@inbook {882, title = {Indigenous knowledge and resource management systems in the Canadian subarctic}, booktitle = {Linking social and ecological systems: management practices and social mechanisms for building resilience}, year = {2000}, note = {CIKARD paper is from a workshop on Linking Social and Ecological Systems for Resilience and Sustainability. Beijer International Institute of Ecological Economics, Stockholm Sweden. Draft, August 1994}, month = {2000}, pages = {95-128}, abstract = {The Cree Amerindians of subarctic Canada lived as a group of hunter-gatherers. The social systems of the Cree and the ecological systems they have depended upon have survived for a long time. The paper explores possible mechanisms (local knowledge, resource management practices, institutions, worldview) that enabled this survival, and the ways in which these mechanisms may have evolved.}, keywords = {aquatic resources, Cree Indians, ecology, wildlife }, url = {https://worldcat.org/en/title/36470157}, author = {Fikret Berkes}, editor = {Fikret Berkes and Carl Folke and Johan Colding (assistant Ed.)} } @inbook {877, title = {Indigenous African resource management of a tropical rain forest ecosystem: A case study of the Yoruba of Ara, Nigeria}, booktitle = {Linking social and ecological systems: management practices and social mechanisms for building resilience}, year = {1998}, note = {

Paper originally presented by D. Michael Warren at Property Rights and the Performance of Natural Resource Systems: Social and Ecological Systems for Resilience and Sustainability August 29-30, 1994. The Beijier International Institute of Ecological Economics, The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm Sweden

}, month = {March 1998}, pages = {158-189}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, organization = {Cambridge University Press}, address = {New York}, abstract = {In his introduction, Dr. Warren defines the term "indigenous knowledge." He says that indigenous knowledge is a type of decision-making system. He calls for understanding and conserving natural resources. He states that "every community has the capacity to deal with its problems." He bases his study on a Yoruba state in the tropical rainforest in southwest Nigeria. The study also shows the way the community uses indigenous knowledge for decision-making processes and the utilization of the resources. There is a description of Ara, the changing land use, and the indigenous knowledge of biodiversity in Ara followed by his conclusions.}, keywords = {aafin Alara, agroforestry, cola acuminata, cola nitida, cultural diversity, ecosystem management, gari, Ghaga River, human ecology, ICRAF, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, molebi, Odo-Igbo River, rainforests, social ecology, social systems, sustainable development, USAID, West Africa Multipurpose Tree Project}, isbn = {0-521-59140-6; 978-0-521-59140-9}, url = {https://www.worldcat.org/title/36470157}, author = {D. Michael Warren and Jennifer Pinkston}, editor = {Fikret Berkes and Carl Folke} } @inbook {887, title = {Integrated management of a temperate montane rainforest ecosystem through wholistic forestry: A British Columbian example}, booktitle = {Linking social and ecological systems: management practices and social mechanisms for building resilience}, year = {1998}, note = {

CIKARD copy is a draft outline of a paper prepared for the Beijer Institute of Ecological Economics, Stockholm Project \"Social and Ecological System Linkages\" and later published in Linking social and ecological systems.

}, month = {1998}, pages = {363-389}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, organization = {Cambridge University Press}, address = {New York}, abstract = {Evelyn Pinkerton identifies the problem of logging in the temperate rainforest of the Pacific Northwest, British Columbia, and Southeast Asia. She identifies the political and scientific dimensions of the problem. She discusses the limits of the wildlife and timber and what the research uncovered. She identified the term "new forestry." She lists and describes two other types of forestry: Wholistic and Gitksan Wholistic Forestry. She discusses the detail and economics of both types. She also includes five different pie charts with a brief definition for each.}, keywords = {ecosystem resilience, rainforests, riparian zone, transition zone}, isbn = {0-521-59140-6}, url = {https://www.worldcat.org/title/36470157}, author = {Evelyn Pinkerton}, editor = {Fikret Berkes and Carl Folke} } @article {533, title = {Community-based use of mangrove resources in St. Lucia}, journal = {International Journal of Environmental Studies}, volume = {43}, year = {1993}, month = {1993}, pages = {123-131}, abstract = {The sustainable use of mangrove forests can effectively contribute to their conservation. The experience with an integrated conservation-development project in St. Lucia showed that charcoal producers using mangrove fuelwood resources in a Marine Reserve Area have successfully changed their harvesting practices, reversing a trend of mangrove destruction. The conditions under which this change occurred included strengthening the organization of local users and their resource-use rights, and building a community-based management system, leading to the avoidance of open-access conditions. Surveys of the mangrove, undertaken before and after management intervention, showed that while the mean stand diameter of the fuelwood trees did not change significantly, there was an increase in the density of stems and in total basal area of timber.}, keywords = {agroforestry, Caribbean, charcoal , common property resources, fuelwood, mangrove swamps, renewable energy , rural development, St. Lucia}, doi = {10.1080/00207239308710819}, url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00207239308710819}, author = {Allan H. Smith and Fikret Berkes} } @article {590, title = {Indigenous knowledge for biodiversity conservation}, journal = {Ambio}, volume = {22}, year = {1993}, note = {

ArticleType: research-article
Issue Title: Biodiversity: Ecology, Economics, Policy
Full publication date: May 1993
Copyright \© 1993 Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences See also: http://repository.ias.ac.in/64142/1/21_pub.pdf (open repository).

}, month = {May 1, 1993}, pages = {151-156}, abstract = {Indigenous peoples with a historical continuity of resource-use practices often possess a broad knowledge base of the behavior of complex ecological systems in their own localities. This knowledge has accumulated through a long series of observations transmitted from generation to generation. Such "diachronic" observations can be of great value and complement the "synchronic" observations on which western science is based. Where indigenous peoples have depended, for long periods of time, on local environments for the provision of a variety of resources, they have developed a stake in conserving, and in some cases, enhancing, biodiversity. They are aware that biological diversity is a crucial factor in generating the ecological services and natural resources on which they depend. Some indigenous groups manipulate the local landscape to augment its heterogeneity, and some have been found to be motivated to restore biodiversity in degraded landscapes. Their practices for the conservation of biodiversity were grounded in a series of rules of thumb which are apparently arrived at through a trial and error process over a long historical time period. This implies that their knowledge base is indefinite and their implementation involves an intimate relationship with the belief system. Such knowledge is difficult for western science to understand. It is vital, however, that the value of the knowledge-practice-belief complex of indigenous peoples relating to conservation of biodiversity is fully recognized if ecosystems and biodiversity are to be managed sustainably. Conserving this knowledge would be most appropriately accomplished through promoting the community-based resource-management systems of indigenous peoples.}, keywords = {biodiversity, South America}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/4314060}, author = {Madhav Gadgil and Fikret Berkes and Carl Folke} } @article {843, title = {Traditional ecological knowledge, biodiversity, resilience and sustainability}, year = {1993}, note = {

Later published as:

Berkes F., Folke C., Gadgil M. (1994) Traditional Ecological Knowledge, Biodiversity, Resilience and Sustainability. In: Perrings C.A., M{\"a}ler KG., Folke C., Holling C.S., Jansson BO. (eds) Biodiversity Conservation. Ecology, Economy \& Environment, vol 4. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1006-8_15

}, month = {1993}, institution = {Beijer International Institute of Ecological Economics}, address = {Stockholm, Sweden}, abstract = {Traditional peoples who depended on their local ecosystems for their essential needs, have accumulated by trial-and-error a rich body of local environmental knowledge, and in several cases elaborated resource management systems, and developed institutions appropriate for implementing these systems. Biodiversity conservation appears to be integral to many traditional management systems from tropical forests to coastal fisheries. For example, some groups manipulate the local landscape to augment its heterogeneity, use conservation "rules of thumb" to help use species-rich communities sustainable, and intergrate the production of several multispecies systems. Thus, self-interest of traditional peoples has been key to biodiversity maintenance. As traditional peoples are integrated into the global economy and come under various pressures, they often lose their resource base, and in the long run, their knowledge systems, social institutions, and their world view which shapes their relations with the environment. The process of decoupling of traditional peoples from their resource base is likely to reduce the resilience of their social systems, as well as their local ecosystems through biodiversity loss. We make the argument in this chapter that the two are related, and the reduction of resilience will make both social and ecological systems more fragile. One challenge for biodiversity conservation is to learn from the knowledge-practice-belief complex of traditional peoples. But a perhaps more important challenge is to implement elements of it in "new TEK" systems which allow feedbacks from the environment, and respond to them in a more resilient way than do current day management practices. (author)}, author = {Fikret Berkes and Carl Folke and Madhav Gadgil} } @conference {805, title = {Traditional ecological knowledge in perspective}, booktitle = {Traditional ecological knowledge: Concepts and cases}, year = {1993}, month = {March 1993}, pages = {1-10}, publisher = {Winnepeg, Manitoba, Canada}, organization = {Winnepeg, Manitoba, Canada}, address = {International Program on Traditional Ecological Knowledge/IDRC}, abstract = {This paper deals with the concept of Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK). It outlines a definition of TEK and the spread of the idea. Included is a section on the similarities and differences between indigenous science and Western Science. Also included is a section on the practical applications/importance of TEK.}, keywords = {ecology, indigenous knowledge}, url = {https://library.umac.mo/ebooks/b10756577a.pdf}, author = {Fikret Berkes}, editor = {Julian T. Inglis} } @inbook {929, title = {Traditional ecological knowledge in perspective}, year = {1992}, note = {Draft introductory chapter for volume based on Common Property Conference, Winnipeg, September 1992}, month = {September 1992}, abstract = {This document discusses different facets of traditional ecological knowledge (TEK): background, definitions, comparisons to "western science," and the practical significance of TEK. An overview of the book that this is an introduction to is also given.}, author = {Fikret Berkes} } @article {836, title = {The Cree view of land and resources: Indigenous ecological knowledge}, year = {1990}, month = {1990}, institution = {Hamilton, Ontario, Canada}, address = {McMaster University}, abstract = {This document looks at the traditional ecological knowledge (indigenous knowledge) and its relationship with modern society. Specifically, it details the knowledge held by the Cree Indians of Canada{\textquoteright}s north and gives examples and makes suggestions on how indigenous knowledge and development programs can be linked.}, keywords = {American Indians, common property, ethics, Native Americans, natural resource management, worldview}, author = {Fikret Berkes and P. George and Richard Preston and J. Turner} } @article {698, title = {The tragedy of the commons: Twenty-two years later}, journal = {Human Ecology}, volume = {18}, year = {1990}, month = {March 1990}, pages = {1-19}, abstract = {Hardin{\textquoteright}s Tragedy of the Commons model predicts the eventual overexploitation or degradation of all resources used in common. Given this unambiguous prediction, a surprising number of cases exist in which users have been able to restrict access to the resource and establish rules among themselves for its sustainable use. To assess the evidence, we first define common-property resources and present a taxonomy of property-rights regimes in which such resources may be held. Evidence accumulated over the last twenty-two years indicates that private, state, andcommunal property are all potentially viable resource management options. A more complete theory than Hardin{\textquoteright}s should incorporate institutional arrangements and cultural factors to provide for better analysis and prediction. (author)}, keywords = {co-management, common property, fisheries, forestry, grazing lands, sustainable development, water resources , wildlife }, doi = {10.1007/BF00889070}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00889070}, author = {David Feeny and Fikret Berkes and Bonnie J. McCay and James M. Acheson} } @book {303, title = {Common property resources: Ecology and community-based sustainable development}, year = {1989}, note = {Published in association with the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources; Conference on Conservation Development Implementing the World Conservation Strategy (1986: Ottawa, Ont); World Congress of Ecology (4th: 1986: Syracuse, NY)}, month = {1989}, pages = {302}, publisher = {Belhaven Press}, organization = {Belhaven Press}, address = {London; New York}, abstract = {Includes the following papers presented at the Conference on Conservation and Development: Implementing the World Conservation Strategy, held June 1986, Ottawa and the Fourth International Congress of Ecology, held Aug 1986, Syracuse, NY: Institutional arrangements for management of rural resources: common-property regimes; Natural resources: access, rights-to-use and management; The evolution of appropriate resource-management systems; Cooperation from the perspective of human ecology; Graphs and gaffs: A cautionary tale in the common-property resources debate; Reforming the use of natural resources; Multi-jurisdictional resources: testing a typology for problem structuring; Meeting environmental concerns caused by common-property mismanagement in economic development projects; Solving the common-property dilemma: Village fisheries rights in Japanese coastal waters; The evolution of Mexico{\textquoteright}s spiny lobster fishery; Where have all the exploiters gone? Co-management of the Maine lobster industry; Water as common property: The case of irrigation water rights in the Philippines; On the diversification of common-property resource use by Indian society; Changes taking place in common-property resource management in the Inland Niger Delta of Mali; Traditional resource management in the Melanesian South Pacific: A development dilemma.}, keywords = {congresses, Conservation of natural resources, ecology, economic development, environmental aspects}, isbn = {1-85293-080-2}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/478258426}, editor = {Fikret Berkes} } @inbook {914, title = {Solving the common-property dilemma: Village fisheries rights in Japanese Coastal waters}, booktitle = {Common property resources: Ecology and community-based sustainable development}, year = {1989}, month = {1989}, pages = {59-75}, publisher = {Belhaven Press}, organization = {Belhaven Press}, address = {London; New York}, abstract = {Through a rights system and membership in local cooperative associations, Japanese coastal fishermen have legally guaranteed suitable access to and {\textquoteright}ownership{\textquoteright} of the living aquatic resources in their tenured waters. Contemporary Japanese coastal sea tenure involves time-honored village customary procedures that have been incorporated into modern legislation. Among other things, these complex and locally varied systems consist of the intimate interplay of community rules of conduct, local social sanctions and the interpersonal behaviour of fishermen with the formal institutions. This chapter examines the main features of fisheries rights, cooperative associations, and the use of sea territory in Japanese coastal waters.}, keywords = {aquatic resources, fisheries rights, Japan}, isbn = {1-85293-080-2}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/19518103}, author = {Kenneth Ruddle}, editor = {Fikret Berkes} } @article {511, title = {Alternative styles in living resources management: The case of James Bay}, journal = {Environments}, volume = {16}, year = {1984}, month = {1984}, pages = {114-123}, abstract = {This document looks at the impact of the James Bay hydroelectric development project on the Cree people, who are mainly hunters initially opposed to the project, but finally signed an agreement in 1975 with the government and developers. The fish and wildlife resource use practices of the Cree, the feasibility of the continuation of these practices in the light of the agreement they signed, and the development project are discussed.}, keywords = {Cree, hydroelectric, James Bay}, author = {Fikret Berkes} } @article {563, title = {Fishery resource use in a subarctic Indian community}, journal = {Human Ecology}, volume = {5}, year = {1977}, month = {1977}, pages = {289-307}, abstract = {Cree Indians of Fort George, James Bay, northern Canada, maintain a large and successful subsistence fishery. Methods used in the fishery, seasons and locations of catch, and yield levels were studied, together with the population biology two sea-run Coregonus species, cisco and whitefish, that dominate the catch. The fishery was characterized by a high degree of order, social regulation of the fishing effort and the gillnet mesh size, and practices that were identified as adaptations to the subarctic ecosystem. Fishing methods used permit the Cree to control the magnitude of the harvest and the species and size composition of the catch. There is evidence that fishers can alter the scarcity-abundance patterns of the fish stocks, and have a biologically measurable effect on the populations.}, keywords = {American Indians, Cree Indians, fishery management, Native Americans, subsistence resources}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/4602422}, author = {Fikret Berkes} }