = {Agroforestry in shifting cultivation control programmes in India}, booktitle = {Social, economic, and institutional aspects of agroforestry}, year = {1984}, month = {1984}, pages = {61-67}, publisher = {The United National University}, organization = {The United National University}, address = {Tokyo}, abstract = {About 7000 B.C., according to the archaeological evidence (Childe 1956) mankind began to change its mode of life from food gathering to food cultivation, by adopting shifting cultivation which is, historically, a transitional stage towards more permanent agriculture. As the years passed, the peoples living in river valleys advanced rapidly and brought about a number of institutional and technological changes; but meanwhile some of the people living in remote areas continued in the blind alley of shifting cultivation and failed to take part in the progress towards culture and civilization. However, in the development of a country all sections of society need to be involved, including the backward shifting cultivators, all are equally entitled to the benefits of civilization and development. For these reasons programmes for the control of shifting cultivation have become important, particularly in tropical countries, and agro-forestry has played a pivotal role in these programmes. (author)}, keywords = {agroforestry, India}, isbn = {92-808-0502-9}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/12640944}, author = {E. S. Thangam}, editor = {J. K. Jackson} } @article {616, title = {Marine conservation in relation to traditional life-styles of tropical artisanal fishermen}, journal = {The Environmentalist}, volume = {4}, year = {1984}, month = {July 1984}, pages = {30-35}, abstract = {

Managing a resource involves regulating the behaviour of the people whose activities affect that resource. In order to do so effectively, therefore, it is necessary to study not only the resource itself, but also the local methods, traditions and knowledge associated with its use. Artisanal fishermen often act in ways that deliberately or inadvertently function as conservation measures. Such traditional practices include the observation of fishing rights (a form of limited entry), and self-imposed closed seasons, closed areas, and gear restrictions. Management and conservation laws that are compatible with such customs are more liable to achieve public acceptance than those that are perceived as alien. Such acceptance is especially important in developing tropical countries because money and personnel available for enforcement are generally minimal.

Scientific knowledge concerning natural resources in the tropics is often inadequate. Traditional users of these resources possess knowledge about them that can be of considerable value to conservationists and resource managers. Such knowledge includes information on fish migrations, the timing and location of spawning of various species and the locations of important fishing sites that should be protected from deleterious human activities such as pollution, dredging and filling.

}, keywords = {conservation measure, fishing, local method, resource manager, scientific knowledge}, doi = {10.1007/BF01907290}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01907290}, author = {R. E. Johannes} } @inbook {895, title = {Machiguenga Gardens}, booktitle = {Adaptive responses of native Amazonians}, year = {1983}, note = {Chapter 2}, month = {1983}, pages = {29-63}, publisher = {Academic Press}, organization = {Academic Press}, address = {New York}, abstract = {The present description concerns shifting cultivation among the Machiguenga, Native American inhabitants of the tropical rainforest of the Upper Amazon, specifically, a community on the Kompiroshiato River, a tributary of the Urubamba River in the department of Cuzco, Peru. The language is of the Arawakan family, and is closely allied to that of the Amuesha, Campa, and Piro Indians, who also inhabit the montana of Southeastern Peru. As is typical of the montana region, Machiguenga settlements vary from single families to small hamlets of related families located on a stream that provides clean water for household needs, near a river suitable for fishing, and with abundant forest for hunting and from which gardens are cleared. Population density is 0.3 persons/km2. The Machiguenga spend nearly as much time procuring wild foods as they do cultivating their gardens, but it is from their gardens that the vast bulk of their food derives, including a great overproduction of starchy tubers for food security under isolated and vulnerable living conditions. (author)}, keywords = {cacao, coffee, forest dwellers, horticulture, hunter-gatherer, labor, maize, manioc, Native Americans, rainforests, shifting cultivation, slash and burn, soils, South America, weeds, women, yams}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/8827760}, author = {Allen Johnson}, editor = {Raymond B. Hames and William T. Vickers} } @article {655, title = {Some observations on the ethnobotany of the tribes of Totopara and adjoining areas in Jalpaiguri district, West Bengal}, journal = {Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany}, volume = {4}, year = {1983}, month = {1983}, pages = {453-474}, abstract = {The paper deals with 84 species of angiosperms predominantly used by the tribes inhabiting areas like Totos, Mech, Modesia, Nepalese, etc., for food, for poisoning fish, as medicine, fodder for cattle, etc. In the enumeration, the various species have been listed in alphabetical order according to their botanical names. Under each botanical name has been given details such as local name, short description, etc. Detail on herbarium specimens to authenticate the report of the species in the area have also been provided under each species. (author)}, keywords = {Bengal, taxonomy}, author = {S. N. Das and K. P. Janardhanan and S. C. Roy} } @inbook {871, title = {Exploitation in southeast Asia}, booktitle = {Tropical rain forest ecosystems: Biogeographical and ecological studies}, series = {Ecosystems of the world no. 14B}, year = {1982}, note = {Chapter 34}, month = {1982}, pages = {591-610}, publisher = {Elsevier}, organization = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, abstract = {

The area we cover is insular Southeast Asia, or Melanesia, comprising the Philippines, Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei, Indonesia, and Papua New Guinea. The countries of mainland Southeast Asia are excluded, as they contain little tropical rain forest. Our own research experience leads us to focus mainly on Indonesia.

We consider three categories of exploitation: logging, rattan collection, and shifting cultivation. All are economically important in Southeast Asia and all have had increasingly widespread and deleterious effects in the last few decades. We first describe an example of \"traditional\" (that is, non-mechanized) logging, from the remote Apo Kayan region of the Indonesian province of East Kalimantan on the island of Borneo. Timber cutting in the Apo Kayan is still largely for local use, and employs means that must have been more widespread in Borneo in pre-industrial times. It is far less environmentally destructive than modern commercial logging in lowland dipterocarp forests, which is a subject we also consider. We then turn to rattan collection, drawing especially on the work of Dransfield, who has considered the relation of rattan biology to methods of management and conservation. The last section is a discussion of some aspects of shifting cultivation. (author)

}, keywords = {rainforests, southeast Asia}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/21303776}, author = {K. Kartawinata and T. C. Jessup and Andrew P. Vayda}, editor = {H. Leith and M. J. A. Werger} } @book {299, title = {Bibliography on tropical agroforestry}, series = {Serie bibliotecolog{\'\i}a y documentaci{\'o}n, English version, bibliograf{\'\i}a no. 6}, year = {1981}, month = {1981}, pages = {67}, publisher = {Centro Agron{\'o}mico Tropical de Investigaci{\'o}n y Ense{\~n}anza (CATIE)}, organization = {Centro Agron{\'o}mico Tropical de Investigaci{\'o}n y Ense{\~n}anza (CATIE)}, address = {Turrialba, Costa Rica}, abstract = {This bibliography includes 680 references of documents on tropical agroforestry. Most of the documents deal with the American tropics, but there are also documents from Africa, Asia and Oceania. Two indices are presented, one by authors, and the other combining subjects, species and countries, including 363 authors, 94 subject keywords, 57 geographical terms and 71 botanical genera. Instructions are given on the use of the bibliography, how to consult the documents and how to obtain (by mail) copies of these papers. (author)}, keywords = {agroforestry}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/8353810}, author = {Jean Combe and Humberto Jim{\'e}nez Saa and Claudia Monge} } @inbook {911, title = {Research on traditional water coagulation}, booktitle = {Traditional water purification in tropical developing countries: Existing methods and potential application}, series = {GTZ-publications}, year = {1981}, note = {Chapter 6}, month = {December 1981}, pages = {137-198}, publisher = {German Agency for Technical Cooperation (GTZ)}, organization = {German Agency for Technical Cooperation (GTZ)}, address = {Eschborn, Federal Republic of Germany}, abstract = {

This chapter, Research On Traditional Water Coagulation, contains five sections on natural water coagulants. The sections included are:

References are also provided.

}, keywords = {bacteria, chitosan, fish scales, flocculants, marine algae, microbiology, non-bacterial pathogens, plant powder, treated water, virus, water quality}, isbn = {3-88085-116-6; 978-3-88085-116-0}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1080074497}, author = {Samia Al Azharia Jahn} } @article {723, title = {Why do Apo Kayan shifting cultivators move?}, journal = {Borneo Research Bulletin}, volume = {13}, year = {1981}, month = {April 1981}, pages = {16-32}, abstract = {This paper examines shifting cultivation patterns in Apo Kayan on the island of Borner (East Kalimantan). Includes reasons for moving from fields not related to food productions and discards the idea that shifting cultivators cannot adjust to a cash economy. Another "myth" this is discarded is that shifting cultivators are destroyers of primary forests. Also includes suggestions for resettlement program planning as well as expediting economic growth.}, keywords = {Indonesia, rainforests, rice, trade}, url = {http://www.borneoresearchcouncil.org/BRB\%20PDF\%20scans/BRB_1981_13_01.pdf}, author = {Timothy C. Jessup} } @article {833, title = {Species and part of tree collected}, year = {1980}, note = {Devers, Inc. has also been a credited author.}, month = {August 1980}, institution = {Bureau for Program and Policy Coordination, U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID)}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {

People everywhere have a precise evaluation of firewood, knowing which species and parts of trees are the best for specific purposes \— for roasting, simmering, brewing, quick heat, a fire to warm oneself, etc. There is extensive technical knowledge among the local collectors and users concerning the species indigenous to the region and their cooking, heating, medicinal and other qualities, passed down from one generation of users to another. (author)

}, keywords = {firewood, fuelwood, taboos}, url = {https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015064769352}, author = {Dennis H. Wood and David Brokensha and Alphonso Peter Castro and Matthew S. Gamser and Beth A. Jackson and Bernard W. Riley} } @article {708, title = {Traditional marine conservation methods in Oceania and their demise}, journal = {Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics}, volume = {9}, year = {1978}, month = {January 1978}, pages = {349-364}, abstract = {This paper is an account of the rise and decline of a millenia-old system of controlled exploitation of marine resources that incorporates a wisdom Westerners are only now beginning to appreciate after having brought about its widespread decay. (author)}, keywords = {aquaculture, aquatic resources, fish, Melanesia}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/2096753}, author = {R. E. Johannes} }