@inbook {896, title = {Models of subsistence and ethnobiological knowledge: Between extraction and cultivation in Southeast Asia}, booktitle = {Folkbiology}, year = {1999}, month = {June 1999}, pages = {91-118}, publisher = {MIT Press}, organization = {MIT Press}, address = {Cambridge, MA}, abstract = {The successful adaptation of human populations to rainforest environments depends largely on their capacity to organise and apply knowledge of its structure and composition. This paper examines our current understanding of this knowledge in a Southeast Asian context and how this relates to reliance on different models of subsistence. Particular emphasis will be placed on the differences between those populations which focus predominantly on direct extraction and those which focus on plant cultivation, and on populations which appear to be in various respects transitional. (author)}, isbn = {026263192X; 9780262631921}, url = {https://www.worldcat.org/title/237343776}, author = {Roy F. Ellen}, editor = {Douglas L. Medin and Scott Atran} } @book {311, title = {Culture: The missing element in conservation and development: Abstracts of the 8th National Zoo Symposium held at the National Zoological Park, Washington, DC, 1988}, year = {1998}, month = {8-9 April 1988}, pages = {xii, 160 pp.}, publisher = {Kendall/Hunt Publishers}, organization = {Kendall/Hunt Publishers}, address = {Dubuque, IA}, abstract = {

Includes the following papers:

This document contains the abstracts/summaries of the 8th National Zoo Symposium. Topics such as: common property, politics, community involvement, debt trade, indigenous knowledge, traditional wildlife management, natural resource management, and indigenous societies are addressed.

}, keywords = {American Indians, common property, community involvement, debt trade, indigenous knowledge, indigenous societies, local knowledge, Native Americans, natural resource management, politics, rainforests, traditional wildlife management}, isbn = {0787247618; 9780787247614}, url = {https://www.worldcat.org/title/260057590}, author = {National Zoo}, editor = {R. J. Hoage and Katy Moran} } @book {381, title = {Property rights in a social and ecological context: Case studies and design applications}, volume = {94}, year = {1995}, note = {Also available: Property Rights and the Environment: Social and Ecological Issues. (ISBN 0-8213-3415-8) Stock No. 13415.}, month = {1995}, pages = {218}, publisher = {World Bank Publications}, organization = {World Bank Publications}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {

The collection of papers in the book Property Rights and the Environment: Social and Ecological Issues and this companion volume examine the relationships between people, the environment, and property rights and the ways in which a given social and ecological context affects those relationships. The papers are products of a research program at the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm. The main objective of the program was to convene social scientists and natural scientists to address research questions in their full social and ecological dimensions.The program\&$\#$39;s participants addressed five general issues related to property rights and the environment:

  1. the design of governance systems for sustainability
  2. the relationship between equity, stewardship, and environmental resilience
  3. the use of traditional knowledge in resource management
  4. the mechanisms that link people to their environments, and
  5. the role played by population and poverty.

This volume presents case studies that address questions of design application in those five areas. Also available: Property Rights and the Environment: Social and Ecological Issues. (ISBN 0-8213- 3415-8) Stock No. 13415.

}, keywords = {business and economics, development, sustainable development}, isbn = {978-0-8213-3416-4}, url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=OFVk3vW8vJ8C}, editor = {Susan Hanna and Mohan Munasinghe} } @book {352, title = {Indigenous technical knowledge in farming systems of Eastern Africa: A bibliography}, series = {Bibliographies in Technology and Social Change no. 9}, year = {1994}, month = {1994}, pages = {101}, publisher = {Technology and Social Change Program, Iowa State University}, organization = {Technology and Social Change Program, Iowa State University}, address = {Ames, Iowa}, abstract = {This bibliography includes over 1200 items concerning the indigenous knowledge of people in eastern Africa about farming systems, biomass products, natural resource management, land tenure and organization, and related topics, in material up to 1993. About 200 of the items specifically refer to methods of elicitation of indigenous knowledge and how they can be further applied, whether in local initiatives and/or in outsider interventions. (author)}, author = {Michael Keith McCall} } @conference {753, title = {Agronomic and socio-economic aspects of windbreaks in Southwest-Niger}, booktitle = {Paper presented at 4th International Symposium on Windbreaks and Agroforestry, July 26-30, 1993, Viborg, Denmark}, year = {1993}, month = {July 1993}, address = {Viborg, Denmark}, abstract = {The integration of socio-economic and cultural survey into agroforestry experiments and development projects already in the planning stage can assist in the choice of tree species and the planting system. In 1992, an on-station windbreak/millet experiment in Niger was combined with a survey of farmers and their wives from an adjacent village in order to evaluate local knowledge, perception and the attributed value of trees and shrubs. Millet yield were reduced by Acacia holosericea and Acacia nilotica up to a 2 and 8 m distance from the hedge, respectively, while Faidherbia albida showed no competition to millet. The survey showed that farmers appreciation of tree species was strongly related to agricultural issues; they considered F. albida as the most preferred tree because of its soil enrichment. Their wives, however, concentrated on household needs and ranked Combretum glutinosum first. Farmers were aware of wind erosion and crop competition effects of different species. This study provided evidence that long term studies on the technical aspects of windbreaks and agroforestry systems could gain substantially from the indigenous knowledge of rural people.}, keywords = {agroforestry, Niger, windbreaks}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/768076539}, author = {J. P. A. Lamers and K. Michels and B.E Allison and R. J. Vanderbeldt} } @conference {760, title = {Conservation of medicinal plant biodiversity in Nepal}, booktitle = {Paper presented at Pithecanthropus Centennial "Human Evolution in Its Ecological Context", June 26 - July 1, 1993, Leiden, The Netherlands}, year = {1993}, month = {1993}, address = {Leiden, The Netherlands}, abstract = {

Plant resources have long been used for a variety of purposes by the rural population in Nepal where varied climate and topography have marked impact in variation of biodiversity. Medicinal plants have an important role in rural economy and its primary health care. The excess collection of plants by the villagers as well as other human activities have left the natural habitat unable to regenerate.

It is aimed to determine the uses, exploitation, the rural concept about the forest, impact in the surrounding ecosystems and their related parameters of the endangered medicinal plants. It is a field-based ethnobotanical study and so the local problems and needs can be identified to help generate peoples\&$\#$39; participation in conservation of natural resources and the environment as well.

The study will identify the drawbacks and possible solutions suitable for local environment. Thus, it will serve the purpose of bridging between the national plan makers and the local inhabitants. (author)

}, keywords = {ethnobotany, ethnopharmacology, traditional medicine}, author = {Narayan P. Manandhar} } @article {549, title = {Economic incentives for conserving biodiversity: Lessons for Africa}, journal = {Ambio}, volume = {22}, year = {1993}, month = {1993}, pages = {144-150}, abstract = {Economics provides a useful perspective on issues of biodiversity, at three levels. At the international level, governments may need to consider the impact of global economic policies, such as commodities prices, on biodiversity; and because the conservation of biodiversity provides global economic benefits, economic incentives should be provided to governments at the international level (for example, through the Global Environment Facility, but also through terms of trade). At the national level, governments need to be able to assess the impact of their policies on the biological resources of the country, and consider the utility of using a combination of economic incentives (such as differential access to resources, compensation for animal damage, subsidies and grants) and economic disincentives (such as fines and withholding of benefits) to promote conservation objectives. Governments need to address, the problem of "perverse incentives" - economic instruments which promote the destruction of biodiversity). Many government subsidies and foreign assistance projects have had such effects. At the level of government agencies responsible for conserving biodiversity, incentives can often be used to enhance the performance of staff, improve relations with surrounding communities, and provide long-term financial support to the agency. Examples from throughout Africa are provided to show how economic incentives can enable governments and the private sector to support national conservation objectives more efficiently than can traditional regulatory approaches.}, keywords = {Africa, biodiversity}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/4314059}, author = {Jeffrey A. McNeely} } @book {350, title = {Indigenous peoples{\textquoteright} politics: An introduction, Volume I}, series = {Working paper (Technische Hogeschool Twente. Vakgroep Ontwikkelingskunde)}, year = {1993}, month = {1993}, publisher = {University of Colorado at Denver, Fourth World Center for the Study of Indigenous Law and Politics}, organization = {University of Colorado at Denver, Fourth World Center for the Study of Indigenous Law and Politics}, address = {Denver, CO}, abstract = {

Contains the following papers:

}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/35239582}, editor = {Marc A. Sills and Glenn T. Morris} } @book {336, title = {Global biodiversity strategy: Policy-makers{\textquoteright} guide}, year = {1992}, month = {1992}, pages = {35 pp.}, publisher = {World Resources Institute}, organization = {World Resources Institute}, address = {[Washington, DC]}, abstract = {This document provides an overview of the actions needed to respond to the needs for biodiversity conservation worldwide that were detailed in the Global Biodiversity Strategy. Other authors/contributors: World Resources Institute (WRI); The World Conservation Union (IUCN); United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) in consultation with Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO); United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)}, keywords = {biodiversity}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/221361601}, author = {Charles Barber and Walter V. Reid and Kenton R. Miller}, editor = {Kathleen Courrier} } @conference {777, title = {Land-use management towards increased biodiversity of ecosystems}, booktitle = {Workshop on Indigenous Knowledge and Sustainable Development}, year = {1992}, month = {1992}, abstract = {Farmers on the island of Leyte are utilizing a range of ecosystems along a catena that can reach from primary mountain forest to the pelagial of the adjacent sea. Being a farmer during daytime and a fisherman at night requires a wide range of skills but has historically not brought about a need for the development of a sustainable land use management. This parodistic situation has drastically changed within this century of increasing human population and led to severe degradation of most accessible ecosystems. Research is undertaken to generate new and compact widely scattered indigenous knowledge on the highly diverse flora and fauna of all major ecosystems. The results are translated into environmental awareness and pilot projects. While for the aquatic ecosystems protected reproduction zones are recommended, our efforts to sustain human food production and simultaneously preserve the biodiversity of terrestrial ecosystems and their vital functions for mankind, led to the development of a "Closed Canopy \& High Diversity Forest Farming System." The system is aiming to replace the more destructive forms of kaingin practices, form a buffer zone around the primary forests, help maintain the water cycle of the island, and provide our farmers with a stable and higher income. (author)}, keywords = {aquatic resources, biodiversity, fishing, indigenous farming, Leyte, Philippines}, author = {Paciencia P. Milan and Josef Margraf} } @conference {706, title = {Traditional environmental knowledge: A resource to manage and share}, booktitle = {Paper presented at Development with Equity and Ecological Security: Strategies and Institutions for the 21st Century}, year = {1992}, note = {

Google Scholar provides the paper presented to the Conference on Development with Equity and Ecological Security: Strategies and Institutions for the 21st Century, 11-12 September 1992.

Please see the journal Development\&$\#$39;s version record.

}, month = {Sept 11-12, 1992}, abstract = {

This document defines traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) and gives examples of organizations that are working with TEK. Formation of a global network of these organizations is suggested.

Gis{\`e}le Morin-Labatut and Shahid Akhtar examine the knowledge base acquired by indigenous and local peoples over the generations through direct contact with their environment. They argue that this knowledge, including an intimate and detailed understanding of plants, animals and natural phenomena, the development and use of appropriate technologies for hunting, fishing, agriculture and forestry, and a holistic knowledge, or \"world view,\" parallels the scientific disciplines of ecology and environmental studies. Their paper indicates how indigenous knowledge is embedded in a dynamic, multidimensional universe in which cultural, economic, environmental and political factors intersect and influence one another. (author)

}, keywords = {demographic factors, economic factors, environment, environmental protection, indigenous population, natural resources, population characteristics, sociocultural factors}, url = {https://idl-bnc-idrc.dspacedirect.org/bitstream/handle/10625/11724/94940.pdf?sequence=1}, author = {Gis{\`e}le Morin-Labatut and Shahid Akhtar} } @article {707, title = {Traditional environmental knowledge: A resource to manage and share}, journal = {Development (Journal of SID [Society for International Development])}, year = {1992}, note = {
  1. Development (SID Journal) not found online prior to 1999; Google Scholar version is a paper presented at the Conference on Development with Equity and Ecological Security: Strategies and Institutions for the 21st Century, 11-12 September 1992.
  2. Please see the record for the Google Scholar version that was presented at the conference.

}, pages = {24-30}, abstract = {

Gis{\`e}le Morin-Labatut and Shahid Akhtar examine the knowledge base acquired by indigenous and local peoples over the generations through direct contact with their environment. They argue that this knowledge, including an intimate and detailed understanding of plants, animals and natural phenomena, the development and use of appropriate technologies for hunting, fishing, agriculture and forestry, and a holistic knowledge, or \"world view,\" parallels the scientific disciplines of ecology and environmental studies. Their paper indicates how indigenous knowledge is embedded in a dynamic, multidimensional universe in which cultural, economic, environmental and political factors intersect and influence one another. (author)

Indigenous people have acquired traditional environmental or ecological knowledge (TEK) over generations as a survival strategy. Knowledge and application are intricately linked with cultural economic environmental and political factors. Recognition of indigenous peoples contributions to management of natural resources was given in the 1989 World Conservation Strategy and the 1987 Brundtland Commissions Our Common Future. The premise is that sustainable management of resources can be achieved only through scientific development which includes the priorities of local population. It is also achieved through technological development which uses both traditional and modern approaches to problem solving. Western scientists have not readily accepted TEK. THe current relationship between TEK and Western approaches is a power relationship where indigenous people lack political power and control over natural resources and Western development paradigms are imposed. Comparisons of TEK and Western knowledge systems are given in Annex 1. This paper addresses the issues of how traditional and Western environment knowledge are complementary and jointly contribute to sustainable development. Integration requires different forms of institutional and political organization and power. Respect for indigenous knowledge (IK) will occur during the process of documenting and disseminating IK. It also occurs when indigenous populations become involved in the research process itself and affect changes in the research design and implementation. What is needed is more indigenous people who can manage Western research methods and Western researchers who understand aboriginal approaches to understanding the environment. Western researchers also need holistic ways of defining the universe. UNCED documents (Agenda 21) recognize the importance of indigenous cultures knowledge about health culture and human settlements. Other documents which provide a framework for dealing with these issues are Principle 22 of the Rio Declaration and the Preamble of the Convention on Biodiversity. Examples of TEK cooperative programs are given for Canada (Man and the Biosphere the International Development Research Center and other initiatives). Other centers for knowledge about TEK are also noted. An international TEK Management System affiliated with the Canadians has been proposed.

}, keywords = {demographic factors, economic factors, environment, environmental protection, indigenous population, natural resources, population characteristics, sociocultural factors}, author = {Gis{\`e}le Morin-Labatut and Shahid Akhtar} } @inbook {867, title = {Deforestation and species loss}, booktitle = {Preserving the Global Environment: The Challenge of Shared Leadership}, year = {1991}, month = {1991}, pages = {78-111}, publisher = {W.W. Norton}, organization = {W.W. Norton}, edition = {1}, address = {New York}, abstract = {Deforestation and species loss are problems that have plagued modernization the world over. The worldwide estimate of the deforestation rate which was calculated by the FAO in 1980 was a loss of some 11.3 million hectares annually. With the loss of these forests, animals species biodiversity is greatly threatened. Population pressure and bad governmental policies has led to much deforestation. Global implications are that the world{\textquoteright}s food supply at risk, as well as, the international commerce based on the trade of agricultural commodities. It is necessary to reform government policies regarding land use to help manage the problem.}, keywords = {badordinal, biodiversity, environmental policy, international cooperation, United States}, isbn = {0-393-96093-5}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/756959738}, author = {Kenton R. Miller and Walter V. Reid and Charles V. Barber}, editor = {Jessica Tuchman Mathews} } @article {621, title = {Multipurpose palms: The sugar palm (Arenga pinnata (Wurmb) Merr.)}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {13}, year = {1991}, month = {February 1991}, pages = {111-129}, abstract = {

Arenga pinnata is the most important sugar palm of the humid tropics. Besides yielding sugar, it provides a great number of products and benefits to its users, and is one of the most diverse multipurpose tree species in culture.

The various ways in which this palm is used are illustrated for the native population of four Indonesian provinces. Although all people make use of the palm, the intensity of use, and the products which are used, vary widely among places. The peoples of East Kalimantan where there is a very low population density and a Muslim population, makes relatively little use of the palm. The peoples of North Sumatra, with a mostly Christian population, and of West Java, with a very high population density make intensive use of the sugar palm. The most advanced cropping and cultivation patterns have developed in North Sulawesi, where many old traditions are based on sugar palm cultivation.

The potentials of A. pinnata in cropping systems including agroforestry are presented. Prerequisites for intensified cultivation are discussed.

}, keywords = {Arenga pinnata, MPT Indonesia, ethnobotany, palms}, doi = {10.1007/BF00140236}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00140236}, author = {J. Mogea and B. Seibert and W. Smits} } @book {392, title = {Taking care of Sib{\"o}{\textquoteright}s gifts: An environmental treatise from Costa Rica{\textquoteright}s K{\'e}k{\"o}Ldi Indigenous Reserve}, year = {1991}, note = {

Publisher noted in Ecology, ethnobotany, Rainforest, and Traditional Medicine original files: Editorama, S.A.

}, month = {1991}, publisher = {Asociaci{\'o}n de Desarrollo Integral de la Reserva Ind{\'\i}gena Cocles/K{\'e}k{\"o}Ldi}, organization = {Asociaci{\'o}n de Desarrollo Integral de la Reserva Ind{\'\i}gena Cocles/K{\'e}k{\"o}Ldi}, address = {San Jos{\'e}, Costa Rica}, abstract = {This document details an example of the relationship that indigenous societies have with their environment and how they specifically set out to conserve their natural surroundings. A definition of what indigenous people are is given. Issues and laws surrounding conservation of rainforest resources (botanical and zoological) in the K{\'e}k{\"o}ldi region on the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica are explained.}, keywords = {Central America, ecology, ethnobotany, medicinal plants, natural conservation, rainforests}, isbn = {9977-88-006-9}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/24535846}, author = {Paula Palmer and Juanita S{\'a}nchez and Gloria Mayorga} } @book {408, title = {Tree and land tenure in the eastern Nepal terai: A case study by rapid appraisal}, year = {1991}, note = {A research report prepared for the Forests, Trees, and People Programme funded by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the Swedish International Development Authority (SIDA)}, month = {1991}, pages = {91}, publisher = {IOF (Institute of Forestry)/ YALE/IRG/USAID Institute of Forestry Project and FAO/SIDA Forests, Trees and People Programme}, organization = {IOF (Institute of Forestry)/ YALE/IRG/USAID Institute of Forestry Project and FAO/SIDA Forests, Trees and People Programme}, address = {Pokhara, Nepal [Kathmandu, Nepal]}, abstract = {This is a case study of tree and land tenure in the eastern Nepal terai. The work includes an explanation of local terms and spelling conventions as well as extensive tables and maps.}, keywords = {agroforestry, ethnobotany, forestry, medicinal plants, taxonomy}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/28676224}, author = {Bhishma P. Subedi and Chintamani L. Das and Donald A. Messerschmidt and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and Sweden. Styrelsen f{\"o}r internationell utveckling} } @book {295, title = {Amazonia: Voices from the rainforest}, year = {1990}, month = {1990}, pages = {98}, publisher = {Rainforest Action Network and Amazonia Film Project}, organization = {Rainforest Action Network and Amazonia Film Project}, address = {San Francisco}, abstract = {This guide, based on information gathered from questionnaires and interviews with amazonian organizations,discusses the efforts of the indigenous people of the Amazon to defend their rain forests. It also discusses what these Amazonian organizations feel outside world needs to know about their fight and what hey can do to help.}, keywords = {Amazon, rainforests}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/232654290}, author = {Monti Aguirre and Angela Gennio and Brent Milikan and Maria Amalia Souza and Glenn Switkes} } @article {813, title = {Aquaculture: An important consideration in sustainable aquaculture}, year = {1990}, note = {Prepared for The National Research Council Panel on Collaborative Research Support for the USAID Sustainable Yield and Natural Resource Management (SANREM) Project}, month = {November 1990}, abstract = {Fisheries production is closely tied to man{\textquoteright}s treatment of the environment. The effects of pesticides and high siltation rates from agriculture and urban developments have caused the declines of many fisheries around the world. Most historical fisheries are at or beyond their maximum sustainable yield. However, some gains in production can be obtained from revitalizing natural systems and habitats. This can only be done by managing the environment, and man{\textquoteright}s activities relative to his environment, and following the concepts of sustainability. This may require preservation zones adjacent to natural waterways, runoff collection ponds below agriculture and urban development, control of the use of pesticides and herbicides, and other control measures. (author)}, keywords = {fisheries}, author = {James P. McVey} } @book {397, title = {The challenges of ethnobiology in the 21st century: Second International Congress of Ethnobiology (abstracts)}, year = {1990}, note = {Proceedings of the conference have been published. Penn State has abstracts of the plenary sessions GN476.7.I57 1990, 2nd floor Paterno Library}, month = {Oct. 22-26, 1990}, pages = {225 pp.}, address = {Kunming, Yunnan, China}, abstract = {This document is a compilation of abstracts of plenary, symposium sessions and posters presented at the Second International Congress of Ethnobiology. It covers many topics, such as, botany, forestry, ecology, resource management, agriculture, and medicine.}, keywords = {agroforestry, ethnobotany}, editor = {Su Yong-ge and Douglas Milne} } @book {310, title = {Conserving the world{\textquoteright}s biological diversity}, year = {1990}, note = {in conjunction with International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources; World Resources Institute; Conservation International; World Wildlife Fund (U.S.); World Bank}, month = {1990}, pages = {193}, publisher = {International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources; World Resources Institute; Conservation International; World Wildlife Fund-US; World Bank}, organization = {International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources; World Resources Institute; Conservation International; World Wildlife Fund-US; World Bank}, address = {Gland, Switzerland and Washington, DC}, abstract = {

The elements now exist that will reverse the trend toward the biotic impoverishment of the world. Novel approaches, new financial mechanisms, and new policies need to be applied at the appropriate level of responsibility to translate the new approaches into a reality of improved human well-being and secure biotic heritage. New partners in conservation need to be found, involving all ministries, departments and private institutions that are directly dependent on biological resources. National parks departments, for example should be joined in habitat management by a wide range of other institutions to represent all interests. Furthermore, other line agencies need to develop the capacity to manage biodiversity of particular relevance to their respective missions. Contains following sections:

}, keywords = {biodiversity, conservation, development, natural resource management, policy, rainforests, sustainability, tropical forests}, isbn = {0-8213-1384-3, 0-915824-42-2}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/21193600}, author = {Jeffrey A. McNeely and Kenton R. Miller and Walter V. Reid and Russell A. Mittermeier and Timothy B. Werner} } @article {555, title = {Exploring the cloud forests of Oaxaca, Mexico}, journal = {World Wide Fund for Nature Reports}, year = {1990}, month = {Oct-Dec 1990}, pages = {8-14}, abstract = {Since many people think of Mexico as a land of deserts and coasts, few would come here in search of some of the world{\textquoteright}s most humid forests. But if you wander up the mountains facing the Gulf of Mexico or the Pacific Ocean, you will discover the cloud forest. This dense and luxuriant vegetation receives its name from the cloud banks which come drifting onto the mountainsides, dropping some fo the 2,000-4,000mm of annual precipitation.}, keywords = {aquatic resources, forestry, grassroots development, Mexico, Oaxaca, participatory}, author = {Gary J. Martin and Alejandro de {\'A}vila}, editor = {Olga Sheean-Stone} } @conference {765, title = {Forest resource management and local knowledge: An overview of community forestry research in Nepal}, booktitle = {Paper presented at Second International Congress on Ethnobiology, October 21{\textendash}26, 1990, Kunming, Yunnan, China}, year = {1990}, month = {Oct. 21-26, 1990}, publisher = {Institute of Forestry}, organization = {Institute of Forestry}, address = {Pokhara, Nepal}, abstract = {

Community forestry research and training have become major foci at the Institute of Forestry (IOF) in Nepal. This reflects the nation\&$\#$39;s emphasis on linking biophysical and social forestry policy and practice, a recognition of the important role of villagers in forest resource management and the IOF\&$\#$39;s goal of becoming a national and regional center of excellence in community forestry training and research.

Recent trends in community forestry research are examined, both at the IOF and more widely within the Ministry of Forests and by private researchers and donor agencies. The knowledge of forest and tree resources among villagers is considerable, and is being looked to for guidance and recommendations by policy makers and development planners. Implications for forestry training, future research and policy are discussed.

}, keywords = {agroforestry, ethnobiology}, author = {Donald A. Messerschmidt} } @book {353, title = {Indigenous technical knowledge on private tree management: Final draft}, year = {1990}, note = {Published in 1992 in Bibiographies in technology and social change series no. 7 CIKARD copy indicates "Draft 2"}, month = {May 1990}, pages = {142 pp.}, publisher = {Iowa State University}, organization = {Iowa State University}, address = {Ames, IA}, abstract = {Bibliographic study prepared under contract with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome This report gives an overview of indigenous technical knowledge on private tree management and discusses how it might be applied in development programs. It focuses on practices in developing countries.}, keywords = {agroforestry}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/30260806}, author = {Evelyn Mathias-Munday and Olivia Muchena and Gerard McKiernan and Paul Mundy} } @inbook {888, title = {Introduction to agroforestry}, booktitle = {Agroforestry: Classification and management}, year = {1990}, month = {1990}, pages = {1-30}, publisher = {Wiley}, organization = {Wiley}, address = {New York}, abstract = {Agroforestry is an age-old land use that has been practiced for thousands of years by farmers the world over. Although in recent years it has also been developed as a science that promises to help farmers increase the productivity, profitability, and sustainability of production on their land, the science of agroforestry lags far behind the art of existing agroforestry practices. However, scientific efforts to understand, classify, and improve agroforestry systems are on the increase.}, keywords = {agroforestry, classification}, isbn = {0-471-83781-4}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/19222486}, author = {Kenneth G. MacDicken and Napoleon T. Vergara}, editor = {Kenneth G. MacDicken and Napoleon T. Vergara} } @inbook {922, title = {The role of soil biodiversity in sustainable dryland farming systems}, booktitle = {Dryland agriculture: Strategies for sustainability}, series = {Advances in Soil Science no. 13}, year = {1990}, month = {1990}, pages = {241-251}, publisher = {Springer}, organization = {Springer}, address = {New York}, abstract = {A major consequence of modern agricultural development has been environmental degradation. As biodiversity is reduced due to specific crop fields, soils then lose much of their biota. Organisms such as Azotobacter and Beijerinckca indica are effective polysaccharide-producing microbes. These may provide indicators of soil potential. Soil organic matter can decrease for many reasons, one of which involves conventional tillage practices. Better soil management is necessary to increase microbial processes and soil fertility. More research is necessary to predict how soil type, climatic conditions, and management affect below ground microbial ecology in drylands. (author)}, keywords = {biodiversity, dryland farming}, isbn = {978-1-4613-8984-2; 978-1-4613-8982-8 (online)}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-8982-8_12}, author = {C. S. Potter and R. E. Meyer}, editor = {R. P. Singh and J. F. Parr and B. A. Stewart} } @article {439, title = {Traditional agriculture and plant pathology (TAPP) database [ASCII format for the Macintosh]}, year = {1990}, month = {1990}, publisher = {Cornell University Department of Plant Pathology}, address = {Ithaca, NY}, abstract = {The authors{\textquoteright} goal in developing this resource was to bring together as many as possible of the published materials on practices used by traditional farmers to manage plant diseases. The database in its present form is far from an exhaustive collection, and is an attempt to bring together the collective knowledge of several heretofore diverse disciplines. The authors hope that in doing so they have laid the groundwork for further collaboration among plant pathologists, social scientists, and othes with an interest in enhancing the vitality and viability of traditional farmers around the world.}, keywords = {agroforestry, biological control, crop density, diversity, fallow, fire, flooding, habitat selection, heat, hilling, minimum tillage, mixed gardens, mulching, multiple cropping, multistorey cropping, organic matter, pesticides, planting date, pruning, resistance, roguing, rotations, sanitation, seed treatment, selection, shade, sowing depth, storage, terraces, tillage, weeds}, author = {H. David Thurston and Neil R. Miller} } @article {698, title = {The tragedy of the commons: Twenty-two years later}, journal = {Human Ecology}, volume = {18}, year = {1990}, month = {March 1990}, pages = {1-19}, abstract = {Hardin{\textquoteright}s Tragedy of the Commons model predicts the eventual overexploitation or degradation of all resources used in common. Given this unambiguous prediction, a surprising number of cases exist in which users have been able to restrict access to the resource and establish rules among themselves for its sustainable use. To assess the evidence, we first define common-property resources and present a taxonomy of property-rights regimes in which such resources may be held. Evidence accumulated over the last twenty-two years indicates that private, state, andcommunal property are all potentially viable resource management options. A more complete theory than Hardin{\textquoteright}s should incorporate institutional arrangements and cultural factors to provide for better analysis and prediction. (author)}, keywords = {co-management, common property, fisheries, forestry, grazing lands, sustainable development, water resources , wildlife }, doi = {10.1007/BF00889070}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00889070}, author = {David Feeny and Fikret Berkes and Bonnie J. McCay and James M. Acheson} } @article {842, title = {The use of marine organisms in folk medicine and horticulture: A preliminary study}, year = {1990}, month = {February 1990}, institution = {Seaweed Information Center (SICEN), University of the Philippines}, address = {Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines}, abstract = {This paper reports briefly on the use of marine organisms in folk medicine and horticulture among the coastal people of northern Mindanao and the Visayan Islands of Bohol, Cebu, and Negros in central Philippines. This island group seemed to us a good starting point for what could eventually be a broad and in-depth study of this subject. For one thing, the common folk medicinal and horticultural practices in these areas are, for the most part, based on efficacious use of marine plants and animals. For another, the people on these islands are linked by a common dialect that is spoken by two of us, a distinct advantage that precluded the need for translation during interveiws with local folks. (author)}, keywords = {ethnobotany, ethnopharmacology, medicinal plants, taxonomy}, author = {P. M. Alino and G. J. B. Cajipe and E.T. Ganzon-Fortes and W. R. Y. Licuanan and N. E. Montano and L. M. Tupas} } @book {404, title = {The uses of anthropology in agro-social forestry R \& D: approaches to anthropological forestry}, series = {Discussion Paper 90/2}, year = {1990}, month = {March 1990}, pages = {59}, publisher = {USAID/Nepal, Institute of Forestry Project}, organization = {USAID/Nepal, Institute of Forestry Project}, address = {Pokhara, Nepal}, abstract = {This paper approaches the answer from the perspective of anthropological forestry and agro/social forestry research and development. The paper has three parts. The first section introduces Anthropology in Natural Resources R\&D with particular attention to agroforestry. In the section Theories, Models and Methods, I introduce some of the higher level theories, practical models (theoretical constructs or paradigms) and methods (strategies) which guide us. The third part, Transfer Techniques, comprises five short case studies highlighting several approaches to anthropological forestry, the depth and breadth of the discipline and its intellectual and practical potential. (author)}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/25809890}, author = {Donald A. Messerschmidt} } @article {727, title = {Yams and megapode mounds in the lowland rain forest of Papua New Guinea}, journal = {Human Ecology}, volume = {18}, year = {1990}, month = {June 1990}, pages = {177-185}, abstract = {Kubo people of Papua New Guinea sometimes grew Dioscorea yams in mounds of forest litter that were made as egg-incubation sites by birds (Megapodiidae). The small yam plots were included within larger banana gardens and, in the latter, it was yams, not bananas, that took precedence in the gardening decisions of people. The technique would be viable in the absence of a larger garden. It is interpreted as an expression of an ancient pattern of small-scale plant domestication.}, keywords = {intercropping, Kubo, megapodes, Papua New Guinea, plant domestication, rainforests, yams}, doi = {10.1007/BF00889181}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/4602964}, author = {Peter D. Dwyer and Monica Minnegal} } @article {559, title = {Farmers{\textquoteright} production of timber trees in the cacao-coffee region of coastal Ecuador}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {9}, year = {1989}, month = {October 1989}, pages = {155-170}, abstract = {The coastal region of Ecuador is an important producer of cacao and coffee. Increasingly, farms and ranches in the region also provide industrial wood for sawmills and other wood processing plants. Most of this wood derives from shade trees and pasture trees. Because little is known of wood supply from farm sources in coastal Ecuador, a survey was conducted of 122 farmers in the subregions of Ventanas, La Troncal, and Babahoyo. The survey indicates an abundance of land for the growing of farm trees, and excellent regeneration of many species on the majority of farms. However, current stocking of farm trees seems well below potential, and fewer than half of interviewed owners deliberately manage farm trees for eventual sale as timber. Only 2.2 percent of gross farm revenue derives from tree sales, even though over half of surveyed farmers have sold trees to industrial buyers at least once. Constraints on production and sales of farm trees for timber include risks of damage to coffee and cacao; perceived incompatibilities with current farming practices; inadequate methods of classification and pricing of farm trees; and insufficient knowledge of the industrial uses of farm trees by agricultural extensionists. These limitations need to be addressed through a strategy of research, development, and information diffusion on selected demonstration farms.}, keywords = {agricultural extensionist, farm tree, pasture tree, shade trees, timber }, doi = {10.1007/BF00168260}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00168260}, author = {Michael F. Mussak and Jan G. Laarman} } @inbook {892, title = {Local knowledge for agroforestry and native plants}, booktitle = {Farmer first: Farmer innovation and agricultural research}, year = {1989}, month = {1989}, pages = {14-24}, publisher = {Intermediate Technology Publications}, organization = {Intermediate Technology Publications}, address = {London}, abstract = {

This article discusses the use of agroforestry and how the scientific use of agroforestry differs from traditional agroforestry. The authors also discuss how scientific agroforestry has recently started taking indigenous perspectives into account. They also discuss the influence agroforestry has on communities.

The authors discuss how the style of Rapid Rural Appraisal is more important than speed of the appraisal. They give a case study in Kenya to exemplify this importance of method. In the example, the trials, the errors, and hindsights of the study are discussed. The authors talk about how talking and sharing goals with the participants gave them a better way to evaluate the introduced methods. The authors also focus on the use of off-farm lands by the women. The researchers looked at what kind of plants the women were using and how these plants were being used.

}, isbn = {1-85339-008-9}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/20444797}, author = {Dianne E. Rocheleau and Kamoji Wachira and Luis Malaret and Bernard Muchiri Wanjohi}, editor = {Robert Chambers and Arnold Pacey and Lori Ann Thrupp} } @article {632, title = {Ownership of traditional information: Moral and legal obligation to compensate for taking}, journal = {Northeast Indian Quarterly}, volume = {6}, year = {1989}, month = {1989 Fall}, pages = {30-35}, abstract = {Technically developed societies have benefited greatly by the knowledge which they have extracted from indigenous, tribal societies, especially those living in the tropical rainforests. Tropical plants, and occasionally animals, have been used to produce many valuable pharmaceutical products; genetic variants of domestic crops have been used to produce increased yields, resistance to disease, and other valuable characteristics. Knowledge of these values of tropical plants has been created and discovered, sometimes at great hazard, over generations of people. The intellectual property so created and cared for is owned and has value. The knowledge has sometimes been extracted from rainforest people by ethnobotanists, anthropologists, and others, in transactions which may be characterized as unjust and illegal. From both moral and legal standpoints we may have obligations to compensate people of these tribal societies for the immensely valuable intellectual property which we have obtained from them. Various methods are available for compensation for past injustices and to produce fair transactions in the future. (author)}, keywords = {biodiversity, ethics, ethnobotany, intellectual property rights, medicinal plants, rainforests}, author = {Richard J. McNeil and Michael J. McNeil} } @inbook {853, title = {Agroecology and in situ conservation of native crop diversity in the third world}, booktitle = {Biodiversity}, year = {1988}, month = {1988}, pages = {361-369}, publisher = {National Academy of Sciences}, organization = {National Academy of Sciences}, chapter = {41}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {Modern agriculture is pushing traditional farmers to plant areas with monocultures of genetically uniform plants. This is risky because the plants are vulnerable to yield-limiting factors. Situ conservation methods have many benefits; although they do not provide a panacea for conserving natural sources of crop genetic resources. Researchers in certain countries have helped farmers return to traditional chinampas and multilayered, specied-rich gardens. In Bolivia, project AGRUCO is helping peasants recover their production autonomy.}, keywords = {alternative farming systems, intercropping, raised fields}, isbn = {0-309-03783-2}, url = {https://doi.org/10.17226/989}, author = {Miguel A. Altieri and Laura C Merrick}, editor = {E. O. Wilson and Frances M. Peter} } @conference {750, title = {Agroforestry outreach in Haiti: The evolution and diffusion of technology in the rural Caribbean}, booktitle = {Paper presented at Third Conference on Technological Literacy, February 5, 1988, Arlington, Virginia}, year = {1988}, month = {February 5, 1988}, address = {Arlington, VA}, abstract = {The general objective of this paper is to discuss the problem of the development of appropriate agrarian technologies in and for the rural Caribbean, and the design of outreach mechanisms to accelerate the diffusion of these technologies once developed. There are two conceptually separate subsequent outreach strategies designed to ensure that the technologies are made available to the population at large.}, keywords = {agroforestry, Caribbean, Haiti}, author = {Gerald F. Murray} } @conference {758, title = {Collaborative research on farm and village forestry: Report of a workshop held April 23-25, 1988 in Kathmandu, Nepal}, year = {1988}, month = {April 1988}, publisher = {Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development}, organization = {Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development}, address = {Morrilton, AR}, abstract = {

Contains the following papers:

}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/19210396}, editor = {David A. Taylor and Charles Bernard Mehl} } @book {337, title = {Glossary of selected terms in sustainable agriculture}, series = {Gatekeeper Series no. SA6}, year = {1988}, month = {August 1988}, pages = {19}, publisher = {International Institute for Environment and Development, Sustainable Agriculture Programme}, organization = {International Institute for Environment and Development, Sustainable Agriculture Programme}, address = {London; Washington, DC}, abstract = {A glossary of selected terms in sustainable agriculture}, keywords = {agroecological zoning, agroecosystem zoning, agroecosystems, agroforestry, alley cropping, appropriate technology and intermediate technology, bioenergy, biomass, carrying capacity, cash crops, common property resources, community forestry, conservation farming, desertification, export crops, farmer participatory research, farming systems research , food crops, genetic preservation, integrated pest management, integrated rural development, land degradation, minimum tillage, multiple cropping, multipurpose trees, open access resources, pastoralism, range management, rapid rural appraisal, regenerative farming, remote sensing, share cropping, shifting cultivation, social forestry, subsistence agriculture, sustainable development, tragedy of the commons, transhumance}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/19531919}, author = {Jennifer A. McCracken and Jules N. Pretty} } @inbook {876, title = {Goat meat production in Thailand}, booktitle = {Goat meat production in Asia: Proceedings of a workshop held in Tando Jam, Pakistan, 13-18 March 1988}, year = {1988}, month = {1988}, pages = {188-196}, publisher = {International Development Research Centre}, organization = {International Development Research Centre}, address = {Ottawa, ON}, abstract = {Goat production in Thailand is primarily for meat. Approximately 88\% of the total goat population is found in villages of the southern region where the Thai Muslim population is relatively high. Goats are traditionally intergrated with agricultural systems such as fishing, rice growing, and rubber, oil palm, or fruit tree plantations and are raised by small-scale farmers who own about 1.4 ha/family. Although the flock size in southern Thailand is small (5 head/family), the contribution of goats to the farm cash income is relatively high especially in a rice-growing system (approx. 56\% per year). More than 65\% of goat owners employ a tethering system; a cut and carry system is practiced only in the wet season. Cash inputs, concentrates, mineral supplements, and medical treatments are minimal. Village goats are mainly indigenous with average mature body weight of 23 and 22 kg for males and females, respectively. Average growth rates to 6 months of age were 62 and 47 g/day for males and females, respectively. Age at first kidding was 12.4 months. An average kidding rate for all age groups is 190\% but the weaning rate is only 135\%. A high mortality rate of 25-37\% in young kids is mainly caused by accidents (such as dog bites) and diseases (such as scabby month or pneumonia). Underimproved conditions, body weights of village goats increased by 21-55\%, the kidding rate is somewhat lower (147\%) and the weaning rate is higher (146\%). However, the improved conditions have little effect on dressing percentage of the native goats (45.8 vs 45.0\%). (author)}, keywords = {goat production, Thailand}, isbn = {0-88936-525-3}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/932949178}, author = {S. Saithanoo and J. T. B. Milton}, editor = {C. Devendra} } @book {351, title = {Indigenous technical knowledge in farming systems and rural technology: A bibliography on Eastern Africa}, series = {Working paper (Technische Hogeschool Twente. Vakgroep Ontwikkelingskunde) no. 38}, year = {1988}, month = {February 1988}, pages = {40}, publisher = {University of Twente, Technology and Development Group}, organization = {University of Twente, Technology and Development Group}, address = {[Enschede, Netherlands]}, abstract = {The vast majority of the literature describes particular aspects and issues in eastern African farming systems. There is a natural focus on ITK concerning small-scale farming systems and land-use, including pastoral systems and agroforestry systems. In addition, there are some references on specific technologies and domestic activities.}, keywords = {agroforestry, biomass, crop husbandry, East Africa, food, land management, medicine, pest management, water , women}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/38348173}, author = {Michael Keith McCall} } @conference {776, title = {IUCN and indigenous peoples: How we can work together to promote sustainable development}, booktitle = {Paper presented at Fourth Annual General Assembly, Indigenous Survival International, June 15-17, 1988, Fort Yukon, Alaska}, year = {1988}, month = {June 15-17, 1988}, publisher = {International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN)}, organization = {International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN)}, address = {Fort Yukon, AK}, abstract = {Traditional knowledge. Repository of understanding lost by urban and industrial societies. Dependence on nature. The World Conservation Strategy, which supports sustainable use of furs and fish, migratory birds, and marine mammals. The productivity of habitats. Potential conflict situations, such as animal rights and pressures to limit or halt the fur trade, or the taking of marine mammals. Clearly, this General Assembly of Indigenous Survival International has a lot to discuss, and IUCN is pleased to be invited to participate in this gathering. (author)}, keywords = {aquatic resources, traditional knowledge}, author = {Jeffrey A. McNeely} } @book {366, title = {Multipurpose tree species for small farm use: Proceedings of an international workshop, November 2-5, 1987, Pattaya, Thailand}, year = {1988}, note = {Co-Sponsors: Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development, International Development Research Centre of Canada, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific}, month = {1988}, pages = {281 pp.}, publisher = {Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development; International Development Research Centre}, organization = {Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development; International Development Research Centre}, address = {Arlington, VA; [Ottawa,] Canada}, abstract = {

Consists of following papers:

}, keywords = {agroecology, agroforestry, socioeconomics}, isbn = {0-933595-18-2; 978-0-933595-18-7}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/213909057}, editor = {Dale Withington and Kenneth G. MacDicken and Cherla B. Sastry and Norma R. Adams} } @book {374, title = {Permaculture: A designers{\textquoteright} manual}, year = {1988}, month = {1988}, pages = {576}, publisher = {Tagari Publications}, organization = {Tagari Publications}, address = {Tyalgum, NSW, Australia}, abstract = {

Contains following chapters:

}, keywords = {agricultural ecology, agroforestry, aquatic resources, botany, ethnobotany, horticulture, organic farming, organic gardening}, isbn = {0-908228-01-5}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/945761643}, author = {Bill C. Mollison} } @article {666, title = {Technology transfer: Institutions, models, and impacts on agriculture and rural life in the developing world}, journal = {Agriculture and Human Values}, volume = {5}, year = {1988}, note = {This article from Agriculture and Human Values, 5 (1-2) listed independently.}, month = {December 1988}, pages = {16-23}, abstract = {Technology transfer is a multi-level process of communication involving a variety of senders and receivers of ideas and materials. As a response to market failure, or as an effort to accelerate market-driven social change, technology transfer may combine public and private aparatus or rely solely on public institutional mechanisms to identify, develop, and deliver innovations and information. Technology transfer institutions include universities, government ministries, research institutes, and what may be termed the {\textquoteright}project sector{\textquoteright}. Four farm- and village-level change models are considered: traditional community development, adoption-diffusion, training and Visit Extension, and Farming Systems Research. The challenges to technology transfer efforts center on developing indigenous capacity to generate and adapt agricultural technology to local conditions. This is the primary objective of technology transfer in agriculture and the basis for advancing rural development.}, keywords = {community development, farming systems, rural development, technology transfer, transfer effort}, doi = {10.1007/BF02217173}, url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02217173}, author = {Joseph J. Molnar and Curtis M. Jolly} } @proceedings {482, title = {Trees on small farms: Multipurpose tree species research for the arid and semi-arid tropics}, year = {1988}, month = {Nov 16-19, 1987}, publisher = {Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development}, address = {Arlington, VA}, abstract = {In recognition of the rapid depletion of tropical forest resources and the increased scarcity of fuelwood and other tree products, the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) designed and funded the Forestry/Fuelwood Research and Development Project. F/FRED provides a network through which scientists exchange research plans, methods and results on the production and use of trees to meet the needs of small-scale farmers in Asia. These fast-growing, high-yielding trees are appropriately termed multipurpose tree species (MPTS). To date, network trials have been established on 16 sites in the humid and semi-humid tropics. Participants are 10 Asian scientists from Indonesia, Malaysia, Pakistan, Philippines, Taiwan and Thailand.}, keywords = {agroforestry, fuelwood}, editor = {David A. Taylor and Lee Medema} } @article {532, title = {Clearcutting Brazilian Caatinga: Assessment of a traditional forest grazing management practice}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {5}, year = {1987}, month = {December 1987}, pages = {429-441}, abstract = {Clearcutting is a common practice for removing woody vegetation in the semiarid tropics of northeast Brazil. The prevalent belief is that clearing increases carrying capacity for livestock by increasing herbaceous vegetation, yet little empirical evidence exists to support or refute the contention. We investigated the implications to small ruminant nutrition of clearcutting in the semiarid tropics of northeast Brazil. We found that biomass of herbaceous species increased sixfold following cutting of trees, but much of this increase was in the form of poorly palatable stem. The large supply of leaf litter from woody species that was typical of uncleared areas during the dry season was replaced by persistent green foliage on coppicing trees the year following clearing. This green foliage may enhance the nutritional quality of the diets of sheep and goats foraging on cleared areas during the dry season.}, keywords = {agriculture, clearcutting, coppice, forestry, goat and sheep nutrition, herbage chemical composition, herbage production, leaf litter production, semiarid woodlands}, doi = {10.1007/BF00047177}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00047177}, author = {R. D. Kirmse and F. D. Provenza and J. C. Malechek} } @book {326, title = {Feasibility study on tissue culture for multipurpose forest tree species}, series = {Multipurpose Tree Species Network Research Series Paper no. 1}, year = {1987}, month = {July 1987}, pages = {78}, publisher = {Winrock International-F/FRED}, organization = {Winrock International-F/FRED}, address = {Bangkok, Thailand}, abstract = {This report is a feasibility study on the tissue culture of multipurpose forest tree species. It covers the present status of tissue culture of F/FRED priority species, prospects of tissue culture in research and development and offers specific recommendations for the use of tissue culture. Other important and at times viable aspects such as breeding programs, provenance trials, etc., are generally not touched upon except when they tie in with the tissue culture programs.}, keywords = {agroforestry, multipurpose trees}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/23175968}, author = {Paiboolya Gavinlertvatana and A. C. Matheson and Eng Peng Sim} } @article {625, title = {Natural forest management in C{\^o}te d{\textquoteright}Ivoire}, journal = {Unasylva}, volume = {39}, year = {1987}, month = {1987}, pages = {53-60}, abstract = {

The reaction of the tropical rain forest to different silvicultural operations\—logging and thinning\—was studied in three forest reserves in C{\^o}te d\&$\#$39;Ivoire. Measurement taken over a span of four years made it possible to follow the diameter growth of more than 50 commercially valuable species, providing information hitherto unavailable about the requirements and behaviors of these species. Taking into account the growth, mortality and regeneration of an entire stand, the results clearly indicated the value of silvicultural operations, which frequently resulted in a doubling of production, and also forested the establishment of the most valuable species.

}, keywords = {forestry, rainforests}, url = {http://www.fao.org/docrep/s4550e/s4550e08.htm}, author = {H. F. Maitre} } @article {634, title = {Peasant agriculture and the conservation of crop and wild plant resources}, journal = {Conservation Biology}, volume = {1}, year = {1987}, month = {May 1987}, pages = {49-58}, abstract = {

Peasant agroecosystems are seen as a continuum of integrated farming units and natural ecosystems where plant gathering and crop production are actively practiced Many of these traditional agroecosystems still found throughout developing countries constitute major in situ repositories of both crop and wild plant germplasm. These plant resources are directly dependent upon management by human groups; thus, they have evolved in part under the influence of farming practices shaped by particular cultures.

Because genetic conservation programs are more effective when preserving the ecosystems in which the resources occur, maintenance of traditional farming systems and adjacent natural ecosystems is proposed as a sensible strategy for in situ preservation of crop and wild plant genetic resources. It is here argued that preservation efforts should be linked to rural development projects that take into account the ethnobotanical knowledge of rural people and that emphasize both food self-sufficiency as well as local resource conservation. Preservation of these traditional agroecosystems cannot be achieved when isolated from maintenance of the culture of the local people. Therefore, projects should also emphasize maintenance of cultural diversity.

}, keywords = {agroecosystems, biodiversity}, doi = {10.1111/j.1523-1739.1987.tb00008.x}, url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1523-1739.1987.tb00008.x/abstract}, author = {Miguel A. Altieri and M. Kat Anderson and Laura C. Merrick} } @book {371, title = {People and the tropical forest: A research report from the United States Man and the Biosphere Program}, series = {Man and the Biosphere Program Project}, year = {1987}, note = {U.S. National Committee for Man and the Biosphere Tropical and Subtropical Forests Directorate}, month = {1987}, pages = {75}, publisher = {U.S. Department of State, U.S. Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Program, Tropical and Subtropical Forests Directorate}, organization = {U.S. Department of State, U.S. Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Program, Tropical and Subtropical Forests Directorate}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {

Contents:

}, keywords = {agroforestry, forest management, rainforests}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/721051055}, editor = {Ariel E. Lugo and John J. Ewel and Susanna B. Hecht and Peter G. Murphy and Christine Padoch and Marianne C. Schmink and Donald Stone} } @article {643, title = {Research opportunities to improve the production of homegardens}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {5}, year = {1987}, month = {March 1987}, pages = {57-67}, abstract = {The management of home gardens on a widescale basis is reviewed and examples of specific systems are presented. Opportunities for improvement are presented and recommendations for research are given. Because of the contribution to supply food and goods to millions of people, the home gardens should play a more important role in development programs and more organized and directed research should be provided. This should contribute greatly to the yield from these land use systems.}, keywords = {home gardens, research }, doi = {10.1007/BF00046413}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00046413}, author = {Fran{\c c}ois Mergen} } @conference {808, title = {Use of ethnoecology in agroforestry systems research: An example of AF technology and pest management research in Kenya}, booktitle = {Paper presented at Annual Symposium on Farming Systems Research, October 18-21, 1987, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville}, year = {1987}, month = {Oct 18-21, 1987}, address = {University of Arkansas, Fayetteville}, abstract = {This paper looks at the benefits of combining ethnobotany (human ecology and ethnography) and agroecology (environmental systems science). This detailed look at an ICRAF agroforestry research project in Mbiuni, Kenya (Machakos District) provides a positive outlook on the role of indigenous participation in identifying and solving development problems. Through small group meetings and informant interviews, many potential research areas were discovered. The most important of these being domestication of indigenous plants and trees, pest control (termites), and off-farm flora collection. Included also in this paper are the results of some local experiments in the above research topics. Also contains ideas for further study.}, keywords = {Acacia, Africa, agroecology, agroforestry, conservation, ecology, ethnobotany, eucalyptus, indigenous technical knowledge , Kenya, pest management, resource management, soil conservation, sustainable development, termites, trees, women in development}, author = {Dianne E. Rocheleau and Luis Malaret} } @article {722, title = {When agroforests drive back natural forests: A socio-economic analysis of a rice-agroforest system in Sumatra}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {5}, year = {1987}, month = {March 1987}, pages = {27-55}, abstract = {

In the Krui arae, (South Sumatra, Indonesia), the damar agroforests (Shorea javanica, Dipterocarpaceae) are but one element of the farming systems which include several other cropping systems such as irrigated or rainfed rice cultivation, and coffee plantation.

Rainfed rice is cultivated in forest clearings, in order to meet rice requirements which cannot be met with irrigated rice crop only. In the forest clearings, coffee stands are established in rice crop, and later, Damar are planted among coffee plants. As a result of this cropping system, the damar agroforest spreads while the forest dwindles.

In one village, no more forest land is available for peasants\&$\#$39; clearings. The resulting high land pressure causes cropping systems and farming systems to change or to be exported to neighbouring areas where forest land is still available.

}, keywords = {Dipterocarpaceae, Indonesia, peasants{\textquoteright} control, rice-agroforestry farming system, socioeconomics, Sumatra, Taungya System}, doi = {10.1007/BF00046412}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00046412}, author = {Fabienne Mary and Genevi{\`e}ve Michon} } @article {502, title = {Acacia albida and other multipurpose trees on the fur farmlands in the Jebel Marra highlands, western Darfur, Sudan}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {4}, year = {1986}, month = {06/1986}, pages = {89-119}, abstract = {

This paper describes the traditional agroforestry systems based on Acacia albida and other multipurpose trees as practiced by the sedentary Fur people on the lower slopes and highlands of the Jebel Marra massif, Sudan. The basic agrosilvopastoral system consists of terraced village fields, where semipermanent rainfed cropping of staple millet and other subsistence crops takes place under stands of multipurpose trees dominated by Acacia albida, Cordia abyssinica and Ziziphus spina-christi. Trees have been retained primarily for food, wood and fodder. Thorn from cut and browsed branches makes a good fencing material.

This system has been able to sustain self-sufficiency of a densely settled population over centuries. However, recent out-migration of people from the montane dry-farming areas has caused gradual return to shifting cultivation. As a consequence, the present-day subsistence farming in the region is characterized by a general level of carelessness and exploitative management and this is reflected in a successive decrease of the tree cover.

The evaluation of the AF practices described includes a discussion on their regional importance and extrapolability within the framework of similar situations, especially in Africa, emphasis being given to mountain and highland conditions. The outstanding potential for Acacia albida-based AF systems to be sustained and spread almost all over semiarid to semihumid Africa is highlighted by illustrating its ecologic and economic variability. Extrapolation of such examples, however, is not feasible, without thorough feasibility studies concerning the ecologic, ethnologic and socio- economic conditions in the respective project areas. Basic research needs for improving and extending the system are also indicated.

}, keywords = {Acacia albida, agroforestry, agrosilvopasture, Cordia abyssinica, fur practices, Jebel Marra, Sudan, tropical highlands, Ziziphus spina-christi}, doi = {10.1007/BF00141543}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00141543}, author = {S. Miehe} } @inbook {919, title = {The ecology of traditional pest management in Southeast Asia}, booktitle = {Traditional agriculture in southeast Asia: A human ecology perspective}, year = {1986}, month = {1986}, pages = {241-272}, publisher = {Westview Press}, organization = {Westview Press}, address = {Boulder, CO}, abstract = {

This chapter reviews traditional pest management practices and provides ecological explanations for how they function. Four major sources of information are used:

  1. qualitative descriptions of pest problems and pest management practices in traditional agriculture;
  2. quantitative studies of pest dynamics in traditional agriculture;
  3. ecological studies of natural ecosystems; and
  4. agricultural field experiments. (author)
}, isbn = {0813370264; 978-0813370262}, url = {http://gerrymarten.com/traditional-agriculture/tableofcontents.html}, author = {Becky J. Brown and Gerald G. Marten}, editor = {Gerald G. Marten} } @inbook {885, title = {Indigenous technology and farming systems research: Agroforestry in the Indian desert}, booktitle = {Social sciences and farming systems research: Methodological perspectives on agricultural development}, series = {Westview special studies in agriculture science and policy}, year = {1986}, note = {Chapter 11}, month = {1986}, pages = {221-244}, publisher = {Westview Press}, organization = {Westview Press}, address = {Boulder, CO}, abstract = {This case study describes a Farming Systems project directed by the author in India with the faculty of Mohan Lal Sukhadia Agricultural University, the agricultural school for the State of Rajasthan. The project dealt with an arid zone where grain is produced in association nitrogen fixing trees. The multiple benefits of this association make it unlikely that farmers will change this production system unless major climatic or infrastructural changes occur. The probable persistence of this pattern has major implications for agricultural research strategies.}, keywords = {agricultural systems, agroforestry, research , social sciences}, isbn = {0-8133-7136-8}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/13009091}, author = {Barry H Michie}, editor = {Jeffrey R Jones and Ben J. Wallace} } @article {615, title = {Management of Algarrobo (Prosopis alba, P. chilensis, P. flexuosa, and P. nigra) in the semiarid regions of Argentina}, journal = {Forest Ecology and Management}, volume = {16}, year = {1986}, month = {October 1986}, pages = {33-40}, abstract = {Prosopis alba, P. chilensis, P. flexuosa, and P. nigra are collectively known as {\textquoteright}algarrobo{\textquoteright} and are deep-rooted, nitrogen-fixing trees that produce sweet pods that are still eaten by humans and rapidly eaten by livestock in the semiarid regions of Argentina. These trees are the essential component of the agroforestry land use system in these parts of Argentina. However, existing algarrobo stands need to be thinned to 30 to 50 adult trees per hectare and undesirable trees eliminated to provide a more favorable water supply for the algarrobo. New plantings need to be established in Argentina and this paper reports planting techniques which can be used by farmers with little equipment. To overcome dormancy the seeds are soaked in room temperature water for 72-96 h, which yields 75\% germination. Field establishment of containerized transplants in polyethylene bags gave 50\% survival six months after transplant, bare root transplants of P. chilensis and P. caldenia gave 65\% and 75\% survival respectively two months after transplant, and manual direct seeding gave 50\% survival three months after seeding. Seedlings were also established by feeding intact pods to cattle. When 0.5 kg of pods are fed per day, at least one germinated seedling per feces occurs in periods when soil moisture is favorable.}, keywords = {Argentina, nitogen-fixing trees, Prosopis, seedlings, survival rates, transplants}, doi = {10.1016/0378-1127(86)90005-8}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0378112786900058}, author = {Enrique Marmillon} } @book {367, title = {Multipurpose tree species networks for the Forestry/Fuelwood Research and Development Project: Recommendations}, series = {Multipurpose Tree Species Network Research Series Report no. 1}, year = {1986}, month = {July 1986}, pages = {118}, publisher = {Winrock International}, organization = {Winrock International}, address = {Morrillton, AR}, abstract = {F/FRED usage of "multipurpose" tree species implies the use of trees for fuelwood or charcoal, fodder for domesticated animals, fruit for human food, green manure, etc. on a single tree in small farm management. This definition might exclude species which produce more than one important timber product which cannot be economically grown or processed on the small farm. Fuel and fodder uses appear to be the most important end-products to consider.}, keywords = {agroforestry}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/25890506}, author = {Kenneth G. MacDicken and Michael R. Dove and James L. Brewbaker and William F. Hyde} } @article {623, title = {Multistoried agroforestry garden system in West Sumatra, Indonesia}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {4}, year = {1986}, month = {December 1986}, pages = {315-338}, abstract = {The agroforestry garden system in Maninjau in West Sumatra is characterized by an intensive integration of forest species and commercial crops, forming a forest-like system. The intimate association of different species provides both subsistence and commercial products which supplement rice production. This complex agroforest is managed by the combination between cultural practices and respect of natural processes of vegetation production and reproduction. It represents a profitable production system and constitutes an efficient buffer between villages and protected forest. It is a good model of association between integration of forest resources and cultivation of cash crops in the form of a sustainable and flexible system.}, keywords = {buffer zone, commercial agroforestry, forest resource management, fruit trees, multistoried agroforest, Sumatra}, doi = {10.1007/BF00048106}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00048106}, author = {G. Michon and F. Mary and J. Bompard} } @inbook {905, title = {People and resources in Nepal: Customary resource management systems of the Upper Kali Gandaki}, booktitle = {Common property resource management}, year = {1986}, note = {Chapter 21}, month = {December 1987}, pages = {455-480}, publisher = {National Academy Press}, organization = {National Academy Press}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {This document looks at common property resource management in general and numerous case studies. Case studies cover topics in the resources of fish and wildlife; water; range and pastureland; agricultural land; and forest and bushland.}, keywords = {aquatic resources, common property, Nepal, resource management}, isbn = {0-309-04258-5}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/255773087}, author = {Donald A. Messerschmidt}, editor = {Daniel W. Bromley} } @article {829, title = {Prospects for agroforestry research in India{\textquoteright}s semi-arid tropics and at ICRISAT}, year = {1986}, note = {Consultancy Report}, month = {August 25, 1986}, institution = {Economics Group, Resource Management Program, ICRISAT}, address = {Andhra Pradesh, India}, abstract = {Agroforestry research centered on woody perennial and field crop combinations is in its infancy in India{\textquoteright}s SAT. Any proposed agroforestry research at ICRISAT should have an explicit link with crops in order to justify such research within ICRISAT{\textquoteright}s mandate. The development of an agroforestry program at ICRISAT should follow a farming systems research strategy based on strong links with target systems. And selection of species for research should be done carefully and purposefully with the target system in mind.}, keywords = {crop combinations, field crops, research , woody crops}, author = {Barry H. Michie} } @inbook {912, title = {Seeing the forest while planting the trees: An anthropological approach to agroforestry in rural Haiti}, booktitle = {Politics, projects, and people: Institutional development in Haiti}, year = {1986}, note = {Chapter 7}, month = {1986}, pages = {193-226}, publisher = {Praeger}, organization = {Praeger}, address = {New York}, abstract = {This chapter describes an anthropological approach to environmental restoration that is currently being implemented in rural Haiti, and that has stimulated an historically unprecedented level of voluntary tree planting by Haitian peasants. The overall design of the Agroforestry Project has been described elsewhere. In keeping with the theme of this volume, the discussion focuses upon the underlying design principles and institutional dimensions of the Project.}, keywords = {administrative agencies, economic development, economic development projects, Haiti, institution building, politics and government, social aspects}, isbn = {0-03-004532-0}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/12345132}, author = {Gerald F Murray}, editor = {Derick W. Brinkerhoff and Jean-Claude García-Zamor} } @inbook {927, title = {Traditional agroforestry in West Java: The pekarangan (homegarden) and kebun-talun (annual-perennial rotation) cropping systems}, booktitle = {Traditional agriculture in southeast Asia: A human ecology perspective}, year = {1986}, month = {1986}, pages = {132-157}, publisher = {Westview Press}, organization = {Westview Press}, address = {Boulder, CO}, abstract = {This chapter looks at the role of kebun-talun and pekarangan in the Javanese landscape. Kebun-talun (rotation system between mixed garden and tree plantation) is a traditional system that increases overall production and serves multiple functions by sequentially combining agricultural crops with tree crops. Pekarangan (homegarden intercropping system) is a traditional system located in the villages that provides both subsistence and commercial products and serves multiple functions by simultaneously combining agricultural crops with tree crops and animals.}, keywords = {agriculture, agroforestry, animals, crop rotation, ecology, farming, home gardens, Indonesia, intercropping, Java, Javanese, kebun-talun, pekarangan, rice, tree crops, trees, upland farming}, isbn = {0-8133-7026-4}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/12975293}, author = {Linda Christanty and Oekan S. Abdoellah and Gerald G. Marten and Johan Iskandar}, editor = {Gerald G. Marten} } @article {699, title = {The tree that purifies water: Cultivating multipurpose Moringaceae in the Sudan}, journal = {Unasylva (FAO)}, volume = {38}, year = {1986}, month = {February 1986}, pages = {23-28}, abstract = {Suspensions of seed powder from trees and shrubs of the Moringaceae family can effectively be used to clarify water, even turbid water from the River Nile. But species from this family have a variety of other uses as well. Although they show considerable promise for multipurpose use in the tropical belt, little is known about how to cultivate the various species. This article examines different methods of cultivation appropriate to different species -- often with surprising results.}, keywords = {agroforestry, fodder, fuelwood, medicinal plants, oil, ornamental trees, spices}, url = {http://www.fao.org/docrep/r7750e/r7750e04.htm$\#$the\%20tree\%20that\%20purifies\%20water:\%20cultivating\%20multipurpose\%20moringaceae\%20in\%20the\%20sudan}, author = {Samia Al Azharia Jahn and Hassan A. Musnad and Heinz Burgstaller} } @article {701, title = {The uses of mesquite (Prosopis spp.) in the highlands of San Luis Potosi, Mexico}, journal = {Forest Ecology and Management}, volume = {16}, year = {1986}, month = {October 1986}, pages = {49-56}, abstract = {An account is given of the uses of mesquite--Prosopis laevigata (Humb. and Bonpl. ex Willd.) M.C. Johnst. and P. glandulosa var. torreyana (L Benson) M.C. Johnst.--in the highlands of San Luis Potosi, Mexico. The products of mesquite are used as human food, folk medicine, forage, fuel and for construction. The plant communities where it is the most important element provide wildlife reguge, recreation, nectar and desertification control. The development of these species by cultivation and plant breeding should be directed towards supplying those products in high demand. (author)}, keywords = {ecology, medicinal plants, multi-use species, traditional medicine}, doi = {10.1016/0378-1127(86)90007-1}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0378112786900071}, author = {Sergio Galindo Almanza and Edmundo Garcia Moya} } @article {520, title = {Babassu palm in the agroforestry systems in Brazil{\textquoteright}s mid-north region}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {3}, year = {1985}, month = {September 1985}, pages = {275-295}, abstract = {Babassu palms (Orbignya spp.) cover nearly 200,000 km2 in Brazil, providing cash income, fuel, fibre, edible oil and food to a large number of tenant farm households. Babassu is closely integrated within pastoral and shifting cultivation systems of Mid-North Brazil. In pastures, babassu provides shade for cattle, aids soil moisture retention, produces organic matter, generates supplementary farm income at little cost, and offers year-round employment. On the other hand, the persistence of juvenile palms reduces pasture grass productivity due to plant competition, and therefore there is a trend to eradicate babassu through clearcutting and understorey suppression. At moderate densities of less than 100 individuals per ha, mature babassu palms in cropland do not appear to harm crop productivity. In such cases, palms are thinned and leaves of the remaining ones are cut back, supplying fuel for the burn and nutrients to the soil. However, reduced fallow cycles due to pasture conversion threaten babassu as well as crop productivity.}, keywords = {Babassu palm, charcoal , land tenure, northeast Brazil, Orbignya, Palmae, pasture expansion, shifting cultivation, vegetable oil}, doi = {10.1007/BF00046960}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00046960}, author = {P. H. May and Anthony B. Anderson and J. M. F. Fraz{\~a}o and M. J. Balick} } @article {671, title = {The Chagga homegardens: A multistoried agroforestry cropping system on Mt. Kilimanjaro (Northern Tanzania)}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {2}, year = {1985}, month = {June 1984}, pages = {73-86}, abstract = {

The homegardens are characterised by an intensive integration of numerous multipurpose trees and shrubs with food crops and animals, simultaneously on the same unit of land.

The Chagga are skilled farmers with an intimate knowledge of the crops and their ecological requirements. They have a good idea of functions/uses of the plant species on their farms. The large species diversity provides both subsistence and cash crops. It enables the farmer to keep his management options open and provides insurance against drought, pest and economic risks.

}, keywords = {agroforestry, Chagga, home gardens, land tenure, livestock integration, multipurpose trees, multistoried cropping, Tanzania}, doi = {10.1007/BF00131267}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00131267}, author = {E. C. M. Fernandes and A. Oktingati and J. Maghembe} } @article {536, title = {Contributions of indigenous silviculture to forestry development in rural areas: Examples from Niger and Mali}, journal = {Rural Africana}, volume = {23-24}, year = {1985}, month = {Fall 85Winter 86}, pages = {61-65}, abstract = {The slogan "planting and maintaining trees" that was adopted by Niger for its 1984 national reforestation campaign is a significant example of the efforts presently being made by a Sahelian country in its aim to provide for a less desolate environment. An initial reaction to the diminishing forest cover due to the combined pressure exerted on it for years by man, animals, and climate consists of increasing the production. Man, consequently, will reforest in order to protect the soil, to have firewood, and to enjoy the fruits from his trees. We have come to learn, during our visits in the Sahel, that man has, for a long time, been carrying out reforestation activities often on an exclusively individual basis. Some examples from Niger and Mali are given. (author)}, keywords = {agroforestry, fuelwood}, author = {Pierre Montagne} } @inbook {899, title = {Native cultures and protected areas: Management options}, booktitle = {Culture and conservation: The human dimension in environmental planning}, year = {1985}, note = {Chapter 2}, month = {1985}, pages = {33-44}, publisher = {Croom Helm}, organization = {Croom Helm}, address = {London}, abstract = {On their own lands, the culturally native populations of Latin America protect large areas in natural ecosystems and achieve a renewable resource of a living environment. This relation can be reinforced by each of the four management options for the formal designation and organization or protected areas which are outlined in this paper: native owned lands, where the protection of the area is by native peoples; reserves, where a protected natural area corresponds with the territory of a particular native population; buffer zones, where a protected area serves as a physical or ecological barrier between native lands and the lands of others; and research stations, where certain areas under native management are organized as agricultural or ecological research stations.}, keywords = {common property, commons, community forestry, forest management, land tenure, land use, natural resource management}, author = {Leslie A. Brownrigg}, editor = {Jeffrey A. McNeely and David Pitt} } @article {554, title = {Ethnoecology as applied anthropology in Amazonian development}, journal = {Human Organization}, volume = {43}, year = {1984}, month = {Summer 1984}, pages = {95-107}, abstract = {Social and ecological devastation in Amazonia necessitates alternative strategies for sustained, ecologically sound development. The study of indigenous ecological knowledge (ethnoecology) is shown to offer the bases for these new strategies. Six catagories of folk knowledge are explored: gathered products, game, aquaculture, agriculture, resource units and cosmology. A set of recommendations for systematic ethnoecological research is offered, the application of which will not only identify new categories of resources, but also offer alternative resource management strategies to bring the benefits of development to all residents of Amazonia. (author)}, keywords = {Amazonia, Amazonian development, economic development, ethnoecology, indigenous, indigenous perception, knowledge, subsistence strategies}, url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/44125834 }, author = {Darrell A. Posey and John Frechione and John Eddins and Luiz Francelino Da Silva and Debbie Myers and Diane Case and Peter MacBeath} } @article {635, title = {Plant species in the Kilimanjaro agroforestry system}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {2}, year = {1984}, month = {September 1984}, pages = {177-186}, abstract = {An inventory of plant species was conducted on farms, farm boundaries and homesteads in the Kilimanjaro agroforestry system. The survey covered 30 farms in 6 villages in Hai District on the slolpes of Mount Kilimanjaro, Tanzania. Over 100 plant species spread over 40 families were identified and their uses obtained through interviews with farmers. The species identified include 53 tree species, 29 food crop species, 21 non-woody plants of economic value and 8 weed species. The food crops, trees and other economically useful plants are carefully chosen by the local farmers and intimately intercropped on the same unit of land. In most cases, the plants had two or more uses of which food, fuelwood, medicine, poles, timber and fodder were the most important. (author)}, keywords = {agroforestry, biodiversity, Chagga home gardens, Kilimanjaro, multiple cropping, multipurpose plants}, doi = {10.1007/BF00147032}, url = {http://rd.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00147032$\#$}, author = {A. O{\textquoteright}kting{\textquoteright}ati and J. A. Maghembe and E. C. M. Fernandes and G. H. Weaver} } @book {297, title = {Appropriate land use systems for smallholder farms: A survey of ecological and socio- economic conditions in the Machakos district (Kenya)}, year = {1983}, month = {1983}, pages = {48-63}, publisher = {Technical University of Berlin }, organization = {Technical University of Berlin }, address = {Berlin, Germany}, abstract = {This excerpt is from the book above. Sections in this excerpt include: slaughtering; tree farming and rural afforestation; fruit trees; non-fruit trees; tree planting; fuel; soil and water conservation; soil and water conservation on arable land; terracing; cut-off drains; cultivation methods; soil and water conservation on grazing land; gully control and rehabilitation; and economics of production.}, keywords = {agroforestry}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/14238317}, author = {Peter Neunh{\"a}user and Herbert Bayreuther and Albert Engel and Michael Friesenegger and Aziz Magelassa and Antonio Monteiro Neves and Verena Renneke and Walter Salzer} } @article {713, title = {Tropical forest architectural analysis as applied to agroforests in the humid tropics: The example of traditional village-agroforests in West Java}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {1}, year = {1983}, note = {Online version is a shortened and revised version of Bompard J, Ducatillion C, Hecketsweiler P Michon G, (1980) A traditional agricultural system: Village-forest-gardens in West Java. University Sc. Montpellier, France. Rapp. DEA. 101 p. + annex.}, month = {June 1983}, pages = {117-129}, abstract = {

The features of the tropical forest are found in Sundanese village-gardens. They are rich in plant species, a layered structure of the vegetation, existing patchwork and succession of sylvigenetic phases (from pioneer to homeostatic phase). These traditional agroforests reflect the surrounding forest ecosystem, simplifying the features.

The architectural method of tropical forest analysis is applied to Sundanese agroforests, but here each plant is both a structural element of the ecosystem and a producing element of the agricultural landscape. Such structural analysis could represent one aspect of an integral analysis of complex agroforestry systems.

}, keywords = {architectural analysis, Java, traditional agroforestry, tropical forests}, doi = {10.1007/BF00596353}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00596353}, author = {G. Michon and J. Bompard and P. Hecketsweiler and C. Ducatillion} } @conference {932, title = {Village-forest-gardens in West Java}, booktitle = {Plant research and agroforestry: Proceedings of a consultative meeting held in Nairobi, 8 to 15 April 1981}, year = {1983}, month = {1983}, pages = {13-24}, publisher = {International Council for Research in Agroforestry}, organization = {International Council for Research in Agroforestry}, address = {Nairobi, Kenya}, abstract = {Indonesian village-forest-gardens are distinctive types of agroforestry land use. They are species rich and possess sophisticated spatial structures and dynamics. Although mainly centered on subsistence production surplus products can provide a valuable cash income. Sustained yields are achieved under the present system of home-gardens and village-forest-gardens without any significant input of fertilizers or pesticides. They represent, for the mass of the rural population, the only asset for survival and material autonomy. Until recently, they have been studied only cursorily but these systems, which are far from "primitive," have many lessons to teach, and they are still susceptible to improvement if we learn enough about them. The two types of gardens are described in some detail and their importance to the farmer is discussed. (author)}, keywords = {agriculture, agroforestry, botany, congresses, crops, research , tree crops}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/11698847}, author = {G Michon}, editor = {Peter A. Huxley} } @inbook {866, title = {Current management concepts in forestry}, booktitle = {Socio-economic effects and constraints in tropical forest management: the results of an enquiry organized by the International Federation of Institutes for Advanced Study}, year = {1982}, note = {

Chapter 17

Papers presented at the Workshop on Socio-economic Effects and Constraints in Forest Management, held at Dehra Dun, India, 1981

}, month = {1982}, pages = {191-201}, publisher = {John Wiley \& Sons}, organization = {John Wiley \& Sons}, address = {New York}, abstract = {The basic objective of managing a forest resource is to meet society{\textquoteright}s needs. The yield has to be a function of society{\textquoteright}s preferences and the forests have to be managed to meet those needs and not for the aim of achieving a "normal forest." Forest management is not merely forestry, social sciences must be a part of the foresters{\textquoteright} training as well as technical forestry.}, keywords = {agroforestry}, isbn = {0-471-10375-6; 978-0-471-10375-2}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/8221698}, author = {D. N. Misra}, editor = {E. G. Hallsworth} } @book {299, title = {Bibliography on tropical agroforestry}, series = {Serie bibliotecolog{\'\i}a y documentaci{\'o}n, English version, bibliograf{\'\i}a no. 6}, year = {1981}, month = {1981}, pages = {67}, publisher = {Centro Agron{\'o}mico Tropical de Investigaci{\'o}n y Ense{\~n}anza (CATIE)}, organization = {Centro Agron{\'o}mico Tropical de Investigaci{\'o}n y Ense{\~n}anza (CATIE)}, address = {Turrialba, Costa Rica}, abstract = {This bibliography includes 680 references of documents on tropical agroforestry. Most of the documents deal with the American tropics, but there are also documents from Africa, Asia and Oceania. Two indices are presented, one by authors, and the other combining subjects, species and countries, including 363 authors, 94 subject keywords, 57 geographical terms and 71 botanical genera. Instructions are given on the use of the bibliography, how to consult the documents and how to obtain (by mail) copies of these papers. (author)}, keywords = {agroforestry}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/8353810}, author = {Jean Combe and Humberto Jim{\'e}nez Saa and Claudia Monge} } @article {837, title = {The dynamics of traditional systems of forest management in Nepal: Implications for the community forestry development and training project}, year = {1981}, note = {Report to the World Bank/International Finance Corporation}, month = {1981}, institution = {World Bank}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {

The Nepal Community Forestry Development and Training Project, which is now in its first year of implementation, aims to increase supplies of fuelwood, fodder, grass, and timber by allocating greater responsibility for forest management and protection to local communities. As such it depends largely for its success upon generation of local motivation, cooperation, and involvement. This report investigates the dynamics of the traditional systems of forest management in a number of communities in Nepal to assess the potential for local participation, the existing constraints on the active involvement of local farmers in forest plantation, rehabilitation, and preservation, and the type of changes in strategy needed to ensure better project implementation. There is no single formula for local participation in preservation or maintenance of existing forest resources; rather, the individual adaptation of a panchayat/community management system to local conditions and needs is the main criteria for success. Some of the key factors contributing to success of a traditional system are:

}, keywords = {benefits, community relationship, cultivation, economic inequality, fodder, forest products, fuelwood, incentives, leaders, Nepal, ownership, sanctions, women}, author = {Augusta Molnar} } @conference {804, title = {Traditional agro-forestry practices in arid zone of Rajasthan}, booktitle = {Paper presented at the Summer Institute on Agro-Forestry in Arid and Semi-Arid Zones, 15th June to 14th July, 1981}, year = {1981}, month = {June-July 1981}, publisher = {Central Arid Zone Research Institute}, organization = {Central Arid Zone Research Institute}, address = {Jodhpur, India}, abstract = {

In this paper the author discusses the agroforestry practices in different agro-climatic zones in Rajashthan. Six benefits were listed for the reason agroforestry techniques were needed:

  1. meeting fuel requirements,
  2. fencing materials,
  3. construction of lodging,
  4. fodder,
  5. food for human consumption, and
  6. protection against soil erosion and green manure.

The author then discusses in detail the types of trees used to meet the communities specific needs, in particular the Bordi and Khehri species.

}, keywords = {Bordi, community forestry, fuelwood, Khejri}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/10369344}, author = {S. P. Malhotra} } @conference {806, title = {Tree and shrub species for agroforestry systems in arid and semi arid regions}, booktitle = {Summer Institute on Agro-forestry in Arid and Semi-arid Zones}, volume = {1}, year = {1981}, note = {Lecture delivered at Agroforestry in Arid and Semi-arid Zones June 15{\textendash}July 14, 1981}, month = {06/15-07/14/1981}, publisher = {Central Arid Zone Research Institute}, organization = {Central Arid Zone Research Institute}, address = {Jodhpur, India}, abstract = {

Lists of trees, where they grow and what they are used for.

In the tropics, uncertain supplies and increasing costs of feed, fertilizer and food coupled with projected population increases are giving the leguminous trees, whose foliage is browsed by animals, a status they have never enjoyed previously.

Trees and shrubs play a dual role in the forage supply, serving both as shade for grass and as forage themselves. In dry tropics, in particular, shrubs and trees are precious for without them stock raising would probably be impossible as pasture grasses die when upper soil layers lose their moisture, but tree roots exploit deep underground moisture and they continue to flourish. (author)

}, keywords = {agroforestry, fuelwood}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/10369344}, author = {H. S. Mann} } @conference {872, title = {Forest conversation practices in Papua New Guinea}, booktitle = {Traditional conservation in Papua New Guinea: Implications for today. Proceedings of a Conference Organized by the Office of Environment and Conservation and the Institute of Applied Social and Economic Research in Port Moresby [Papua New Guinea], 27-31 October, 1980}, series = {Monograph no. 16}, year = {1980}, month = {Oct. 27-31, 1980}, pages = {203-216}, publisher = {Institute of Applied Social and Economic Research}, organization = {Institute of Applied Social and Economic Research}, address = {Boroko, Papua New Guinea}, abstract = {This document looks at the forest conservation practices of native Papua New Guineans. It describes past practices of forest product harvesting (including: timber, wildlife, fish, other food products, and assorted other resources) and swidden agriculture and compares them to current practices. It discusses the implications of these past practices on today{\textquoteright}s system of resource management.}, keywords = {aquatic resources, forest conservation, Papua New Guinea}, url = {https://www.worldcat.org/title/10090361}, author = {Colin De{\textquoteright}A th}, editor = {Louise Morauta and John Pernetta and William Heaney} } @article {608, title = {Living fences in the Fond-des-N{\`e}gres Region, Haiti}, journal = {Economic Botany}, volume = {16}, year = {1962}, month = {April 1962}, pages = {101-105}, abstract = {This article discusses the economic, social and agricultural uses of "living fences" in the Fond-des-N{\`e}gres region, Haiti. These living fences are actually plants that form borders between families and fields. Field work was carried on in the Fond-des-N{\`e}gres region during October, 1958, and from January through March, 1959.}, keywords = {Bromelia, Croton, Jatropha, living fences, Plant Anatomy/Development, plant ecology, plant physiology, plant sciences, Plant Systematics/Taxonomy/Biogeography, thatch, world market price}, doi = {10.1007/BF02985297}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02985297}, author = {Sidney W. Mintz} } @article {689, title = {The mango: Its botany, cultivation, uses and future improvement, especially as observed in India}, journal = {Economic Botany}, volume = {7}, year = {1953}, month = {April 1953}, pages = {130-162}, abstract = {

This article is about the botany, cultivation, uses, and future improvement of the mango in India. The author gives an outline of the origin, distribution, and environmental requirements of mangoes, as well.

This delicious tropical fruit has been under cultivation for about 4,000 years and today it is grown on about two million acres in India, its original home. Nearly 1,000 cultivated varieties are known throughout the tropics of the world. The fruits are rich in vitamins A and C, and have better food value than apple.

}, keywords = {agroforestry, bisexual flower, cold storage, ethnobotany, fruit, India, mango, stock plant}, doi = {10.1007/BF02863059}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/4287767}, author = {S. K. Mukherjee} }