@article {525, title = {Can extractive reserves save the rain forest? An ecological and socioeconomic comparison of nontimber forest product extraction systems in Pet{\'e}n, Guatemala, and West Kalimantan, Indonesia}, journal = {Conservation Biology}, volume = {7}, year = {1993}, month = {March 1993}, pages = {39-52}, abstract = {

We compare existing non timber forest product extraction systems in Pet{\'e}n. Guatemala, and West Kalimantan, Indonesia, to identify key ecological, socioeconomic, and political factors in the design and implementation od extractive reserves. Ecological parameters include the spatial and temporal availability of harvested products and the sustainability of harvesting practices from both a population and an ecosystem perspective. Socioeconomic and political factors include the presence or absence well-defined resource tenure rights, physical and social infrastructure, markets, and alternative land uses. We conclude that although extractive reserves can play a significant role in preserving tropical forests as a part of a broader land-use spectrum, their effectiveness is highly dependent on prevailing local ecological, socioeconomic, and political conditions. Ultimately, extractive reserves should be regarded as one component of an overall approach to the problem of tropical deforestation.

}, keywords = {Guatemala, Indonesia, rainforests, sustainable agriculture, tropical deforestation}, doi = {10.1046/j.1523-1739.1993.07010039.x}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.1993.07010039.x}, author = {Nick Salafsky and Barbara L. Dugely and John W. Terborgh} } @article {742, title = {The economic potential of Mexican rain forests: An ethnoecological approach}, year = {1993}, month = {1993}, abstract = {The research project has as its main objective to calculate the market value of all useful materials embodied in one hectare-plot of five sites containing tropical mature (1) and successional (4) forests of different ages, The samples will be carried out in three strategic regions of tropical Mexico ( La Chinantla, Oaxaca, Los Chimalapas, Oaxaca and La Lacandona, Chiapas), each one containing a different array of biological, social and cultural conditions. The analysis of each site will include the complete biological inventory as well as the identification of each useful and usable species of plant and animal.}, keywords = {rainforests, tropical forests}, author = {Victor M. Toledo} } @inbook {880, title = {Indigenous history and Amazonian biodiversity}, booktitle = {Changing Tropical Forests: Historical Perspectives on Today{\textquoteright}s Challenges in Central and South America: Proceedings of a Conference Sponsored by the Forest History Society and IUFRO Forestry History Group, Conference held in San Jos{\'e}, Costa Rica}, year = {1992}, month = {1992}, pages = {185-197}, publisher = {Forest History Society}, organization = {Forest History Society}, address = {Durham, NC}, abstract = {The rich biodiversity of Central and South American forests are undergoing difficult times. These forests have been altered throughout history, first by indigenous farming practices and now by state and private sustainable agriculture programs. Swidden type agriculture, practiced by indigenous people, converted many forests to fallows. Fallows and high forests can be compared using the Jaccard coefficient, which is simply the total number of species in a sample area. These numbers tell us that fallow forests represent indigenous reforestation, insofar as species richness of high forests are being replaced by an equivalently rich secondary forest. The number of most important species between fallow and high forests are significantly and predictably different. The indigenous farming practices are undoubtly less destructive than state practices. If modern states cannot protect the remaining indigenous populations, they may lose an abundance of knowledge relating to resource use, management, and biological and ecological diversification. (author)}, keywords = {biodiversity, Central America, ecology, forestry, South America}, isbn = {0-8223-1247-6}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/25787422}, author = {William L. BaleĢe}, editor = {Harold K. Steen and Richard P. Tucker} } @book {479, title = {NGOs and tree-growing programs: Working between farmers and governments: Report of an international workshop, September 24-27, 1991 in Pune, India}, series = {A report from The Role of NGOs in Promoting On-farm Tree-growing Technologies workshop, September 24-27, 1991, Pune India}, year = {1992}, month = {1992}, publisher = {Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development}, organization = {Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development}, address = {Bangkok, Thailand; [Morrilton, AR]}, abstract = {This is the report of an international workshop, The Role of NGOs in Promoting On-farm Tree-growing Technologies, held in Pune, India, September 24-27, 1991. The workshop was co-sponsored by the Forestry/Fuelwood Research and Development (F/FRED) Project, the International Development Research Centre (IDRC) of Canada, the FAO Regional Wood Energy Development Programme in Asia, and the Nitrogen Fixing Tree Association (NFTA).}, isbn = {0-933595-64-6; 978-0-933595-64-4}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/27907161}, editor = {David A. Taylor} } @inbook {909, title = {Problems of forest conservation: A feasible mechanism for biodiversity conservation}, booktitle = {Changing tropical forests: Historical perspectives on today{\textquoteright}s challenges in Central \& South America: Proceedings of a conference sponsored by the Forest History Society and IUFRO Forestry History Group, San Jos{\'e}, Costa Rica}, year = {1992}, month = {December 1991}, pages = {154-164}, publisher = {Forest History Society}, organization = {Forest History Society}, address = {Durham, NC}, abstract = {In traditional systems, genetic biodiversity is maintained both through cultural intervention and through natural selection. On the other hand, traditional cultivars have a twofold value that make them worth preserving: as germplasm repositories that can eventually be inserted into modern crops, and as a complex genetic bank adapted to specific environment conditions. To people living in developing countries, these cultivars have an additional value -- to allow production for self-subsistence where modern crops are either not available or not adequate.}, keywords = {congresses, deforestation, forest ecology, forestry, history, Latin America, rainforests}, isbn = {0-8223-1247-6}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/311396291}, author = {Silvia del Amo R}, editor = {Harold K. Steen and Richard P. Tucker} } @inbook {904, title = {P{\'a}tzcuaro{\textquoteright}s lesson: Nature, production, and culture in an indigenous region of Mexico}, booktitle = {Biodiversity: Culture, conservation, and ecodevelopment}, year = {1991}, month = {1991}, pages = {147-171}, publisher = {Westview Press}, organization = {Westview Press}, address = {Boulder, CO}, abstract = {This document looks at the ecosystem and cultural history in the region of Lake P{\'a}tzcuaro, Mexico. The production activities and use of natural resources (plant and animal, both wild and cultivated) of and by the local indigenous communities are detailed. Activities and knowledge of the Purh{\'e}pecha people are focused upon.}, keywords = {agricultural conservation, agricultural ecology, biodiversity conservation, ecosystem, fish, forestry, germplasm resources, household, land redistribution, land tenure, landscapes, maize morphology, Mesoamerica, mestizo, mushroom, Native Americans, natural resource management, pasture, peasants, population, Pur{\'e}pecha, settlements, smallholders, soil classification, subsistence patterns, Tarascans, taxonomy, transect, woodland management}, isbn = {0-8133-7680-7; 978-0-8133-7680-6}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/24467584}, author = {Victor M. Toledo}, editor = {Margery L. Oldfield and Janis B. Alcorn} } @article {709, title = {Traditional tree crop based agroforestry in coffee producing areas of Harerge, eastern Ethiopia}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {16}, year = {1991}, month = {December 1991}, pages = {257-267}, abstract = {A preliminary survey of seven coffee producing Awrajas (Provinces) in eastern Ethiopia revealed that there is a traditional tree crop based agroforestry system being practised by the farmers. Coffee (C. arabica) was found to grow under the shade of several trees, 16 species, usually intercropped by one or several, a total of 15, important grain, fruit, vegetable, stimulant, oil-seed and spice crops. The majority of the trees, 69\%, is leguminous and Ficus spp. The system is characterized by the integration of crops, livestock and sometimes apiculture. Recommendations are made for future studies.}, keywords = {cash crops, chat, coffee (C. arabica), Ethiopia, Harerge, shade trees}, doi = {10.1007/BF00119322}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00119322}, author = {D. Teketay and A. Tegineh} } @article {526, title = {Cataloging Costa Rica{\textquoteright}s diversity: To make tropical biodiversity useful to society - and thus to save it - the first step is finding out what there is to lose}, journal = {BioScience}, volume = {40}, year = {1990}, month = {October 1990}, pages = {633-636}, abstract = {Costa Rica has begun a large national biodiversity survey. The main emphasis is to describe their estimated 300,000 insect species. This survey is being performed by the new Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad de Costa Rica (INBio). Even though a quarter of this nation{\textquoteright}s land is protected in national parks, nearly all of the land outside these parks has been cleared as demands for the growing population increase. With this in mind, the clock is running too fast for INBio to hesitate with this survey. The search for new drugs, crops, and natural pesticides has also pushed them to thoroughly examine their estimated 12,000 plant species. Since INBio opened its doors they have received a steady stream of international visitors. Costa Rica has once again proved to be one of the world{\textquoteright}s most important leaders in tropical conservation.}, keywords = {Costa Rica, survey, tropical conservation}, doi = {10.2307/1311428}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/1311428}, author = {Laura Tangley} } @article {836, title = {The Cree view of land and resources: Indigenous ecological knowledge}, year = {1990}, month = {1990}, institution = {Hamilton, Ontario, Canada}, address = {McMaster University}, abstract = {This document looks at the traditional ecological knowledge (indigenous knowledge) and its relationship with modern society. Specifically, it details the knowledge held by the Cree Indians of Canada{\textquoteright}s north and gives examples and makes suggestions on how indigenous knowledge and development programs can be linked.}, keywords = {American Indians, common property, ethics, Native Americans, natural resource management, worldview}, author = {Fikret Berkes and P. George and Richard Preston and J. Turner} } @article {439, title = {Traditional agriculture and plant pathology (TAPP) database [ASCII format for the Macintosh]}, year = {1990}, month = {1990}, publisher = {Cornell University Department of Plant Pathology}, address = {Ithaca, NY}, abstract = {The authors{\textquoteright} goal in developing this resource was to bring together as many as possible of the published materials on practices used by traditional farmers to manage plant diseases. The database in its present form is far from an exhaustive collection, and is an attempt to bring together the collective knowledge of several heretofore diverse disciplines. The authors hope that in doing so they have laid the groundwork for further collaboration among plant pathologists, social scientists, and othes with an interest in enhancing the vitality and viability of traditional farmers around the world.}, keywords = {agroforestry, biological control, crop density, diversity, fallow, fire, flooding, habitat selection, heat, hilling, minimum tillage, mixed gardens, mulching, multiple cropping, multistorey cropping, organic matter, pesticides, planting date, pruning, resistance, roguing, rotations, sanitation, seed treatment, selection, shade, sowing depth, storage, terraces, tillage, weeds}, author = {H. David Thurston and Neil R. Miller} } @article {842, title = {The use of marine organisms in folk medicine and horticulture: A preliminary study}, year = {1990}, month = {February 1990}, institution = {Seaweed Information Center (SICEN), University of the Philippines}, address = {Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines}, abstract = {This paper reports briefly on the use of marine organisms in folk medicine and horticulture among the coastal people of northern Mindanao and the Visayan Islands of Bohol, Cebu, and Negros in central Philippines. This island group seemed to us a good starting point for what could eventually be a broad and in-depth study of this subject. For one thing, the common folk medicinal and horticultural practices in these areas are, for the most part, based on efficacious use of marine plants and animals. For another, the people on these islands are linked by a common dialect that is spoken by two of us, a distinct advantage that precluded the need for translation during interveiws with local folks. (author)}, keywords = {ethnobotany, ethnopharmacology, medicinal plants, taxonomy}, author = {P. M. Alino and G. J. B. Cajipe and E.T. Ganzon-Fortes and W. R. Y. Licuanan and N. E. Montano and L. M. Tupas} } @book {324, title = {Farmer first: Farmer innovation and agricultural research}, year = {1989}, month = {1989}, pages = {218 pp.}, publisher = {Intermediate Technology Publications}, organization = {Intermediate Technology Publications}, address = {London}, abstract = {This document is a list of 42 papers presented at the workshop. These papers deal with farmer-oriented approaches to agricultural development, especially farmer interaction with researchers. The subjects include agroecology, crops and technologies in areas as diverse as Bangladesh, Kenya, Colombia, Peru, Nepal, India, Zambia, Brazil, and Botswana. Farmer experimentation is a reoccurring topic.}, keywords = {agroecology, agroforestry}, isbn = {1-85339-007-0; m978-1-85339-007-4; 978-1-78044-014-9}, doi = {10.3362/9781780440149}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/20444797}, editor = {Robert Chambers and Arnold Pacey and Lori Ann Thrupp} } @article {736, title = {Household gardens, crop architecture, and traditional disease management}, year = {1989}, note = {CIKARD copy is a rough draft - some references not checked - not for publication}, month = {April 1989}, address = {Cornell University, Ithaca, NY}, abstract = {This essay focuses on the different types of architectural arrangements of crops and suggests that a study of traditional cropping systems and their architecture should also be strongly urged when designing or improving tropical cropping systems.}, keywords = {agroforestry, horticulture, multistorey cropping}, author = {H. David Thurston} } @inbook {892, title = {Local knowledge for agroforestry and native plants}, booktitle = {Farmer first: Farmer innovation and agricultural research}, year = {1989}, month = {1989}, pages = {14-24}, publisher = {Intermediate Technology Publications}, organization = {Intermediate Technology Publications}, address = {London}, abstract = {

This article discusses the use of agroforestry and how the scientific use of agroforestry differs from traditional agroforestry. The authors also discuss how scientific agroforestry has recently started taking indigenous perspectives into account. They also discuss the influence agroforestry has on communities.

The authors discuss how the style of Rapid Rural Appraisal is more important than speed of the appraisal. They give a case study in Kenya to exemplify this importance of method. In the example, the trials, the errors, and hindsights of the study are discussed. The authors talk about how talking and sharing goals with the participants gave them a better way to evaluate the introduced methods. The authors also focus on the use of off-farm lands by the women. The researchers looked at what kind of plants the women were using and how these plants were being used.

}, isbn = {1-85339-008-9}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/20444797}, author = {Dianne E. Rocheleau and Kamoji Wachira and Luis Malaret and Bernard Muchiri Wanjohi}, editor = {Robert Chambers and Arnold Pacey and Lori Ann Thrupp} } @article {662, title = {Structure and function of traditional agroforestry systems in the western Himalaya. I. Biomass and productivity}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {9}, year = {1989}, month = {August 1989}, pages = {47-70}, abstract = {

Species composition, biomass, and productivity patterns of three types of traditional agroforestry systems, namely, agrisilvicultural, agrihorticultural, and agrihortisilvicultural, commonly practiced in the western Himalaya, were studied. Species composition in the systems varied depending upon the size of the land holdings, and the basic requirements of the farmers.

Among three systems agrihortisilvicultural was highly diverse in vegetation, with as many as 13 tree and 5 agricultural crops mixed together. This system showed the highest productivity up to 25.8 t ha -1yr-1, out of which 68 percent was contributed by the trees and the remainder by the annuals. Agrisilvicultural system having predominantly annuals had the lowest productivity of 20.4 t ha -1yr-1 with only 27 percent contribution by the trees. Total aboveground biomass in agrihortisilvicultural or agrihorticultural system was around 48 t ha -1 and it was about 2-fold higher than agrisilvicultural system. In fodder trees, a significant percentage of annual production, up to 48 percent, was allocated in current twigs, while in horticultural trees a major portion, up to 63 percent was portioned towards fruits. Implications of the results have been discussed in context with the growing problems of fuel, fodder, and packaging material in the western Himalaya.

}, keywords = {productivity, species composition, biomass, traditional agroforestry, Western Himalaya}, doi = {10.1007/BF00120155}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00120155}, author = {Om Parkash Toky and Pradeep Kumar and Prem Kumar Khosla} } @article {663, title = {Structure and function of traditional agroforestry systems in the western Himalaya. II. Nutrient cycling}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {9}, year = {1989}, month = {August 1989}, pages = {71-89}, abstract = {Budget of nutrient in plant and soil, and their rates of recycling in three types of traditional agroforestry systems in mid elevations of the western Himalaya were studied. Concentration of nitrogen and potassium was significantly higher in fruits and leaves than in branches, boles, and litter. Grewia optiva, an important fodder tree, was found to be rich in potassium, vegetable crops in nitrogen, and weeds in phosphorus. Maximum store of nutrients was estimated in aboveground biomass of agrihortisilvicultural system: nitrogen 532, phosphorus 40, potassium 461, calcium 400, and magnesium 298 kg/ha; it was closely followed by that in agrihorticultural system, and both these had about 2-fold higher nutrient stock as compared to agrisilvicultural system. In the case of the former two systems, considerable quantity of nutrients up to nitrogen 169, phosphorus 14, potassium 165, calcium 97, and magnesium 65 kg/ha, for example in agrihortisilvicultural system, was recycled through debris of crops and weeds, and tree leaf litter, while the recycling rate was almost half in agrisilvicultural system. Through {\textquoteright}harvest{\textquoteright} potassium was depleted in the largest quantity from the system, followed by nitrogen, magnesium, calcium, and phosphorus; much higher loss occurred through agricultural and/or horticultural edible parts as compared to fuel and fodder biomass. For example, the loss through agricultural crops and horticultural fruits for nitrogen in agrihortisilvicultural system was up to 75 percent and 38 percent respectively of the total annual uptake. This heavy loss makes the system unstable from a nutrient point of view particularly for nitrogen and potassium until external inputs are added through organic and inorganic fertilizers. Agrihortisilvicultural system is remarkably efficient in view of biomass productivity for fuel, fodder and fruits, and also from nutrient point of view provided losses through harvest are compensated externally.}, keywords = {agroforestry systems, allocation pattern, nutrient budget, nutrient cycling, soil fertility, Western Himalaya}, doi = {10.1007/BF00120156}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00120156}, author = {Om Parkash Toky and Pradeep Kumar and Prem Kumar Khosla} } @conference {758, title = {Collaborative research on farm and village forestry: Report of a workshop held April 23-25, 1988 in Kathmandu, Nepal}, year = {1988}, month = {April 1988}, publisher = {Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development}, organization = {Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development}, address = {Morrilton, AR}, abstract = {

Contains the following papers:

}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/19210396}, editor = {David A. Taylor and Charles Bernard Mehl} } @proceedings {482, title = {Trees on small farms: Multipurpose tree species research for the arid and semi-arid tropics}, year = {1988}, month = {Nov 16-19, 1987}, publisher = {Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development}, address = {Arlington, VA}, abstract = {In recognition of the rapid depletion of tropical forest resources and the increased scarcity of fuelwood and other tree products, the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) designed and funded the Forestry/Fuelwood Research and Development Project. F/FRED provides a network through which scientists exchange research plans, methods and results on the production and use of trees to meet the needs of small-scale farmers in Asia. These fast-growing, high-yielding trees are appropriately termed multipurpose tree species (MPTS). To date, network trials have been established on 16 sites in the humid and semi-humid tropics. Participants are 10 Asian scientists from Indonesia, Malaysia, Pakistan, Philippines, Taiwan and Thailand.}, keywords = {agroforestry, fuelwood}, editor = {David A. Taylor and Lee Medema} } @article {668, title = {The agroecology of corn production in Tlaxcala, Mexico}, journal = {Human Ecology}, volume = {15}, year = {1987}, month = {June 1987}, pages = {189-220}, abstract = {The primary components of Tlaxcalan corn agriculture are described, including cropping patterns employed, resource management strategies, and interactions of human and biological factors. Tlaxcalan farmers grow corn in an array of poly-culture and agroforestry designs that result in a series of ecological processes important for insect pest and soil fertility management. Measurements derived from a few selected fields show that trees integrated into cropping systems modify the aerial and soil environment of associated understory corn plants, influencing their growth and yields. With decreasing distance from trees, surface concentrations of most soil nutrients increase. Certain tree species affect corn yields more than others. Arthropod abundance also varies depending on their degree of association with one or more of the vegetational components of the system. Densities of predators and the corn pest Macrodactylussp. depend greatly on the presence and phenology of adjacent alfalfa strips. Although the data were derived from nonreplicated fields, they nevertheless point out some important trends, information that can be used to design new crop associations that will achieve sustained soil fertility and low pest potentials. (author)}, keywords = {agroecology, agroforestry, corn agroecosystem, ploycultures, traditional agriculture}, doi = {10.1007/BF00888380}, url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00888380}, author = {Miguel A. Altieri and Javier Trujillo} } @inbook {857, title = {Agroforestry practices and research in India}, booktitle = {Agroforestry: Realities, possibilities and potentials}, year = {1987}, month = {1987}, pages = {109-137}, publisher = {Martin Nijhoff Publishers in cooperation with ICRAF; distributors for the U.S. and Canada, Kluwer Academic Publishers}, organization = {Martin Nijhoff Publishers in cooperation with ICRAF; distributors for the U.S. and Canada, Kluwer Academic Publishers}, address = {Dordrecht, Netherlands}, abstract = {

Many agroforestry practices in India are old and traditional. Some systems have been researched since the late 19th century, and there has been research on fodder-fuel plantations since the 1950s. A wide variety of practices in India are described here with research results incorporated wherever available. It is concluded that:

  1. there are many systems and practices that are yet to be adequately described;
  2. even though some systems are well-described, there is need of greater research on practice;
  3. the research endeavor so far, apart from indicating possibilities for increased production in fodder-fuel plantations has not really improved the components of agroforestry systems and their management. The challenges and opportunities for improvement are vast.
}, keywords = {India}, isbn = {90-247-3590-4}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/16352684}, author = {K. G. Tejwani}, editor = {Henry L. Gholz} } @book {296, title = {Andenes y camellones en el Per{\'u} Andino: Historia, presente y futuro}, year = {1986}, month = {January 1986}, publisher = {Ministerio de la Presidencia, Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog{\'\i}a}, organization = {Ministerio de la Presidencia, Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog{\'\i}a}, address = {[Lima, Peru]}, keywords = {furrow irrigation, hill farming, terraces}, url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=BHpgAAAAMAAJ}, editor = {Carlos de la Torre Espinoza Torre and Manuel Burga and John Earls} } @article {614, title = {Man-made dipterocarp forest in Sumatra}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {2}, year = {1985}, note = {This paper is a slightly revised version of an internal report prepared for BIOTROP (SEAMEO - ASEAN Center for Tropical Biology). The project has been funded by BIOTROP, while the author is a French consultant to that organization.}, month = {June 1994}, pages = {103-127}, abstract = {

Traditional plantations of Shorea javanica in southern Sumatra deserve mention on three main points:

  1. it is a rare case in Indonesia of successful cultivation of an indigenous species. This species being a Dipterocarp is an even more attractive reason: Dipterocarps are in the paradoxical situation of being the largest family of timber trees in natural forests of tropical Asia but are almost never used for silvicultural purposes;
  2. the tree is grown in association with many other useful trees to constitute an agroforestry system of both cash and subsistence incomes; and
  3. such plantations represent a good potential for the production of natural resin in the humid tropics.
}, keywords = {agroforestry, Dipterocarpaceae, reforestation, resin, Sumatra}, doi = {10.1007/BF00131269}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00131269}, author = {E. Torquebiau} } @article {660, title = {Strategies for forestry development in the West African Sahel: An overview}, journal = {Rural Africana}, volume = {23-24}, year = {1985}, month = {Fall {\textquoteright}85-Win {\textquoteright}86}, pages = {5-19}, abstract = {A wide variety of forestry projects have been launched across the West African Sahel in recent years, part of the broader development assistance program established in response to the last Sahelian drought. Although many of these efforts are less than five years old, there are already important lessons to be learned, lessons that call for a profound review of strategies adopted thus far, lessons that point the way toward new approaches to forestry development across the region. Only a brief review of forestry strategy and experience to date will be possible in this overview. After defining the region and briefly outlining the multiple role of forests and forestry, the paper will review strategies used in forestry development in the Sahel, examine selected initial results, and outline elements of the reorientation that will be needed to place future sector development on a sounder footing. (author)}, keywords = {agroforestry, reforestation}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1764644}, author = {George F. Taylor II and Moustapha Soumare} } @inbook {855, title = {Agroforestry in shifting cultivation control programmes in India}, booktitle = {Social, economic, and institutional aspects of agroforestry}, year = {1984}, month = {1984}, pages = {61-67}, publisher = {The United National University}, organization = {The United National University}, address = {Tokyo}, abstract = {About 7000 B.C., according to the archaeological evidence (Childe 1956) mankind began to change its mode of life from food gathering to food cultivation, by adopting shifting cultivation which is, historically, a transitional stage towards more permanent agriculture. As the years passed, the peoples living in river valleys advanced rapidly and brought about a number of institutional and technological changes; but meanwhile some of the people living in remote areas continued in the blind alley of shifting cultivation and failed to take part in the progress towards culture and civilization. However, in the development of a country all sections of society need to be involved, including the backward shifting cultivators, all are equally entitled to the benefits of civilization and development. For these reasons programmes for the control of shifting cultivation have become important, particularly in tropical countries, and agro-forestry has played a pivotal role in these programmes. (author)}, keywords = {agroforestry, India}, isbn = {92-808-0502-9}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/12640944}, author = {E. S. Thangam}, editor = {J. K. Jackson} } @article {582, title = {Indigenous agroforestry in the Peruvian Amazon: Bora Indian management of swidden fallows}, journal = {Interciencia}, volume = {9}, year = {1984}, month = {Nov.-Dec. 1984}, pages = {346-357}, abstract = {The purpose of this paper is to examine the swidden fallows of an Amazon native group, the Bora of eastern Peru, with the objective of demonstrating how fields are gradually abandoned. This contrasts with most studies of shifting cultivation which focus on why fields are abandoned, and which present a sharp distinction between the field (swidden) and the abandoned field (fallow). For the Bora there is no clear transition between swidden and fallow, but rather a continuum from a swidden dominated by cultivated plants to an old fallow composed entirely of natural vegetation. Thirty-five years or more may be required before the latter condition prevails. Abandonment is not a moment in time but rather a process over time. (author)}, keywords = {ethnobotany, fallow, multistory, Native Americans, Peru, swiddens}, author = {William M. Denevan and John M. Treacy and Janis B. Alcorn and Christine Padoch and Julie Sloan Denslow and Salvadore Flores Pait{\'a}n} } @article {624, title = {Natural biological compounds traditionally used as pesticides and medicines}, journal = {The Environmentalist}, volume = {4}, year = {1984}, month = {July 1984}, pages = {11-14}, abstract = {Although a knowledge of bioactive substances found in plants and used traditionally as pesticides and medicines is important, the value of these traditions is difficult to assess without having further information on the preparation and production of the active ingredients. An overview is presented on the role of traditional medicines in national development, and the present status of these medicines. In addition, information is presented on the plants that are traditionally used in pest control, together with a review of the main bioactive compounds in plants used traditionally as pesticides and medicines.}, keywords = {bioactive compound, ecology, environmental management, ethnobotany, natural conservation}, doi = {10.1007/BF01907285}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01907285}, author = {Sasongko S. Adisewojo and Sidik Tjokronegoro and Rukmiati Tjokronegoro} } @article {726, title = {Women, wood and work in Kenya and beyond}, journal = {Unasylva}, volume = {36}, year = {1984}, month = {April 1984}, pages = {36-43}, abstract = {

The fuelwood crisis is discussed in the context of broader issues relating to poverty and land use, in which women are involved. Kenya is taken as a case study to illustrate the potential and limitations of tree-planting projects. The National Council of Women of Kenya is one of the major women\&$\#$39;s networks in a country with a strongly developed national network of women\&$\#$39;s organizations. It has developed a strong and active tree-planting programme with two major components \— the Green Belt movement and tree nursery development. The latter is a social forestry project; by 1982 there were over 50 nurseries and the project is expanding. A broader role is urged for women in decision-making and in wider political and economic influence.

[agroforestry, sustainabable Ag abstract] This article discusses the need for tree production in Kenya to meet growing fuelwood needs. Because of the role of women in society, projects have been directed specifically towards women. Women\&$\#$39;s clubs provide information and assistance for women to develop nurseries. The author notices weaknesses in the program which include:

  1. no participation among the poorest, most burdened women,
  2. over-centralized project management,
  3. project sustainability may depend on a single person, and
  4. socio-economic and political constraints.

Despite these barriers, women can gain valuable experience, resources, and income throughout developing countries with the introduction of these nurseries.

}, keywords = {Green Belt Movement, social forestry, tree nursery}, url = {http://www.fao.org/docrep/r0465e/r0465e06.htm$\#$women,\%20wood\%20and\%20work:\%20in\%20kenya\%20and\%20beyond}, author = {Lori-Ann Thrupp} } @book {321, title = {Environmentally sound small-scale forestry projects: Guidelines for planning}, year = {1983}, month = {1983}, pages = {109}, publisher = {VITA Publications/CodeL}, organization = {VITA Publications/CodeL}, address = {Arlington, VA}, abstract = {This manual has been written for community development workers in Third World countries who are not technicians in the area of forestry, but who want some general guidelines for planning environmentally sound small-scale forestry projects.}, keywords = {agroforestry, small-scale forestry}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/9851928}, author = {Peter F. Ffolliott and John L. Thames} } @article {523, title = {Bora Indian agroforestry: An alternative to deforestation}, journal = {Cultural Survival Quarterly Magazine}, volume = {6}, year = {1982}, month = {June 1982}, pages = {15-16}, abstract = {

Native cultivators in the Amazon have developed efficient and ecologically sound methods for making the tropical forest yield useful products. Their principal form of agriculture - shifting cultivation [swidden agriculture] - has evolved into a system of land management with features worthy of careful study. (author)

This document looks at how shifting cultivation is linked to agroforestry - another kind of system of land use which is currently recommended for the tropics. It also describes the methods the researchers used to collect data on a Bora swidden field.

}, keywords = {Amazon, Bora, deforestation, ecology, land management, methodology, Peru, tropical forests}, url = {http://www.culturalsurvival.org/ourpublications/csq/article/bora-indian-agroforestry-an-alternative-deforestation}, author = {John M. Treacy} } @inbook {898, title = {Multiple cropping in tropical Asia}, booktitle = {Multiple cropping}, series = {ASA special publication no. 27}, year = {1976}, note = {

Symposium sponsored by Divisions A-6, S-4, S-6, A-3, A-4, and C-3 of the American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, and Soil Science Society of America.
Available for purchase online from ACSESS Digital Library.

See also:https://dl.sciencesocieties.org/publications/books/pdfs/asaspecialpubli/multiplecroppin/frontmatter

}, month = {1976}, pages = {11-40}, publisher = {ASA [American Society of Agronomy]}, organization = {ASA [American Society of Agronomy]}, address = {Madison, WI}, abstract = {

Proceedings of a symposium. The papers were presented during the annual meetings of the American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, and Soil Science Society of America in Knoxville, Tennessee, August 1975.

Present and potential multiple cropping patterns are determined by a wide range of physical and socio-economic conditions against a background of available technology. We have therefore chosen to present multiple cropping in tropical Asia in several parts which describe first the economic and physical factors which influence multiple cropping, then the present farming systems within which multiple cropping is practiced and their direction of change, and finally, the major multiple cropping patterns. Relevant research needs are summarized.

Tropical Asia includes the area between the Himalayan mountains and the equator from Pakistan and India to Indonesia, New Guinea, the Philippines, southern Taiwan, the southeastern portion of the People\&$\#$39;s Republic of China and mainland southeast Asia. The dominant crops in the region are mainly determined by water supply. Cropping systems in the drier regions of India and Pakistan are based on corn, sorghum, millet, and wheat, while the wetter areas of these same countries are nearly all of east Asia, having high rainfall, are rice based. (author)

}, keywords = {agroforestry, homestead, irrigation, multiple cropping, shifting cultivation, soils, Thailand, tree intercropping, vegetables}, isbn = {0-89118-045-1}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/842231973}, author = {R. R. Harwood and E. C. Price}, editor = {R. I. Papendick and P. A. Sanchez and G. B. Triplett} } @article {646, title = {Sago production in a New Guinea economy}, journal = {Human Ecology}, volume = {2}, year = {1974}, month = {July 1974}, pages = {217-236}, abstract = {The techniques used by the Sanio-Hiowe of Papua New Guinea to produce edible starch from the sago palm (Metroxylon sp.) are described. Input-output analysis demonstrates that this is a highly productive subsistence technology; nevertheless, the Sanio-Hiowe economy is characterized by an absence of intensification. This is ascribed to functional consequences of dependence on hunting and gathering in the interior. In coastal and riverine habitats, other societies using sago supplemented by fishing or horticulture can more fully exploit the potential of sago as a basis for economic intensification and a more sedentary life.}, keywords = {agricultural productivity, hunter-gatherer, labor productivity, Melanesia, palms, Papua New Guinea, pith, sago palm, starches, swamps, swine}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/4602300}, author = {Patricia K. Townsend} }