@conference {753, title = {Agronomic and socio-economic aspects of windbreaks in Southwest-Niger}, booktitle = {Paper presented at 4th International Symposium on Windbreaks and Agroforestry, July 26-30, 1993, Viborg, Denmark}, year = {1993}, month = {July 1993}, address = {Viborg, Denmark}, abstract = {The integration of socio-economic and cultural survey into agroforestry experiments and development projects already in the planning stage can assist in the choice of tree species and the planting system. In 1992, an on-station windbreak/millet experiment in Niger was combined with a survey of farmers and their wives from an adjacent village in order to evaluate local knowledge, perception and the attributed value of trees and shrubs. Millet yield were reduced by Acacia holosericea and Acacia nilotica up to a 2 and 8 m distance from the hedge, respectively, while Faidherbia albida showed no competition to millet. The survey showed that farmers appreciation of tree species was strongly related to agricultural issues; they considered F. albida as the most preferred tree because of its soil enrichment. Their wives, however, concentrated on household needs and ranked Combretum glutinosum first. Farmers were aware of wind erosion and crop competition effects of different species. This study provided evidence that long term studies on the technical aspects of windbreaks and agroforestry systems could gain substantially from the indigenous knowledge of rural people.}, keywords = {agroforestry, Niger, windbreaks}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/768076539}, author = {J. P. A. Lamers and K. Michels and B.E Allison and R. J. Vanderbeldt} } @book {304, title = {Community biodiversity development and conservation programme}, series = {Working Document no. 2}, year = {1993}, note = {Working document [2] for implementation phase [1] - 1994{\textendash}1997: as agreed by partners in Buga, Colombia, September 1993}, month = {14 October 1993}, pages = {35}, publisher = {CGN [Centre for Genetic Resources, The Netherlands]}, organization = {CGN [Centre for Genetic Resources, The Netherlands]}, address = {Wageningen}, abstract = {

This program is designed to unite two forms of crop improvement and conservation which operate side by side with little interaction. The institutional system linking genebanks with institutional and private industry, breeding, seed production and, ultimately, distribution to farmers. The non-institutional informal system is called the farmer/community system and uses local landraces and integrating conservation and utilization in a dynamic system of on-farm crop improvement and seed production. In most of the developing world the informal seed sector is much larger than the formal seed sector. The main difference is not between commercial and subsistence farms, but between crop types. It would be of great benefit for both systems if cooperation was established.

}, keywords = {biodiversity, germplasm}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/862982694}, author = {DLO-Centrum voor Plantenveredelings- en Reproduktieonderzoek (Wageningen) Center for Genetic Resources and Latin American Consortium for Agroecology and Development (Santiago) and Community Technology Development Association} } @article {594, title = {Inga edulis: A tree for acid soils in the humid tropics}, journal = {NFT Highlights}, volume = {93-04}, year = {1993}, note = {A publication of the Forest, Farm, and Community Tree Network (FACT Net)}, month = {September 1993}, abstract = {A quick guide to useful nitrogen-fixing trees from around the world. Inga is a large genus of leguminous trees native to the American humid tropics. Inga edulis, the best known of the Inga species, is popular with agroforesters for its rapid growth, tolerance of acid soils and high production of leafy biomass to control weeds and erosion.}, keywords = {agroforestry, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, forest genetics, forestry, genetic resources, Inga, Panama, Peru, trees, tropical forests, tropical trees}, url = {https://www.winrock.org/factnet-a-lasting-impact/fact-sheets/inga-edulis-a-tree-for-acid-soils-in-the-humid-tropics/}, author = {Anna Lawrence} } @article {603, title = {Land use, soil loss, and sustainable agriculture in Rwanda}, journal = {Human Ecology}, volume = {18}, year = {1990}, note = {

See also: 10.22004/ag.econ.55057 (OA University of Minnesota Repository)

}, month = {June 1990}, pages = {147-161}, abstract = {The conservation of scarce land resources is essential to the long-term viability of agriculture in Rwanda. High population density, steep slopes, and abundant rainfall prevail in the highland portions of this African country, making the task of erosion control uncommonly difficult for the peasant farmer. The specific use to which land is put, e.g,, cultivation, fallow, pasture, woodlots, and if it is cultivated, the particular combination of crops grown, can be seen as contributing to both the cause and the solution of the land degradation problem. Based on data from a nationwide survey of over 4,800 agricultural fields in Rwanda, this study reviews the extent to which the land use and cropping patterns employed by farmers are appropriately suited, in terms of erosion control, to the topographical and environmental characteristics of their landholdings. Analyses of other aspects of the traditional agricultural system, eg, variations in relative soil fertility, the use of organic fertilizers, and the location of fields relative to the household, are introduced to help explain why farmers often fail to maximize erosion control through land use and cropping practices. Adjustments to current land use practices that can be expected to reduce soil loss are discussed. (author)}, keywords = {cropping patterns, food security, Rwanda, slope, soil loss, sustainable agriculture}, doi = {10.1007/BF00889179}, author = {Daniel C. Clay and Laurence A. Lewis} } @book {402, title = {The tropical forestry action plan: What progress?}, year = {1990}, month = {1990}, pages = {89}, publisher = {World Rainforest Movement and the Ecologist}, organization = {World Rainforest Movement and the Ecologist}, address = {Penang, Malaysia}, abstract = {This book discusses the results of a review of the implementation and success of the Tropical Forestry action Plan since it was introduced in 1985 as the answer to the tropical deforestation problem. This review details nine of the currently used plans in terms of their goals and how well they have met these goals.}, keywords = {forest policy, rainforests}, isbn = {967-99987-2-X}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/23738011}, author = {Marcus Colchester and Larry Lohmann} } @article {842, title = {The use of marine organisms in folk medicine and horticulture: A preliminary study}, year = {1990}, month = {February 1990}, institution = {Seaweed Information Center (SICEN), University of the Philippines}, address = {Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines}, abstract = {This paper reports briefly on the use of marine organisms in folk medicine and horticulture among the coastal people of northern Mindanao and the Visayan Islands of Bohol, Cebu, and Negros in central Philippines. This island group seemed to us a good starting point for what could eventually be a broad and in-depth study of this subject. For one thing, the common folk medicinal and horticultural practices in these areas are, for the most part, based on efficacious use of marine plants and animals. For another, the people on these islands are linked by a common dialect that is spoken by two of us, a distinct advantage that precluded the need for translation during interveiws with local folks. (author)}, keywords = {ethnobotany, ethnopharmacology, medicinal plants, taxonomy}, author = {P. M. Alino and G. J. B. Cajipe and E.T. Ganzon-Fortes and W. R. Y. Licuanan and N. E. Montano and L. M. Tupas} } @book {318, title = {Environmental accounting for sustainable development: Selected papers from Joint UNEP/World Bank Workshops}, series = {World Bank Symposium}, year = {1989}, note = {Contributors include the United Nations Environment Programme; World Bank}, month = {1989}, pages = {100}, publisher = {The Bank}, organization = {The Bank}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {International organizations are making a substantial effort to incorporate environmental concerns in their regular operations. A great deal of work is now being done to help clarify the linkages between development and the environment. This work will enable us to integrate environmental and resource management concerns more effectively in the economic decision-making process. It will be an essential component in our efforts to establish the basis for long-term and sustainable development. This volume reflects the attention given during the past six years by the World Bank and the United Nations Environment Programme, as well as others, to this important topic. (author).}, keywords = {accounting, economic development, environmental aspects, environmental impact analysis, national income, natural resources}, isbn = {0-8213-1224-3}, editor = {Yusuf Ahmad and Salah El Serafy and Ernst Lutz} } @article {559, title = {Farmers{\textquoteright} production of timber trees in the cacao-coffee region of coastal Ecuador}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {9}, year = {1989}, month = {October 1989}, pages = {155-170}, abstract = {The coastal region of Ecuador is an important producer of cacao and coffee. Increasingly, farms and ranches in the region also provide industrial wood for sawmills and other wood processing plants. Most of this wood derives from shade trees and pasture trees. Because little is known of wood supply from farm sources in coastal Ecuador, a survey was conducted of 122 farmers in the subregions of Ventanas, La Troncal, and Babahoyo. The survey indicates an abundance of land for the growing of farm trees, and excellent regeneration of many species on the majority of farms. However, current stocking of farm trees seems well below potential, and fewer than half of interviewed owners deliberately manage farm trees for eventual sale as timber. Only 2.2 percent of gross farm revenue derives from tree sales, even though over half of surveyed farmers have sold trees to industrial buyers at least once. Constraints on production and sales of farm trees for timber include risks of damage to coffee and cacao; perceived incompatibilities with current farming practices; inadequate methods of classification and pricing of farm trees; and insufficient knowledge of the industrial uses of farm trees by agricultural extensionists. These limitations need to be addressed through a strategy of research, development, and information diffusion on selected demonstration farms.}, keywords = {agricultural extensionist, farm tree, pasture tree, shade trees, timber }, doi = {10.1007/BF00168260}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00168260}, author = {Michael F. Mussak and Jan G. Laarman} } @book {345, title = {Indigenous forest utilization and management systems: Lecture series forestry and rural development lecture notes}, year = {1989}, note = {General Note: Lecture series Forestry and rural development 2, 1989}, month = {May/June 1989}, pages = {80}, publisher = {Agricultural University Wageningen, Department of Forest Management}, organization = {Agricultural University Wageningen, Department of Forest Management}, address = {Wageningen [Netherlands]}, abstract = {Lecture notes on indigenous forest utilization and management systems; Farmers{\textquoteright} perception of society and environment, and their land use: the case of the Aouan in Ivory Coast; The Kubu and the outside world (South Sumatra, Indonesia): the modification of hunting and gathering; Household economy and tree growing in upland Central Java; The reality of the commons: answering Hardin from Somalia; social forestry and land use institutions, an anthropological view.}, keywords = {agroforestry, community forestry}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/880968334}, author = {Landbouwuniversiteit Wageningen, Department of Forest Management} } @article {674, title = {The dehesa: An agrosilvopastoral system of the Mediterranean region with special reference to the Sierra Morena area of Spain}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {6}, year = {1988}, month = {February 1988}, pages = {71-96}, abstract = {A multidisciplinary team undertook a six-year investigation on the agro-ecological and socio-economic aspects of the dehesa system in the Sierra Norte area, a part of the Sierra Morena of the Sevilla Province, Western Andalusia, Spain. This paper summarizes its findings on the various agro-ecological features of the system and evaluates the system{\textquoteright}s functional aspects vis-a-vis the trends and developments in land use in the region over the past few centuries. The synergistic effects of tree cover on understorey grassland vegetation is discussed in terms of soil fertility build-up and favourable micro-climatic and hydrological features, and the potential use of this information in future research and development programmes to improve the dehesa system in the Mediterranean region is outlined. (author)}, keywords = {agrosilvopasture, dehesa, effect of trees on soils, ethnobotany, mediterranean region, oak trees, Sierra Morena}, doi = {10.1007/BF02344747}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02344747}, author = {Richard Joffre and Jean Vacher and Carlos de los Llanos and Gilbert Long} } @book {417, title = {Weed management in agroecosystems: Ecological approaches}, year = {1988}, month = {1988}, pages = {354}, publisher = {CRC Press, Inc.}, organization = {CRC Press, Inc.}, address = {Boca Raton, FL}, abstract = {Consists of table of contents and introduction. The chapters of this book describe the physiological, population, and community ecology of weeds within agroecosystems, with the goal of recognizing details relevant for better weed management. Recognition of the germination, establishment, growth, and reproduction requirements of different weeds will allow identification of life stages that are particularly susceptible to attack. Recognition of the effects of different tillage and crop rotation systems will be present in a particular field at a particular point in time. Recognition of how crops, insects, and pathogens affect weed performance through resource competition, allelopathy, herbivory, and disease will suggest better ways to use these phenomena in integrated approaches to weed management. Recognition of how and when weeds affect crop performance through resource competition, allelopathy, and positive and negative interactions with crop insect and disease pests will provide insights into when and how thoroughly weed management tactics should be imposed.}, keywords = {agricultural ecology, agricultural systems, biological control, ecology, integrated control, tillage, weeds}, isbn = {0-8493-6816-2}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/16682275}, editor = {Miguel A. Altieri and Matt Liebman} } @book {322, title = {Family profiles of selected functional groups in Palawan}, year = {1987}, month = {March-April 1987}, pages = {102}, publisher = {University of the Phillipines}, organization = {University of the Phillipines}, address = {Los Banos, Philippines}, abstract = {Undertaken as part of FAO/TCP/PHI project no.6652: Training to integrate nutrition considerations into agriculture and rural development projects. This study is an attempt to use simple ethnographic methods to study the coping mechanisms of families belonging to different occupational groups in Palawan. Thirty families representing six main occupational groups -- swidden horticulturalists, stewards, small rainfed farmers, small irrigated farmers, fishermen and landless laborers -- served as the informants in this study. Within each occupational groups, differnt family types were also represented, i.e. young vs. old families, recent migrant vs. old migrant, and ethnic minorities in the particular locality.}, keywords = {aquatic resources}, author = {Virginia N. Sandoval and Ferdinand Larona and Grace Puerto} } @article {839, title = {The half-hidden economic roles of rural Nigerian women and national development}, year = {1987}, note = {Research monograph prepared for the World Bank}, month = {October 1987}, abstract = {As Nigerian oil exports flourished, its agricultural production floundered from 45 percent of the Gross Domestic Product in 1970 to 25 percent in 1987. However, in order to understand the full measure of the Nigerian agricultural stiuation, and assess its impacts on hindering or facilitating national development, one must understand just how women fit in the various farming systems of the country. This manuscript starts with an overview of Nigeria{\textquoteright}s recent oil and agricultural situation. Next, the paper presents a glimpse of Nigeria{\textquoteright}s major variance in ethnicity, ecology, and the division of agricultural labor and resources by gender. Then, the manual examines the gender division of labor and resources in the agricultural sector, and looks at recent changes. In section four, the paper draws links from micro to macro levels, and identifies the gaps in our knowledge of gender and agricultural systems in Nigeria. Finally, the text concludes with a summary of the major findings and a series of policy recommendations.}, keywords = {Africa, agriculture, animal by-products, animal husbandry, crop by-products, economics, farm forestry, female agriculture, harvesting, marketing, national development, Nigeria, oil, processing, rural people, soils, sowing, storage, tending, transporting, weeding, women}, author = {Rae Lesser Blumberg and Lorna Lueker} } @article {576, title = {Homestead agroforestry in Bangladesh}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {5}, year = {1987}, month = {June 1987}, pages = {139-151}, abstract = {

The Homestead agroforestry system is very important in the economy of Bangladesh. The many woody species grown in the homesteads are a significant source of fuelwood; they also provide fodder, building materials and other forms of wood. In the context of the prevailing shortage of fuelwood and excessive deforestation in Bangladesh, this homestead agroforestry system needs to be strengthened. A field survey was undertaken to assess the prospects and feasibility of initiating a programme for the improvement of homestead agroforestry systems. It showed that the prospects for improving homestead agroforestry systems are good because most respondents own their homesteads and believe there is room for more trees on them. Although they know that raising trees is relatively difficult and requires special practices, they are familiar with the government nurseries and local agricultural extension officers, and are confident about the success of the programme. Results also indicate that multipurpose trees and specific modules for involving women in the farm operations are likely to enhance success of the programme.

}, keywords = {agriculture, Bangladesh, farmer opinion, forestry, fruit trees, homestead agroforestry}, doi = {10.1007/BF00047518}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00047518}, author = {William A. Leuschner and Kibriaul Khaleque} } @book {371, title = {People and the tropical forest: A research report from the United States Man and the Biosphere Program}, series = {Man and the Biosphere Program Project}, year = {1987}, note = {U.S. National Committee for Man and the Biosphere Tropical and Subtropical Forests Directorate}, month = {1987}, pages = {75}, publisher = {U.S. Department of State, U.S. Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Program, Tropical and Subtropical Forests Directorate}, organization = {U.S. Department of State, U.S. Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Program, Tropical and Subtropical Forests Directorate}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {

Contents:

}, keywords = {agroforestry, forest management, rainforests}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/721051055}, editor = {Ariel E. Lugo and John J. Ewel and Susanna B. Hecht and Peter G. Murphy and Christine Padoch and Marianne C. Schmink and Donald Stone} } @article {501, title = {A second look at the economics of natural management systems in tropical mixed forests}, journal = {Unasylva}, volume = {155}, year = {1987}, note = {A.J. Leslie is a former Director of FAO{\textquoteright}s Forest Industries Division}, month = {March-April 1987}, pages = {46-58}, abstract = {A.J. Leslie states that the reason for national management{\textquoteright}s failure was that it was not given a good enough chance. National management was all too easily dismissed and the greed of timber production was one of the biggest reasons for its downfall. Leslie is trying to outline the deeper aspects of economic analysis. The author says that conservation of the forest is possible through management. He lists the case and its weaknesses against national management. He also states the problem of generalities of forest management includes a timeline, approximating the rate that a cycle could last. He inserts 3 tables illustrating cost estimates. He also includes a glossary of terms.}, keywords = {benefit cost ratio, discount rate, Faustmann formula, India, rainforests, shadow prices}, url = {http://www.fao.org/docrep/s1930e/s1930e06.htm}, author = {A. J. Leslie} } @article {812, title = {African traditional ecological knowledge: A preliminary investigation of indigenous or traditional ecological knowledge and associated sustainable management practices in Africa and relevance to CIDA{\textquoteright}s environmental policy}, year = {1986}, note = {Includes a letter from lalonde to Gerard McKiernan dated May 1991. This may be the outline for a book chapter in "Traditional Ecological Knowledge: Concepts and Cases" edited by Julian T. Inglis.}, month = {1986}, institution = {Canadian International Development Agency}, address = {Wakefield, Quebec}, abstract = {

The Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA), reviewed and synthesized wide ranging literature on \"alternative\" systems of African indigenous peoples\&$\#$39; traditional ecological knowledge (TEK), as revealed by indigenous land-use and renewable resource management practices. International involvement in this area by the UN, the World Bank, and various NGO\&$\#$39;s (IUCN, IIED, etc.), was also investigated to help identify the present scope or practical interest of TEK and possible future directions.

Main traditional livelihoods and land-use practices which sustainably exploit the ecosystem include sedentary and shifting agriculture, nomadic pastoralism, hunting, fishing, food gathering, rainforest use and limited agro-forestry for food, materials and medicines, etc. This is demonstrated, where possible with case-studies involving the following regions of African tribal groups: Kenya - Maasai; Tanzania - Pare; Zaramo, Luguru; Niger - Fulani; and the San of the Kalahari, etc. The report also investigated the nature or ambiguity between indigenous and post-colonial \"traditional\" practices of rural Africa and the constraints or challenges this poses to the current transmission and respect for TEK among indigenous Africans and development planners alike.

}, keywords = {Africa, agroforestry, Canada, deforestation, desertification, education, ethnoconservation, ethnopharmacology}, author = {Andre Lalonde} } @article {540, title = {Deforestation: Interdependency of fuelwood and agriculture}, journal = {OIKOS}, volume = {46}, year = {1986}, note = {Note that this bibliography record may have characters in non-English languages that are not displayed correctly.}, month = {May 1986}, pages = {404-412}, abstract = {

Forests, vital to maintaining environmental stability and the fuelwood and other wood needs of society, are disappearing at an alarming rate throughout the world. Agricultural expansion into about 10 million hectares of new land accounts for most of the 11.6 million hectares of forest land being lost each year. The most promising policy to reduce deforestation and increase food supplies is to double crop yields over the next 2 to 3 decades on the most productive agricultural lands. This would require successful control of soil erosion plus the increased use of fertilizers and other agricultural inputs that help increase crop yield.

Леса, способные поддерживать стабильность окружающей среды, потребности в древесине и другие потребности общества в том, что дает лес, исчезают во всем мире с тревожащей быстротой. Сепьскохозайственная экспансия почти на 10 млн га вновь освоенных земель шла за счет большей части лесной террито-рии в 11,6 млн га, ежегодно уничтожавшихся. Наиболее перспективная полити-ка замедления сведения лесов и увеличения лесных заласов - удвоение урожай-ности наиболее высокопродуктивных сельскохозаяственных земель в ближайшие 2-3 десятилетия. Это потребует эффективной борьбы с эрозией почв и увели-чения внесения удобрений и использования других сельскожозайственных ме-роприятий по повышению урожайности.

}, keywords = {agroforestry, deforestation, soil erosion}, doi = {10.2307/3565841}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/3565841}, author = {David Pimentel and Wen Dazhong and Sanford Eigenbrode and Helen Lang and David Emerson and Myra Karasik} } @inbook {921, title = {The question of hunter-gatherer territoriality: The case of the Batek of Malaysia}, booktitle = {The past and future of !Kung ethnography: Critical reflections and symbolic perspectives: Essays in honour of Lorna Marshall}, series = {Quellen zur Khoisan-Forschung no. 4}, year = {1986}, month = {1987}, pages = {137-162}, publisher = {Helmut Buske Verlag}, organization = {Helmut Buske Verlag}, address = {Hamburg}, abstract = {In this paper we hope to make a small additional contribution to the understanding of hunter-gatherer territoriality by describing the social organization, economic activities, and rights to land and resources among the Batek of peninsular Malaysia. The Batek provide an interesting complementary case to the !Kung because they live in a tropical rain forest, where food and water resources are relatively abundant, and because, unlike the !Kung, exchange with outsiders is an important part of their economy. The most striking contrast, however, is that the Batek are not territorial in any of the usual senses of the term.}, keywords = {Batek, gatherer, hunter-gatherer, Kung, Malaysia, rainforests, rattan, territoriality, tropical, wild fruit}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/16967559}, author = {Kirk Endicott and Karen Lampell Endicott}, editor = {Megan Biesele and Robert Gordon and Richard Lee} } @article {743, title = {The use of indigenous knowledge in analyzing resource allocation at the farm level: A new approach to economic analysis}, year = {1986}, month = {September 1986}, abstract = {Too often we hear of superior technology in the experiment station which farmers are either unable or unwilling to adopt. This research proposal takes a new approach to the problem. The first step will be to understand the production process from the perspective of the farmers. Then, this farmer-generated framework will be used to specify resource management domains, analyze efficiency in resource use, and identify potentials for development of new technology.}, keywords = {cognitive anthropology, economic analysis, economic anthropology, economics, ethnolinguistics, ethnoscience, ethnosemantics, Farming Systems Development Project-Eastern Visayas (FSDP-EV), indigenous knowledge, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Leyte, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries (MAF), Philippines, University of Philippines at Los Banos (UPLB), Visayas State College of Agriculture (ViSCA), World Bank}, author = {Randolph Barker and Thomas F. Weaver and Julie Leones and Daniele Perrot-Maitre} } @article {676, title = {The Dinderesso Forestry School: Case study of extension forestry training in Burkina Faso}, journal = {Rural Africana}, volume = {23-24}, year = {1985}, month = {Fall 85-Win. 86}, pages = {107-114}, abstract = {This paper discusses the evolution of the training program at the National Forestry School of Burkina Faso and the development of a new curriculum with increased emphasis on practical training in extension forestry techniques. In retrospect, the experience gained at Dinderesso over these four years and that from other comparable forestry schools in the Sahel clearly justify a significant effort to upgrade and reorient the training of forest service field agents, in order better to prepare them to meet the challenges of environmental conservation and natural resource management in the Sahel. (author)}, keywords = {agroforestry, education, fuelwood, soils}, author = {Robert T. Winterbottom and Peter E. Linehan} } @inbook {915, title = {Some effects of the Dai people{\textquoteright}s cultural beliefs and practices upon the plant environment of Xishuangbanna, Yunnan Province, Southwest China}, booktitle = {Cultural values and human ecology in southeast Asia}, series = {Michigan papers on south and southeast Asia no. 27}, year = {1985}, note = {Chapter 13}, month = {1985}, pages = {321-339}, publisher = {University of Michigan Center for South and Southeast Asian Studies}, organization = {University of Michigan Center for South and Southeast Asian Studies}, address = {Ann Arbor, MI}, abstract = {This paper details the effects that several cultural practices of the Dai people (a national minority) of Southwest China (Yunnan Province) have on plant environment. Some of these are the introduction and distribution of locally cultivated plants and its link to Hinayana Buddhism; and the preservation of certain pristine forests due to a "Holy Hills" ideology. Also includes the economic and ecological significance of Dai fuelwood cultivation as it relates to conservation.}, keywords = {agroforestry, ethnobotany}, isbn = {0-89148-039-0}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/13134089}, author = {Pei Sheng-ji}, editor = {Karl L. Hutterer and A. Terry Rambo and George W. Lovelace} } @inbook {864, title = {Cultural beliefs and management of agroecosystems}, booktitle = {An introduction to human ecology research on agricultural systems in southeast Asia}, year = {1984}, month = {December 1984}, publisher = {University of the Philippines at Los Ba{\~n}os and East-West Center.}, organization = {University of the Philippines at Los Ba{\~n}os and East-West Center.}, address = {Laguna, Phillippines and Honolulu, HI}, abstract = {This excerpt concerns the use of indigenous knowledge in ecological research and educational programs. It outlines ways in which incorporation of indigenous knowledge was and is useful (if not vital) to said projects. Also included is information about Orang Asli in the Malausian rainforest, particularly their implementation of weapons technology.}, keywords = {curriculum, Malaysia, rainforests}, isbn = {0866380620; 9780866380621}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/11290046}, author = {George W. Lovelace}, editor = {A. Terry Rambo and Percy E. Sajise} } @article {530, title = {Characterization and evaluation of agroforestry systems: The case of Acosta-Puriscal, Costa Rica}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {1}, year = {1983}, month = {June 1983}, pages = {101-115}, abstract = {

The characterization and evaluation of agroforestry systems is exemplified for the Acosta-Puriscal region in Costa Rica.

After the physio-biological and socio-economic description of the study region, it was stratified into two homogenous areas, and the prevailing agroforestry systems classified into the principal groups:

  1. coffee and trees,
  2. pasture and trees and,
  3. live fences.

The analysis of agroforestry production systems recognizes the following steps: Identification of farmers\&$\#$39; production objectives, identification of the elements in the system, study of relationships between elements, analysis of the performance of the system, and, finally, the analysis of production incentives of agroforestry systems.

Whereas classification of agroforestry systems has to be carried out according to the specific site conditions, the methodological approach used to analyse them can be applied generally.

First results of the analysis on coffee in combination with trees indicates that the coffee variety caturra has a high production potential also in combination with trees. With an increasing number of shade and fruit trees, costs of external inputs can be slightly decreased. With an increased density of trees, however, coffee yields were decreased. Incremental yields of other crops and reduced costs of external inputs off-sets the loss in coffee-production.

}, keywords = {agriculture, agroforestry systems, external input, forestry, homogeneous area, live fences, production objective}, doi = {10.1007/BF00596352}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00596352}, author = {J. Lagemann and J. Heuveldop} } @article {541, title = {Developing sustainable agroecosystems}, journal = {BioScience}, volume = {33}, year = {1983}, month = {January 1983}, pages = {45-49}, abstract = {Yields in modern agricultural systems are sustained by investing costly external resources of uncertain future availability and with technologies that have prompted ecosystemic degradation. The ecological and socioeconomic aspects of developing alternative, self-sustained, energy efficient, less resource-intensive agroecosystems are analyzed. (author)}, keywords = {agronomy, biodiversity, ecosystem, energy use, food production, insects, land use, local knowledge, pest management, plant diseases, soils, sustainable agriculture, weeds}, doi = {10.2307/1309244}, url = {http://bioscience.oxfordjournals.org/content/33/1/45}, author = {Miguel A. Altieri and Deborah K. Letourneau and James R. Davis} } @article {818, title = {Development approaches: General conclusions, recommendations and summary of the seven thematic studies}, year = {1983}, month = {1983}, institution = {COTA}, address = {Brussels, Belgium}, abstract = {

The aim of this study is to describe the approaches which encourage or might encourage the development of rural societies in the Third World. The study brings out on the one hand the technologies at present used by these rural societies and their potential for improvement, and on the other hand the new technologies which they can integrate into their development process.

Using numerous examples of projects, often carried out by NGOs, we show how they act in developing old and new technologies, perfecting technical innovations and fitting them into the rural community. (author)

Summary of the seven thematic studies:

  1. reafforestation and fuelwood savings;
  2. wells and boreholds \— replenishment of groundwater resources in the Sahel region;
  3. grain storage;
  4. processing of oil-bearing crops;
  5. alternative building techniques;
  6. metalworking; and
  7. village savings and credit schemes.
}, keywords = {agroforestry, building techniques, fuelwood, grain storage, groundwater, oil- bearing crops, rural development, savings and credit, technical assistance}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/18967554}, author = {Moussa Ba and Michel Lens and Oscar Sarroca and Bintou Simpore and Bernard Van Doren} } @inbook {871, title = {Exploitation in southeast Asia}, booktitle = {Tropical rain forest ecosystems: Biogeographical and ecological studies}, series = {Ecosystems of the world no. 14B}, year = {1982}, note = {Chapter 34}, month = {1982}, pages = {591-610}, publisher = {Elsevier}, organization = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, abstract = {

The area we cover is insular Southeast Asia, or Melanesia, comprising the Philippines, Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei, Indonesia, and Papua New Guinea. The countries of mainland Southeast Asia are excluded, as they contain little tropical rain forest. Our own research experience leads us to focus mainly on Indonesia.

We consider three categories of exploitation: logging, rattan collection, and shifting cultivation. All are economically important in Southeast Asia and all have had increasingly widespread and deleterious effects in the last few decades. We first describe an example of \"traditional\" (that is, non-mechanized) logging, from the remote Apo Kayan region of the Indonesian province of East Kalimantan on the island of Borneo. Timber cutting in the Apo Kayan is still largely for local use, and employs means that must have been more widespread in Borneo in pre-industrial times. It is far less environmentally destructive than modern commercial logging in lowland dipterocarp forests, which is a subject we also consider. We then turn to rattan collection, drawing especially on the work of Dransfield, who has considered the relation of rattan biology to methods of management and conservation. The last section is a discussion of some aspects of shifting cultivation. (author)

}, keywords = {rainforests, southeast Asia}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/21303776}, author = {K. Kartawinata and T. C. Jessup and Andrew P. Vayda}, editor = {H. Leith and M. J. A. Werger} } @book {396, title = {The Aymara Indians of the Lake Titicaca Plateau, Bolivia}, series = {American Anthropologist Association: Memoirs}, volume = {50; 1, Part 2}, year = {1948}, month = {January 1948}, pages = {250 pp.; 13 p of plates; 70-77, 204-205}, publisher = {American Anthropological Association}, organization = {American Anthropological Association}, address = {Menasha, WI}, abstract = {This paper focuses on the Aymara Indians of Bolivia. The areas discussed are animal husbandry, fishing, hunting, and ethnobotany. All of these are discussed as a major topic of Aymara culture and economy.}, keywords = {animal husbandry, Aymara Indians, culture, economics, ethnobotany, fishing, hunting}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/610259267}, author = {Raoul Weston La Barre} }