@inbook {877, title = {Indigenous African resource management of a tropical rain forest ecosystem: A case study of the Yoruba of Ara, Nigeria}, booktitle = {Linking social and ecological systems: management practices and social mechanisms for building resilience}, year = {1998}, note = {

Paper originally presented by D. Michael Warren at Property Rights and the Performance of Natural Resource Systems: Social and Ecological Systems for Resilience and Sustainability August 29-30, 1994. The Beijier International Institute of Ecological Economics, The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm Sweden

}, month = {March 1998}, pages = {158-189}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, organization = {Cambridge University Press}, address = {New York}, abstract = {In his introduction, Dr. Warren defines the term "indigenous knowledge." He says that indigenous knowledge is a type of decision-making system. He calls for understanding and conserving natural resources. He states that "every community has the capacity to deal with its problems." He bases his study on a Yoruba state in the tropical rainforest in southwest Nigeria. The study also shows the way the community uses indigenous knowledge for decision-making processes and the utilization of the resources. There is a description of Ara, the changing land use, and the indigenous knowledge of biodiversity in Ara followed by his conclusions.}, keywords = {aafin Alara, agroforestry, cola acuminata, cola nitida, cultural diversity, ecosystem management, gari, Ghaga River, human ecology, ICRAF, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, molebi, Odo-Igbo River, rainforests, social ecology, social systems, sustainable development, USAID, West Africa Multipurpose Tree Project}, isbn = {0-521-59140-6; 978-0-521-59140-9}, url = {https://www.worldcat.org/title/36470157}, author = {D. Michael Warren and Jennifer Pinkston}, editor = {Fikret Berkes and Carl Folke} } @inbook {931, title = {Using indigenous organizations from West Kalimantan}, booktitle = {Indigenous organizations and development}, series = {IT studies in indigenous knowledge and development}, year = {1996}, note = {

CIKARD copy is a draft of this book chapter;

Book preface by Norman Thomas Uphoff

}, month = {1996}, pages = {228-238}, publisher = {Intermediate Technology Publications [Practical Action Publishing]}, organization = {Intermediate Technology Publications [Practical Action Publishing]}, address = {London}, abstract = {This document details the cooperative interactions of a conservation project with local people and their organizations. The project took place in the Danau Sentarum Wildlife Reserve in West Kalimantan, Indonesia where fishing and hunting are the main sources of subsistence.}, keywords = {biodiversity, cooperatives, grassroots organizations, Indonesia}, isbn = {1-85339-321-5; 978-1-85339-321-1}, url = {https://www.worldcat.org/title/34672238}, author = {Carol J. Pierce Colfer and Reed L. Wadley and Enis Widjanarti}, editor = {Peter Blunt and Dennis M. Warren} } @book {398, title = {The cultural dimension of development: Indigenous knowledge systems}, series = {IT Studies in Indigenous Knowledge and Development Series}, year = {1995}, note = {

Wim H.J.C. Dechering, Technical Editor

}, month = {December 1995}, pages = {xviii, 582 pp.}, publisher = {Intermediate Technology Publications Ltd [Practical Action Publishing]}, organization = {Intermediate Technology Publications Ltd [Practical Action Publishing]}, address = {London}, abstract = {This book presents evidence from many countries and sources of the validity and usefulness of indigenous knowledge in the success of development projects. Part I consists of chapters with a focus on indigenous knowledge systems including: Ethnobotanical knowledge systems, Taman Obat Keluarga: Indigenous Indonesian medicine, Neem in Niger, The Lari Soils project in Peru, indigenous soil classificaton in Northern Zambia, Agroforestry in the Central Hills of Nepal, indigenous communication, and International rice research. The chapters in Part II show how indigenous knowledge is used in decision making: Raised Beds and Plant Disease Management, Famine relief in the Horn of Africa, Gender and socioeconomic status in the Philippines as a reflection of decision making in agriculture, Forest Gardens of Highland Sri Lanka, Indigenous decision-making in American agriculture, Indigenous Taxonomies and decision-making of Rice Farmers in South India, Crop Varietal Selection, and Patterns of medical choice among working-class families of Oaxaca, Mexico. Part III focuses on the role that indigenous organizations play in the decision making process in the following examples: Community Forestry Management in Nepal, Natural Resource Management among Pastoralists of Arid and Semi-arid Africa, Balinese Water Temples, Kpelle Farming, and the Niger River Fisheries project. Part IV deals with indigenous experimentation and innovation including: Indigenous horticultural approaches in tropical regions, Farmer Know-how and Communicaton for Technology Transfer in Niger, Duck Farming in Indonesia, Technology off the farm, Design of on- farm experiments in the Philippines, Soil and Water Conservation in Djenne, Mali, Kpelle steelmaking, and Protection of the Agricultural Environment in Eastern Africa. The chapters in Part V describe how different development institutions such as: CIKARD, LEAD, CIRAN, IUCN, IIED, ILEIA, CLADES, UNESCO, NISER, and REPPIKA, are using indigenous knowledge to facilitate the development process. Part VI consists of bibliographical essays on the attention given to indigenous knowledge in the literature of the past decade in the areas of agriculture and rural development and resource management.}, keywords = {Africa, agroforestry, Bali, ethnobotany, ethnoveterinary medicine, Horn of Africa, India, indigenous decision-making systems, indigenous development, indigenous experimentation, indigenous knowledge, indigenous organizations, Indonesia, Kpelle, Mali, Mexico, Nepal, Niger, Nigeria, Peru, Philippines, Sudan, Zambia}, isbn = {1-85339-264-2; 978-1-85339-251-1; eISBN 978-1-78044-473-4}, url = {https://www.worldcat.org/title/257046951}, editor = {D. Michael Warren and L. Jan Slikkerveer and David Brokensha} } @book {313, title = {Designing integrated conservation and development projects}, year = {1995}, month = {1995}, pages = {62}, publisher = {Biodiversity Support Program}, organization = {Biodiversity Support Program}, address = {Washington, DC}, keywords = {biodiversity}, isbn = {978-1-887531-16-0}, url = {https://www.worldcat.org/title/31394540}, author = {Michael Brown and Barbara Wyckoff-Baird} } @inbook {873, title = {Forest gardens of highland Sri Lanka: An indigenous system for reclaiming forest land}, booktitle = {The cultural dimension of development: Indigenous knowledge systems}, year = {1995}, month = {1995}, pages = {174-184}, publisher = {Intermediate Technology Publications Ltd [Practical Action Publishing]}, organization = {Intermediate Technology Publications Ltd [Practical Action Publishing]}, address = {London}, abstract = {

This paper describes initial efforts made to understand farmers\&$\#$39; ecological theory and management of forest garden systems located immediately around owner\&$\#$39;s homes, in a village in highland Sri Lanka. These were studied by the author for 13 months in 1985-86, during which time the structure and composition of the gardens were documented. The gardens are part of a larger farming system which may also include rice paddies, vegetable fields and/or plantation crops (such as tea). The research undertaken was multidisciplinary, and employed a combination of methods from landscape and vegetation ecology and ethnoscience. Different sections of the paper discuss the relevance of forest garden research, the process of understanding the principles of garden management, and ethnoscientific exploration of the farmers\&$\#$39; approach. The results show that the farmers\&$\#$39; classification of compatible and incompatible species in the gardens was commensurate with the pattern predicted by forest successional theory, and that the patchy structure of the gardens could be interpreted as a successional pattern, like gap phase succession, but understood and managed by the farmers, in part, on the basis of compatibility. An appendix lists the perennial species found in the gardens: on average the gardens contained 250 individual woody perennials of 29 species.

[EVERETT from agroforestry, ecology, sustainable agriculture]

Existing agroforestry systems in the tropics may provide valuable insight for sustainable tropical forest management. The basis for understanding such land use lies in the accumulated knowledge of generations of farmers as expressed in the design of their agroforestry systems. The forest gardens of highland Sri Lanka are dense, species-diverse systems. These analogs of natural forests provide their owners with food, fuel, fodder, timber and cash crops, and the native flora and fauna with habitat. The forest gardens have persisted through centuries of socio-political upheaval and economic change, while the natural forests surrounding them have been felled for timber and to make way for large scale plantation agriculture. Natural forest regeneration on abandoned plantations land is hindered by recurring fires during the dry season. Today, in the largely deforested highlands, the villages with their gardens resemble forest islands in a sea of degraded grasslands. The farmers in the traditional villages hold the key to reforestation encoded in the management of forest gardens which are planted in the grassland as villages expand. Principles from the farmers\&$\#$39; knowledge, particularly patterns of vegetation change over time, may also provide insight for reforesting marginal lands with ecologically and economically viable agroforestry systems elsewhere in the highlands of the tropics and for buffer zone management of forest reserves.

}, keywords = {agroforestry, Sri Lanka}, isbn = {1-85339-264-2; 978-1-85339-264-1; eISBN 978-1-78044-473-4}, url = {https://www.worldcat.org/title/59818080}, author = {Yvonne Everett}, editor = {D. Michael Warren and L. Jan Slikkerveer and David Brokensha} } @inbook {902, title = {The Lari Soils Project in Peru - A methodology for combining cognitive and behavioral research}, booktitle = {The cultural dimension of development: Indigenous knowledge systems}, year = {1995}, month = {1995}, pages = {71-81}, publisher = {Intermediate Technology Publications Ltd [Practical Action Publishing]}, organization = {Intermediate Technology Publications Ltd [Practical Action Publishing]}, address = {London}, abstract = {The authors pursue the relationship between cognitive and behavioral aspects of culture. An argument is developed for a methodology that effectively combines conclusions of different researchers to decipher "decision-making frames" of the agriculturalists at Lari. The focus of investigation was native Andean soil classification and management. Almost no data is presented. There is some discussion of the value of expert systems computer programs for modeling "ruled based decision models." Problems are discussed for interdisciplinary fieldwork. Advances in cultural anthropology generally come from one of three directions. First, anthropologists attempt to uncover cognitive aspects of an unfamiliar culture through the analysis of rules, plans, schemes, symbols and categories. Mental patterns may be unconscious and unformulated but capable of being discovered by posing the right questions, or conscious and explicit and the subject of ordinary conversation. Second, the actual events and activities are observed and analyzed in order to discover patterns of behavior. Lastly, mental rules, plans, and values are compared with actual cultural behavior to determine congruences, expections, and the rules for breaking the rules for behavior. Of the three, the relationship between cognitive and behavioral aspects of culture is the most problematic. While one expects some link between what people think they should do and what they actually do, the degree and character of the correspondence between cognitive rules and behavior is the subject of much controversy and may vary depending on cultural sphere or context. This paper presents a methodology for combining cognitive and behavioral research developed during the course of an interdisciplinary investigation of native Andea soil management. It involves teamwork, the construction of rule-based decision models using expert-system computer programs, and formal tests to assess the correspondence between the cognitive and behavioral models.}, keywords = {agricultural techniques, Arequipa, cognition, crop rotation, expert-systems, indigenous decision-making systems, indigenous knowledge, linguistics, methodology, Quechua, soil classification, soil management}, isbn = {1-85339-264-2; 978-1-85339-264-1; eISBN 978-1-78044-473-4}, url = {https://www.worldcat.org/title/257046951}, author = {David Guillet and Louanna Furbee and Jon Sandor and Robert Benfer}, editor = {D. Michael Warren and L. Jan Slikkerveer and David Brokensha} } @article {581, title = {IK for socioeconomic development and biodiversity conservation: The Kolli hills}, journal = {Indigenous Knowledge and Development Monitor}, volume = {2}, year = {1994}, note = {

Version published in IKDM. Publication of the IKDM has ceased as of December 2001. The Indigenous Knowledge and Development Monitor was a journal that served the international development community and all scientists who share a professional interest in indigenous knowledge systems and practices (IKSP). The Monitor, produced by Nuffic-CIRAN in cooperation with the indigenous knowledge resource centres in various parts of the world, has two sections: articles and communications.

}, month = {Sept 1994 [Aug]}, pages = {13-17}, abstract = {For generations local people have been the custodians of biodiversity. Unfortunately, their basic requirements somtimes force them into activities that lead to a loss of biodiversity. Therefore, it is essential that programmes aimed at conserving biodiversity should take into account the basic livelihood systems of local people. Moreover, indigenous knowledge can be used to fulfil socioeconomic needs and conserve biodiversity at one and the same time. This article explores the diversity of the indigenous agroforestry systems practised by the people of the Kolli Hills, identifies the factors which force local people to engage in activities that erode those systems, and formulates policy interventions designed to make effective use of indigenous knowledge, not only to meet socioeconomic needs but also to conserve biodiversity.}, keywords = {bench terraces, deforestation, forest gardens, India, Kolli Hills, terraces, tree species}, url = {http://www.ciesin.org/kiosk/ebs/Newsletter/IKNEWS/5art5.txt}, author = {B. Rajasekaran and D. Michael Warren} } @conference {770, title = {Indigenous knowledge and sustainable agricultural and rural development: Policy issues and strategies for the INDISCO Programme of the ILO}, booktitle = {Paper presented at INDISCO Sub-Regional Technical Review Meeting, December 13-16, 1994, Chiang Mai, Thailand}, year = {1994}, note = {INDISCO Sub-Regional Technical Review Meeting}, month = {Dec. 13-16, 1994}, address = {Chiang Mai, Thailand}, abstract = {A rapidly growing array of case studies, many dealing with the knowledge of indigenous peoples, provides insights into creative contributions by local communities to the conservation of biodiversity and water and soil resources, as well as, cost-effective approaches to agricultural and livestock production and management. This paper will describe efforts taken since 1979 to incorporate indigenous knowledge into the development paradigm, efforts that have laid a solid foundation for innovative approaches to development such as that of the INDISCO Programme. (author)}, keywords = {biodiversity, development}, author = {D. Michael Warren} } @article {845, title = {Using indigenous knowledge as a tool for socioeconomic development and biodiversity conservation in the hilly regions of India: The case of Kolli Hills}, year = {1994}, note = {See also: IK for socioeconomic development and biodiversity conservation: The Kolli hills}, month = {May 1994}, abstract = {

Report submitted to the Center for Global and Regional Environmental Research (CGRER).

The specific objectives of this paper are:

  1. to explore the diversity of indigenous knowledge systems of indigenous peoples of the Kolli Hills with respect to agroforestry systems;
  2. to identify the factors forcing indigenous peoples to engage in activities that erode agroforestry systems; and
  3. to formulate policy interventions for effectively using indigenous knowledge for meeting socioeconomic needs and conserving biodiversity. (author)
}, keywords = {bench terraces, deforestation, forest gardens, India, Kolli Hills, terraces, tree species}, author = {B. Rajasekaran and D. Michael Warren} } @article {811, title = {African biodiversity: Foundation for the future. A framework for integrating biodiversity conservation and sustainable development}, year = {1993}, note = {Biodiversity Support Programme, a USAID-funded Consortium of World Wildlife Fund, the Nature Conservancy and World Resources Institute}, month = {1993}, institution = {Biodiversity Support Program}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {

This report reflects our belief that any effective conservation and development strategy for Africa must directly address the concerns of Africans themselves. During the conceptualization and writing of the report, we drew upon the guidance of a team of advisors \— mostly African women and men \— with experience in a variety of African geographic regions, institutions, and ecological systems. The input of these experts enabled us to focus the report on African priorities for biodiversity conservation. (author)

}, keywords = {Africa, biodiversity, conservation}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/30593020}, author = {K. Newman and J. Webster} } @conference {771, title = {Indigenous knowledge, biodiversity conservation and development}, booktitle = {Paper presented at International Conference on Conservation of Biodiversity in Africa: Local Initiatives and Institutional Roles, August 30-September 3, 1992, National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya}, year = {1992}, month = {08/30-09/3/1992}, publisher = {National Museums of Kenya}, organization = {National Museums of Kenya}, address = {Nairobi, Kenya}, abstract = {Global awareness of the crisis concerning the conservation of biodiversity is assured following the United Nation{\textquoteright}s Conference on Environment and Development. This conference was held in June 1992 in Rio de Janiero. This presentation provided an overview of recent studies that show the active role that rural communities throughout the world have played in three major areas. They have helped to generate knowledge based on an understanding of their environment. They have devised mechanisms to conserve and sustain their natural resources. Lastly, they have established community-based organizations that serve as forums for identifying problems and dealing with them through local level experimentation, innovation, and exchange information with other societies. This active role that they are playing will help to preserve their resources well into the future.}, keywords = {Africa, biodiversity, cooperatives}, url = {http://www.ciesin.org/docs/004-173/004-173.html}, author = {D. Michael Warren} } @inbook {913, title = {Social forestry: A cross-cultural analysis}, booktitle = {Ecosystem rehabilitation: Preamble to sustainable development}, volume = {1}, year = {1992}, month = {[1990]}, pages = {63-78}, publisher = {SPB Academic Publishing}, organization = {SPB Academic Publishing}, address = {The Hague, The Netherlands}, abstract = {

There is a growing appreciation of the importance of trees to rural people in developing countries. Several terms have been used to describe aspects of this relationship, including social forestry, agroforestry, and forestry for local community development. Each term denotes a connection between people and trees. Forestry has a social context; trees and food production systems are intimately linked and forestry activities should be an integral part of development, contributing to the satisfaction of basic material needs, ensuring environmental stability, and the attaining of other progressive goals. Many of these ideas about the role of forestry in rural development are not new. However, what is different is the emphasis placed on the participation of communities, households, and individuals in planting and managing trees.

This paper examines the importance and implications of indigenous technical knowledge for forestry development. It describes the extensive use of forest resources by rural people in developing countries. Further, it reviews various local tree management strategies that have been customarily used to retain tree cover in rural areas. I believe that participatory forestry interventions need to be based on a clear understanding of indigenous tree use and management systems. Such systems for a valuable foundation from which effective afforestation efforts can be launched. (author)

}, keywords = {community forestry, home gardens, intercropping, propagation, tree management}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/605953042}, author = {Alfonso H. Peter Castro}, editor = {Mohan K. Wali} } @article {566, title = {For a determined farmer, agroforestry brings an unexpected reward}, journal = {Agroforestry Today (Kenya)}, volume = {3}, year = {1991}, month = {July-Sept. 1991}, pages = {4-5}, abstract = {This document looks at the agroforestry efforts of George Nti{\textquoteright}Gitonga, a farmer in Kenya{\textquoteright}s Meru District. Since 1967, Mr. Nti{\textquoteright}Gitonga has established over 25,000 trees on his farm which he uses as fodder, food, fuelwood, timber, windbreaks, boundary plantings, erosion control, and maintenance of soil fertility. Also included in this document are Mr. Nti{\textquoteright}Gitonga{\textquoteright}s method for growing his trees in the semi-arid environment, and how he plans on harvesting water for the trees.}, keywords = {agroforestry, fodder, fuelwood, KEFRI, Kenya Forestry Research Institute, soil fertility, timber , trees, water }, author = {Sidney B. Westley and Alice Kaudia} } @conference {769, title = {Indigenous knowledge and development (revised version)}, year = {1991}, note = {Background paper for seminar series on "Sociology and Natural Resource Management", Agriculture Department, The World Bank, December 3, 1990}, month = {Feb. 20, 1991}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {There are now hundreds of studies which have recorded indigenous knowledge in many countries. A review of these documents reveals useful insights in how indigenous knowledge and scientific research can benefit from one another. Despite improvements in crop and livestock production technologies, many farmers do not adopt these innovations. Research indicates that the farmers{\textquoteright} decisions to reject an innovation are often rational when viewed through the indigenous system. Many farming systems are based on intimate knowledge of soils, vegetation, climate, and pests. They also reflect strategies that allow the farmer to avoid perceived input, output and marketing risks or uncertainties. Understanding these perceived risks and ways of avoiding them can be an important first step towards fruitful partnerships between development professionals and farmers. Several examples of types of indigenous knowledge useful for development are outlined in this paper.}, keywords = {agroforestry, aquatic resources, ethnoveterinary medicine, fisheries, forest gardens, mixed cropping, pest management, rice, traditional medicine, trees}, author = {D. Michael Warren} } @article {593, title = {Indigenous natural-resource management systems for sustainable agricultural development: A global perspective}, journal = {Journal of International Development}, volume = {3}, year = {1991}, note = {An earlier version of this paper was presented at the International Symposium on Natural Resource Management Systems held at New Delhi, India, 6?II February 1990 See also: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jid.4010030312}, month = {1991}, pages = {387-401}, abstract = {Increasing pressure for food production due to the rapidly growing population has led to the gradual disappearance of numerous indigenous knowledge systems (IKSs) related to natural-resource management. This process exposes the earth{\textquoteright}s natural resources to constant ecological instability (such as loss of genetic diversity) and severe environmental vulnerability (such as soil degradation and soil erosion). Recent research on indigenous natural-resource management systems indicates that they are highly sophisticated and complex, reflecting generations of careful observations of the natural and physical environment. Keeping these in view, a literature review has been conducted to identify major consequences of the disappearance of IKSs related to natural-resource management. An attempt has been made to categorize indigenous natural-resource management systems. IKSs documented from all over the globe and received at the Center for Indigenous Knowledge for Agriculture and Rural Development (CIKARD) were used to illustrate specific instances of locally adapted and economically viable indigenous natural-resource management systems. Such examples were found in indigenous agronomic practices, agroforestry, indigenous genetic resources, and pastoral management. An integrated natural-resource management model has been developed with an overall goal of increasing food production by small-scale farmers with a least amount of deterioration to nature{\textquoteright}s resource base. The salient features of the proposed model include promoting small-scale farmer participation, recording indigenous knowledge systems related to natural resource management, conducting diagnostic interviews, evaluating modern technologies and conducting on-farm farmer-oriented research (OFFOR) trials for integrating indigenous and modern technologies. Careful implementation of such a model could contribute to ameliorating the growing natural-resource problems of the developing world such as soil erosion, environmental degradation, and ecological destruction.}, keywords = {natural resource management, on-farm research, participatory research}, doi = {10.1002/jid.4010030312}, url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jid.4010030312/abstract}, author = {B. Rajasekaran and D. Michael Warren and S. C. Babu} } @book {310, title = {Conserving the world{\textquoteright}s biological diversity}, year = {1990}, note = {in conjunction with International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources; World Resources Institute; Conservation International; World Wildlife Fund (U.S.); World Bank}, month = {1990}, pages = {193}, publisher = {International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources; World Resources Institute; Conservation International; World Wildlife Fund-US; World Bank}, organization = {International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources; World Resources Institute; Conservation International; World Wildlife Fund-US; World Bank}, address = {Gland, Switzerland and Washington, DC}, abstract = {

The elements now exist that will reverse the trend toward the biotic impoverishment of the world. Novel approaches, new financial mechanisms, and new policies need to be applied at the appropriate level of responsibility to translate the new approaches into a reality of improved human well-being and secure biotic heritage. New partners in conservation need to be found, involving all ministries, departments and private institutions that are directly dependent on biological resources. National parks departments, for example should be joined in habitat management by a wide range of other institutions to represent all interests. Furthermore, other line agencies need to develop the capacity to manage biodiversity of particular relevance to their respective missions. Contains following sections:

}, keywords = {biodiversity, conservation, development, natural resource management, policy, rainforests, sustainability, tropical forests}, isbn = {0-8213-1384-3, 0-915824-42-2}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/21193600}, author = {Jeffrey A. McNeely and Kenton R. Miller and Walter V. Reid and Russell A. Mittermeier and Timothy B. Werner} } @article {609, title = {Living fences: A close-up look at an agroforestry technology}, journal = {Agroforestry Today (Kenya)}, volume = {2}, year = {1990}, month = {March 1990}, pages = {11-13}, abstract = {Living fences, as used in agroforestry, are described. Their primary purpose is to control the movement of animals (such as goats) or people. This purpose is what differentiates them from other agroforestry technologies based on trees planted in lines such as boundary plantings, contour strips or hedgerow intercropping. Living fences may provide fuelwood, fodder, and act as windbreaks. Living fences include also live fenceposts and hedges. Many different (tree) species are used for living fences, including Gliricidia sepium, Erythrina berteroana, Spondias purpurea, (Central America), Doryalis caffra, Agave sisalana and Euphorbia spp. (Africa). A table lists the most important species used for living fences in India.}, keywords = {Agave sisalana, Doryalis caffra, Erythrina berteroana, Euphorbia, fencing, Gliricidia sepium, living fences, miscellaneaous crops and forestry, shrubs, Spondias purpurea, trees, Tropag}, author = {Sidney B. Westley} } @inbook {892, title = {Local knowledge for agroforestry and native plants}, booktitle = {Farmer first: Farmer innovation and agricultural research}, year = {1989}, month = {1989}, pages = {14-24}, publisher = {Intermediate Technology Publications}, organization = {Intermediate Technology Publications}, address = {London}, abstract = {

This article discusses the use of agroforestry and how the scientific use of agroforestry differs from traditional agroforestry. The authors also discuss how scientific agroforestry has recently started taking indigenous perspectives into account. They also discuss the influence agroforestry has on communities.

The authors discuss how the style of Rapid Rural Appraisal is more important than speed of the appraisal. They give a case study in Kenya to exemplify this importance of method. In the example, the trials, the errors, and hindsights of the study are discussed. The authors talk about how talking and sharing goals with the participants gave them a better way to evaluate the introduced methods. The authors also focus on the use of off-farm lands by the women. The researchers looked at what kind of plants the women were using and how these plants were being used.

}, isbn = {1-85339-008-9}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/20444797}, author = {Dianne E. Rocheleau and Kamoji Wachira and Luis Malaret and Bernard Muchiri Wanjohi}, editor = {Robert Chambers and Arnold Pacey and Lori Ann Thrupp} } @inbook {853, title = {Agroecology and in situ conservation of native crop diversity in the third world}, booktitle = {Biodiversity}, year = {1988}, month = {1988}, pages = {361-369}, publisher = {National Academy of Sciences}, organization = {National Academy of Sciences}, chapter = {41}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {Modern agriculture is pushing traditional farmers to plant areas with monocultures of genetically uniform plants. This is risky because the plants are vulnerable to yield-limiting factors. Situ conservation methods have many benefits; although they do not provide a panacea for conserving natural sources of crop genetic resources. Researchers in certain countries have helped farmers return to traditional chinampas and multilayered, specied-rich gardens. In Bolivia, project AGRUCO is helping peasants recover their production autonomy.}, keywords = {alternative farming systems, intercropping, raised fields}, isbn = {0-309-03783-2}, url = {https://doi.org/10.17226/989}, author = {Miguel A. Altieri and Laura C Merrick}, editor = {E. O. Wilson and Frances M. Peter} } @book {291, title = {Agroforestry practices in selected areas of Burma: Preliminary Consultant, Winrock International.}, series = {Multipurpose Tree Species Network Research Series no. 5}, year = {1988}, month = {September 1988}, pages = {45}, publisher = {Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development and Forestry / Fuelwood Research and Development Project (F/FRED)}, organization = {Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development and Forestry / Fuelwood Research and Development Project (F/FRED)}, address = {Bangkok, Thailand; Arlington, VA}, abstract = {Multipurpose Tree Species network Research Series NO. 5 This report is a preliminary assessment of the posibilities for developing agroforestry systems in Burma. It is based on discussions with project personnel, consultants working on similar or related projects, and a review of the literature available through the USAID office in Rangoon. This report strives to point out some potentials for agroforestry and farm forestry in Burma and suggests how interested agencies might proceed.}, keywords = {agroforestry, Burma}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/796896399}, author = {Dean Current and Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development, Forestry / Fuelwood Research and Development Project (F/FRED)} } @article {631, title = {On the diversity of tree species in tropical rain forest ecosystems}, journal = {Plant Research and Development}, volume = {28}, year = {1988}, month = {1988}, pages = {110-125}, abstract = {

Numerous theories have been developed in the past on the species diversity of the tropical moist forest ecosystems. In this paper the theories were grouped in five categories according to their emphasis on:

Some pro and contra evidence for each of these theories is briefly discussed. The Author arrives at the conclusion that none of the above theories offers a satisfactory explanation as the sole cause for the species richness of tropical moist forest ecosystems. The high species diversity of tropical forests is therefore probably the multi-causal result mainly of:

}, keywords = {rainforests, species diversity, trees}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/3048499}, author = {Hans-Joachim Weidelt} } @book {366, title = {Multipurpose tree species for small farm use: Proceedings of an international workshop, November 2-5, 1987, Pattaya, Thailand}, year = {1988}, note = {Co-Sponsors: Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development, International Development Research Centre of Canada, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific}, month = {1988}, pages = {281 pp.}, publisher = {Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development; International Development Research Centre}, organization = {Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development; International Development Research Centre}, address = {Arlington, VA; [Ottawa,] Canada}, abstract = {

Consists of following papers:

}, keywords = {agroecology, agroforestry, socioeconomics}, isbn = {0-933595-18-2; 978-0-933595-18-7}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/213909057}, editor = {Dale Withington and Kenneth G. MacDicken and Cherla B. Sastry and Norma R. Adams} } @inbook {930, title = {Tropical dry forests: The most endangered major tropical ecosystem}, booktitle = {Biodiversity}, year = {1988}, note = {Chapter 14}, month = {1988}, pages = {130-137}, publisher = {National Academy Press}, organization = {National Academy Press}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {The most threatened of major tropical forest types is the tropical dry forest. They are threatened for many different reasons. The expensive land that is generally used for agricultural production is clear cut. This does very serious damage to the anticipated restoration of the site by conservationists who are working to stop the sellers. These sellers have much influence in local politics and will hold these positions well into the future. Fortunately, much of this cleared land could be properly restored if the proper seed sources are present. Properly manipulated, domestic animals may be our best hope in combatting the ever present threat of fire. These animals help to disperse seeds into the pastures and graze off of the grasses that would provide the fuel for the next dry season{\textquoteright}s grass fires. Restoration ecology is working to preserve these forests and maintain their rich biodiversity. The real well-being will rest in the hands of the policy makers.}, keywords = {biodiversity, dry forests, tropical forests}, isbn = {0-309-03783-2; 978-0-309=03783-9}, url = {http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=989\&page=130}, author = {Daniel H. Janzen}, editor = {E. O. Wilson and Frances M. Peter} } @inbook {869, title = {Elements of success: Sustainable development in sub-Saharan Africa}, booktitle = {World Resources 1987: An assessment of the resource base that supports the global economy}, year = {1987}, note = {Chapter 14}, month = {April 1987}, pages = {221-238}, publisher = {Basic Books}, organization = {Basic Books}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {In recent years, Africa{\textquoteright}s farmers and herders, its soils and forests, have been chasing each other down a vicious spiral of environmental degradation and deepening poverty. Conventional development efforts by donors and governments have largely failed to halt the spiral, indeed in some cases have aggravated it. The need to find solutions is urgent. Africa not only must increase its energy and found output in line with rapidly expanding populations, but must do so in a way that preserves the resource base and enhances the welfare and income of the majority. Despite the general landscape of failure, a growing number of projects and programs -- governmental, intergovernmental, and nongovernmental -- have succeeded. This chapter examines some of those "success stories" and attempts to draw some more general lessons that can point to a "recipe for success" in sub-Saharan Africa.}, keywords = {agroforestry, alley cropping, Burkina Faso, cassava, charcoal , drought, fuelwood, green revolution, Kenya, maize, Niger, Nigeria, OXFAM, rainfall, reforestation, soil fertility, stoves, trypanosomiasis, water conservation, windbreaks, Zimbabwe}, isbn = {0-465-09239-X}, url = {https://www.wri.org/publication/world-resources-1987}, author = {International Institute for the Environment and Development (IIED) and World Resourses Institute (WRI)} } @inbook {875, title = {Genetic conservation and the role of botanic gardens}, booktitle = {Botanic gardens and the world conservation strategy: Proceedings of an international conference, 26-30 November 1985 held at Las Palmas de Gran Canaria}, year = {1987}, month = {1987}, pages = {161-173}, publisher = {Academic Press Inc.}, organization = {Academic Press Inc.}, address = {London}, abstract = {

Botanic gardens -- although historically of great importance in the introduction of exotic materials often linked to cash crop development -- were part of the plant introduction systems out of which developed the genetic resource programs in the past few decades. But they have been less than successful in conserving plant materials. With the rapid growth in the nature conservation movement and the economic recession limiting funds, many have realized they have changing roles. Much of this has been sparked by dramatic appeals from botanic gardens in developed countries to help in conservation of the rapidly eroding tropical rain forest.

Current compartmentalized action needs to be coordinated, not from the viewpoint of assuming roles and responsibilities which will only exacerbate the inactivities of many organizations over the past couple of decades, but to produce fruitful liaison based on good science and not emotional or financial considerations.

To this end the authors outline a number of scientific imperatives which could lead to positive action and enable all organizations at this conference to assume their moral and evolutionary responsibilities. They may require radical changes in thinking (but after all evolution is based on genetic change in relation to environment). The manipulation of plants by man has led to a wealth of diversity for food, fiber, shelter and medicine. Now we have the chance to manipulate at the molecular level. We must stand ready with our material available, well documented and with clear priorities for future action.

}, keywords = {botanical gardens, conservation, rainforests}, isbn = {0-12-125462-3}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/16718888}, author = {J. T. Williams and J. L. Creech}, editor = {D. Bramwell and O. Hamann and V. H. Heywood and H. Synge} } @article {602, title = {Land or plants: Agricultural tenure in agroforestry systems}, journal = {Economic Botany}, volume = {41}, year = {1987}, month = {April-June 1987}, pages = {312-322}, abstract = {The distinction between the rights to land and rights to plants is often overlooked when viewing agricultural tenure in developing countries. This distinction is crucial to understanding traditional agricultural systems, especially where agroforestry is practiced or its introduction has been proposed. Rights to land versus rights to plants are viewed in two Asia-Pacific agroforestry systems: one in Indonesian Borneo and the other in Papua New Guinea. Conflicts are discussed between the traditional dichotomy of land and plant rights and government policy. The success of an indigenous agroforestry system based on plant rights is contrasted to the failure of a proposed agroforestry system for similar reasons. It is concluded that the perceptual separation of land and plant rights needs to be explored if agroforestry practices are not only to be ecologically and economically feasible but also culturally acceptable.}, keywords = {Borneo, Indonesia, land tenure, Melanesia, Papua New Guinea}, doi = {10.1007/BF02858978}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/4254970}, author = {J. A. Weinstock and N. T. Vergara} } @article {507, title = {Agroforestry pathways for the intensification of shifting cultivation}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {4}, year = {1986}, month = {March 1986}, pages = {39-54}, abstract = {

As a system of land use which entails the deliberate association of trees with herbaceous field crops in time, shifting cultivation is one of the most ancient, widespread and, until recently, ecologically stable forms of agroforestry. However, under pressure of population and competing uses for land and labour, traditional swidden systems have been observed historically to undergo more or less predictable processes of intensification. Since shifting cultivation is an indigenous form of agroforestry, scientific agroforestry is not, strictly speaking, an \&$\#$39;alternative\&$\#$39; to shifting cultivation, but rather a systematic approach to the recombination of its basic elements into more intensive, sustainable and politically viable forms of land use, whenever pressures signal the need for change in traditional swidden systems.

Different agroforestry options open up from different stages of intensification in swidden systems. A review of evolutionary typologies of shifting cultivation gives rise to a framework for the identification of agroforestry interventions and development pathways appropriate to specific systems. technological proposals are limited to a short list of the most promising agroforestry interventions in \&$\#$39;main sequence\&$\#$39; swidden systems. These include \&$\#$39;integral taungya\&$\#$39;, economically and biologically enriched fallows, variations on the \"alley cropping\" theme, and various tree crop alternatives to annual cropping systems. Examples and quantitative data are cited to substantiate the main hypotheses behind the proposals.

}, keywords = {development pathway, field crops, land use, stable form}, doi = {10.1007/BF01834701}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01834701}, author = {J. B. Raintree and K. Warner} } @inbook {885, title = {Indigenous technology and farming systems research: Agroforestry in the Indian desert}, booktitle = {Social sciences and farming systems research: Methodological perspectives on agricultural development}, series = {Westview special studies in agriculture science and policy}, year = {1986}, note = {Chapter 11}, month = {1986}, pages = {221-244}, publisher = {Westview Press}, organization = {Westview Press}, address = {Boulder, CO}, abstract = {This case study describes a Farming Systems project directed by the author in India with the faculty of Mohan Lal Sukhadia Agricultural University, the agricultural school for the State of Rajasthan. The project dealt with an arid zone where grain is produced in association nitrogen fixing trees. The multiple benefits of this association make it unlikely that farmers will change this production system unless major climatic or infrastructural changes occur. The probable persistence of this pattern has major implications for agricultural research strategies.}, keywords = {agricultural systems, agroforestry, research , social sciences}, isbn = {0-8133-7136-8}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/13009091}, author = {Barry H Michie}, editor = {Jeffrey R Jones and Ben J. Wallace} } @article {743, title = {The use of indigenous knowledge in analyzing resource allocation at the farm level: A new approach to economic analysis}, year = {1986}, month = {September 1986}, abstract = {Too often we hear of superior technology in the experiment station which farmers are either unable or unwilling to adopt. This research proposal takes a new approach to the problem. The first step will be to understand the production process from the perspective of the farmers. Then, this farmer-generated framework will be used to specify resource management domains, analyze efficiency in resource use, and identify potentials for development of new technology.}, keywords = {cognitive anthropology, economic analysis, economic anthropology, economics, ethnolinguistics, ethnoscience, ethnosemantics, Farming Systems Development Project-Eastern Visayas (FSDP-EV), indigenous knowledge, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Leyte, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries (MAF), Philippines, University of Philippines at Los Banos (UPLB), Visayas State College of Agriculture (ViSCA), World Bank}, author = {Randolph Barker and Thomas F. Weaver and Julie Leones and Daniele Perrot-Maitre} } @book {419, title = {Women and community forestry in Sudan}, year = {1986}, month = {[1986?]}, pages = {28}, publisher = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}, organization = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}, address = {[Rome]}, abstract = {Eighty percent of Sudan{\textquoteright}s population relies on trees to meet energy needs. High demands for firewood has led to the disappearance of about one-third of Sudan{\textquoteright}s forests. Reforestation has become a high priority with one goal hoping to convert wood consumers into tree producers. Special programs have been implemented to inform villagers about the need for trees and their capability to grow trees. Special women{\textquoteright}s committees are formed, and with the help of female extensionists, women begin small nurseries in the village or even in their own homes. Tree planting allows to plan for the future in order to meet the growing demand and to slow the effects of desert encroachment.}, keywords = {agroforestry, arid region, desertification, farmer participatory research, fuelwood, Sahel}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/34367596}, author = {Caroline Webb} } @article {510, title = {Alternate cycle agroforestry}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {3}, year = {1985}, month = {December 1985}, pages = {387-397}, abstract = {Agroforestry research and design has heavily favored intergrated production of annuals and perennials, that is production of tree crops on the same parcel of land and at the same time as production of food crop annuals. For areas having high population densities and intensive modes of agricultural production, integral agroforestry may be appropriate, but for areas of sparse population where extensive agriculture is practiced or marginal hill lands, alternate cycle agroforestry may prove more suitable. Alternate cycle agroforestry, in the form of modified forest swidden systems, is discussed and compared to integral agroforestry systems. Advantages and disadvantages of each system are discussed relative to their use on marginal hill and forest lands.}, keywords = {agroforestry, alternate cycle production, integral production, intercropping, marginal lands, swiddens}, doi = {10.1007/BF00055720}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00055720}, author = {Joseph A. Weinstock} } @article {676, title = {The Dinderesso Forestry School: Case study of extension forestry training in Burkina Faso}, journal = {Rural Africana}, volume = {23-24}, year = {1985}, month = {Fall 85-Win. 86}, pages = {107-114}, abstract = {This paper discusses the evolution of the training program at the National Forestry School of Burkina Faso and the development of a new curriculum with increased emphasis on practical training in extension forestry techniques. In retrospect, the experience gained at Dinderesso over these four years and that from other comparable forestry schools in the Sahel clearly justify a significant effort to upgrade and reorient the training of forest service field agents, in order better to prepare them to meet the challenges of environmental conservation and natural resource management in the Sahel. (author)}, keywords = {agroforestry, education, fuelwood, soils}, author = {Robert T. Winterbottom and Peter E. Linehan} } @book {319, title = {Environmentally sound small-scale energy projects: Guidelines for planning}, year = {1985}, month = {1985}, pages = {138}, publisher = {VITA Publications}, organization = {VITA Publications}, address = {Alexandria, VA}, abstract = {

This manual is the fourth volume in a series of publications that provide information for the planning of environmentally sound small-scale projects. Programs that aim to protect the renewable natural resources that supply most of the energy used in developing nations are suggested. Considerations are made for physical environmental factors as well as socioeconomic and cultural factors. Chapters focus on:

  1. uses and users (stating the purposes of this manual)
  2. ecology for sustainable energy development (discussing ecological concepts and processes)
  3. socioeconomic considerations of energy use (focusing attention on the role of women and the impact of social, cultural, and economic factors)
  4. energy planning for sustainable development (analyzing energy efficiency rations and suggesting energy output measuring techniques)
  5. Ulipur, Bangladesh: a case study (demonstrating how energy sources and uses are interrelated in a village setting)
  6. a process for planning energy projects (outlining planning procedures)
  7. energy sources and environmental considerations (including solar, wind, water, and biomass sources)
  8. matching energy sources with energy uses (considering household and agricultural applications)
  9. summary (identifying basic planning concepts). Appendices contain an energy conversion table, information on ecology and tropical climates, a 29-item bibliography, and sources of information.
}, keywords = {agroforestry, alternative energy sources, case studies, community development, community programs, conservation (environment), developing nations, ecological factors, energy, energy conservation, fuels, natural resources}, isbn = {0-86619-171-2}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/13093454}, author = {Elizabeth Ann Bassan}, editor = {Timothy S. Wood} } @article {620, title = {Multipurpose leguminous trees and shrubs for agroforestry}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {2}, year = {1985}, note = {Adapted from a paper presented at the International Symposium on Nitrogen Fixing trees in the Tropics, 19-24 September, 1983 Rio-de-Janeiro, Brazil}, month = {September 1984}, pages = {145-163}, abstract = {There are various ways in which farmers deliberately incorporate trees and shrubs on farm production fields. Many of the species so incorporated are legumes. The role of such woody perennials in agroforestry systems can be productive and/or protective. Legumes offer by far the maximum range of choice of woody species for agroforestry in terms of their economic uses as well as ecological adaptibility. In addition to the several leguminous woody species that are well known in agroforestry, there are many more whose potentials have not yet been fully understood. An evaluation is presented of the agroforestry potentials of a few leguminous species from the point of view of their growth characteristics, ecological adaptability, combining ability with other species and uses/functions. The science of agroforestry is still in its infancy. There exists no research data on the various management aspects of these potentially promising group of plants. ICRAF, in its capacity as an international research council, has assembled several multipurpose leguminous trees and shrubs of agroforestry potential at the Council{\textquoteright}s recently-established Field Station in Machakos, Kenya, primarily for demonstration and training purposes. Initial results from these trials are presented in the paper.}, keywords = {Africa, agroforestry systems, coffee shade, ecological adaptability, Leucaena leucocephala, woody perennial}, doi = {10.1007/BF00147030}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00147030}, author = {P. K. R. Nair and E. C. M. Fernandes and P. N. Wambugu} } @article {652, title = {Soil and water conservation as a starting point for rural forestry: The OXFAM Project in Ouahigouya, Burkina Faso}, journal = {Rural Africana}, volume = {23-24}, year = {1985}, month = {Fall {\textquoteright}85-Win {\textquoteright}86}, pages = {79-85}, abstract = {This paper is a case study of the agroforestry program also known as the Microcatchment Project, funded by OXFAM in the Yatenga region of Burkina Faso. The area has a history of overuse of land resources leading to a decrease in the arable surface and severe degradation of the environment. Past efforts to improve the farmers{\textquoteright} situation have met largely with failure, while traditional methods of adapting were innovative but insufficient. The project, by relying on the farmers{\textquoteright} participation to develop techniques of water conservation, has shown that land degradation can be reversed and food production increased by the farmers themselves.}, keywords = {Burkina Faso, food production, microcatchment, OXFAM, water conservation}, author = {Peter Wright and Edouard G. Bonkoungou} } @article {635, title = {Plant species in the Kilimanjaro agroforestry system}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {2}, year = {1984}, month = {September 1984}, pages = {177-186}, abstract = {An inventory of plant species was conducted on farms, farm boundaries and homesteads in the Kilimanjaro agroforestry system. The survey covered 30 farms in 6 villages in Hai District on the slolpes of Mount Kilimanjaro, Tanzania. Over 100 plant species spread over 40 families were identified and their uses obtained through interviews with farmers. The species identified include 53 tree species, 29 food crop species, 21 non-woody plants of economic value and 8 weed species. The food crops, trees and other economically useful plants are carefully chosen by the local farmers and intimately intercropped on the same unit of land. In most cases, the plants had two or more uses of which food, fuelwood, medicine, poles, timber and fodder were the most important. (author)}, keywords = {agroforestry, biodiversity, Chagga home gardens, Kilimanjaro, multiple cropping, multipurpose plants}, doi = {10.1007/BF00147032}, url = {http://rd.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00147032$\#$}, author = {A. O{\textquoteright}kting{\textquoteright}ati and J. A. Maghembe and E. C. M. Fernandes and G. H. Weaver} } @proceedings {289, title = {Agroforestry in the Sahel: A concept paper based on the Niamey Agroforestry Seminar, 23 May-9 June 1983}, year = {1983}, month = {August 1983}, publisher = {Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Department of Sociology}, address = {Blacksburg, VA}, abstract = {

Contrary to many other parts of arid or semi-arid Africa throughout the entire Sahel the relatively recent term \"agroforestry\" fits well with the existing typical, savannah-park landscape. Farmers in a belt reaching from Senegal to Chad have always preserved selected trees in their fields and they continue to do so as long as changing circumstances and increasing land pressure permit. Across the Sahel the tree cover is disappearing at a continuously high rate. Comparison of older and more recent aerial photos provide proof of a significant loss of natural tree cover, For instance, in a forest reserve near Niamey losses range from 60\% to 10\% in 20 years. Local residents are forced to trim and cut individual branches from nearby trees more frequently as firewood from the open brush areas becomes increasingly scarce. It is very important to note, however, the only large scale, completely treeless farm areas found today in the cereal belts of the Sahel, are development projects sites where trees were removed because they were judged by \"experts\" to be superfluous or obstructing heavy modern farm equipment and machinery. (author)

}, keywords = {agroforestry, fuelwood}, url = {http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNAAY565.pdf}, author = {Fred R. Weber and Marilyn W. Hoskins} } @article {611, title = {Loan financing of smallholder treefarming in Ilocos, a comment}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {1}, year = {1983}, month = {December 1983}, pages = {361-365}, abstract = {

This paper is a comment on a previous explanation for an unsuccessful treefarming project in the Philippines. The earlier explanation did not inquire deeply into the project and its problems, and simply stated that \"a development model that is successful in one area may not be successful somewhere else.\"

Further investigation revealed some problems in the Ilocos project. The responsible people underestimated the effectiveness of locally-owned woodlots in meeting local demand, and underestimated the woodlots\&$\#$39; potential for meeting future demand increases. In this case, lack of local input was doubly ignored, both by the project leaders and by those who were attempting to explain the project\&$\#$39;s failure. (author)

}, keywords = {agroforestry, Ilocos, indigenous knowledge, loan financing, Philippines, smallholders, tree farm}, doi = {10.1007/BF00155942}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00155942}, author = {K. F. Wiersum and C. P. Veer} } @article {642, title = {Rattan: Ecological balance in a Borneo rainforest swidden}, journal = {Economic Botany}, volume = {37}, year = {1983}, month = {Jan.-March 1983}, pages = {58-68}, abstract = {Various agricultural startegies have been tried in swidden areas of tropical rainforest. Some have focused on food production, others on cash crops. Certain strategies have disrupted the ecological balance of the rainforest, while others developed with ecological stability in mind, but rarely have food production and cash cropping been coterminous and maintained ecological stability. Rattan in tropical rainforest swidden of southeastern Boreno is an indigenous system of producing both food and a cash crop without ecological disruption.}, keywords = {Borneo, economic botany, food crop production, rattan, split rattan, swiddens}, doi = {10.1007/BF02859305}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/4254455}, author = {Joseph A. Weinstock} } @inbook {871, title = {Exploitation in southeast Asia}, booktitle = {Tropical rain forest ecosystems: Biogeographical and ecological studies}, series = {Ecosystems of the world no. 14B}, year = {1982}, note = {Chapter 34}, month = {1982}, pages = {591-610}, publisher = {Elsevier}, organization = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, abstract = {

The area we cover is insular Southeast Asia, or Melanesia, comprising the Philippines, Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei, Indonesia, and Papua New Guinea. The countries of mainland Southeast Asia are excluded, as they contain little tropical rain forest. Our own research experience leads us to focus mainly on Indonesia.

We consider three categories of exploitation: logging, rattan collection, and shifting cultivation. All are economically important in Southeast Asia and all have had increasingly widespread and deleterious effects in the last few decades. We first describe an example of \"traditional\" (that is, non-mechanized) logging, from the remote Apo Kayan region of the Indonesian province of East Kalimantan on the island of Borneo. Timber cutting in the Apo Kayan is still largely for local use, and employs means that must have been more widespread in Borneo in pre-industrial times. It is far less environmentally destructive than modern commercial logging in lowland dipterocarp forests, which is a subject we also consider. We then turn to rattan collection, drawing especially on the work of Dransfield, who has considered the relation of rattan biology to methods of management and conservation. The last section is a discussion of some aspects of shifting cultivation. (author)

}, keywords = {rainforests, southeast Asia}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/21303776}, author = {K. Kartawinata and T. C. Jessup and Andrew P. Vayda}, editor = {H. Leith and M. J. A. Werger} } @article {712, title = {Tree gardening and taungya on Java: Examples of agroforestry techniques in the humid tropics}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {1}, year = {1982}, month = {March 1982}, pages = {53-70}, abstract = {Agroforestry is a general concept for a land management system combining trees and agricultural crops. For application, various specific techniques can be chosen. Each of these techniques is adjusted to a specific set of environmental as well as socio-economic factors. Agroforestry cultivators or managers belonging to varying social strata and institutional groupings may practice different forms of agroforestry, even within the same general region. This is demonstrated on the basis of two contrasting types of agroforestry which are found on the Indonesian island of Java. Tree gardening or the cultivation of a wide variety of crops in a multiple-storeyed agroforestry system is an indegenous practice on private lands, while taungya or the intercropping of young tree plantations with staple crops is practiced on state forest lands. Both systems are described as to their management characteristics, past development as well as possibilities and constraints for further development. These two practices are then compared as to various attributes, like producer group, production purpose, area of cultivation, land ownership situation, structural organization of crop combinations, possibilities for improved cultivation techniques, and suitability for application in rural development for specific target groups.}, keywords = {agroforestry systems, gardening, Indonesia, Java, land ownership, private land, state forest, young tree}, doi = {10.1007/BF00044329}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00044329}, author = {K. F. Wiersum} } @conference {751, title = {Agroforestry practices in high potential areas of Kenya}, booktitle = {Proceedings from Kenya National Seminar on Agroforestry, Nairobi, Kenya, 12-22 November 1980}, year = {1981}, month = {October 1981}, pages = {287-308}, publisher = {International Council for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF)}, organization = {International Council for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF)}, address = {Nairobi, Kenya}, abstract = {

This document looks at the Shamba system of reafforestation and afforestation in Kenya. This system employs the traditional African method of farming known as shifting cultivation, which combines both forest and agricultural land use. This document provides a description and an historical summary of the Shamba system. It includes sections on: silvicultural applications; the economic importance of the Shamba system; and, social, political and administrative considerations in agroforestry projects.

}, keywords = {Africa, agroforestry, eucalyptus, Kenya, wattle}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/10924821}, author = {F. H. M. Wanyeki} } @article {833, title = {Species and part of tree collected}, year = {1980}, note = {Devers, Inc. has also been a credited author.}, month = {August 1980}, institution = {Bureau for Program and Policy Coordination, U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID)}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {

People everywhere have a precise evaluation of firewood, knowing which species and parts of trees are the best for specific purposes \— for roasting, simmering, brewing, quick heat, a fire to warm oneself, etc. There is extensive technical knowledge among the local collectors and users concerning the species indigenous to the region and their cooking, heating, medicinal and other qualities, passed down from one generation of users to another. (author)

}, keywords = {firewood, fuelwood, taboos}, url = {https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015064769352}, author = {Dennis H. Wood and David Brokensha and Alphonso Peter Castro and Matthew S. Gamser and Beth A. Jackson and Bernard W. Riley} }