@article {732, title = {Can commercial tree planting ensure ecological recovery?}, year = {n.d.}, abstract = {

The problem of deforestation had generated many projects to help this situation. The most controversial project is afforestation. This has been backed by the World Bank Watershed which has funded this cause with over US $190 million.

The locals are seriously against the afforestation projects for fear of depletion of their groundwater and fodder resources. In India they are planting pine; in Ethiopia they are planting eucalyptus. Specifying what gets planted where is destroying the diversity of the rainforest. The World Bank does not usually work with agroforestry or afforestation. The locals are afraid that they will profit from the planting of specific types of trees and the trees will be of no use to the agriculture. The tree-planting that the World Bank is doing is not rebuilding, but it may end up changing the environment that the people are used to.

}, keywords = {afforestation, agroforestry, deforestation, environment, rainforests}, author = {Khor Kok Peng} } @inbook {877, title = {Indigenous African resource management of a tropical rain forest ecosystem: A case study of the Yoruba of Ara, Nigeria}, booktitle = {Linking social and ecological systems: management practices and social mechanisms for building resilience}, year = {1998}, note = {

Paper originally presented by D. Michael Warren at Property Rights and the Performance of Natural Resource Systems: Social and Ecological Systems for Resilience and Sustainability August 29-30, 1994. The Beijier International Institute of Ecological Economics, The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm Sweden

}, month = {March 1998}, pages = {158-189}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, organization = {Cambridge University Press}, address = {New York}, abstract = {In his introduction, Dr. Warren defines the term "indigenous knowledge." He says that indigenous knowledge is a type of decision-making system. He calls for understanding and conserving natural resources. He states that "every community has the capacity to deal with its problems." He bases his study on a Yoruba state in the tropical rainforest in southwest Nigeria. The study also shows the way the community uses indigenous knowledge for decision-making processes and the utilization of the resources. There is a description of Ara, the changing land use, and the indigenous knowledge of biodiversity in Ara followed by his conclusions.}, keywords = {aafin Alara, agroforestry, cola acuminata, cola nitida, cultural diversity, ecosystem management, gari, Ghaga River, human ecology, ICRAF, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, molebi, Odo-Igbo River, rainforests, social ecology, social systems, sustainable development, USAID, West Africa Multipurpose Tree Project}, isbn = {0-521-59140-6; 978-0-521-59140-9}, url = {https://www.worldcat.org/title/36470157}, author = {D. Michael Warren and Jennifer Pinkston}, editor = {Fikret Berkes and Carl Folke} } @inbook {887, title = {Integrated management of a temperate montane rainforest ecosystem through wholistic forestry: A British Columbian example}, booktitle = {Linking social and ecological systems: management practices and social mechanisms for building resilience}, year = {1998}, note = {

CIKARD copy is a draft outline of a paper prepared for the Beijer Institute of Ecological Economics, Stockholm Project \"Social and Ecological System Linkages\" and later published in Linking social and ecological systems.

}, month = {1998}, pages = {363-389}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, organization = {Cambridge University Press}, address = {New York}, abstract = {Evelyn Pinkerton identifies the problem of logging in the temperate rainforest of the Pacific Northwest, British Columbia, and Southeast Asia. She identifies the political and scientific dimensions of the problem. She discusses the limits of the wildlife and timber and what the research uncovered. She identified the term "new forestry." She lists and describes two other types of forestry: Wholistic and Gitksan Wholistic Forestry. She discusses the detail and economics of both types. She also includes five different pie charts with a brief definition for each.}, keywords = {ecosystem resilience, rainforests, riparian zone, transition zone}, isbn = {0-521-59140-6}, url = {https://www.worldcat.org/title/36470157}, author = {Evelyn Pinkerton}, editor = {Fikret Berkes and Carl Folke} } @inbook {861, title = {Calcutta: The Mudialy Fishermen{\textquoteright}s Cooperative Society}, booktitle = {The wealth of communities: Stories of success in local environmental management}, year = {1994}, month = {1994}, pages = {1-14}, publisher = {Kumarian Press}, organization = {Kumarian Press}, address = {West Hartford, CT}, abstract = {

The case study presents an account of the processes leading to the reclamation of a vast area of marshland through the combination of indigenous knowledge, and initiative with scientific technical knowledge, by a community of fishermen in Mudialy, a rural community near Calcutta, India.

Sewage and organic waste from the vast population of urban Calcutta is transformed into a nutrient source which is then fed into the marshes for fish farming and vegetable production.

The case study illustrates how indigenous knowledge systems and technical knowledge could be integrated to achieve environmentally sustainable and at the same time economically viable development projects building on community participation.

}, keywords = {aquatic resources, Calcutta, fisherman}, isbn = {1-56549-038-X}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/30567089}, author = {Charlie Pye-Smith and Grazia Borrini Feyerabend and Richard Sandbook}, editor = {Charlie Pye-Smith} } @conference {764, title = {Fisheries co-management: A worldwide, collaborative research project}, booktitle = {Research Program on Property Rights and the Performance of Natural Resource Systems held August 29-30, 1994, Stockholm, Sweden}, year = {1994}, note = {Case study presentation}, month = {Aug. 29-30, 1994}, publisher = {Beijer International Institute of Ecological Economics}, organization = {Beijer International Institute of Ecological Economics}, address = {Stockholm, Sweden}, abstract = {There is a need for rapid and substantial evolution of existing fisheries management systems in developing countries to support sustainable resource use. It is unlikely that local communities can accomplish this change on their own. But neither can the national government accomplish it entirely through bureaucratic instruments. There must evolve a more dynamic partnership using the capacities and interests of the local community, complemented by the ability of the national government to provide enabling legislation and institutions and other assistance. This partnership can be called co-management, where the national government and the community share authority for fisheries management.}, keywords = {aquaculture, marine resources}, author = {Robert S. Pomeroy and Sten Sverdrup-Jensen and Jesper Raakjaer-Nielsen} } @book {346, title = {Indigenous knowledge and sustainable development in the Philippines: Proceedings of a workshop held at the International Institute of Rural Reconstruction, June 24-26, 1992}, year = {1994}, note = {Co-published by the Regional Program for the Promotion of Indigenous Knowledge in Asia (REPPIKA) and the Philippine Resource Center for Sustainable Development and Indigenous Knowledge (PHIRCSDIK). General Note: Jointly funded by the International Institute of Rural Reconstruction (IIRR), Foundation for Philippine Environment (FPE), Ford Foundation (FF), and User{\textquoteright}s Perspective With Agricultural Research and Development (UPWARD) Bibliography note: Includes bibliographical references Collection title: CIKARD-Center for Indigenous Knowledge in Agriculture and Rural Development. Department of Anthropology, Iowa State University}, month = {June 24-26, 1992}, pages = {164 pp.}, publisher = {International Institute of Rural Reconstruction}, organization = {International Institute of Rural Reconstruction}, address = {Silang, Cavite, Philippines}, abstract = {

The conference topics covered include:

}, keywords = {applied folklore, community development, congresses, environmental aspects, indigenous peoples, Philippines, social life and customs, sustainable development}, isbn = {0-942717-48-1; 978-0-942717-48-8}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/35776619}, author = {International Institute of Rural Reconstruction (IIRR) and Regional Program for the Promotion of Indigenous Knowledge in Asia and Philippine Resource Center for Sustainable Development and Indigenous Knowledge} } @conference {773, title = {Integrated management of a temperate rainforest ecosystem through wholistic forestry: A British Columbian example}, booktitle = {Paper presented at Property Rights and the Performance of Natural Resource Systems: Social and Ecological Systems for Resilience and Sustainability August 29-30, 1994}, year = {1994}, note = {CIKARD copy is a draft outline of a paper prepared for the Beijer Institute of Ecological Economics, Stockholm Project "Social and Ecological System Linkages"}, month = {Aug. 29-30, 1994}, publisher = {Beijer International Institute of Ecological Economics}, organization = {Beijer International Institute of Ecological Economics}, address = {Stockholm, Sweden}, abstract = {Evelyn Pinkerton identifies the problem of logging in the temperate rainforest of the Pacific Northwest, British Columbia, and Southeast Asia. She identifies the political and scientific dimensions of the problem. She discusses the limits of the wildlife and timber and what the research uncovered. She identified the term "new forestry." She lists and describes two other types of forestry: Wholistic and Gitksan Wholistic Forestry. She discusses the detail and economics of both types. She also includes five different pie charts with a brief definition for each.}, keywords = {adaptiveness, community involvement, ecosystem resilience, Jerry Franklin, participatory, rainforests, riparian zone, transition zone, unique ability}, author = {Evelyn Pinkerton} } @inbook {778, title = {Learning by fishing: Practical science and scientific practice}, booktitle = {Paper presented at Property Rights and the Performance of Natural Resource Systems: Social and Ecological Systems for Presilience and Sustainability, August 29-30, 1994}, year = {1994}, note = {

Similar paper in the book Linking social and ecological systems: Management practices and social mechanisms for building resilience edited by Fikret Berkes and Carl Folke

}, month = {Aug 29-30, 1994}, publisher = {Beijer International Institute of Ecological Economics, The Royal Academy of Sciences}, organization = {Beijer International Institute of Ecological Economics, The Royal Academy of Sciences}, address = {Stockholm, Sweden}, abstract = {In many fisheries, resource management is largely informed by professional marine biologists and public officials. Such management often assumes that the extensive knowledge that fisherfolk have achieved, after years of practical experience, is of relatively little use indeed, in many cases there is very little attempt to utilize such knowledge in ecological research and in the process of decision-making. At the same time, much recent research indicates that, given the uncertain (if not chaotic) nature of marine ecosystems, practitioners{\textquoteright} knowledge - knowledge gained on the spot, in the course of production - is of key importance. The aim of the present project is to explore, with particular reference to Icelandic fishing, how indigenous producers acquire knowledge about the ecosystem within which they operate, how their knowledge about the ecosystem within which they operate, how their knowledge differs from that of professional biologists, and to what extent the former could be brought more systematically into the process of resource management for the purpose of ensuring sustainability. (author)}, keywords = {aquatic resources}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/36470157}, author = {Gísli Pálsson} } @article {630, title = {Nonsustainable use of renewable resources: Mangrove deforestation and mariculture in Ecuador}, journal = {Marine Resource Economics}, volume = {9}, year = {1994}, note = {4 charts}, month = {Spring 1994}, pages = {1-18}, abstract = {

The paper provides a conceptual model that examines

  1. open-access exploitation and
  2. mangrove deforestation as two potential causes for the scarcity of post-larval shrimp inputs to shrimp mariculture in Ecuador.

Results indicate that conversion of mangrove ecosystems to shrimp ponds may have obtained short-term profit at the expense of long-term productivity. Open-access collection of post-larval shrimp may also have contributed to dwindling stock levels. Specific policy recommendations are presented, and future empirical studies are proposed.

}, keywords = {biotic communities, deforestation, Ecuador, fisheries, mangrove plants, mariculture, renewable natural resources, shrimp}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1086/mre.9.1.42629577}, author = {Peter J. Parks and Manuel Bonifaz} } @book {405, title = {The wealth of communities: Stories of success in local environmental management}, year = {1994}, month = {1994}, pages = {213}, publisher = {Kumarian Press}, organization = {Kumarian Press}, address = {West Hartford, CT}, abstract = {So much written about the environment conveys unremitting doom and the sense that time is running out. The problems, are, indeed, serious, yet there are grounds for optimism, and communities all over the world are making intelligent use of the resources on which they depend. This book tells the stories of 10 such communities, from the Philippines to Poland, from Los Angeles to Zimbabwe, whether reviving depleted fisheries, finding novel ways of waste disposal, or controlling industrial pollution for their own needs while at the same time protecting the environment -- often in the face of hardship and opposition.}, keywords = {Calcutta, case studies, community organization, community participation, Costa Rica, developing countries, economic development, Ecuador, environmental aspects, environmental conditions, environmental management, environmental protection, human ecology, India, Krakow, Los Angeles, management, Mauritania, natural resources, Nepal, Philippines, sustainable development, Uganda, United States, Zimbabwe}, isbn = {978-1-56549-038-3}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/30567089}, author = {Charlie Pye-Smith} } @book {317, title = {Draft user{\textquoteright}s manual for FISHBASE: A biological database on fishes}, series = {ICLARM Contribution no. 861}, year = {1992}, note = {This is a user{\textquoteright}s manual. Disc not included. The database is available online.}, month = {September 1992}, pages = {47}, publisher = {International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management (ICLARM)}, organization = {International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management (ICLARM)}, address = {Manila, Philippines}, abstract = {FISHBASE is a biological database on fishes developed by the International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management (ICLARM) in collaboration with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and with the support of the Commission of the European Communities (CEC). FISHBASE presents information on all aspects of ichthyology and of fishes as resources, notably on their nomenclature, distribution, ecology, reproduction, growth, mortality, etc.}, keywords = {aquatic resources, database, fish}, url = {http://www.fishbase.org}, author = {Rainer Froese and Maria Lourdes D Palomares and Daniel Pauly} } @article {551, title = {Effects of trees on paddy bund on soil fertility and rice growth in Northeast Thailand}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {18}, year = {1992}, month = {June 1992}, pages = {213-223}, abstract = {

A study was conducted in Northeast Thailand on six rice paddy fields on a farm with similar soil (Aquic Quartzipsamments) and with a single tree on the paddy bund. There were 4 tree species: Parinarium anamense, Dipterocarpus obtusifolius, D. intricatus, and Samanea saman. Samples of soil (0-10 cm depth) and rice were collected at 3 positions (1, 5-7, and 9-11 m) away from the tree base in 3 replicated tree-soil trasects in each paddy field. Significantly higher pH, organic matter, and nutrients (N, P, K, Ca, and Mg) were found in paddy fields with S. saman (a legume tree) but grain yield and biomass of rice were significantly lower. Higher soil fertility was found in the positions closer to tree base while grain yields, biomass, and number of tillers were lower, and rice was taller and had more unfilled grain. Shading was deduced to be the key factor responsible for the depressed rice yields and growth at positions closer to tree base especially in the highly shading S. saman.

}, keywords = {minerals, northeast Thailand, paddy, rice, soil fertility, trees}, doi = {10.1007/BF00123318}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00123318}, author = {S. Sae-Lee and P. Vityakon and B. Prachaiyo} } @conference {763, title = {FISHBASE as a worldwide computerized repository of ethno-ichthyology or indigenous knowledge on fishes}, booktitle = { Indigenous knowledge and sustainable development: 25 selected papers presented at the international symposium held by the International Institute of Rural Reconstruction, September 20-26, 1992}, year = {1992}, month = {1992}, address = {Silang, Cavite, Philippines}, abstract = {FISHBASE is a computerized encyclopedia on the fishes of the world, presently developed at ICLARM, in cooperation with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and numerous other institutions throughout the world. It is shown that the flexible structure of FISHBASE can accommodate both recent and ancient ethno-ichthyological information, i.e. "indigenous knowledge", not generally considered part of ichthyology. Readers are invited to cooperate with the FISHBASE project, and help turn this relational database into the world{\textquoteright}s database on indigenous knowledge of fish. (author)}, keywords = {aquaculture}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/820560133}, author = {M. L. D. Palomares and D. Pauly} } @inbook {906, title = {Pharmaceutical discovery, ethnobotany, tropical forests and reciprocity: Integrating indigenous knowledge, conservation and sustainable development}, booktitle = {Sustainable harvest and marketing of rain forest products}, year = {1992}, note = {

General Note: Proceedings of a meeting sponsored by Conservation International and the Asociaci{\'o}n Nacional para la Conservaci{\'o}n de la Naturaleza, held in Panama City on June 20-21, 1991
Bibliography note: Includes bibliographical references and index
Book title submitted as Sustainable Harvest of the Rainforest in original bibliography; Chapter 26 in Sustainable Harvest and Marketing of Rain Forest Products

}, month = {July 1992}, pages = {231-238 [1-12]}, publisher = {Island Press}, organization = {Island Press}, address = {Washington, DC and Covelo, CA}, abstract = {This is an incomplete paper that details the works and goals of Shaman Pharmaceuticals. They are trying to discover ways to develop antifungal, antiviral, and sedative drugs from the same type of plants. They are combining the methods of ethnobotany, chemistry, and pharmacology. Also, they are trying to come up with a better way to screen and test these drugs. The combination of ethnobotanists and medical personnel show the coming together of the two pieces of a scientific puzzle. The company has created The Healing Forest Conservancy, a non-profit organization to share the responsibilities of the development of plant biodiversity.}, keywords = {Conservation International, Asociaci{\'o}n Nacional para la Conservaci{\'o}n de la Naturaleza, ethnobotany, ethnopharmacology, medicinal plants, rainforests, traditional medicine}, isbn = {1-55963-168-6; 978-1-55963-168-6}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/231440749}, author = {Steven R. King}, editor = {Mark J. Plotkin and Lisa Famolare} } @book {391, title = {Sustainable harvest and marketing of rain forest products}, year = {1992}, note = {CIKARD copy: 4 page table of contents from the book}, month = {July 1992}, pages = {xv, 325 pages}, publisher = {Island Press}, organization = {Island Press}, address = {Washington, DC and Covelo, CA}, keywords = {ethnopharmacology, medicinal plants, rainforests, traditional medicine}, isbn = {1-55963-169-4}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/24952705}, editor = {Mark J. Plotkin and Lisa Famolare} } @book {392, title = {Taking care of Sib{\"o}{\textquoteright}s gifts: An environmental treatise from Costa Rica{\textquoteright}s K{\'e}k{\"o}Ldi Indigenous Reserve}, year = {1991}, note = {

Publisher noted in Ecology, ethnobotany, Rainforest, and Traditional Medicine original files: Editorama, S.A.

}, month = {1991}, publisher = {Asociaci{\'o}n de Desarrollo Integral de la Reserva Ind{\'\i}gena Cocles/K{\'e}k{\"o}Ldi}, organization = {Asociaci{\'o}n de Desarrollo Integral de la Reserva Ind{\'\i}gena Cocles/K{\'e}k{\"o}Ldi}, address = {San Jos{\'e}, Costa Rica}, abstract = {This document details an example of the relationship that indigenous societies have with their environment and how they specifically set out to conserve their natural surroundings. A definition of what indigenous people are is given. Issues and laws surrounding conservation of rainforest resources (botanical and zoological) in the K{\'e}k{\"o}ldi region on the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica are explained.}, keywords = {Central America, ecology, ethnobotany, medicinal plants, natural conservation, rainforests}, isbn = {9977-88-006-9}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/24535846}, author = {Paula Palmer and Juanita S{\'a}nchez and Gloria Mayorga} } @article {836, title = {The Cree view of land and resources: Indigenous ecological knowledge}, year = {1990}, month = {1990}, institution = {Hamilton, Ontario, Canada}, address = {McMaster University}, abstract = {This document looks at the traditional ecological knowledge (indigenous knowledge) and its relationship with modern society. Specifically, it details the knowledge held by the Cree Indians of Canada{\textquoteright}s north and gives examples and makes suggestions on how indigenous knowledge and development programs can be linked.}, keywords = {American Indians, common property, ethics, Native Americans, natural resource management, worldview}, author = {Fikret Berkes and P. George and Richard Preston and J. Turner} } @inbook {741, title = {The ecology and management of insect pests in traditional agroecosystems}, booktitle = {Ethnobiology : implications and applications : proceedings of the First International Congress of Ethnobiology, Belém, 1988}, volume = {1}, year = {1990}, month = {1990}, pages = {131-143}, publisher = {Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi}, organization = {Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi}, chapter = {Part B; Chapter 1}, address = {Belém, Brazil}, abstract = {

An analysis of the scattered research conducted on indigenous knowledge about pest ecology and methods of pest control used in traditional agriculture suggested the following facts:

The ensemble of traditional crop protection practices used by indigenous farmers throughout the developing world represents a rich resource for modern workers seeking to create pest management systems that are well adapted to the agroecological, cultural and socioeconomic circumstances facing peasants.

}, keywords = {agroecology, ethnoentomology, indigenous pest control}, url = {https://www.worldcat.org/title/1025826490}, author = {Miguel A. Altieri}, editor = {Overal, William L and Posey, Darrell Addison} } @article {572, title = {Genetic resource conservation and utilization in the context of international development}, journal = {Diversity}, volume = {6}, year = {1990}, month = {March 1990}, pages = {18-21}, abstract = {The approach presented here, and projects developed in its support, seek to integrate conservation and utilization of genetic resources and increase economic benefits derived from the maintenance of biodiversity. Speeding the use of genetic resources for sustainable agricultural development can be best accomplished by combining the efforts of conservation biologists, social scientists, agronomists, ethnobotanists, and ecologists in an interactive mode. Such teams represent mutual interests for both preservation and use of resource diversity for international development.}, keywords = {Ecuador, natural resource management, Philippines}, author = {Joel I. Cohen and Christopher S. Potter} } @book {355, title = {Joint management for forest lands: Experiences from South Asia}, year = {1990}, month = {January 1990}, pages = {49}, publisher = {Ford Foundation}, organization = {Ford Foundation}, address = {New Delhi, India}, abstract = {This paper briefly examines three regions within South Asia where poor land management is causing environmental degradation and social and economic problems for rural communities. Within each setting, an example is given of a government agency which is attempting to improve land management through partnerships with community groups. The experiences of each program are discussed and assesed in terms of the productivity, equity, and sustainability of emerging joint management systems. The paper concludes by describing Foundation efforts to support forest agencies developing new approaches to participatory management. (author)}, keywords = {agroforestry, Bengal, common property, community forestry, India, land tenure, land use, Nepal, participatory research, social forestry}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/24551289}, author = {Mark Poffenberger} } @book {356, title = {Keepers of the forest: Land management alternatives in southeast Asia}, series = {Kumarian Press library of management for development}, year = {1990}, month = {December 1990}, pages = {289}, publisher = {Ateneo De Manila University Press; Kumarian Press}, organization = {Ateneo De Manila University Press; Kumarian Press}, address = {Manilia, Philipinnes; West Hartford, CT}, abstract = {

Contains following chapters:

  1. The evolution of forest management systems in southeast Asia (Mark Poffenberger);
  2. A history of state forest management in Java (Nancy Lee Peluso);
  3. The changing upland landscape of the northern Philippines (Percy E. Sajise and Elizabeth A. Omegan);
  4. Forces and policy issues affecting forest use in northeast Thailand (James A. Hafner);
  5. Facilitating change in forestry bureaucracies (Mark Poffenberger);
  6. Diagnostic tools for social forestry; (Jefferson Fox)
  7. Communal forest leases as a tenurial option in the Philippine uplands (Luzviminda B. Cornista and Eva F. Escue);
  8. Identifying appropriate agroforestry technologies in Java (Carol Stoney and Mulyadi Bratamihardj);
  9. Evolving management systems in Thailand (Kamon Pragtong and David E. Thoma);
  10. Migrant farmers and the shrinking forests of northeast Thailand (James A. Hafner and Yaoxvalak Apichatvullop);
  11. Reorienting forest management on Java (Nancy Lee Peluso, Mark Poffenberger and Frances Seymour);
  12. Community participation for conservation area management in the Cyclops Mountains, Irian Jaya, Indonesia (Arthur Mitchell, Yance de Fretes, and Mark Poffenberger);
  13. The growth of the Philippine social forest program (Christopher Gibbs, Edwin Payuan, and Romulo del Castill);
  14. Social forestry in Cebu (Salve B. Borlagdan); and
  15. Steps towards establishing collaborative management (Mark Poffenberger).
}, keywords = {agroforestry, common property, commons, community forestry, cooperatives, deforestation, empowerment, forest management, forestry, land tenure, land use, land use, rural, participatory research, social aspects, southeast Asia, trees}, isbn = {971-550-010-2; 9789715500104}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/20263005}, editor = {Mark Poffenberger} } @book {359, title = {Land and water strategy, the process begins: workbook on soil}, year = {1990}, month = {1990}, pages = {20}, publisher = {Province of Manitoba [Natural Resources, Water Resources Branch]}, organization = {Province of Manitoba [Natural Resources, Water Resources Branch]}, address = {[Winnipeg, MB]}, abstract = {Of primary importance to Manitobans is the development and conservation of our natural resources: the soil, water, forest, wildlife, fisheries, and mineral resources that are vital to our economic future. Our land and water resources have been affected by our activities and we are losing opportunities for future development. The recent drought has illustrated just how fragile our resource based industries are, especially agriculture. The time has come to rebuild those resources so that they will always be there for our use and enjoyment. (author)}, keywords = {agricultural conservation, natural resource conservation, Province of Manitoba, rural land use, soil conservation, soil management}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/184878384}, author = {Provincial Government of Manitoba, Water Resources Branch} } @inbook {922, title = {The role of soil biodiversity in sustainable dryland farming systems}, booktitle = {Dryland agriculture: Strategies for sustainability}, series = {Advances in Soil Science no. 13}, year = {1990}, month = {1990}, pages = {241-251}, publisher = {Springer}, organization = {Springer}, address = {New York}, abstract = {A major consequence of modern agricultural development has been environmental degradation. As biodiversity is reduced due to specific crop fields, soils then lose much of their biota. Organisms such as Azotobacter and Beijerinckca indica are effective polysaccharide-producing microbes. These may provide indicators of soil potential. Soil organic matter can decrease for many reasons, one of which involves conventional tillage practices. Better soil management is necessary to increase microbial processes and soil fertility. More research is necessary to predict how soil type, climatic conditions, and management affect below ground microbial ecology in drylands. (author)}, keywords = {biodiversity, dryland farming}, isbn = {978-1-4613-8984-2; 978-1-4613-8982-8 (online)}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-8982-8_12}, author = {C. S. Potter and R. E. Meyer}, editor = {R. P. Singh and J. F. Parr and B. A. Stewart} } @booklet {497, title = {Towards a sustainable development strategy for the Sierra de los Tuxtlas, Mexico}, year = {1990}, note = {CEA-Carleton research proposal to the International Development Research Centre Cooperation Program}, month = {March 1990}, publisher = {Centro de estudios Agrarios and Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Carleton University}, address = {Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico}, abstract = {Since the 1950s, the cattle industry in Mexico had quadrupled in size, claiming tropical rain forests and land dedicated to basic grain production at an alarming rate. The ecological costs of this form of development have been extraordinary high. Changes in land use and land tenure have resulted in the loss of valuable rainforest resources and extensive soil degredation. The expansion of cattle ranching has also pushed many peasants out of agriculture and into other poverty-stricken sectors of the rural and urban economy. As a result of these developments, Mexico has lost national food self-sufficiency and today imports mare than ten million tons of basic grains. mainly corn and beans. The appropriation and abuse of peasant land by cattle ranchers has also contributed to the development of inequalities in the distribution of economic and political power.}, keywords = {livestock}, author = {Luisa Par{\'e}} } @inbook {917, title = {The Alaska Eskimo Whaling Commission: Successful co-management under extreme conditions}, booktitle = {Co-operative management of local fisheries: New directions for improved management and community development}, year = {1989}, month = {1989}, pages = {137-153}, publisher = {University of British Columbia Press}, organization = {University of British Columbia Press}, address = {Vancouver, British Columbia}, abstract = {This chapter describes the manner in which the scientific managers (whether national or international) on the one hand, and the Alaskan North Slope Inupiat and the Bering Sea Yupik whalers on the other, have, despite their cultural differences, formed an effective co-management arrangement during a decade of intense activity in defence of each group{\textquoteright}s respective culturally-based position.}, keywords = {American Indians, aquaculture, Eskimos, marine resources, Native Americans}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/923443645}, author = {Milton M. R. Freeman}, editor = {Evelyn Pinkerton} } @article {539, title = {Decisions of cattle herdsmen in Burkina Faso and optimal foraging models}, journal = {Human Ecology}, volume = {17}, year = {1989}, month = {December 1989}, pages = {445-464}, abstract = {Models of optimal foraging theory are used to evaluate the decisions of a sedentary herdsman and his family in Burkina Faso concerning the movement of his cattle from pasture to pasture. Generally, such models describe exploitation at the patch level, but are inadequate at higher levels. The herdsmen in the study area are generally sedentary, and their strategy of exploitation appears to be characterized by planning at least in terms of a whole day and minimizing daily travel time among fields. In conjuction with this conclusion a modified optimization model is proposed. We conclude that optimal foraging models are useful in interpreting and understanding the rules governing the movements of traditional West African herdsmen when so modified, but that more data are needed to develop and test these models further. (author)}, keywords = {grazing, herd movement, optimal foraging, pastoralism, sedentary husbandry, West Africa}, doi = {10.1007/BF00889500}, author = {W. F. DeBoer and H. H. T. Prins} } @book {314, title = {Developing a partnership of indigenous peoples, conservationists, and land use planners in Latin America}, series = {Policy, planning, and research working papers -- Environment (WPS 245)}, year = {1989}, note = {See also: http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/500811468776777817/pdf/multi-page.pdf}, month = {October 1989}, pages = {96}, publisher = {Latin America and the Caribbean Technical Dept., World Bank}, organization = {Latin America and the Caribbean Technical Dept., World Bank}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {Policy, Planning, and Research Working Papers - Environment Recommendations for working in partnership with indigenous peoples, recognizing their land rights, incorporating their environmental knowledge into wildlands and native area planning, and paying more serious attention to the economics and resource implications of local activities to harvest wild resources - especially in environmentally delicate areas such as tropical rainforests. The major finding of the report is that a fundamental shift (a paradigm shift in the language of the historian of science Thomas Kuhn) has started in the way in which the international conservation community has come to view the issue of planning in areas which are occupied and used by indigenous peoples. Under the traditional paradigm, represented by several National Parks, wildlife reserves and other types of protected areas where indigenous peoples have aboriginal claims, indigenous peoples are allowed to continue to occupy and use the resources of these areas but only so long as they use the natural resources sustainably. This use, agreed with the park authorities, should reconcile the needs of both the indigenous peoples and the conservationists. Experience has found that these needs can be reconciled and made compatible, although this is far from being routine. Clearly major deforestation or firearm hunting for commerce by indigenous peoples are not compatible with wildlands protection. Where indigenous people and park authorities do not agree, then either the park or the people are encouraged to move. (author)}, keywords = {ache, acquatic resources, agriculture, Alaska Whaling Commission, Amboseli National Park, animal protection, Annapurna Conservation Project, aquaculture, Arctic Research Establishment, Aripuana Indian Park, Australia, Awa Ethnic Forest Reserve, Beni Biosphere Reserve, Bolivia, Brazil, Caribou Management Boards, Chile, Coburg National Park, Colombia, Conservation of natural resources, Costa Rica, Cuyabeno, Darien Biosphere Reserve, economic conditions, ecosystem management, Ecuador, environmental policy, Eskimo Walrus Commission, ethnoecology, ethnology, forestry, Honduras, Huaorani, Indians of South America, indigenous peoples, Kakadu National Park, Kenya, Kuna Yala Project, La Amistad Biosphere Reserve, La Planada, Lake Titicaca National Reserve, land tenure, land use planning, Latin America, Lauca National Park, Makivik Research Center, Manu National Park, Mbaracayu Wildland Area, Mexico, national parks, Native Americans, Nepal, NGOs, non-governmental organizations, oil exploration, Pacaya Samira National Reserve, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, rainforests, Rio Platano Biosphere Reserve, Sian Ka{\textquoteright}an Biosphere Reserve, Sierra de Manantlan Biosphere Reserve, Siona-Secoya, sport hunting, subsistence economy, subsistence hunting, Tagaira, UNESCO , usufruct rights, wildlife , World Bank, Xingu National Park, Yanomami Indian Park, Yasuni National Park}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/29810664}, author = {Peter Poole} } @book {324, title = {Farmer first: Farmer innovation and agricultural research}, year = {1989}, month = {1989}, pages = {218 pp.}, publisher = {Intermediate Technology Publications}, organization = {Intermediate Technology Publications}, address = {London}, abstract = {This document is a list of 42 papers presented at the workshop. These papers deal with farmer-oriented approaches to agricultural development, especially farmer interaction with researchers. The subjects include agroecology, crops and technologies in areas as diverse as Bangladesh, Kenya, Colombia, Peru, Nepal, India, Zambia, Brazil, and Botswana. Farmer experimentation is a reoccurring topic.}, keywords = {agroecology, agroforestry}, isbn = {1-85339-007-0; m978-1-85339-007-4; 978-1-78044-014-9}, doi = {10.3362/9781780440149}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/20444797}, editor = {Robert Chambers and Arnold Pacey and Lori Ann Thrupp} } @book {361, title = {Land and water strategy: Sustainable development. A summary of public input: What you told us}, year = {1989}, month = {November 1989}, pages = {57}, publisher = {Province of Manitoba}, organization = {Province of Manitoba}, address = {[Winnipeg, MB]}, abstract = {Because our activities on land affect our water resources, it is vital that we manage our land and water resources together. This is the position that the Government of Manitoba has taken, and why it has proposed a Land and Water Strategy for the Provience. Conserving the environment while creating economic activity is the objective of the Land and Water Strategy--an objective consistant with the principles of sustainable development set out by the National Task Force of Environment and Economy. The Task Force defines sustainable development as "...development which ensures that the use of resources and the environment today does not damage prospects for their use by future generations." The key concept advanced by the Task Force is that the economy and the environment can no longer be viewed in isolation. We must use our resources to survive and prosper, but we must also manage them wisely if they are to be there in future, for our children and grandchildren. In the past, the economy and the environment were viewed as mutually exclusive. That is no longer an acceptable view. We can conserve our resource base and generate economic activity at the same time. The Land and Water Strategy points the way. (author)}, keywords = {agricultural land use, agriculture, alternate land use, conservation, drainage, education, environmental policy, environmental protection, fisheries, flooding, hydro, land use planning, Manitoba, minerals, natural resource conservation, recreation, saline soils, soil conservation, soils, tourism, water conservation, water supply, wildland, wildlife }, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/29312143}, author = {Provincial Government of Manitoba, Sustainable Development Coordination Unit} } @book {360, title = {Land and water strategy, the process begins: workbook on water}, year = {1989}, month = {1989}, publisher = {Provincial Government of Manitoba [Manitoba Natural Resources, Water Resources Branch]}, organization = {Provincial Government of Manitoba [Manitoba Natural Resources, Water Resources Branch]}, address = {Winnipeg, MB}, abstract = {The Government of Manitoba has established a Land and Water Strategy to enable them to manage their water resources in a sustainable manner. The Strategy is based on the following objectives: 1. To sustain and enhance resource productivity and improve the environmental quality of Manitoba; and 2. To improve and diversify income and job opportunities. This book contains sections on: Land and Water Strategies; A Strategy for Water; Water Policies-1. Water Quality; 2. Conservation; 3. Use and Allocation; 4. Water Management Infrastructure; 5. Flooding; and 6. Drainage - a Questionnaire; and a Glossary.}, keywords = {agriculture, Canada, economic aspects, environmental protection, fisheries, forestry, land use, mineral resources, natural resource conservation, North America, Province of Manitoba, soils, sustainable development, water , water resources , wildlife }, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/56232838}, author = {Provincial Government of Manitoba, Water Resources Branch} } @inbook {892, title = {Local knowledge for agroforestry and native plants}, booktitle = {Farmer first: Farmer innovation and agricultural research}, year = {1989}, month = {1989}, pages = {14-24}, publisher = {Intermediate Technology Publications}, organization = {Intermediate Technology Publications}, address = {London}, abstract = {

This article discusses the use of agroforestry and how the scientific use of agroforestry differs from traditional agroforestry. The authors also discuss how scientific agroforestry has recently started taking indigenous perspectives into account. They also discuss the influence agroforestry has on communities.

The authors discuss how the style of Rapid Rural Appraisal is more important than speed of the appraisal. They give a case study in Kenya to exemplify this importance of method. In the example, the trials, the errors, and hindsights of the study are discussed. The authors talk about how talking and sharing goals with the participants gave them a better way to evaluate the introduced methods. The authors also focus on the use of off-farm lands by the women. The researchers looked at what kind of plants the women were using and how these plants were being used.

}, isbn = {1-85339-008-9}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/20444797}, author = {Dianne E. Rocheleau and Kamoji Wachira and Luis Malaret and Bernard Muchiri Wanjohi}, editor = {Robert Chambers and Arnold Pacey and Lori Ann Thrupp} } @book {375, title = {Phytopractices in tropical regions: A preliminary survey of traditional crop improvement techniques}, series = {Man and the Biosphere Program Project}, year = {1989}, note = {UNESCO/Programme on Man and the Biosphere; France. Institut de botanique. Laboratoire de botanique tropicale}, month = {1989}, pages = {71}, publisher = {United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)}, organization = {United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)}, address = {Paris}, abstract = {The aim of this report is threefold: first, to present a compilation of traditional techniques of plant manipulation in tropical regions, as a contribution to current efforts to improve agricultural production in these zones; second, to invite comments and suggestions for modifying and completing the present text; third, to encourage new initiatives of research, synthesis and application geared to sustained development in the tropics, which is in tune with the ecological and socio-cultural characteristics and constraints of these regions.}, keywords = {biotechnology, crops, ecology, ethnobotany, genetic engineering, plant genetic engineering}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/21010205}, author = {Yildiz Aumeeruddy-Thomas and F. Pinglo} } @inbook {916, title = {Succession management and resource distribution in an Amazonian rain forest}, booktitle = {Resource management in Amazonia: Indigenous and folk strategies}, series = {Advances in economic botany no. 7}, year = {1989}, month = {1989}, pages = {223-237}, publisher = {New York Botanical Garden}, organization = {New York Botanical Garden}, address = {Bronx, NY}, abstract = {

Many Amazonian peoples have a profound effect on rain forest structure and species composition through a process I call succession management. This article describes and examines the extent of such management in a Runa Indian community in Napo Province, Equador. The Runa live in dispersed settlements at low density, below 2 persons/km2. Unlike Amazonian people living in concentrated settlements, they are not under strong pressure to intensify succession management in order to concentrate forest resources. In order to assess the magnitude of such manipulation under low density conditions, I compare succession in two managed and two unmanaged five-year-old forest fallows. I found that management increases the species diversity of trees greater than 10 cm dbh (diameter at breast height). Planted tree crops accounted for between 8\% and 19\% of trees in this size class, and protected secondary species for between 6\% and 16\%. The distribution of many species, however, was not the result of conscious management decisions, although seedling establishment may have been altered by agriculture. It is possible that succession management in this Runa community could be further intensified to increase the proportion of useful planted and protected species. Nevertheless, resources present in Runa managed fallows provide significant amounts of food, construction material, and firewood as well as medicinal plants and other needed household items. (author)

}, keywords = {agroforestry, Amazon, Ecuador, fuelwood, rainforests, resource management, Runa, South America, succession}, isbn = {0-89327-340-6; 978-0-89327-340-8}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/19623957}, author = {Dominique Irvine}, editor = {Darrell Addison Posey and William L. Balée} } @book {390, title = {Sustainable development: Land and water strategy: A summary of public input}, year = {1989}, month = {November 1989}, publisher = {Provincial Government of Manitoba [Manitoba Natural Resources, Water Resources Branch]}, organization = {Provincial Government of Manitoba [Manitoba Natural Resources, Water Resources Branch]}, address = {Winnipeg, MB}, abstract = {Because our activities on land affect our water resources, it is vital that we manage our land and water resources together. This is the position that the Government of Manitoba has taken, and why it has proposed a Land and Water Strategy for the Provience. Conserving the environment while creating economic activity is the objective of the Land and Water Strategy--an objective consistent with the principles of sustainable development set out by the National Task Force of Environment and Economy. The Task Force defines sustainable development as "...development which ensures that the use of resources and the environment today does not damage prospects for their use by future generations." The key concept advanced by the Task Force is that the economy and the environment can no longer be viewed in isolation. We must use our resources to survive and prosper, but we must also manage them wisely if they are to be there in future, for our children and grandchildren.{\textquoteright} In the past, the economy and the environment were viewed as mutually exclusive. That is no longer an acceptable view. We can conserve our resource base and generate economic activity at the same time. The Land and Water Strategy points the way. (author)}, keywords = {agricultural land use, agriculture, alternate land use, conservation, drainage, education, environmental protection, fisheries, flooding, hydro, land use planning, minerals, recreation, saline soils, soils, tourism, water supply, wildland, wildlife }, author = {Provincial Government of Manitoba, Water Resources Branch} } @article {498, title = {To coexist: Diversity and development}, year = {1989}, month = {1989}, pages = {29 min}, publisher = {USAID}, type = {VHS}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {This is a videotape of case studies of sustainable development in Rwanda (mountain gorilla tourism), Thailand, Peru, the Amazon, and the Maasai in Kenya in which the local people participated in an effort to retain biodiversity in their region while working with USAID development projects.}, keywords = {agroforestry, biodiversity, logging, pastoralism, water resources }, author = {Robert Pierce} } @inbook {853, title = {Agroecology and in situ conservation of native crop diversity in the third world}, booktitle = {Biodiversity}, year = {1988}, month = {1988}, pages = {361-369}, publisher = {National Academy of Sciences}, organization = {National Academy of Sciences}, chapter = {41}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {Modern agriculture is pushing traditional farmers to plant areas with monocultures of genetically uniform plants. This is risky because the plants are vulnerable to yield-limiting factors. Situ conservation methods have many benefits; although they do not provide a panacea for conserving natural sources of crop genetic resources. Researchers in certain countries have helped farmers return to traditional chinampas and multilayered, specied-rich gardens. In Bolivia, project AGRUCO is helping peasants recover their production autonomy.}, keywords = {alternative farming systems, intercropping, raised fields}, isbn = {0-309-03783-2}, url = {https://doi.org/10.17226/989}, author = {Miguel A. Altieri and Laura C Merrick}, editor = {E. O. Wilson and Frances M. Peter} } @book {337, title = {Glossary of selected terms in sustainable agriculture}, series = {Gatekeeper Series no. SA6}, year = {1988}, month = {August 1988}, pages = {19}, publisher = {International Institute for Environment and Development, Sustainable Agriculture Programme}, organization = {International Institute for Environment and Development, Sustainable Agriculture Programme}, address = {London; Washington, DC}, abstract = {A glossary of selected terms in sustainable agriculture}, keywords = {agroecological zoning, agroecosystem zoning, agroecosystems, agroforestry, alley cropping, appropriate technology and intermediate technology, bioenergy, biomass, carrying capacity, cash crops, common property resources, community forestry, conservation farming, desertification, export crops, farmer participatory research, farming systems research , food crops, genetic preservation, integrated pest management, integrated rural development, land degradation, minimum tillage, multiple cropping, multipurpose trees, open access resources, pastoralism, range management, rapid rural appraisal, regenerative farming, remote sensing, share cropping, shifting cultivation, social forestry, subsistence agriculture, sustainable development, tragedy of the commons, transhumance}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/19531919}, author = {Jennifer A. McCracken and Jules N. Pretty} } @inbook {894, title = {Local resource use systems in the tropics: Taking pressure off the forests}, booktitle = {Tropical rainforests: Diversity and conservation}, series = {Memoirs of the California Academy of Sciences}, volume = {12}, year = {1988}, month = {December 1988}, pages = {53-70}, publisher = {California Academy of Sciences}, organization = {California Academy of Sciences}, address = {San Francisco, CA}, abstract = {By focusing research on indigenous and local agroecosystems, much information can be gained for the development of resource-conserving, ecologically sound land-use strategies that promote the sustained-yield management of land already cleared in tropical regions. By keeping the farmers on the land they already have, pressure can be taken off the limited forest reserves that still exist. A research approach that looks at the agricultural ecosystem (agroecosystem) will allow an agro-ecological focus, in order to examine impacts on the land in the context of nutrient cycles, crop and non-crop population dynamics, energetics, and other ecological concepts. Examples of such studies are presented from tropical Mexico and Costa Rica, including the corn/bean/squash multiple-crop agroecosystem, the tropical home garden agroforestry system with a diverse mixture of trees, shrubs, herbs, and vines, and an experimental bench-terrace-cropping system with mixed vegetables planted on the flat surfaces and a high organic-matter-producing grass on the slopes. The importance of the sustainability of the natural resource sector linked to the sustainability of the agricultural sector is stressed as an integral part of tropical forest preservation strategies of the future. (author).}, keywords = {agroforestry, resource management}, isbn = {0-940228-19-X; 978-0-940228-19-1}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/18566557}, author = {Stephen R. Gliessman}, editor = {Frank Almeda and Catherine M. Pringle} } @book {372, title = {People of the tropical rain forest}, year = {1988}, month = {1988}, pages = {231}, publisher = {University of California Press}, organization = {University of California Press}, address = {Berkeley, CA}, abstract = {A compilation of writings some of which are incomplete. Beginning with chapter five this is an incomplete book about the specific people of the rain forest. It starts with the Indian National Resource management, Hill People of Northern Thailand, Hunters and Farmers of the African Forest, and people of the floodplain and forest. Not only does this excerpt discuss the Indians of Amazonia, but also discusses the regions. It also discusses the way each of the tribes make their living and how they use the resources around them. The last thing the chapter talks of is the ribere{\~n}os{\textquoteright} lives beyond the village. The excerpt includes many pictures and a few graphs.}, keywords = {Amazon, boats, Brazil, canoes, Central America, fallow, Native Americans, rainforests, slash and burn, smallholders, South America, swiddens, tribal peoples, tropical forests}, isbn = {0-520-06295-7; 0-520-06351-1}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/59892476}, editor = {Julie Sloan Denslow and Christine Padoch} } @inbook {924, title = {The role of women farmers in choosing species for agroforestry farming systems in rural areas of Ghana}, booktitle = {Gender issues in farming systems research and extension}, year = {1988}, month = {1988}, pages = {439-441}, publisher = {Westview Press}, organization = {Westview Press}, address = {Boulder, CO}, abstract = {

This paper discusses the three basic types of agroforestry systems:

  1. Agrosiliviculture systems (integration of forest trees with agricultural crops);
  2. silvopastorial systems (integration of forest trees and livestock); and
  3. agrosilvopastorial systems (integration of forest trees, agricultural crops, and livestock).

The paper continues by pointing out specific findings from farms surveys conducted in the rural Forest Savannah Transitional Zone of Ghana:

  1. Food, nutrition, health, and energy (fuelwood) are more important to women farmers than income, clothes, and social status which are comparably more important to men farmers.
  2. Traditional subsistence agroforestry farmers (mostly women), capable of selling between 45-50 percent of their surplus products, acknowledged the benefits of forest trees and proposed the most useful trees for the new agroforestry system.
  3. Multiple purpose local trees like Puvolfia vomitoria, Alsotoia boonei, Terapleura tetraplera, and Fagara xanthoxeyoides, as well as foreign species like Leucaena leucocephala and Gliriadia speim, have high potential of being accepted by farmers in the forest savannah transitional zone.
  4. Female farmers were found to be better conservators and more resourceful than their male counterparts.
  5. An agroforestry package that integrates local livestock with forest trees to ensure adequate forage, especially for sheep and goats during the dry season, would be readily adopted by the subsistence farmers. A similar package favoring cattle would be favored by commercial farmers.
  6. Plants with medicinal or healing properties had the highest probability of being accepted for both agroforestry and conservation purposes (author)
}, keywords = {agroforestry, medicinal plants}, isbn = {0-8133-7399-9}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/17386097}, author = {Kofi Owusu-Bempah}, editor = {Steven V. Poats and Marianne Schmink and Anita Spring} } @inbook {930, title = {Tropical dry forests: The most endangered major tropical ecosystem}, booktitle = {Biodiversity}, year = {1988}, note = {Chapter 14}, month = {1988}, pages = {130-137}, publisher = {National Academy Press}, organization = {National Academy Press}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {The most threatened of major tropical forest types is the tropical dry forest. They are threatened for many different reasons. The expensive land that is generally used for agricultural production is clear cut. This does very serious damage to the anticipated restoration of the site by conservationists who are working to stop the sellers. These sellers have much influence in local politics and will hold these positions well into the future. Fortunately, much of this cleared land could be properly restored if the proper seed sources are present. Properly manipulated, domestic animals may be our best hope in combatting the ever present threat of fire. These animals help to disperse seeds into the pastures and graze off of the grasses that would provide the fuel for the next dry season{\textquoteright}s grass fires. Restoration ecology is working to preserve these forests and maintain their rich biodiversity. The real well-being will rest in the hands of the policy makers.}, keywords = {biodiversity, dry forests, tropical forests}, isbn = {0-309-03783-2; 978-0-309=03783-9}, url = {http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=989\&page=130}, author = {Daniel H. Janzen}, editor = {E. O. Wilson and Frances M. Peter} } @article {532, title = {Clearcutting Brazilian Caatinga: Assessment of a traditional forest grazing management practice}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {5}, year = {1987}, month = {December 1987}, pages = {429-441}, abstract = {Clearcutting is a common practice for removing woody vegetation in the semiarid tropics of northeast Brazil. The prevalent belief is that clearing increases carrying capacity for livestock by increasing herbaceous vegetation, yet little empirical evidence exists to support or refute the contention. We investigated the implications to small ruminant nutrition of clearcutting in the semiarid tropics of northeast Brazil. We found that biomass of herbaceous species increased sixfold following cutting of trees, but much of this increase was in the form of poorly palatable stem. The large supply of leaf litter from woody species that was typical of uncleared areas during the dry season was replaced by persistent green foliage on coppicing trees the year following clearing. This green foliage may enhance the nutritional quality of the diets of sheep and goats foraging on cleared areas during the dry season.}, keywords = {agriculture, clearcutting, coppice, forestry, goat and sheep nutrition, herbage chemical composition, herbage production, leaf litter production, semiarid woodlands}, doi = {10.1007/BF00047177}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00047177}, author = {R. D. Kirmse and F. D. Provenza and J. C. Malechek} } @book {322, title = {Family profiles of selected functional groups in Palawan}, year = {1987}, month = {March-April 1987}, pages = {102}, publisher = {University of the Phillipines}, organization = {University of the Phillipines}, address = {Los Banos, Philippines}, abstract = {Undertaken as part of FAO/TCP/PHI project no.6652: Training to integrate nutrition considerations into agriculture and rural development projects. This study is an attempt to use simple ethnographic methods to study the coping mechanisms of families belonging to different occupational groups in Palawan. Thirty families representing six main occupational groups -- swidden horticulturalists, stewards, small rainfed farmers, small irrigated farmers, fishermen and landless laborers -- served as the informants in this study. Within each occupational groups, differnt family types were also represented, i.e. young vs. old families, recent migrant vs. old migrant, and ethnic minorities in the particular locality.}, keywords = {aquatic resources}, author = {Virginia N. Sandoval and Ferdinand Larona and Grace Puerto} } @inbook {889, title = {Introduction: The Bora agroforestry project}, booktitle = {Swidden-fallow agroforestry in the Peruvian Amazon}, series = {Advances in economic botany no. 5}, year = {1987}, note = {Also see 91-01916}, month = {January 1988}, pages = {1-7}, publisher = {New York Botanical Garden}, organization = {New York Botanical Garden}, address = {Bronx, NY}, abstract = {The Bora Agroforestry Project carried out research on swidden-fallow management in the Bora Indian Village of Brillo Nuevo in the northeast Peruvian Amazon. Young fallow fields (up to ten years old) and old fallow fields (from 10-35 years old) were examined in terms of composition, structure, and utility.}, keywords = {ethnobotany, shifting cultivation}, isbn = {0-89327-325-2; 978-0-89327-325-5}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/17106758}, author = {William M. Denevan and Christine Padoch}, editor = {William M. Denevan and Christine Padoch} } @book {371, title = {People and the tropical forest: A research report from the United States Man and the Biosphere Program}, series = {Man and the Biosphere Program Project}, year = {1987}, note = {U.S. National Committee for Man and the Biosphere Tropical and Subtropical Forests Directorate}, month = {1987}, pages = {75}, publisher = {U.S. Department of State, U.S. Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Program, Tropical and Subtropical Forests Directorate}, organization = {U.S. Department of State, U.S. Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Program, Tropical and Subtropical Forests Directorate}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {

Contents:

}, keywords = {agroforestry, forest management, rainforests}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/721051055}, editor = {Ariel E. Lugo and John J. Ewel and Susanna B. Hecht and Peter G. Murphy and Christine Padoch and Marianne C. Schmink and Donald Stone} } @inbook {481, title = {The preservation of germplasm}, booktitle = {Sustainability issues in agricultural development: Proceedings of the Seventh Agriculture Sector Symposium}, year = {1987}, note = {See also: http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/15791230}, month = {1987}, pages = {252-269}, publisher = {World Bank}, organization = {World Bank}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {Some people consider germplasm to be the world{\textquoteright}s most valuable natural resource, yet its great value remains largely unrecognized. Long before people had any knowledge of the basis of heredity they applied selection pressures in propagating the plants and animals they domesticated. It is the manipulation of germplasm that has led to the development of agriculture and, thus, of human society. (author)}, keywords = {agricultural conservation, agroforestry, aquatic resources, biodiversity, natural resource management}, isbn = {0-8213-0909-9}, url = {http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/686471468764390337/Sustainability-issues-in-agricultural-development-proceedings-of-the-seventh-agriculture-sector-symposium}, author = {John A. Pino and Michael S. Strauss}, editor = {Ted J. Davis and Isabelle A. Schirmer} } @inbook {928, title = {Traditional agroforestry practices of native and Ribereno farmers in the lowland Peruvian Amazon}, booktitle = {Agroforestry: Realities, possibilities and potentials}, year = {1987}, month = {1987}, pages = {179-195}, publisher = {Martin Nijhoff Publishers in cooperation with ICRAF; distributors for the U.S. and Canada, Kluwer Academic Publishers}, organization = {Martin Nijhoff Publishers in cooperation with ICRAF; distributors for the U.S. and Canada, Kluwer Academic Publishers}, address = {Dordrecht, Netherlands}, abstract = {Recent research on traditional agriculture in the Peruvian Amazon indicates that agroforestry practices are widespread and extremely varied. This article describes five agroforestry systems found in the vicinity of Iquitos, Peru. Although all begin as shifting cultivation fields, they differ greatly in species composition and richness, in intensity and length of management, in economic orientation, and in adaptation to particular ecological conditions. Four of the five systems are found in mestizo communities of the region. The information presented shows that basic traditional swidden-fallow agroforestry practices are adaptable to varying environmental and economic situations (author).}, keywords = {barbasco, Bora Indians, caimito, cashews, charcoal , coca, corn, economics, fiber, mamey, manioc, medicine, palms, papayas, Peru, pichirina, pineapple, plantains, pomarosa, Riberenos, rifari, toronja, tropical cedar, umair, uvilla, zapote}, isbn = {90-247-3590-4}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/16352684}, author = {Christine Padoch and Wil de Jong}, editor = {Henry L. Gholz} } @article {540, title = {Deforestation: Interdependency of fuelwood and agriculture}, journal = {OIKOS}, volume = {46}, year = {1986}, note = {Note that this bibliography record may have characters in non-English languages that are not displayed correctly.}, month = {May 1986}, pages = {404-412}, abstract = {

Forests, vital to maintaining environmental stability and the fuelwood and other wood needs of society, are disappearing at an alarming rate throughout the world. Agricultural expansion into about 10 million hectares of new land accounts for most of the 11.6 million hectares of forest land being lost each year. The most promising policy to reduce deforestation and increase food supplies is to double crop yields over the next 2 to 3 decades on the most productive agricultural lands. This would require successful control of soil erosion plus the increased use of fertilizers and other agricultural inputs that help increase crop yield.

Леса, способные поддерживать стабильность окружающей среды, потребности в древесине и другие потребности общества в том, что дает лес, исчезают во всем мире с тревожащей быстротой. Сепьскохозайственная экспансия почти на 10 млн га вновь освоенных земель шла за счет большей части лесной террито-рии в 11,6 млн га, ежегодно уничтожавшихся. Наиболее перспективная полити-ка замедления сведения лесов и увеличения лесных заласов - удвоение урожай-ности наиболее высокопродуктивных сельскохозаяственных земель в ближайшие 2-3 десятилетия. Это потребует эффективной борьбы с эрозией почв и увели-чения внесения удобрений и использования других сельскожозайственных ме-роприятий по повышению урожайности.

}, keywords = {agroforestry, deforestation, soil erosion}, doi = {10.2307/3565841}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/3565841}, author = {David Pimentel and Wen Dazhong and Sanford Eigenbrode and Helen Lang and David Emerson and Myra Karasik} } @article {514, title = {An evaluation of the Acacia albida-based agroforestry practices in the Hararghe highlands of Eastern Ethiopia}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {4}, year = {1986}, month = {June 1986}, pages = {129-143}, abstract = {

Growing Acacia albida as a permanent tree crop, on farmlands with cereals, vegetables and coffee underneath or in between, is an indigenous agroforestry system in the Hararghe highlands of Eastern Ethiopia. However, there is practically no systematic record or data on the merits and benefits of this practice.

The paper presents the results of an investigation into the effects of the presence of A. albida on farmlands on the yield of maize (Zea mays L.) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench). Twenty-seven plot pairs each consisting of one plot underneath the A. albida foliage cover and the other in the open, away from the tree - on farmers\&$\#$39; fields, in a 40 km radius around the Alemaya College of Agriculture - were sampled and the yield components analyzed. A statistically significant increase in crops yields by 56\% on average was found for the crops under the tree canopies compared to those away from the trees. This increase was caused by the improvement in 1,000 grain weight and number of grains of plants under the tree, indicating that the trees enhanced the fertility status of the soil and improved its physical conditions in terms of crop growth. Additional benefits from the A. albida trees include supply of fuelwood and fodder. Quantitative estimates of these outputs as well as their monetary values are presented in the paper. However, in order to realize these benefits to a discernible extent, higher stand densities of the tree than at present are required.

Based on an enquiry about the farmers attitude towards A. albida, the prospects for an extension of this promising agroforestry technique are discussed against the background of the state and trends of development of agriculture in the area. It is surmised that despite some shortcomings like the relatively slow and highly variable growth of A. albida and a conflict with the spreading cultivation of Ch\&$\#$39;at (Catha edulis Forsk.), the prospects of extension of this technique are good.

It is recommended that its propagation should be incorporated into the programmes of the extension agencies of the various governmental agencies concerned with land use.

}, keywords = {Acacia albida, agroforestry, Ch{\textquoteright}at, Ethiopia, fuelwood, Hararghe highlands, maize, sorghum}, doi = {10.1007/BF00141545}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00141545}, author = {Peter Poschen} } @article {649, title = {Seventeenth century organic agriculture in China: II. Energy flows through an agroecosystem in Jiaxing region}, journal = {Human Ecology}, volume = {14}, year = {1986}, month = {1986}, pages = {15-28}, abstract = {An examination of traditional agriculture of the Jiaxing region of eastern China in the seventeenth century. Use of statistical evidence on energy inputs and outputs to show the sustainable incorporation of silk, mulberry, livestock, fishing, and cereal crop production with little or no fossil fuel use.}, keywords = {agroecology, China, energy flow, fodder, labor, organic farming, rice, silkworm, wheat}, doi = {10.1007/BF00889208}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/4602798}, author = {Wen Dazhong and David Pimentel} } @article {743, title = {The use of indigenous knowledge in analyzing resource allocation at the farm level: A new approach to economic analysis}, year = {1986}, month = {September 1986}, abstract = {Too often we hear of superior technology in the experiment station which farmers are either unable or unwilling to adopt. This research proposal takes a new approach to the problem. The first step will be to understand the production process from the perspective of the farmers. Then, this farmer-generated framework will be used to specify resource management domains, analyze efficiency in resource use, and identify potentials for development of new technology.}, keywords = {cognitive anthropology, economic analysis, economic anthropology, economics, ethnolinguistics, ethnoscience, ethnosemantics, Farming Systems Development Project-Eastern Visayas (FSDP-EV), indigenous knowledge, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Leyte, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries (MAF), Philippines, University of Philippines at Los Banos (UPLB), Visayas State College of Agriculture (ViSCA), World Bank}, author = {Randolph Barker and Thomas F. Weaver and Julie Leones and Daniele Perrot-Maitre} } @article {513, title = {Amazonian agroforestry: A market-oriented system in Peru}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {3}, year = {1985}, month = {March 1985}, pages = {47-58}, abstract = {Most reports on indigenous agroforestry systems of the Amazon region have described patterns employed by tribal groups almost exclusively for their own subsistence. This article discusses a market-oriented cyclic agroforestry system practiced by non-tribal {\textquoteright}Mestizo{\textquoteright} farmers in Tamshiyacu, Peru. The system produces charcoal, as well as annual, semi-perennial, and perennial crops for local consumption, and for a regional market. The sale of these products provides a substantial cash income for many farmers. The data presented demonstrate that Amazonian cyclic agroforestry systems are capable of being commercially successful enterprises and of serving as possible models for further agricultural development.}, keywords = {agroforestry, Amazonia, fruit, marketing, Peru}, doi = {10.1007/BF00045738}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00045738}, author = {C. Padoch and J. Chota Inuma and Wil de Jong and J. Unruh} } @article {592, title = {Indigenous management of tropical forest ecosystems: The case of the Kayap{\'o} Indians of the Brazilian Amazon}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {3}, year = {1985}, month = {June 1985}, pages = {139-158}, abstract = {

The Kayap{\'o} Indians of Brazil\&$\#$39;s Amazon Basin are described as effective managers of tropical forest, utilizing an extensive inventory of useful native plants that are concertrated by human activity in special forest areas (resource islands, forest fields, forest openings, tuber gardens, agricultural plots, old fields, and trailsides). Long-term transplanting and selection of plants suggest semi-domestication of many species. The overall management strategies of forest also includes many manipulated animal species (birds, fish, bees, mammals) utilized as food and game. Forest patches (ap{\^e}t{\^e}) are created by Indians from campo/cerrado using planting zones made from termite and ants nests mized with mulch: formation and development of these is briefly discussed, including the implementations for new ideas concerning reforestation and campo management. Finally an intergrative cognitive model is presented showing the relationships between variants of forest and savanna recognized by the Kayap{\'o}. Indigenous knowledge of subtle similarities between conceptually distinct ecological units in the model allows for the interchange of botanical material between microclimates to increase biological diversity in managed areas. It is suggested that indigenous knowledge is extremely important in development of new strategies for forest and campo/cerrado conservation, while improving productiveness of these ecological systems. Such knowledge is not only applicable for Amaz{\^o}nian Indians, but also has far-reaching implications for human populations throughout the humid tropics.

}, keywords = {Amazon Basin, cognitive model, forest patch, horticulture, indigenous knowledge, tropical forests}, doi = {10.1007/BF00122640}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00122640}, author = {Darrell Addison Posey} } @inbook {899, title = {Native cultures and protected areas: Management options}, booktitle = {Culture and conservation: The human dimension in environmental planning}, year = {1985}, note = {Chapter 2}, month = {1985}, pages = {33-44}, publisher = {Croom Helm}, organization = {Croom Helm}, address = {London}, abstract = {On their own lands, the culturally native populations of Latin America protect large areas in natural ecosystems and achieve a renewable resource of a living environment. This relation can be reinforced by each of the four management options for the formal designation and organization or protected areas which are outlined in this paper: native owned lands, where the protection of the area is by native peoples; reserves, where a protected natural area corresponds with the territory of a particular native population; buffer zones, where a protected area serves as a physical or ecological barrier between native lands and the lands of others; and research stations, where certain areas under native management are organized as agricultural or ecological research stations.}, keywords = {common property, commons, community forestry, forest management, land tenure, land use, natural resource management}, author = {Leslie A. Brownrigg}, editor = {Jeffrey A. McNeely and David Pitt} } @article {554, title = {Ethnoecology as applied anthropology in Amazonian development}, journal = {Human Organization}, volume = {43}, year = {1984}, month = {Summer 1984}, pages = {95-107}, abstract = {Social and ecological devastation in Amazonia necessitates alternative strategies for sustained, ecologically sound development. The study of indigenous ecological knowledge (ethnoecology) is shown to offer the bases for these new strategies. Six catagories of folk knowledge are explored: gathered products, game, aquaculture, agriculture, resource units and cosmology. A set of recommendations for systematic ethnoecological research is offered, the application of which will not only identify new categories of resources, but also offer alternative resource management strategies to bring the benefits of development to all residents of Amazonia. (author)}, keywords = {Amazonia, Amazonian development, economic development, ethnoecology, indigenous, indigenous perception, knowledge, subsistence strategies}, url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/44125834 }, author = {Darrell A. Posey and John Frechione and John Eddins and Luiz Francelino Da Silva and Debbie Myers and Diane Case and Peter MacBeath} } @article {582, title = {Indigenous agroforestry in the Peruvian Amazon: Bora Indian management of swidden fallows}, journal = {Interciencia}, volume = {9}, year = {1984}, month = {Nov.-Dec. 1984}, pages = {346-357}, abstract = {The purpose of this paper is to examine the swidden fallows of an Amazon native group, the Bora of eastern Peru, with the objective of demonstrating how fields are gradually abandoned. This contrasts with most studies of shifting cultivation which focus on why fields are abandoned, and which present a sharp distinction between the field (swidden) and the abandoned field (fallow). For the Bora there is no clear transition between swidden and fallow, but rather a continuum from a swidden dominated by cultivated plants to an old fallow composed entirely of natural vegetation. Thirty-five years or more may be required before the latter condition prevails. Abandonment is not a moment in time but rather a process over time. (author)}, keywords = {ethnobotany, fallow, multistory, Native Americans, Peru, swiddens}, author = {William M. Denevan and John M. Treacy and Janis B. Alcorn and Christine Padoch and Julie Sloan Denslow and Salvadore Flores Pait{\'a}n} } @inbook {903, title = {Patterns of resource use and human settlement in tropical forests}, booktitle = {Tropical rain forest ecosystems: Structure and function}, series = {Ecosystems of the world no. 14A}, year = {1983}, month = {1983}, pages = {301-313}, publisher = {Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company}, organization = {Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company}, address = {New York}, abstract = {

Criticisms of traditional resource use patterns in the tropics as wasteful and inefficient predominated in the literature in the past, but has given way in recent years to praise of the stability and conservativeness of these technologies. Such revised views are not surprising and are at least partially justified. They reflect the realization that traditional resource users usually allowed tropical forests to survive or at least to largely regenerate, whereas modern, fossil fuel-using man is expected to destroy these forests within the next century. However, in stressing the long-term persistence of traditional patterns, the: necessity\" and universality of some techniques and the self-sufficience and integrity of pre-modern resource use systems, commentators have done justice neither to the complexity nor the variability -- temporal, spatial, and technological -- of traditional human accommodations to tropical forests.

In this chapter, the authors review some of the conventional ways of viewing and classifying traditional resource use patterns, then point out some of the limitations of these familiar typologies, and finally discuss actual subsistence and settlement patterns in tropical forests, and comment on prospects for development of these areas.

In most broad discussions of indigenous resource use, some typology of food-getting technologies and/or of crops, crop types or crop assemblages, is meant to subsume the basic patterns of livelihood of all traditional groups. The division of technologies into hunting-gathering, shifting, cultivation, and permanent-field cropping is probably most familiar and commonly employed. These three very broad divisions of the spectrum of traditional subsistence, often erroneously assumed to be a necessary evolutionary sequence, are used by anthropologists and geographers to designate different levels of intensity of land resource use, as well as to differentiate levels of control and modification of forest environments. Observers have generally considered the following practices and patterns, technological and social, to be characteristic of these three very general types.

}, keywords = {rainforests}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/7576493}, author = {Christine Padoch and Andrew P. Vayda}, editor = {F. B. Golley} } @book {418, title = {Wild fruits of the sub-Himalayan region}, year = {1982}, month = {1982}, pages = {xii, 136}, publisher = {Kalyani Publishers [PARMAR]}, organization = {Kalyani Publishers [PARMAR]}, address = {New Delhi}, abstract = {In the present work, the authors have endeavoured to bring out detailed information on various characteristics of morphological, taxonomical, economical and horticultural importance. This information was collected during the course of investigation carried out by them on 26 plants found growing wild in the sub-Himalayan tract yielding edible fruits in an attempt to evaluate these wild fruits from economic and commercial standpoints. To make the work more comprehensive and useful, the authors also consult various other sources including the translations of ancient Sanskrit texts on Ayurveda for compiling all the available information on the medicinal properties and other uses of these plants. The treatise, therefore, carries a detailed information on the phenology, flowering and fruiting seasons, chemical composition, medicinal properties, yield, utilization, scope, etc., in respect of each fruit.}, keywords = {agroforestry, ethnobotany, fruit, Himalayan region, horticulture, India, taxonomy, tree crops}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/9422206}, author = {Chiranjit Parmar and Mitlesh Kumar Kaushal} } @conference {872, title = {Forest conversation practices in Papua New Guinea}, booktitle = {Traditional conservation in Papua New Guinea: Implications for today. Proceedings of a Conference Organized by the Office of Environment and Conservation and the Institute of Applied Social and Economic Research in Port Moresby [Papua New Guinea], 27-31 October, 1980}, series = {Monograph no. 16}, year = {1980}, month = {Oct. 27-31, 1980}, pages = {203-216}, publisher = {Institute of Applied Social and Economic Research}, organization = {Institute of Applied Social and Economic Research}, address = {Boroko, Papua New Guinea}, abstract = {This document looks at the forest conservation practices of native Papua New Guineans. It describes past practices of forest product harvesting (including: timber, wildlife, fish, other food products, and assorted other resources) and swidden agriculture and compares them to current practices. It discusses the implications of these past practices on today{\textquoteright}s system of resource management.}, keywords = {aquatic resources, forest conservation, Papua New Guinea}, url = {https://www.worldcat.org/title/10090361}, author = {Colin De{\textquoteright}A th}, editor = {Louise Morauta and John Pernetta and William Heaney} } @mastersthesis {441, title = {Banana-manioc farming systems of the tropical forest: A case study in Zaire}, year = {1978}, month = {1978}, school = {Stanford University}, address = {Palo Alto, CA}, abstract = {

A dissertation submitted to the Food Research Institute and the committee on graduate studies of Stanford University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy.

The author discusses the production system that the villagers use to grow their crops. He included a graph that tells how they mixed crops with bananas and what the results were. He writes about the plantain system in West Africa as well. He lists crops used in his area on page 57. He describes the practice of clearing land and how it is used, with which he includes a graph showing comparisons of land area and what they do with it. The last thing, except for the bibliography, is the technique of planting.

}, keywords = {Bana Kanoke, bananas, crop association, perennial, Yambela, Yelenge}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/8949207}, author = {Paul Thomas Perrault} } @book {364, title = {Man and tree in tropical Africa: Three essays on the role of trees in the African environment}, year = {1978}, month = {1978}, pages = {31}, publisher = {International Development Research Centre}, organization = {International Development Research Centre}, address = {Ottawa, ON, Canada}, abstract = {

Contains following essays:

The first paper examines, in general, the role of the tree in tropical Africa. Highlighted are the variety of products that can be obtained from the forests, the vital role of trees in nutrient cycling and in soil and water conservation, and their influence on both micro and macroclimate. The second essay addresses the ever important question of wood-fuel supplies. With increasing petroleum prices, greater demands than ever before are being placed on wood, and with decreasing supplies prices are rising. Wood-fuel shortages have led to a switch to other fuel sources such as manure and crop residues, which has in turn started a vicious circle of decreasing crop yields and environmental degradation. The final essay examines the age-old practice of shifting cultivation. Suggestions advanced here for tailoring new ideas to this traditional practice may well make it possible to modify or improve the system to meet modern realities. Methods involving zero tillage and the use of trees as \&$\#$39;nutrient pumps\&$\#$39; seem to offer particular promise in this regard.

}, keywords = {agroforestry, erosion control, fuelwood, soil erosion, soil fertility}, isbn = {0-88936-154-1; 978-0-88936-154-6}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5510947}, author = {Gunnar Poulsen} } @inbook {898, title = {Multiple cropping in tropical Asia}, booktitle = {Multiple cropping}, series = {ASA special publication no. 27}, year = {1976}, note = {

Symposium sponsored by Divisions A-6, S-4, S-6, A-3, A-4, and C-3 of the American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, and Soil Science Society of America.
Available for purchase online from ACSESS Digital Library.

See also:https://dl.sciencesocieties.org/publications/books/pdfs/asaspecialpubli/multiplecroppin/frontmatter

}, month = {1976}, pages = {11-40}, publisher = {ASA [American Society of Agronomy]}, organization = {ASA [American Society of Agronomy]}, address = {Madison, WI}, abstract = {

Proceedings of a symposium. The papers were presented during the annual meetings of the American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, and Soil Science Society of America in Knoxville, Tennessee, August 1975.

Present and potential multiple cropping patterns are determined by a wide range of physical and socio-economic conditions against a background of available technology. We have therefore chosen to present multiple cropping in tropical Asia in several parts which describe first the economic and physical factors which influence multiple cropping, then the present farming systems within which multiple cropping is practiced and their direction of change, and finally, the major multiple cropping patterns. Relevant research needs are summarized.

Tropical Asia includes the area between the Himalayan mountains and the equator from Pakistan and India to Indonesia, New Guinea, the Philippines, southern Taiwan, the southeastern portion of the People\&$\#$39;s Republic of China and mainland southeast Asia. The dominant crops in the region are mainly determined by water supply. Cropping systems in the drier regions of India and Pakistan are based on corn, sorghum, millet, and wheat, while the wetter areas of these same countries are nearly all of east Asia, having high rainfall, are rice based. (author)

}, keywords = {agroforestry, homestead, irrigation, multiple cropping, shifting cultivation, soils, Thailand, tree intercropping, vegetables}, isbn = {0-89118-045-1}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/842231973}, author = {R. R. Harwood and E. C. Price}, editor = {R. I. Papendick and P. A. Sanchez and G. B. Triplett} }