@article {664, title = {Subversive theory: Ecology, Gaiocentric sustainable development, and the Third World}, journal = {Society and Nature}, volume = {3}, year = {1995}, month = {1995}, pages = {93-116}, abstract = {

Capitalist culture, in both its freemarket and state socialism expressions, is ecologically illiterate and unsustainable. However, the global ecological crisis is changing all human relationships, including the relationship of people to nature. The theory of sustainable development and, particularly, the theory of gaiocentric sustainable development, are means by which we try to put nature on an equal footing with treasured human values, thus shifting human culture from the brink of disaster to a defender of a livable world.

Yet the knowledge for such a transformation does not exist in industrial societies. It is the Third World that is the source for human survival. Third World people are defending the integrity of ecosystems, biodiversity, the priceless Amazon, wild rivers, gaiocentric sustainable development. These people know and practice what we must know and practice in order to put the brakes on the global ecocidal and anthropocidal policies of industrial capitalist development. (author)

}, keywords = {gaiacentric, sustainable development}, url = {http://www.democracynature.org/vol3/abstract_vallianatos.htm}, author = {E. G. Vallianatos} } @conference {753, title = {Agronomic and socio-economic aspects of windbreaks in Southwest-Niger}, booktitle = {Paper presented at 4th International Symposium on Windbreaks and Agroforestry, July 26-30, 1993, Viborg, Denmark}, year = {1993}, month = {July 1993}, address = {Viborg, Denmark}, abstract = {The integration of socio-economic and cultural survey into agroforestry experiments and development projects already in the planning stage can assist in the choice of tree species and the planting system. In 1992, an on-station windbreak/millet experiment in Niger was combined with a survey of farmers and their wives from an adjacent village in order to evaluate local knowledge, perception and the attributed value of trees and shrubs. Millet yield were reduced by Acacia holosericea and Acacia nilotica up to a 2 and 8 m distance from the hedge, respectively, while Faidherbia albida showed no competition to millet. The survey showed that farmers appreciation of tree species was strongly related to agricultural issues; they considered F. albida as the most preferred tree because of its soil enrichment. Their wives, however, concentrated on household needs and ranked Combretum glutinosum first. Farmers were aware of wind erosion and crop competition effects of different species. This study provided evidence that long term studies on the technical aspects of windbreaks and agroforestry systems could gain substantially from the indigenous knowledge of rural people.}, keywords = {agroforestry, Niger, windbreaks}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/768076539}, author = {J. P. A. Lamers and K. Michels and B.E Allison and R. J. Vanderbeldt} } @article {551, title = {Effects of trees on paddy bund on soil fertility and rice growth in Northeast Thailand}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {18}, year = {1992}, month = {June 1992}, pages = {213-223}, abstract = {

A study was conducted in Northeast Thailand on six rice paddy fields on a farm with similar soil (Aquic Quartzipsamments) and with a single tree on the paddy bund. There were 4 tree species: Parinarium anamense, Dipterocarpus obtusifolius, D. intricatus, and Samanea saman. Samples of soil (0-10 cm depth) and rice were collected at 3 positions (1, 5-7, and 9-11 m) away from the tree base in 3 replicated tree-soil trasects in each paddy field. Significantly higher pH, organic matter, and nutrients (N, P, K, Ca, and Mg) were found in paddy fields with S. saman (a legume tree) but grain yield and biomass of rice were significantly lower. Higher soil fertility was found in the positions closer to tree base while grain yields, biomass, and number of tillers were lower, and rice was taller and had more unfilled grain. Shading was deduced to be the key factor responsible for the depressed rice yields and growth at positions closer to tree base especially in the highly shading S. saman.

}, keywords = {minerals, northeast Thailand, paddy, rice, soil fertility, trees}, doi = {10.1007/BF00123318}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00123318}, author = {S. Sae-Lee and P. Vityakon and B. Prachaiyo} } @inbook {893, title = {Local organizations in community forestry}, booktitle = {Local organizations in community forestry extension in Asia}, series = {Field document no. 34}, year = {1992}, note = {Regional Wood Energy Development Programme in Asia; Asia-Pacific Agroforestry Network}, month = {1992}, publisher = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)}, organization = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)}, address = {Bangkok, Thailand}, abstract = {

This paper examines the nature and potential of local organizations in community forestry, with the following questions in mind:

  1. What types of local organizations are appropriate for community forestry in particular situations, and
  2. What makes some local organizations effective?
}, keywords = {agroforestry, Asia, forestry, forestry extension, Nepal}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/36405987}, author = {R. J. Fisher}, editor = {Cor Veer and Jim Chamberlain} } @inbook {888, title = {Introduction to agroforestry}, booktitle = {Agroforestry: Classification and management}, year = {1990}, month = {1990}, pages = {1-30}, publisher = {Wiley}, organization = {Wiley}, address = {New York}, abstract = {Agroforestry is an age-old land use that has been practiced for thousands of years by farmers the world over. Although in recent years it has also been developed as a science that promises to help farmers increase the productivity, profitability, and sustainability of production on their land, the science of agroforestry lags far behind the art of existing agroforestry practices. However, scientific efforts to understand, classify, and improve agroforestry systems are on the increase.}, keywords = {agroforestry, classification}, isbn = {0-471-83781-4}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/19222486}, author = {Kenneth G. MacDicken and Napoleon T. Vergara}, editor = {Kenneth G. MacDicken and Napoleon T. Vergara} } @inbook {933, title = {Why study traditional agriculture?}, booktitle = {Agroecology}, series = {Biological resource management}, year = {1990}, month = {1990}, pages = {551-564}, publisher = {McGraw-Hill}, organization = {McGraw-Hill}, address = {New York}, abstract = {It is difficult to separate the study of agricultural systems from the study of the cultures that nurture them. For this reason, this paper deals with both the complexity of the production systems as well as with the sophistication of the knowledge of the people that manage them. This paper also attempts to integrate the arguments advanced by both social scientists and biologists, in order to justify the need to continue studying traditional agroecosystems. It is here argued that rescue of this knowledge must occur rapidly, not only because it is being irreversibly lost, but also because it is crucial for the advancement of agricultural ecology.}, keywords = {agricultural ecology, ecology}, isbn = {0-07-052923-X; 978-0-07-052923-6}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/20055574}, author = {Miguel A. Altieri}, editor = {C. Ronald Caroll and John H. Vandermeer and Peter M. Rosset} } @article {715, title = {Use and misuse of forest-harvested fruits in the Iquitos area}, journal = {Conservation Biology}, volume = {3}, year = {1989}, month = {December 1989}, pages = {350-361}, abstract = {Of 193 fruit species observed to be regularly consumed in the region surrounding Iquitos, Peru, 120 species are exclusively wold-harvested and 19 more originate from both wold and cultivated sources.The wild-harvested fruits of 57 species belonging to 24 different plant families are sold in the Iquitos market and are very important in the economy and diets of the area. Nearly half of the Iquitos fruit vendors sell wild-harvested fruits ( if fruits used as vegetables or starch sources are excluded), and over half of the fruit species sold are wild-harvested. Many fruit species consumed at Iquitos differ from those consumed in other parts of Amazonia. Although some native fruit species are beginning to be grown as crops, the wild populations of these high-potential species are being rapidly depleted by destructive harvesting techniques as market pressure begins to build. In the last few years, the availability of several of the most popular fruit species has decreased markedly. If nondestructive sustained-yield harvesting or resources such as wild-harvested fruits if to play its suggested important role in tropical forest conservation, much stronger efforts will be needed to prevent destructive over harvesting of these potentially significant resources.}, keywords = {deforestation, Iquitos, Peru, rainforests}, doi = {10.1111/j.1523-1739.1989.tb00241.x}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.1989.tb00241.x}, author = {Rodolfo Vasquez and Alwyn H. Gentry} } @inbook {918, title = {The Brazilian fiber belt: Harvest and management of Piassava palm (Attalea funifera Mart.)}, booktitle = {The palm -- Tree of life: Biology, utilization, and conservation symposium at the 1986 Annual Meeting of the Society for Economic Botany, New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York, 13-14 June 1986}, series = {Advances in Economic Botany no. 6}, year = {1988}, month = {1988}, pages = {254-267}, publisher = {New York Botanical Garden}, organization = {New York Botanical Garden}, address = {New York}, abstract = {

Piassava palm (Attalea funifera Mart.) is endemic to the coastal restinge forests of Bahia, Brazil. Its durable water resistant fiber has been commercially exploited since the 1500s, first in the fashioning of ship\&$\#$39;s anchor ropes and later in the manufacture of brooms and brushes. Although still destructively exploited on unattended land, piassava is increasingly being protected and managed as a valuable perennial crop. The leaf fibers harvested either seasonally or on a continuous basis, depending on the competing interests of the cutters and land owners. Management strategies for piassava habitat include:

  1. benign neglect
  2. burning
  3. planting

During burning, piassava\&$\#$39;s deep subterranean stems escape the flames, allowing this species to survive and numerically dominate the post-fire environment. Although widespread, the use of fire to \"improve\" piassave habitat is temporally infrequent. Land owners began planting on an experimental basis in the 1970s. Although geographical differences in fiber quality are recognized, planting is carried out exclusively with seed from local sources.

Piasava fiber exports have steadily declined since the beginning of this century due to over-exploitation and competition with other natural as well as synthetic materials. This situation has been aggravated by the rising value of the U.S. dollar. Export losses have been more than balanced, however, by the growing demand for piassava fiber within Brazil.

}, keywords = {Attalea, Bahia, fire, palms, Piassava, rainforests}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/17353831}, author = {Robert A. Voeks}, editor = {Michael J. Balick} } @article {674, title = {The dehesa: An agrosilvopastoral system of the Mediterranean region with special reference to the Sierra Morena area of Spain}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {6}, year = {1988}, month = {February 1988}, pages = {71-96}, abstract = {A multidisciplinary team undertook a six-year investigation on the agro-ecological and socio-economic aspects of the dehesa system in the Sierra Norte area, a part of the Sierra Morena of the Sevilla Province, Western Andalusia, Spain. This paper summarizes its findings on the various agro-ecological features of the system and evaluates the system{\textquoteright}s functional aspects vis-a-vis the trends and developments in land use in the region over the past few centuries. The synergistic effects of tree cover on understorey grassland vegetation is discussed in terms of soil fertility build-up and favourable micro-climatic and hydrological features, and the potential use of this information in future research and development programmes to improve the dehesa system in the Mediterranean region is outlined. (author)}, keywords = {agrosilvopasture, dehesa, effect of trees on soils, ethnobotany, mediterranean region, oak trees, Sierra Morena}, doi = {10.1007/BF02344747}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02344747}, author = {Richard Joffre and Jean Vacher and Carlos de los Llanos and Gilbert Long} } @article {550, title = {Editorial: International research in agroforestry}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {5}, year = {1987}, month = {September 1987}, pages = {193-195}, abstract = {This document looks at the scope of ICRAF{\textquoteright}s agroforestry research of the past and for the future. It highlights that: "It is ICRAF{\textquoteright}s prime objective to serve people in solving their problems and in exploring and upgrading hitherto underutilized potentials." It also looks at the fact that, "previous rural development schemes and programs have failed because they did not fully incorporate the people involved." Ways in which agroforestry can be incorporated into programs that work are also discussed.}, keywords = {International Council for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF)}, doi = {10.1007/BF00119122}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00119122}, author = {H. J. von Maydell} } @article {578, title = {Household economy and tree growing in upland Central Java}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {5}, year = {1987}, month = {June 1987}, pages = {169-184}, abstract = {This article tries to identify the key variables that determine land use patterns and the strategies of households towards tree growing in two upland regions in Central Java. A household{\textquoteright}s access to land and market opportunities appear to be such key variables. Households with little land use their land more intensively with respect to crop, livestock and tree production. So do households with access to market opportunities. Based on this type of diagnostic research more appropriate tree-based designs could be developed to contribute to the solution of land use problems in the uplands of Java.}, keywords = {agroforestry, farming systems research , Indonesia, Java, land use, social forestry, upland farming}, doi = {10.1007/BF00047520}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00047520}, author = {P. van der Poel and H. van Dijk} } @article {602, title = {Land or plants: Agricultural tenure in agroforestry systems}, journal = {Economic Botany}, volume = {41}, year = {1987}, month = {April-June 1987}, pages = {312-322}, abstract = {The distinction between the rights to land and rights to plants is often overlooked when viewing agricultural tenure in developing countries. This distinction is crucial to understanding traditional agricultural systems, especially where agroforestry is practiced or its introduction has been proposed. Rights to land versus rights to plants are viewed in two Asia-Pacific agroforestry systems: one in Indonesian Borneo and the other in Papua New Guinea. Conflicts are discussed between the traditional dichotomy of land and plant rights and government policy. The success of an indigenous agroforestry system based on plant rights is contrasted to the failure of a proposed agroforestry system for similar reasons. It is concluded that the perceptual separation of land and plant rights needs to be explored if agroforestry practices are not only to be ecologically and economically feasible but also culturally acceptable.}, keywords = {Borneo, Indonesia, land tenure, Melanesia, Papua New Guinea}, doi = {10.1007/BF02858978}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/4254970}, author = {J. A. Weinstock and N. T. Vergara} } @book {306, title = {Community forestry: Lessons from case studies in Asia and the Pacific Region}, year = {1986}, month = {[1986]}, pages = {248}, publisher = {Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific of the FAO of the United Nations, Regional Forestry Office; East-West Environment and Policy Institute}, organization = {Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific of the FAO of the United Nations, Regional Forestry Office; East-West Environment and Policy Institute}, address = {Bangkok, Thailand; Honolulu, Hawaii}, abstract = {

Contains the following papers:

}, keywords = {agroforestry, Asia}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/19892574}, author = {Y. S. Rao and Marilyn W. Hoskins and Napoleon T. Vergara and Charles P. Castro} } @book {395, title = {The agroforestry survey in Kakamega District: Final report}, series = {Kenya Woodfuel Development Program Working Paper 6}, year = {1985}, month = {May 1985}, pages = {38}, publisher = {[Beijer Institute]}, organization = {[Beijer Institute]}, address = {Nairobi, Kenya}, abstract = {This document includes the summary and conclusions of the survey mentioned above. It discusses activities of The Kenya Woodfuel Development Programme, and the main subjects of interest in the survey, which were: the present woody biomass situation on the farm, the activities undertaken by farmers to try to maintain present woody biomass and the present fuelwood supply situation within the households.}, keywords = {Africa, fuelwood}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/16875028}, author = {Berry Van Gelder and Paul Kerkhof and Kenya Woodfuel Development Programme} } @inbook {862, title = {Contemporary Inuit exploitation of the sea-ice environment}, booktitle = {Sikumiut: People who use the sea-ice}, year = {1984}, note = {Chapter 8}, month = {1984}, pages = {73-95}, publisher = {Canadian Arctic Resources Committee}, organization = {Canadian Arctic Resources Committee}, address = {Ottawa, ON}, abstract = {To survive as hunters on arctic and subarctic coasts, Inuit have required expert knowledge of the demanding and dynamic sea-ice environment. This particular environment occurs through four of the six seasons of the Inuit year, namely ukia (late autumn), ukiu (winter), upingoaksak (early spring), and upingoa (spring). This paper presents certain aspects of contemporary Inuit use and knowledge of the sea-ice environment, an environment that continues to be of major importance, and of growing concern, to Inuit societies in Alaska, Canada, and Greenland.}, keywords = {American Indians, aquaculture, Eskimos, marine resources, Native Americans}, isbn = {0-919996-28-0}, author = {Milton M. R. Freeman}, editor = {Alan Cooke and Edie Van Alstine} } @book {287, title = {Adaptive responses of native Amazonians}, series = {Studies in anthropology}, year = {1983}, month = {1983}, pages = {516 pp.}, publisher = {Academic Press}, organization = {Academic Press}, address = {New York}, abstract = {The present description concerns shifting cultivation among the Machiguenga, Native American inhabitants of the tropical rainforest of the Upper Amazon, specifically, a community on the Kompiroshiato River, a tributary of the Urubamba River in the department of Cuzco, Peru. The language is of the Arawakan family, and is closely allied to that of the Amuesha, Campa, and Piro Indians, who also inhabit the montana of Southeastern Peru. As is typical of the montana region, Machiguenga settlements vary from single families to small hamlets of related families located on a stream that provides clean water for household needs, near a river suitable for fishing, and with abundant forest for hunting and from which gardens are cleared. Population density is 0.3 persons/km2. The Machiguenga spend nearly as much time procuring wild foods as they do cultivating their gardens, but it is from their gardens that the vast bulk of their food derives, including a great overproduction of starchy tubers for food security under isolated and vulnerable living conditions. (author)}, keywords = {Amazon River Valley, human ecology, Indians of South America, social conditions, social life and customs}, isbn = {0-12-321250-2}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/8827760}, editor = {Raymond B. Hames and William T. Vickers} } @conference {858, title = {Agroforestry systems and some research problems}, booktitle = {Plant research and agroforestry: Proceedings of a consultative meeting held in Nairobi, 8 to 15 April 1981}, year = {1983}, month = {8-15 April 1981}, pages = {71-77}, publisher = {International Council for Research in Agroforestry}, organization = {International Council for Research in Agroforestry}, address = {Nairobi, Kenya}, abstract = {The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) has adopted a policy of incorporating agroforestry practices in all suitable forestry field projects. As of today there are 22 FAO/UNDP projects and 11 WFP-assisted projects which include agroforestry activities. A brief account is given of a selection of agroforestry systems which include the rice Sesbania aculeata system; Sesbania grandiflora fruit tree systems; shade trees in tea and pepper estates; systems of Theobroma cacao and forest trees; a case of a multipurpose forest plantation using Prosopis spp.; and a note on the cultivation of spices and medicinal plants under forest cover. Some research and development problems related to each case are mentioned.}, keywords = {agroforestry, forest cover, medicinal plants, spices, systems}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/11698847}, author = {Tran van Nao}, editor = {Peter A. Huxley} } @article {818, title = {Development approaches: General conclusions, recommendations and summary of the seven thematic studies}, year = {1983}, month = {1983}, institution = {COTA}, address = {Brussels, Belgium}, abstract = {

The aim of this study is to describe the approaches which encourage or might encourage the development of rural societies in the Third World. The study brings out on the one hand the technologies at present used by these rural societies and their potential for improvement, and on the other hand the new technologies which they can integrate into their development process.

Using numerous examples of projects, often carried out by NGOs, we show how they act in developing old and new technologies, perfecting technical innovations and fitting them into the rural community. (author)

Summary of the seven thematic studies:

  1. reafforestation and fuelwood savings;
  2. wells and boreholds \— replenishment of groundwater resources in the Sahel region;
  3. grain storage;
  4. processing of oil-bearing crops;
  5. alternative building techniques;
  6. metalworking; and
  7. village savings and credit schemes.
}, keywords = {agroforestry, building techniques, fuelwood, grain storage, groundwater, oil- bearing crops, rural development, savings and credit, technical assistance}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/18967554}, author = {Moussa Ba and Michel Lens and Oscar Sarroca and Bintou Simpore and Bernard Van Doren} } @article {611, title = {Loan financing of smallholder treefarming in Ilocos, a comment}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {1}, year = {1983}, month = {December 1983}, pages = {361-365}, abstract = {

This paper is a comment on a previous explanation for an unsuccessful treefarming project in the Philippines. The earlier explanation did not inquire deeply into the project and its problems, and simply stated that \"a development model that is successful in one area may not be successful somewhere else.\"

Further investigation revealed some problems in the Ilocos project. The responsible people underestimated the effectiveness of locally-owned woodlots in meeting local demand, and underestimated the woodlots\&$\#$39; potential for meeting future demand increases. In this case, lack of local input was doubly ignored, both by the project leaders and by those who were attempting to explain the project\&$\#$39;s failure. (author)

}, keywords = {agroforestry, Ilocos, indigenous knowledge, loan financing, Philippines, smallholders, tree farm}, doi = {10.1007/BF00155942}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00155942}, author = {K. F. Wiersum and C. P. Veer} } @inbook {895, title = {Machiguenga Gardens}, booktitle = {Adaptive responses of native Amazonians}, year = {1983}, note = {Chapter 2}, month = {1983}, pages = {29-63}, publisher = {Academic Press}, organization = {Academic Press}, address = {New York}, abstract = {The present description concerns shifting cultivation among the Machiguenga, Native American inhabitants of the tropical rainforest of the Upper Amazon, specifically, a community on the Kompiroshiato River, a tributary of the Urubamba River in the department of Cuzco, Peru. The language is of the Arawakan family, and is closely allied to that of the Amuesha, Campa, and Piro Indians, who also inhabit the montana of Southeastern Peru. As is typical of the montana region, Machiguenga settlements vary from single families to small hamlets of related families located on a stream that provides clean water for household needs, near a river suitable for fishing, and with abundant forest for hunting and from which gardens are cleared. Population density is 0.3 persons/km2. The Machiguenga spend nearly as much time procuring wild foods as they do cultivating their gardens, but it is from their gardens that the vast bulk of their food derives, including a great overproduction of starchy tubers for food security under isolated and vulnerable living conditions. (author)}, keywords = {cacao, coffee, forest dwellers, horticulture, hunter-gatherer, labor, maize, manioc, Native Americans, rainforests, shifting cultivation, slash and burn, soils, South America, weeds, women, yams}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/8827760}, author = {Allen Johnson}, editor = {Raymond B. Hames and William T. Vickers} } @inbook {903, title = {Patterns of resource use and human settlement in tropical forests}, booktitle = {Tropical rain forest ecosystems: Structure and function}, series = {Ecosystems of the world no. 14A}, year = {1983}, month = {1983}, pages = {301-313}, publisher = {Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company}, organization = {Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company}, address = {New York}, abstract = {

Criticisms of traditional resource use patterns in the tropics as wasteful and inefficient predominated in the literature in the past, but has given way in recent years to praise of the stability and conservativeness of these technologies. Such revised views are not surprising and are at least partially justified. They reflect the realization that traditional resource users usually allowed tropical forests to survive or at least to largely regenerate, whereas modern, fossil fuel-using man is expected to destroy these forests within the next century. However, in stressing the long-term persistence of traditional patterns, the: necessity\" and universality of some techniques and the self-sufficience and integrity of pre-modern resource use systems, commentators have done justice neither to the complexity nor the variability -- temporal, spatial, and technological -- of traditional human accommodations to tropical forests.

In this chapter, the authors review some of the conventional ways of viewing and classifying traditional resource use patterns, then point out some of the limitations of these familiar typologies, and finally discuss actual subsistence and settlement patterns in tropical forests, and comment on prospects for development of these areas.

In most broad discussions of indigenous resource use, some typology of food-getting technologies and/or of crops, crop types or crop assemblages, is meant to subsume the basic patterns of livelihood of all traditional groups. The division of technologies into hunting-gathering, shifting, cultivation, and permanent-field cropping is probably most familiar and commonly employed. These three very broad divisions of the spectrum of traditional subsistence, often erroneously assumed to be a necessary evolutionary sequence, are used by anthropologists and geographers to designate different levels of intensity of land resource use, as well as to differentiate levels of control and modification of forest environments. Observers have generally considered the following practices and patterns, technological and social, to be characteristic of these three very general types.

}, keywords = {rainforests}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/7576493}, author = {Christine Padoch and Andrew P. Vayda}, editor = {F. B. Golley} } @inbook {871, title = {Exploitation in southeast Asia}, booktitle = {Tropical rain forest ecosystems: Biogeographical and ecological studies}, series = {Ecosystems of the world no. 14B}, year = {1982}, note = {Chapter 34}, month = {1982}, pages = {591-610}, publisher = {Elsevier}, organization = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, abstract = {

The area we cover is insular Southeast Asia, or Melanesia, comprising the Philippines, Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei, Indonesia, and Papua New Guinea. The countries of mainland Southeast Asia are excluded, as they contain little tropical rain forest. Our own research experience leads us to focus mainly on Indonesia.

We consider three categories of exploitation: logging, rattan collection, and shifting cultivation. All are economically important in Southeast Asia and all have had increasingly widespread and deleterious effects in the last few decades. We first describe an example of \"traditional\" (that is, non-mechanized) logging, from the remote Apo Kayan region of the Indonesian province of East Kalimantan on the island of Borneo. Timber cutting in the Apo Kayan is still largely for local use, and employs means that must have been more widespread in Borneo in pre-industrial times. It is far less environmentally destructive than modern commercial logging in lowland dipterocarp forests, which is a subject we also consider. We then turn to rattan collection, drawing especially on the work of Dransfield, who has considered the relation of rattan biology to methods of management and conservation. The last section is a discussion of some aspects of shifting cultivation. (author)

}, keywords = {rainforests, southeast Asia}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/21303776}, author = {K. Kartawinata and T. C. Jessup and Andrew P. Vayda}, editor = {H. Leith and M. J. A. Werger} } @conference {767, title = {Fuelwood production in traditional farming systems}, booktitle = {Paper presented at ESCAP/FAO/UNEP Expert Group Meeting on Fuelwood and Charcoal 1981, Nairobi, Kenya}, series = {Energy Resources Development Series no. 24}, year = {1982}, month = {May 5-11, 1981}, pages = {53-59}, publisher = {United Nations}, organization = {United Nations}, address = {New York}, abstract = {The purpose of this paper is to present and discuss some examples of rural forestry and provide a general framework for its improvement and intensification with fuelwood production as a major aim.}, keywords = {agroforestry, fuelwood}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/11582957}, author = {Ben Salem and Tran van Nao} } @article {552, title = {El manejo de las selvas por los Mayas: Sus implicaciones silv{\'\i}colas y agr{\'\i}colas}, journal = {Bi{\'o}tica}, volume = {2}, year = {1977}, month = {1977}, pages = {47-61}, abstract = {

The Maya culture is one of the very few outstanding cultures that flourished in a tropical rain forest area. Their land use strategies, as a part of the great Middle America civilization, for agriculture, horticulture and forestry remain up to date scattered among the Maya communities that have conserved their Indian heritage. They are based in a diversity of crops and land uses that are adopted to the different climatic regions of the Maya area. They used the space in the past in a magnificent way using horizontal and vertical strategies. They had channels, terraces and drained fields for intensive agriculture. They used shifting agriculture in soils where no other alternative seemed to be better. They used their wild plant resources and developed forest practices to enrich their forest with desirable species composition. The present floristic composition of many rain forests of the Maya area is a result of ancient silviculture practices. All of these practices were part of a single land use strategy. For these reasons we cannot blame the fall of the Maya culture to an \"ecological collapse\" as has been proposed.

We feel that the answer can be found in economic, political and social reasons. There is a lot to learn from the Mayans to solve some of the present day problems for the management of biotic resources of the tropics. (author)

}, keywords = {ecology, fallow, Mexico, Native Americans, tropical forests}, url = {http://www.reservaeleden.org/agp/libro/lec/Cap23_manejo_selvas.pdf}, author = {A. Barrera and A. Gomez-Pompa and C. Vazquez-Yans} }