@book {311, title = {Culture: The missing element in conservation and development: Abstracts of the 8th National Zoo Symposium held at the National Zoological Park, Washington, DC, 1988}, year = {1998}, month = {8-9 April 1988}, pages = {xii, 160 pp.}, publisher = {Kendall/Hunt Publishers}, organization = {Kendall/Hunt Publishers}, address = {Dubuque, IA}, abstract = {

Includes the following papers:

This document contains the abstracts/summaries of the 8th National Zoo Symposium. Topics such as: common property, politics, community involvement, debt trade, indigenous knowledge, traditional wildlife management, natural resource management, and indigenous societies are addressed.

}, keywords = {American Indians, common property, community involvement, debt trade, indigenous knowledge, indigenous societies, local knowledge, Native Americans, natural resource management, politics, rainforests, traditional wildlife management}, isbn = {0787247618; 9780787247614}, url = {https://www.worldcat.org/title/260057590}, author = {National Zoo}, editor = {R. J. Hoage and Katy Moran} } @article {811, title = {African biodiversity: Foundation for the future. A framework for integrating biodiversity conservation and sustainable development}, year = {1993}, note = {Biodiversity Support Programme, a USAID-funded Consortium of World Wildlife Fund, the Nature Conservancy and World Resources Institute}, month = {1993}, institution = {Biodiversity Support Program}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {

This report reflects our belief that any effective conservation and development strategy for Africa must directly address the concerns of Africans themselves. During the conceptualization and writing of the report, we drew upon the guidance of a team of advisors \— mostly African women and men \— with experience in a variety of African geographic regions, institutions, and ecological systems. The input of these experts enabled us to focus the report on African priorities for biodiversity conservation. (author)

}, keywords = {Africa, biodiversity, conservation}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/30593020}, author = {K. Newman and J. Webster} } @article {538, title = {Dalbergia melanoxylon: Valuable wood from a neglected tree}, journal = {NFT Highlights (NFTA 93-05): A quick guide to nitrogen fixing trees from around the world}, year = {1993}, month = {September 1993}, abstract = {Dalbergia melanoxylon produces one of the finest timbers in the world. Known in Tanzania as African ironwood, African ebony, mpingo, poyi or mugembe, round logs of this species fetch up to US$18,000/cubic meter. Yet the trees are seldom planted and little is known about their silviculture.}, keywords = {fuelwood}, url = {https://www.winrock.org/factnet-a-lasting-impact/fact-sheets/dalbergia-melanoxylon-valuable-wood-from-a-neglected-tree/}, author = {Ladislaus Nshubemuki} } @book {308, title = {Conservation of biodiversity in Africa: Local initiatives \& institutional roles: Conference programme \& abstracts}, year = {1992}, month = {8/30-9/3/1992 }, pages = {66}, publisher = {National Museums of Kenya}, organization = {National Museums of Kenya}, address = {Nairobi, Kenya}, abstract = {

Contains information on:

}, keywords = {Africa, biodiversity}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/32051866}, author = {National Museums of Kenya} } @proceedings {478, title = {NFU{\textquoteright}s Annual Conference 1991}, year = {1991}, month = {23-24 May 1991}, publisher = {Norwegian Centre for International Agricultural Development, Agricultural University of Norway; Norwegian Association for Development Research}, address = {Aas [{\r A}s], Norway; Oslo, Norway}, abstract = {

Can researchers from different disciplines, especially the natural and social sciences, work effectively together? Can they complement each other, or are they mutually incompatible, speaking contradictory, or simply different, languages? What can the various disciplines--together or separately--offer to the decision maker? Are the imperatives of research and policy so different that they cannot, and should not, be directly linked? (author)

These issues were addressed at the seventh annual conference of the Norwegian Association for Development Research (NFU). This book contains the papers presented at the conference. Papers presented at the conference covered topics such as:

}, keywords = {Africa, agriculture, agroforestry, agroforestry development, environment, farmer research, farmers, food security, gene resources, interdisciplinary, interdisciplinary research, multidisciplinary teams, natural resources, Norsk forening for utviklingsforskning (NFU), Norwegian Association for Development Research, nutrition, participatory research, property rights, social justice, social sciences, Soil Productivity Research Program (SPRP), sustainable development, Zambia}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/29625062}, author = {NORAGRIC} } @book {305, title = {Community forestry: Herders{\textquoteright} decision-making in natural resources management in arid and semi-arid Africa}, series = {Community Forestry Note no. 4}, year = {1990}, note = {See also: http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/22831781}, month = {1990}, pages = {viii, 126 pp.}, publisher = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}, organization = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}, address = {Rome}, abstract = {This report fits into an overall objective of helping the FAO analyze the role that local knowlege and management systems (LKMS) of natural resources can play in FAO{\textquoteright}s development projects and programs. The approach of this report centers on a literature review of existing information on arid and semi-arid Africa. This includes North Africa, the Sahara, the Sahel, the semi-arid parts of the Sudan zone, and the arid zones of southern Africa. A few pertinent examples from other areas are also provided. The main emphasis is placed on the use and management of natural resources, primarily vegetation, but also water and wildlife. The majority of production systems in these arid zones in one way or another rely on livestock (ranging from settled agropastoralists to continuously mobile nomads). Thus, pastoral systems, defined as any production system that relies for more than 10\% of its output on livestock, is the main focus of the report, but other production systems that rely on resources in their natural state, such as hunting, gathering, fishing and wood collecting, will also be considered. (author) In 1986, within its Forestry for Community Development Programme, the FAO Forestry Department published a Forestry Paper entitled Tree Growing by Rural People. It presented various facets of the state of knowledge about tree-growing as it relates to community forestry, i.e. forestry designed to benefit the rural tree growers/managers. However, although some of the most interesting future opportunities for community forestry lie in improving management of existing trees rather than in creating new resources, this document covered only partially the topic of tree and woodland management by rural people. It did not fully explore how rural people manage single trees or communal woodlands and how they manage their other resources in relation to trees and woodlands. Further effort was necessary to broaden and deepen the knowledge base on local management issues. In order to improve the success of management projects, more complete data and analysis was also needed on what knowledge rural people have already developed and the dynamics of their tree resource management strategies in response to changing policies, pressures and opportunities. Finally, more thorough understanding was to be developed of the results and impacts of various attempts to support rural people in the efforts to manage these resources. Dr. Maryam Niamir, a range management specialist, has undertaken the first step in the process of filling this information gap as it relates to arid and semi-arid areas of Africa. (author)}, keywords = {afforestation, agroforestry, agropastoral systems, citizen participation, climate, community forestry, deforestation, Ethiopia, ethnoveterinary medicine, forest management, Fulani, geomorphology, grazing, herders, India, land tenure, livestock, Madagascar, Mali, natural resources, Niger, Nigeria, North Africa, plants, reforestation, soils, Somalia, Sub-Saharan Africa, Sudan, Uganda, vegetation, water , wildlife , Wodaabe, Zambia}, url = {http://www.fao.org/3/t6260e/t6260e00.htm}, author = {Maryam Niamir} } @article {610, title = {Living stakes: Kenyan farmers introduce an agroforestry technology}, journal = {Agroforestry Today}, volume = {2}, year = {1990}, month = {1990 April-June}, pages = {8}, abstract = {

Farmers in the Kenya highlands are using living stakes of Commiphora zimmermanni to support yam (Dioscorea minutiflora) and passion fruit (Passiflora edulis) vines.

The species is drought resistant and can be planted as green sticks which root readily, and grow slowly without developing large lateral roots which would compete with other crops, or canopies that would provide too much shade. The stakes thrive under frequent pollarding and are not killed by heavy plants climbing them.

}, keywords = {agroforestry, Kenya}, author = {Amare Getahun and Anthony Njenga} } @article {667, title = {Temple forests in India{\textquoteright}s forest development}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {11}, year = {1990}, note = {accepted 22 January 1990; published September 1990}, month = {9/1990}, pages = {199-211}, abstract = {

Historically the temple forests in India have served many spiritual and religious purposes. This paper stresses on the use of the underused repertoire of sacred acts to integrate the benefits of temple forests in rural development. The tree/plant species, planting design and the rituals related to their worship documented in the great epics, vedas and upanishads are of great value especially in the context of promoting forest development and the forest development led agricultural development. The Star, Planet and Zodiac forests contain a large number of native tree species ideally suited to tropical stress and drought.

The promotion of temple forests would help developing forests in the upstream areas which can help create climax forests and aid in soil and moisture conservation to help improve the productivity of downstream agriculture. As the chief utilitarian value of these temple trees and plants is in terms of the native (ayurvedic) medicine, their propagation would not only develop the downstream farming opportunities, but also promote the native medicine sector. (author)

}, keywords = {agriculture, forestry, institution, medicinal plants, planet, ritual, star, temple, traditional medicine, worship, zodiac}, doi = {10.1007/BF00045899}, url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00045899}, author = {M. G. Chandrakanth and J. K. Gilless and V. Gowramma and M. G. Nagaraja} } @article {710, title = {Traditional woodland management techniques of African pastoralists}, journal = {Unasylva}, volume = {160}, year = {1990}, month = {December 1990}, pages = {49-58}, abstract = {

Over thousands of years, pastoralists in arid and semi-arid Africa have developed a set of principles and strategies that have enabled them to meet their physical and social needs in a harsh and variable environment. Under conditions of relatively low population density \— pastoralist societies are generally characterized by very low fertility rates and high infant mortality \— these strategies also resulted in the sustained management of key natural resources, particularly range and woodlands. Recently, however, rapid population growth and an associated series of external pressures including crop expansion into rangelands, nationalization of land by governments, forced sedentarization, expanding urban and rural demand for fuelwood, and indiscriminate water development, have combined to upset the delicate balance between the herders and their fragile environment.

}, keywords = {agroforestry, fodder, grazing, pastoralism, seedlings, woodland management}, url = {http://www.fao.org/3/t7750e/t7750e08.htm$\#$traditional\%20woodland\%20management\%20techniques\%20of\%20african\%20pastoralists}, author = {Maryam Niamir} } @article {508, title = {Agroforestry systems in the Garhwal Himalayas of India}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {7}, year = {1988}, month = {December 1988}, pages = {213-225}, abstract = {Agroforestry systems, though at subsistence level are well established in Garhwal Himalayas. The farmers undertake cultivation of various crops, seasonal and biennials crops with trees all in mixtures on the same piece of land. Farm animals and poultry form an essential component of the systems. The intimate association of different species provides both subsistence and commercial products which give additional income to the farmer. The paper describes the general scenario of socioeconomic condition and existing agroforestry practices and some suggestions for their improvement in the Garhwal Himalayas. (author)}, keywords = {agriculture, agroforestry, Garhwal Himalayas, Grewia optiva, mixed farming, multipurpose trees, socioeconomics}, doi = {10.1007/BF00046970}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00046970}, author = {K. S. Dadhwal and Pratap Narain and S. K. Dhyani} } @article {658, title = {Starving in the forest}, journal = {Plant Research and Development}, volume = {28}, year = {1988}, month = {1988}, pages = {7-31}, abstract = {

This paper gives a brief history of the tropical rainforest regions of Middle America \—Yucatan. It relates this history to the present destruction of the forests and how this destruction is interrelated with starvation. This paper demonstrates, through an example of water use, how planning and aid should be suited to a locality. Sections include: land use in tropical Middle America; determination of the forest function; exploiting the forests; loss of the forest; traditional [living] alternatives; Milpa: the shifting cultivation of the Maya; conuco; tree gardens; peasants and state projects; and land use planning in the pre-Spanish era.

}, keywords = {forestry, Maya, Mexico, Native Americans, Oxkutzcab, plan Tabi, rainforests, trees, Yucatan}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/3048499}, author = {Bernd Neugebauer} } @mastersthesis {445, title = {Philippine rural cultivators in transition: Operational reality and cognized models in agricultural decision making}, year = {1987}, month = {1987}, school = {University of Kentucky}, address = {Lexington, Kentucky}, abstract = {

A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctorate of Philosophy at The University of Kentucky.

This study investigates the agricultural decision making processes and patterns of different categories of individuals and households in a rural Philippine community. The variability of adaptive responses to changing social, economic, and ecological conditions is analyzed in relation to indigenous knowledge systems and the decision maker\&$\#$39;s position in the internal differentiation of society.

Cognized models are conceptualized as personal and cultural constructs in the mind of the decision maker while operational reality is defined as the objective, material referent which provides the context, opportunities, and constraints in agricultural decision making. Examination and comparison of graphic mental maps and local criteria of major land use options revealed a patterning in the social distribution of indigenous knowledge that is influenced by the individual\&$\#$39;s socioeconomic status and gender.

Sexual division of labor has sensitized males and females to different aspects of their environment as evidenced by the difference in relative salience of community infrastructure, services, and resources to males and females. Likewise, in terms of socioeconomic standing, differences were observed among informants in their cognizance of various alternative or innovative options. It appears that high socioeconomic status individuals are the most knowledgeable about various features in their environment and also possess the most compact and general models for causes, consequences, and relationships obtaining in both agriculture and aquaculture.

It is argued that access to resources and access to knowledge are mutually reinforcing\—a property that would tend to accelerate polarization and asymmetric relations. Social knowledge appeared to be differentially distributed due to the socialization each individual receives in his or her niche. Such socialization imbues the individual with different selective filters\—or pre-attentive patterns\—which make him or her unconsciously regard some options as non-feasible or undesirable. Choices regarding time allocation, food consumption, and land use are constrained, leading to behavioral outcomes that may not be logical from the point of view of maximization. However, those below, whose latitude for decision making appears to be the most narrow still have some leeway for \"working the system.\" The operational reality seems to be wide enough to admit the possibility of social mobility for those endowed with resourcefulness and entrepreneurial skills.

}, keywords = {farmer experimentation, innovation, rice-fish culture, social structure decision-making, women}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/19564885}, author = {Virginia D. Nazarea-Sandoval} } @article {505, title = {Agroforestry farming systems in the homesteads of Kerala, southern India}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {4}, year = {1986}, month = {December 1986}, pages = {339-363}, abstract = {

Kerala State on the southwestern coast of India in the tropical humid zone has a predominantly agricultural economy, a very high density of population and therefore high pressure on cultivable land. The farmers there undertake cultivation of an array of crops- tree crops, plantation crops, seasonals and biennials - all in intimate mixtures on the same piece of land around the homesteads. Farm animals and poultry and sometimes fisheries also are essential components of the system. The close association of agricultural crops, tree crops and animals in the homesteads represents an excellent example of sustainable and productive agroforestry homegardens. Optimum utilization of available resources of land, solar energy and technological inputs and an efficient recycling of farm wastes are important characteristics of the systems. This paper attempts to describe and evaluate the systems\&$\#$39; stability, productivity and sustainability, and identify its merits and constraints as well as research needs.

}, keywords = {agroclimatic zone, agroforestry, crop system, home gardens, homestead farming, Kerala, mixed farming}, doi = {10.1007/BF00048107}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00048107}, author = {M. Achuthan Nair and C. Sreedharan} } @article {531, title = {Classification of agroforestry systems}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {3}, year = {1985}, month = {June 1984}, pages = {97-128}, abstract = {

Classification of agroforestry (AF) systems is necessary in order to provide a framework for evaluating systems and developing action plans for their improvement. The AF Systems Inventory (AFSI) being undertaken by ICRAF provides the background information for an approach to classification.

The words \&$\#$39;system\&$\#$39;, \&$\#$39;sub-system\&$\#$39; and \&$\#$39;practice\&$\#$39; are commonly used in AF literature. An AF system refers to a type of AF land-use that extends over a locality to the extent of forming a land utilization type of the locality. Sub-system and practice are lower-order terms in the hierarchy with lesser magnitudes of role, content and complexity. In common parlance, however, these terms are used loosely, and almost synonymously.

Several criteria can be used to classify and group AF systems (and practices). The most commonly used ones are the system\&$\#$39;s structure (composition and arrangement of components), its function, its socio-economic scale and level of management, and its ecological spread. Structurally, the system can be grouped as agrisilviculture (crops - including tree/shrub crops - and trees). silvopastoral (pasture/animals + trees), and agrosilvopastoral (crops + pasture/animals + trees). Other specialized AF systems such as apiculture with trees, aquaculture in mangrove areas, multipurpose tree lots, and so on, can also be specified. Arrangement of components can be in time (temporal) or space (spatial) and several terms are used to denote the various arrangements. Functional basis refers to the main output and role of components, especially the woody ones. These can be productive functions (production of \&$\#$39;basic needs\&$\#$39; such as food, fodder, fuelwood, other products, etc.) and protective roles (soilconservation, soil fertility improvement, protection offered by windbreaks and shelterbelts, and so on). On an ecological basis, systems can be grouped for any defined agro-ecological zone such as lowland humid tropics, arid and semi-arid tropics, tropical highlands, and so on. The socio-economic scale of production and level of management of the system can be used as the criteria to designate systems as commercial, \&$\#$39;intermediate\&$\#$39;, or subsistence. Each of these criteria has merits and applicability in specific situations, but they have limitations too so that no single classification scheme can be accepted as universally applicable. Classification will depend upon the purpose for which it is intended.

Nevertheless since there are only three basic sets of components that are managed by man in all AF Systems, viz. woody perennials, herbaceous plants and animals, a logical first step is to classify AF systems based on their component composition, into agrisilvicultural, silvopastoral and agrosilvopastoral (or any other specialized) systems. Subsequently the systems can be grouped according to any of the purpose-oriented criteria. The resulting system name can thus have any one of the three basic categories as a prefix; for example agrisilvicultural system for soil conservation.

Some of the major AF systems and practices of the tropics are grouped according to such a framework. The scheme appears a logical, simple, pragmatic and purpose-oriented approach to classification of AF systems.

}, keywords = {agroforestry systems, mangrove area, multipurpose tree, utilization type, woody perennial}, doi = {10.1007/BF00122638}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00122638}, author = {P. K. R. Nair} } @article {620, title = {Multipurpose leguminous trees and shrubs for agroforestry}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {2}, year = {1985}, note = {Adapted from a paper presented at the International Symposium on Nitrogen Fixing trees in the Tropics, 19-24 September, 1983 Rio-de-Janeiro, Brazil}, month = {September 1984}, pages = {145-163}, abstract = {There are various ways in which farmers deliberately incorporate trees and shrubs on farm production fields. Many of the species so incorporated are legumes. The role of such woody perennials in agroforestry systems can be productive and/or protective. Legumes offer by far the maximum range of choice of woody species for agroforestry in terms of their economic uses as well as ecological adaptibility. In addition to the several leguminous woody species that are well known in agroforestry, there are many more whose potentials have not yet been fully understood. An evaluation is presented of the agroforestry potentials of a few leguminous species from the point of view of their growth characteristics, ecological adaptability, combining ability with other species and uses/functions. The science of agroforestry is still in its infancy. There exists no research data on the various management aspects of these potentially promising group of plants. ICRAF, in its capacity as an international research council, has assembled several multipurpose leguminous trees and shrubs of agroforestry potential at the Council{\textquoteright}s recently-established Field Station in Machakos, Kenya, primarily for demonstration and training purposes. Initial results from these trials are presented in the paper.}, keywords = {Africa, agroforestry systems, coffee shade, ecological adaptability, Leucaena leucocephala, woody perennial}, doi = {10.1007/BF00147030}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00147030}, author = {P. K. R. Nair and E. C. M. Fernandes and P. N. Wambugu} } @proceedings {473, title = {Agroforestry with coconuts and other tropical plantation crops}, year = {1983}, month = {1983}, pages = {79-102}, publisher = {International Council for Research in Agroforestry}, address = {Nairobi, Kenya}, abstract = {

The perennial plantation crops of the tropics occupy about 8 percent of the total arable area in developing countries and are very important, both economically and socially. Research has helped to increase substantially the yields of many in the recent past. Modern plantations maintain their traditional monocultural production strategy but smallholder farmers tend to adopt less well studied integrated and intensive land use practices, often combining perennial cash crops with the production of food crops and livestock in what are, essentially, subsistence production units. Some of these systems are noted.

The coconut palm is one of the most widely grown tree crops in the tropics with a total area of over 6 million hectares, mostly as smallholdings in densely populated areas. The growth habit of the palm is remarkably suited both to small-scale production and to combination with other crops. The age and stand density of the palms is an important factor in determining the type and form of crop association. Integrated mixed farming in smallholdings and grazing of cattle under extensive stands of palms are also common. Where the intercrop and the coconut crop are properly manured and well managed, a substantial number of additional crops can be produced without impairing long-term productivity. Commensal interactions in some such plant associations have been noted. Such intensified systems are well suited to smallholder situations.

The examples given of intensive coconut based systems are relevant to other smallholder plantation crops using some form of plant association or mixed farming technique that will result in higher income and land equivalent ratios per farm. As with the development of the coconut systems, their development will need to be supported by adequate research efforts (author).

}, keywords = {agroforestry, coconuts}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/11698847}, author = {P. K. R. Nair}, editor = {Peter A. Huxley} } @book {297, title = {Appropriate land use systems for smallholder farms: A survey of ecological and socio- economic conditions in the Machakos district (Kenya)}, year = {1983}, month = {1983}, pages = {48-63}, publisher = {Technical University of Berlin }, organization = {Technical University of Berlin }, address = {Berlin, Germany}, abstract = {This excerpt is from the book above. Sections in this excerpt include: slaughtering; tree farming and rural afforestation; fruit trees; non-fruit trees; tree planting; fuel; soil and water conservation; soil and water conservation on arable land; terracing; cut-off drains; cultivation methods; soil and water conservation on grazing land; gully control and rehabilitation; and economics of production.}, keywords = {agroforestry}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/14238317}, author = {Peter Neunh{\"a}user and Herbert Bayreuther and Albert Engel and Michael Friesenegger and Aziz Magelassa and Antonio Monteiro Neves and Verena Renneke and Walter Salzer} } @article {682, title = {The evolutionary potential of Lacandon Maya sustained-yield tropical forest agriculture}, journal = {Journal of Anthropological Research}, volume = {36}, year = {1980}, month = {Spring 1980}, pages = {1-30}, abstract = {As centuries-long residents of the southern Maya lowlands, the Lacandon Maya of Chiapas, Mexico, have developed and preserved ecologically sound strategies for sustained-yield food production in the tropical forest biome. Their traditional system of agriculture and food extraction emphasizes successful exploitation of the rain forest environment in a manner compatible with forest regeneration and preservation. The authors describe the Lacandon systems of agricultural production, wildlife management, and forest maintenance, then explore the potential these strategies hold for investigation of ancient Maya food production systems and the development of modern resource utilization schemes in the humid tropics.}, keywords = {Maya, Mexico, Milpas, montane forests, old growth forests, fruits, corn, rainforests, sustainable agriculture, tropical forests}, doi = {10.1086/jar.36.1.3629550}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/3629550}, author = {James D. Nations and Ronald B. Nigh} } @article {527, title = {Cattle, cash, food and forest: The destruction of the American tropics and the Lacandon Maya alternative}, journal = {Culture \& Agriculture}, volume = {16}, year = {1978}, month = {August 1978}, pages = {1-6}, abstract = {This paper discusses food production techniques developed by the Lacandon Maya of Chiapas, Mexico and examines the feasibility of expanding the use of those techniques to other groups in the Chiapas jungle. The topic of special interest for three reasons: first,because the Lacandon food production systems can produce a nutritious diet in an area inhabited by 50,000 undernourished people; second, because it van produce this food without destroying the tropical forest these people live in; and third because the Lacondon system presents a rational alternative to the present situation in Chiapas - a situation that is leading to the rapid and total destruction of Mexico{\textquoteright}s last tropical forest.}, keywords = {Chiapas, Latin America, Maya, rainforests}, doi = {10.1525/cuag.1978.16.6.1}, url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1525/cuag.1978.16.6.1}, author = {James D. Nations and Ronald B. Nigh} } @book {362, title = {Leucaena: Promising forage and tree crop for the tropics}, year = {1977}, note = {PB268 124; also credited as National Academy of the Sciences}, month = {July 1977}, pages = {4}, publisher = {National Technical Information Service}, organization = {National Technical Information Service}, address = {Springfield, VA}, abstract = {This is an excerpt from a book about the leucaena tree (L. pulverulenta \& L. leucocephala). This tree can grow in many types of soil and compliments other crops (corn, bananas, etc.) with its production of soil nutrients. Leucaena trees are very good at fixing nitrogen in temporarily farmed-out land.}, keywords = {agroforestry}, isbn = {0-89499-075-6, 978-0-89499-075-5}, doi = {10.17226/21315}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/163566301}, author = {National Research Council} } @book {403, title = {The Turkuna [sic Tukuna]}, series = {University of California publications; American archaeology and ethnology 45}, year = {1952}, note = {This record is for pages 21-24 "Subsistence" which discusses agriculture and fishing}, month = {1952}, pages = {21-24; 209 pp.}, publisher = {University of California Press}, organization = {University of California Press}, address = {Berkeley, CA}, abstract = {Agriculture and fishing are the principle sources of Turkuna economy. The slash and burn faming is usually done by a communal work party of men. The four crops of major importance are bitter manioc, sweet manioc, maize, and yam. Fishing is the principal occupation of the men, who are taught to fish at an early age. Most boys can provide the household with the fish required at age 9 or 10.}, keywords = {aquatic resources, subsistence agriculture, Ticuna, Tucuna Indians, Tuk{\'u}na, Turkana}, author = {Curt Nimuendaj{\'u}} } @article {673, title = {The date palm: "Tree of life" in the subtropical deserts}, journal = {Economic Botany}, volume = {5}, year = {1951}, month = {July-Sept 1951}, pages = {274-301}, abstract = {Dates, staple food in the valleys of the Tigris, Euphrates and Nile rivers since the dawn of history, have been established on nearly 6,000 acres in southern California and Arizona.}, keywords = {agroforestry, date palm, Phoenix dactylifera, ritual}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/4252037}, author = {Roy W. Nixon} }