@article {732, title = {Can commercial tree planting ensure ecological recovery?}, year = {n.d.}, abstract = {

The problem of deforestation had generated many projects to help this situation. The most controversial project is afforestation. This has been backed by the World Bank Watershed which has funded this cause with over US $190 million.

The locals are seriously against the afforestation projects for fear of depletion of their groundwater and fodder resources. In India they are planting pine; in Ethiopia they are planting eucalyptus. Specifying what gets planted where is destroying the diversity of the rainforest. The World Bank does not usually work with agroforestry or afforestation. The locals are afraid that they will profit from the planting of specific types of trees and the trees will be of no use to the agriculture. The tree-planting that the World Bank is doing is not rebuilding, but it may end up changing the environment that the people are used to.

}, keywords = {afforestation, agroforestry, deforestation, environment, rainforests}, author = {Khor Kok Peng} } @booklet {495, title = {The possibility of introducing trees (amenity) and agro-sylvo-pastoral tree management systems into tribal society: A case study at Jebel Bura{\textquoteright}s Forest, Yemen}, year = {n.d.}, abstract = {

There is a great demand for firewood in Yemen, and the local supply is very limited. The establishment of a tree-farming industry would seem like an excellent idea, but is is not clear whether the local people would be receptive to such a plan. Rural Yemenites tend to be rather self-reliant, cynical people who distrust outsiders and their own government.

The authors instituted a three-phase investigation of the potential for agroforestry in Yemen. Phase I involved conducting an ecological study of the area and winning the cooperation of the local people. Phase II involved the construction of a statistical model of the region\&$\#$39;s ecology and the formation of a community-based agroforestry program. Phase III is currently ongoing, and involves the establishment of specific projects (erosion control, dune stabilizing, fuelwood plantations, etc.).

}, keywords = {agroforestry, forestry, rapid rural appraisal, Yemen}, author = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)} } @inbook {882, title = {Indigenous knowledge and resource management systems in the Canadian subarctic}, booktitle = {Linking social and ecological systems: management practices and social mechanisms for building resilience}, year = {2000}, note = {CIKARD paper is from a workshop on Linking Social and Ecological Systems for Resilience and Sustainability. Beijer International Institute of Ecological Economics, Stockholm Sweden. Draft, August 1994}, month = {2000}, pages = {95-128}, abstract = {The Cree Amerindians of subarctic Canada lived as a group of hunter-gatherers. The social systems of the Cree and the ecological systems they have depended upon have survived for a long time. The paper explores possible mechanisms (local knowledge, resource management practices, institutions, worldview) that enabled this survival, and the ways in which these mechanisms may have evolved.}, keywords = {aquatic resources, Cree Indians, ecology, wildlife }, url = {https://worldcat.org/en/title/36470157}, author = {Fikret Berkes}, editor = {Fikret Berkes and Carl Folke and Johan Colding (assistant Ed.)} } @inbook {896, title = {Models of subsistence and ethnobiological knowledge: Between extraction and cultivation in Southeast Asia}, booktitle = {Folkbiology}, year = {1999}, month = {June 1999}, pages = {91-118}, publisher = {MIT Press}, organization = {MIT Press}, address = {Cambridge, MA}, abstract = {The successful adaptation of human populations to rainforest environments depends largely on their capacity to organise and apply knowledge of its structure and composition. This paper examines our current understanding of this knowledge in a Southeast Asian context and how this relates to reliance on different models of subsistence. Particular emphasis will be placed on the differences between those populations which focus predominantly on direct extraction and those which focus on plant cultivation, and on populations which appear to be in various respects transitional. (author)}, isbn = {026263192X; 9780262631921}, url = {https://www.worldcat.org/title/237343776}, author = {Roy F. Ellen}, editor = {Douglas L. Medin and Scott Atran} } @article {461, title = {CIKARD Original Bibliography}, year = {1998}, note = {

These links will take you to the original bibliography.

} } @book {311, title = {Culture: The missing element in conservation and development: Abstracts of the 8th National Zoo Symposium held at the National Zoological Park, Washington, DC, 1988}, year = {1998}, month = {8-9 April 1988}, pages = {xii, 160 pp.}, publisher = {Kendall/Hunt Publishers}, organization = {Kendall/Hunt Publishers}, address = {Dubuque, IA}, abstract = {

Includes the following papers:

This document contains the abstracts/summaries of the 8th National Zoo Symposium. Topics such as: common property, politics, community involvement, debt trade, indigenous knowledge, traditional wildlife management, natural resource management, and indigenous societies are addressed.

}, keywords = {American Indians, common property, community involvement, debt trade, indigenous knowledge, indigenous societies, local knowledge, Native Americans, natural resource management, politics, rainforests, traditional wildlife management}, isbn = {0787247618; 9780787247614}, url = {https://www.worldcat.org/title/260057590}, author = {National Zoo}, editor = {R. J. Hoage and Katy Moran} } @inbook {877, title = {Indigenous African resource management of a tropical rain forest ecosystem: A case study of the Yoruba of Ara, Nigeria}, booktitle = {Linking social and ecological systems: management practices and social mechanisms for building resilience}, year = {1998}, note = {

Paper originally presented by D. Michael Warren at Property Rights and the Performance of Natural Resource Systems: Social and Ecological Systems for Resilience and Sustainability August 29-30, 1994. The Beijier International Institute of Ecological Economics, The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm Sweden

}, month = {March 1998}, pages = {158-189}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, organization = {Cambridge University Press}, address = {New York}, abstract = {In his introduction, Dr. Warren defines the term "indigenous knowledge." He says that indigenous knowledge is a type of decision-making system. He calls for understanding and conserving natural resources. He states that "every community has the capacity to deal with its problems." He bases his study on a Yoruba state in the tropical rainforest in southwest Nigeria. The study also shows the way the community uses indigenous knowledge for decision-making processes and the utilization of the resources. There is a description of Ara, the changing land use, and the indigenous knowledge of biodiversity in Ara followed by his conclusions.}, keywords = {aafin Alara, agroforestry, cola acuminata, cola nitida, cultural diversity, ecosystem management, gari, Ghaga River, human ecology, ICRAF, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, molebi, Odo-Igbo River, rainforests, social ecology, social systems, sustainable development, USAID, West Africa Multipurpose Tree Project}, isbn = {0-521-59140-6; 978-0-521-59140-9}, url = {https://www.worldcat.org/title/36470157}, author = {D. Michael Warren and Jennifer Pinkston}, editor = {Fikret Berkes and Carl Folke} } @inbook {887, title = {Integrated management of a temperate montane rainforest ecosystem through wholistic forestry: A British Columbian example}, booktitle = {Linking social and ecological systems: management practices and social mechanisms for building resilience}, year = {1998}, note = {

CIKARD copy is a draft outline of a paper prepared for the Beijer Institute of Ecological Economics, Stockholm Project \"Social and Ecological System Linkages\" and later published in Linking social and ecological systems.

}, month = {1998}, pages = {363-389}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, organization = {Cambridge University Press}, address = {New York}, abstract = {Evelyn Pinkerton identifies the problem of logging in the temperate rainforest of the Pacific Northwest, British Columbia, and Southeast Asia. She identifies the political and scientific dimensions of the problem. She discusses the limits of the wildlife and timber and what the research uncovered. She identified the term "new forestry." She lists and describes two other types of forestry: Wholistic and Gitksan Wholistic Forestry. She discusses the detail and economics of both types. She also includes five different pie charts with a brief definition for each.}, keywords = {ecosystem resilience, rainforests, riparian zone, transition zone}, isbn = {0-521-59140-6}, url = {https://www.worldcat.org/title/36470157}, author = {Evelyn Pinkerton}, editor = {Fikret Berkes and Carl Folke} } @article {678, title = {The ecological and social consequences of conversion to Christianity among the Rungus Dusun of Sabah, Malaysia}, journal = {Contributions to Southeast Asian Ethnography}, volume = {11}, year = {1997}, note = {CIKARD collection contains the 1987 revised copy of the article (manuscript).}, month = {January 1997}, pages = {61-99}, abstract = {This paper looks at the effects of conversion to Christianity amongst the Rungus people of Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo) on the culture and the environment. Some of the consequences proposed include degradation of the forests, deterioration of water systems, and a breakdown of Rungus culture. Also proposed is the possible damage to the nutrient cycle and an increase in health problems. Includes reasons for conversion, outline of traditional Rungus religion, and a summary of traditional swidden agriculture.}, keywords = {ecology, nutrition}, author = {George N. Appell} } @inbook {931, title = {Using indigenous organizations from West Kalimantan}, booktitle = {Indigenous organizations and development}, series = {IT studies in indigenous knowledge and development}, year = {1996}, note = {

CIKARD copy is a draft of this book chapter;

Book preface by Norman Thomas Uphoff

}, month = {1996}, pages = {228-238}, publisher = {Intermediate Technology Publications [Practical Action Publishing]}, organization = {Intermediate Technology Publications [Practical Action Publishing]}, address = {London}, abstract = {This document details the cooperative interactions of a conservation project with local people and their organizations. The project took place in the Danau Sentarum Wildlife Reserve in West Kalimantan, Indonesia where fishing and hunting are the main sources of subsistence.}, keywords = {biodiversity, cooperatives, grassroots organizations, Indonesia}, isbn = {1-85339-321-5; 978-1-85339-321-1}, url = {https://www.worldcat.org/title/34672238}, author = {Carol J. Pierce Colfer and Reed L. Wadley and Enis Widjanarti}, editor = {Peter Blunt and Dennis M. Warren} } @book {398, title = {The cultural dimension of development: Indigenous knowledge systems}, series = {IT Studies in Indigenous Knowledge and Development Series}, year = {1995}, note = {

Wim H.J.C. Dechering, Technical Editor

}, month = {December 1995}, pages = {xviii, 582 pp.}, publisher = {Intermediate Technology Publications Ltd [Practical Action Publishing]}, organization = {Intermediate Technology Publications Ltd [Practical Action Publishing]}, address = {London}, abstract = {This book presents evidence from many countries and sources of the validity and usefulness of indigenous knowledge in the success of development projects. Part I consists of chapters with a focus on indigenous knowledge systems including: Ethnobotanical knowledge systems, Taman Obat Keluarga: Indigenous Indonesian medicine, Neem in Niger, The Lari Soils project in Peru, indigenous soil classificaton in Northern Zambia, Agroforestry in the Central Hills of Nepal, indigenous communication, and International rice research. The chapters in Part II show how indigenous knowledge is used in decision making: Raised Beds and Plant Disease Management, Famine relief in the Horn of Africa, Gender and socioeconomic status in the Philippines as a reflection of decision making in agriculture, Forest Gardens of Highland Sri Lanka, Indigenous decision-making in American agriculture, Indigenous Taxonomies and decision-making of Rice Farmers in South India, Crop Varietal Selection, and Patterns of medical choice among working-class families of Oaxaca, Mexico. Part III focuses on the role that indigenous organizations play in the decision making process in the following examples: Community Forestry Management in Nepal, Natural Resource Management among Pastoralists of Arid and Semi-arid Africa, Balinese Water Temples, Kpelle Farming, and the Niger River Fisheries project. Part IV deals with indigenous experimentation and innovation including: Indigenous horticultural approaches in tropical regions, Farmer Know-how and Communicaton for Technology Transfer in Niger, Duck Farming in Indonesia, Technology off the farm, Design of on- farm experiments in the Philippines, Soil and Water Conservation in Djenne, Mali, Kpelle steelmaking, and Protection of the Agricultural Environment in Eastern Africa. The chapters in Part V describe how different development institutions such as: CIKARD, LEAD, CIRAN, IUCN, IIED, ILEIA, CLADES, UNESCO, NISER, and REPPIKA, are using indigenous knowledge to facilitate the development process. Part VI consists of bibliographical essays on the attention given to indigenous knowledge in the literature of the past decade in the areas of agriculture and rural development and resource management.}, keywords = {Africa, agroforestry, Bali, ethnobotany, ethnoveterinary medicine, Horn of Africa, India, indigenous decision-making systems, indigenous development, indigenous experimentation, indigenous knowledge, indigenous organizations, Indonesia, Kpelle, Mali, Mexico, Nepal, Niger, Nigeria, Peru, Philippines, Sudan, Zambia}, isbn = {1-85339-264-2; 978-1-85339-251-1; eISBN 978-1-78044-473-4}, url = {https://www.worldcat.org/title/257046951}, editor = {D. Michael Warren and L. Jan Slikkerveer and David Brokensha} } @book {313, title = {Designing integrated conservation and development projects}, year = {1995}, month = {1995}, pages = {62}, publisher = {Biodiversity Support Program}, organization = {Biodiversity Support Program}, address = {Washington, DC}, keywords = {biodiversity}, isbn = {978-1-887531-16-0}, url = {https://www.worldcat.org/title/31394540}, author = {Michael Brown and Barbara Wyckoff-Baird} } @inbook {873, title = {Forest gardens of highland Sri Lanka: An indigenous system for reclaiming forest land}, booktitle = {The cultural dimension of development: Indigenous knowledge systems}, year = {1995}, month = {1995}, pages = {174-184}, publisher = {Intermediate Technology Publications Ltd [Practical Action Publishing]}, organization = {Intermediate Technology Publications Ltd [Practical Action Publishing]}, address = {London}, abstract = {

This paper describes initial efforts made to understand farmers\&$\#$39; ecological theory and management of forest garden systems located immediately around owner\&$\#$39;s homes, in a village in highland Sri Lanka. These were studied by the author for 13 months in 1985-86, during which time the structure and composition of the gardens were documented. The gardens are part of a larger farming system which may also include rice paddies, vegetable fields and/or plantation crops (such as tea). The research undertaken was multidisciplinary, and employed a combination of methods from landscape and vegetation ecology and ethnoscience. Different sections of the paper discuss the relevance of forest garden research, the process of understanding the principles of garden management, and ethnoscientific exploration of the farmers\&$\#$39; approach. The results show that the farmers\&$\#$39; classification of compatible and incompatible species in the gardens was commensurate with the pattern predicted by forest successional theory, and that the patchy structure of the gardens could be interpreted as a successional pattern, like gap phase succession, but understood and managed by the farmers, in part, on the basis of compatibility. An appendix lists the perennial species found in the gardens: on average the gardens contained 250 individual woody perennials of 29 species.

[EVERETT from agroforestry, ecology, sustainable agriculture]

Existing agroforestry systems in the tropics may provide valuable insight for sustainable tropical forest management. The basis for understanding such land use lies in the accumulated knowledge of generations of farmers as expressed in the design of their agroforestry systems. The forest gardens of highland Sri Lanka are dense, species-diverse systems. These analogs of natural forests provide their owners with food, fuel, fodder, timber and cash crops, and the native flora and fauna with habitat. The forest gardens have persisted through centuries of socio-political upheaval and economic change, while the natural forests surrounding them have been felled for timber and to make way for large scale plantation agriculture. Natural forest regeneration on abandoned plantations land is hindered by recurring fires during the dry season. Today, in the largely deforested highlands, the villages with their gardens resemble forest islands in a sea of degraded grasslands. The farmers in the traditional villages hold the key to reforestation encoded in the management of forest gardens which are planted in the grassland as villages expand. Principles from the farmers\&$\#$39; knowledge, particularly patterns of vegetation change over time, may also provide insight for reforesting marginal lands with ecologically and economically viable agroforestry systems elsewhere in the highlands of the tropics and for buffer zone management of forest reserves.

}, keywords = {agroforestry, Sri Lanka}, isbn = {1-85339-264-2; 978-1-85339-264-1; eISBN 978-1-78044-473-4}, url = {https://www.worldcat.org/title/59818080}, author = {Yvonne Everett}, editor = {D. Michael Warren and L. Jan Slikkerveer and David Brokensha} } @inbook {902, title = {The Lari Soils Project in Peru - A methodology for combining cognitive and behavioral research}, booktitle = {The cultural dimension of development: Indigenous knowledge systems}, year = {1995}, month = {1995}, pages = {71-81}, publisher = {Intermediate Technology Publications Ltd [Practical Action Publishing]}, organization = {Intermediate Technology Publications Ltd [Practical Action Publishing]}, address = {London}, abstract = {The authors pursue the relationship between cognitive and behavioral aspects of culture. An argument is developed for a methodology that effectively combines conclusions of different researchers to decipher "decision-making frames" of the agriculturalists at Lari. The focus of investigation was native Andean soil classification and management. Almost no data is presented. There is some discussion of the value of expert systems computer programs for modeling "ruled based decision models." Problems are discussed for interdisciplinary fieldwork. Advances in cultural anthropology generally come from one of three directions. First, anthropologists attempt to uncover cognitive aspects of an unfamiliar culture through the analysis of rules, plans, schemes, symbols and categories. Mental patterns may be unconscious and unformulated but capable of being discovered by posing the right questions, or conscious and explicit and the subject of ordinary conversation. Second, the actual events and activities are observed and analyzed in order to discover patterns of behavior. Lastly, mental rules, plans, and values are compared with actual cultural behavior to determine congruences, expections, and the rules for breaking the rules for behavior. Of the three, the relationship between cognitive and behavioral aspects of culture is the most problematic. While one expects some link between what people think they should do and what they actually do, the degree and character of the correspondence between cognitive rules and behavior is the subject of much controversy and may vary depending on cultural sphere or context. This paper presents a methodology for combining cognitive and behavioral research developed during the course of an interdisciplinary investigation of native Andea soil management. It involves teamwork, the construction of rule-based decision models using expert-system computer programs, and formal tests to assess the correspondence between the cognitive and behavioral models.}, keywords = {agricultural techniques, Arequipa, cognition, crop rotation, expert-systems, indigenous decision-making systems, indigenous knowledge, linguistics, methodology, Quechua, soil classification, soil management}, isbn = {1-85339-264-2; 978-1-85339-264-1; eISBN 978-1-78044-473-4}, url = {https://www.worldcat.org/title/257046951}, author = {David Guillet and Louanna Furbee and Jon Sandor and Robert Benfer}, editor = {D. Michael Warren and L. Jan Slikkerveer and David Brokensha} } @book {381, title = {Property rights in a social and ecological context: Case studies and design applications}, volume = {94}, year = {1995}, note = {Also available: Property Rights and the Environment: Social and Ecological Issues. (ISBN 0-8213-3415-8) Stock No. 13415.}, month = {1995}, pages = {218}, publisher = {World Bank Publications}, organization = {World Bank Publications}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {

The collection of papers in the book Property Rights and the Environment: Social and Ecological Issues and this companion volume examine the relationships between people, the environment, and property rights and the ways in which a given social and ecological context affects those relationships. The papers are products of a research program at the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm. The main objective of the program was to convene social scientists and natural scientists to address research questions in their full social and ecological dimensions.The program\&$\#$39;s participants addressed five general issues related to property rights and the environment:

  1. the design of governance systems for sustainability
  2. the relationship between equity, stewardship, and environmental resilience
  3. the use of traditional knowledge in resource management
  4. the mechanisms that link people to their environments, and
  5. the role played by population and poverty.

This volume presents case studies that address questions of design application in those five areas. Also available: Property Rights and the Environment: Social and Ecological Issues. (ISBN 0-8213- 3415-8) Stock No. 13415.

}, keywords = {business and economics, development, sustainable development}, isbn = {978-0-8213-3416-4}, url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=OFVk3vW8vJ8C}, editor = {Susan Hanna and Mohan Munasinghe} } @article {664, title = {Subversive theory: Ecology, Gaiocentric sustainable development, and the Third World}, journal = {Society and Nature}, volume = {3}, year = {1995}, month = {1995}, pages = {93-116}, abstract = {

Capitalist culture, in both its freemarket and state socialism expressions, is ecologically illiterate and unsustainable. However, the global ecological crisis is changing all human relationships, including the relationship of people to nature. The theory of sustainable development and, particularly, the theory of gaiocentric sustainable development, are means by which we try to put nature on an equal footing with treasured human values, thus shifting human culture from the brink of disaster to a defender of a livable world.

Yet the knowledge for such a transformation does not exist in industrial societies. It is the Third World that is the source for human survival. Third World people are defending the integrity of ecosystems, biodiversity, the priceless Amazon, wild rivers, gaiocentric sustainable development. These people know and practice what we must know and practice in order to put the brakes on the global ecocidal and anthropocidal policies of industrial capitalist development. (author)

}, keywords = {gaiacentric, sustainable development}, url = {http://www.democracynature.org/vol3/abstract_vallianatos.htm}, author = {E. G. Vallianatos} } @article {665, title = {Suggested ethical guidelines for accessing and exploring biodiversity}, journal = {Eubios Journal of Asian and International Bioethics}, volume = {5}, year = {1995}, note = {This paper sets forth a list of ethical guidelines as suggested by the title.}, month = {October 21, 1994}, pages = {38-40}, abstract = {Biodiversity in both developing and developed countries has been accessed for a long time by outside researchers and corporate prospectors as well as by local communities. Such activities are carried out for various purposes. Sometimes plants, animals and habitats are merely described, other times the goal is to extract for profit. These activities have helped to advance knowledge and create awareness of how precious biodiversity is. These activities have also generated many products that contribute to the health and well-being of global consumers, but may not necessarily provide benefits to their original stewards. (author)}, keywords = {ethnobiology}, url = {http://eubios.info/EJ52/EJ52I.htm}, author = {Anil K. Gupta} } @article {503, title = {Adapting forestry institutions to encourage people{\textquoteright}s participation in Senegal}, journal = {Unasylva (FAO)}, volume = {45}, year = {1994}, month = {March 1994}, pages = {3-10}, abstract = {Forestry issues, and especially desertification control, are now at the heart of the environmental debate in Senegal. This is therefore an appropriate moment to examine the process that has led to the present official commitment to people{\textquoteright}s participation in the rational management of Senegal{\textquoteright}s forestry resources which, it is increasingly acknowledged, have major production and protection implications for the future.}, keywords = {agroforestry, farmer participatory research}, url = {http://www.fao.org/docrep/t3350e/t3350e03.htm$\#$adapting\%20forestry\%20institutions\%20to\%20encourage\%20people\%27s\%20participation\%20in\%20senegal}, author = {Ibrahima Gu{\`e}ye and Abdoulaye Kan{\'e} and Oumy Ndlaye Kon{\'e}} } @article {521, title = {Biodiversity prospecting}, journal = {Geneflow}, volume = {12}, year = {1994}, month = {1994}, pages = {43-82}, abstract = {In September 1991, the Institiuto Nacional de Biodiversidad (INBio), a Costa Rican private non-profit organization and the U.S. pharmaceutical firm Merck \& Company entered into an agreement on {\textquoteright}biodiversity prospecting{\textquoteright} - the exploration of biodiversity of commercially valuable genetic resources. Under the terms of the agreement, Merck provided over US$1million for a limited number of extracts from accessions gathered by Costa Rican ecochemists. The partners have agreed on a royalty-sharing system if any of the material is commercialized. (author)}, keywords = {intellectual property rights}, author = {Anonymous} } @article {430, title = {BOS Newsletter}, volume = {13}, year = {1994}, note = {Entire issue}, month = {[1994]}, abstract = {

In this issue:

}, keywords = {AGRICOLA, Brazil, CGIAR, CIFOR, communications, dye, EC, ethnobotany, ethnomedicine, ethnosoil, FAO, GUF, ICRAF, IUCN, legume, Mexico, pedology, Peru, pulses, rattan, taxonomy, TFAP, timber , UNCTAD, vegetables, World Bank, World Conservation Union}, author = {BOS} } @inbook {861, title = {Calcutta: The Mudialy Fishermen{\textquoteright}s Cooperative Society}, booktitle = {The wealth of communities: Stories of success in local environmental management}, year = {1994}, month = {1994}, pages = {1-14}, publisher = {Kumarian Press}, organization = {Kumarian Press}, address = {West Hartford, CT}, abstract = {

The case study presents an account of the processes leading to the reclamation of a vast area of marshland through the combination of indigenous knowledge, and initiative with scientific technical knowledge, by a community of fishermen in Mudialy, a rural community near Calcutta, India.

Sewage and organic waste from the vast population of urban Calcutta is transformed into a nutrient source which is then fed into the marshes for fish farming and vegetable production.

The case study illustrates how indigenous knowledge systems and technical knowledge could be integrated to achieve environmentally sustainable and at the same time economically viable development projects building on community participation.

}, keywords = {aquatic resources, Calcutta, fisherman}, isbn = {1-56549-038-X}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/30567089}, author = {Charlie Pye-Smith and Grazia Borrini Feyerabend and Richard Sandbook}, editor = {Charlie Pye-Smith} } @book {315, title = {Development \& environment: Sustaining people and nature}, year = {1994}, month = {1994}, pages = {263}, publisher = {Blackwell Publishers/UNRISD}, organization = {Blackwell Publishers/UNRISD}, address = {Oxford, UK and Cambridge, MA}, abstract = {

Contains following papers:

}, keywords = {aquatic resources, developing countries, development and environment, management, natural resources, sustainable development}, isbn = {978-0-631-19394-4}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/29845451}, editor = {Dharam P. Ghai} } @book {316, title = {Development of agriculture in the Sudan: An annotated bibliography with an introductory essay}, series = {Sudan library series no. 19}, year = {1994}, month = {1994}, pages = {478}, publisher = {University of Khartoum, Institute of African and Asian Studies, Khartoum University Press}, organization = {University of Khartoum, Institute of African and Asian Studies, Khartoum University Press}, address = {Khartoum, Sudan}, abstract = {

Subjects discussed:

}, keywords = {agricultural development projects, agriculture, aquatic resources, economic aspects, Sudan}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/32608519}, editor = {Medani Mohamed M Ahmed} } @article {544, title = {Differentiating the nature of agroforestry systems and agroforestry knowledge among farmers in southern Rwanda: Participatory and formal approaches as complementary methods}, journal = {Culture \& Agriculture}, volume = {15}, year = {1994}, month = {December 1994}, pages = {5-11}, abstract = {Farmer conceived and designed agroforestry systems (i.e., agriculturalsystems integrating trees with cropsand/or animals) were used as the object of this study in Southern Rwanda. As many equally valid agroforestry systems are possible, my aim was to discover and describe what the existing systems and technologies were and,more importantly, to determine how such systems and technologies came into being: the meanings people assign to them; how the knowledge upon which they are based was generated; how these systems and technologies, and their underlying knowledge, have changed over time under pressure of changing sociocultural, economic, political and environmental conditions. (author)}, keywords = {agroforestry knowledge, agroforestry systems, Rwanda}, doi = {10.1525/cuag.1994.15.50.5}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1525/cuag.1994.15.50.5}, author = {Christoffel Johannes Petrus Antonius Maria Den Biggelaar} } @article {546, title = {Eco-feminism or perspective on women{\textquoteright}s liberation}, journal = {Praxis}, year = {1994}, note = {scroll to page 10 on the website}, month = {January 1994}, pages = {10-18}, abstract = {

Eco-feminism may be defined as Alternative Development Paradigm in the context of ecological sustainability and gender equality. The present production system creates a material base for women and nature to be subjugated, and pinpoints the exact elements which allow the exploitative production system to continue. The task is to find out the key principles, based on which an alternative production system that is sustainable and equitable can be evolved.

}, keywords = {feminism}, url = {https://www.ibiblio.org/ahkitj/wscfap/arms1974/PRAXIS/1994/1/11.htm }, author = {Chhaya Datar} } @booklet {438, title = {Farewell lecture to World Bank}, year = {1994}, note = {Speech}, month = {January 14, 1994}, publisher = {Rainforest Action Network}, address = {San Francisco, CA}, abstract = {This is a copy of the speech given by Herman Daly, Senior Economist in the Environment Department of the World Bank, upon his retirement from the World Bank. He conveys his feelings about the way the workings of the Bank have evolved.}, keywords = {consumption, environmentally sustainable development, free trade, globalization, manmade capital, natural capital, productivity, resource throughput, World Bank}, url = {http://www.whirledbank.org/ourwords/daly.html}, author = {Herman E. Daly} } @mastersthesis {442, title = {Farmer knowledge and experimentation with trees and tree cultivation in agroforestry systems in Rwanda}, year = {1994}, month = {1994}, school = {Michigan State University, Department of Forestry}, address = {East Lansing, MI}, abstract = {

A dissertation submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Department of Forestry.

Although Rwandan farmers have used trees for numerous purposes for centuries, the active planting and management of woody vegetation on-farm has been a relatively recent innovation. The goal of this research was to determine and understand the processes of agroforestry knowledge generation by farmers underlying these changes in resource management and usage. In particular, the study focused on farmer experimental methods related to the integration of trees on the farm. As agriculture is both a social and technico-economic endeavor, and as knowledge generation is embedded within productive processes, a social-constructivist perspective of science and technology was used as a framework for this study.

The research focused on a group of 44 locally identified tree experts, chosen in a two stage process using a ranking game and community interviews. A comparison group of 71 farmers was chosen randomly from those identified in the game as less-knowledgeable about agroforestry. In-depth methods used to study knowledge/technology generation included biographical case studies of tree experts, tree inventories, a socio-economic survey, participant observation and focus group interviews.

Ranking game informants identified tree experts as farmers cultivation a diversity of trees on their farm in accordance with the philosophical meaning of knowledge: knowing a plurality of objects or notions. Ranking game and socioeconomic survey results showed agreement on key variables used to distinguish farmers. Tree experts had more land, trees and tree species, but the tree density on comparison farms was more than two times higher. This points to a differentiation in knowledge between expert and comparison farms which was more than two times higher. This points to a differentiation in knowledge between expert and comparison farmers. Consultants identified the lack of local communication and information exchange networks as the major draw back to advancing endogenous agroforestry knowledge.

The study concludes that collaboration between knowledge systems may be beneficial for both. A synthesis between systems will increase the effectiveness of ongoing scientific agroforestry research and development but, more importantly, it will empower, legitimize and enhance the existing endogenous capacities for identifying problems and developing solutions, which will be an important step towards enabling rural people themselves to alleviate their poverty. (author)

}, keywords = {agroforestry, development, Rwanda, trees}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/33975106}, author = {Christoffel Johannes Petrus Antonius Maria Den Biggelaar} } @conference {764, title = {Fisheries co-management: A worldwide, collaborative research project}, booktitle = {Research Program on Property Rights and the Performance of Natural Resource Systems held August 29-30, 1994, Stockholm, Sweden}, year = {1994}, note = {Case study presentation}, month = {Aug. 29-30, 1994}, publisher = {Beijer International Institute of Ecological Economics}, organization = {Beijer International Institute of Ecological Economics}, address = {Stockholm, Sweden}, abstract = {There is a need for rapid and substantial evolution of existing fisheries management systems in developing countries to support sustainable resource use. It is unlikely that local communities can accomplish this change on their own. But neither can the national government accomplish it entirely through bureaucratic instruments. There must evolve a more dynamic partnership using the capacities and interests of the local community, complemented by the ability of the national government to provide enabling legislation and institutions and other assistance. This partnership can be called co-management, where the national government and the community share authority for fisheries management.}, keywords = {aquaculture, marine resources}, author = {Robert S. Pomeroy and Sten Sverdrup-Jensen and Jesper Raakjaer-Nielsen} } @book {284, title = {A guide to the literature on traditional community-based fishery management in the Asia-Pacific tropics}, series = {FAO Fisheries Circular no. 869}, year = {1994}, month = {1994}, pages = {114}, publisher = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}, organization = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}, address = {Rome}, abstract = {This circular is a guide to the literature on traditional fisheries management systems in the Asia-Pacific tropics. The introductory section discusses the geographical distributions of such systems, their principal characteristics including authority, rights, rules, and monitoring, accountability and enforcement. It notes that information on these systems is fragmentary and much remains anecdotal and unsynthesized. It calls for greater research efforts on these systems and highlights some major research issues including the nature of management boundaries an the traditional ecological knowledge base. The main body of the Circular provides, on a country by country basis, a summary of the present knowledge on traditional management systems of marine and estuarine fisheries in the Asia-Pacific tropics based on the literature available to the author. (author)}, keywords = {aquatic resources, fisheries, Fisheries, Fishery management, Pacific Area, Fishery Management, Pacific Area, Fishery management, Southeast Asia}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/31366301}, author = {Kenneth Ruddle} } @article {581, title = {IK for socioeconomic development and biodiversity conservation: The Kolli hills}, journal = {Indigenous Knowledge and Development Monitor}, volume = {2}, year = {1994}, note = {

Version published in IKDM. Publication of the IKDM has ceased as of December 2001. The Indigenous Knowledge and Development Monitor was a journal that served the international development community and all scientists who share a professional interest in indigenous knowledge systems and practices (IKSP). The Monitor, produced by Nuffic-CIRAN in cooperation with the indigenous knowledge resource centres in various parts of the world, has two sections: articles and communications.

}, month = {Sept 1994 [Aug]}, pages = {13-17}, abstract = {For generations local people have been the custodians of biodiversity. Unfortunately, their basic requirements somtimes force them into activities that lead to a loss of biodiversity. Therefore, it is essential that programmes aimed at conserving biodiversity should take into account the basic livelihood systems of local people. Moreover, indigenous knowledge can be used to fulfil socioeconomic needs and conserve biodiversity at one and the same time. This article explores the diversity of the indigenous agroforestry systems practised by the people of the Kolli Hills, identifies the factors which force local people to engage in activities that erode those systems, and formulates policy interventions designed to make effective use of indigenous knowledge, not only to meet socioeconomic needs but also to conserve biodiversity.}, keywords = {bench terraces, deforestation, forest gardens, India, Kolli Hills, terraces, tree species}, url = {http://www.ciesin.org/kiosk/ebs/Newsletter/IKNEWS/5art5.txt}, author = {B. Rajasekaran and D. Michael Warren} } @book {344, title = {Indigenous farming systems, knowledge and practices in the Sudan}, series = {Sudan Library Series no. 21}, year = {1994}, month = {1994}, pages = {320 pp.}, publisher = {Khartoum University Press}, organization = {Khartoum University Press}, address = {Khartoum, Sudan}, abstract = {

Contents:

}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/32817483}, editor = {Medani Mohamed M Ahmed} } @conference {770, title = {Indigenous knowledge and sustainable agricultural and rural development: Policy issues and strategies for the INDISCO Programme of the ILO}, booktitle = {Paper presented at INDISCO Sub-Regional Technical Review Meeting, December 13-16, 1994, Chiang Mai, Thailand}, year = {1994}, note = {INDISCO Sub-Regional Technical Review Meeting}, month = {Dec. 13-16, 1994}, address = {Chiang Mai, Thailand}, abstract = {A rapidly growing array of case studies, many dealing with the knowledge of indigenous peoples, provides insights into creative contributions by local communities to the conservation of biodiversity and water and soil resources, as well as, cost-effective approaches to agricultural and livestock production and management. This paper will describe efforts taken since 1979 to incorporate indigenous knowledge into the development paradigm, efforts that have laid a solid foundation for innovative approaches to development such as that of the INDISCO Programme. (author)}, keywords = {biodiversity, development}, author = {D. Michael Warren} } @book {346, title = {Indigenous knowledge and sustainable development in the Philippines: Proceedings of a workshop held at the International Institute of Rural Reconstruction, June 24-26, 1992}, year = {1994}, note = {Co-published by the Regional Program for the Promotion of Indigenous Knowledge in Asia (REPPIKA) and the Philippine Resource Center for Sustainable Development and Indigenous Knowledge (PHIRCSDIK). General Note: Jointly funded by the International Institute of Rural Reconstruction (IIRR), Foundation for Philippine Environment (FPE), Ford Foundation (FF), and User{\textquoteright}s Perspective With Agricultural Research and Development (UPWARD) Bibliography note: Includes bibliographical references Collection title: CIKARD-Center for Indigenous Knowledge in Agriculture and Rural Development. Department of Anthropology, Iowa State University}, month = {June 24-26, 1992}, pages = {164 pp.}, publisher = {International Institute of Rural Reconstruction}, organization = {International Institute of Rural Reconstruction}, address = {Silang, Cavite, Philippines}, abstract = {

The conference topics covered include:

}, keywords = {applied folklore, community development, congresses, environmental aspects, indigenous peoples, Philippines, social life and customs, sustainable development}, isbn = {0-942717-48-1; 978-0-942717-48-8}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/35776619}, author = {International Institute of Rural Reconstruction (IIRR) and Regional Program for the Promotion of Indigenous Knowledge in Asia and Philippine Resource Center for Sustainable Development and Indigenous Knowledge} } @book {348, title = {Indigenous knowledge for sustainable development in the Sudan}, series = {Sudanese library series no. 20}, year = {1994}, month = {1994}, pages = {325 pp.}, publisher = {Khartoum University Press, Institute of African and Asian Studies}, organization = {Khartoum University Press, Institute of African and Asian Studies}, address = {Khartoum, Sudan}, abstract = {

Papers:

}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/32817483}, editor = {Medani Mohamed M Ahmed} } @book {352, title = {Indigenous technical knowledge in farming systems of Eastern Africa: A bibliography}, series = {Bibliographies in Technology and Social Change no. 9}, year = {1994}, month = {1994}, pages = {101}, publisher = {Technology and Social Change Program, Iowa State University}, organization = {Technology and Social Change Program, Iowa State University}, address = {Ames, Iowa}, abstract = {This bibliography includes over 1200 items concerning the indigenous knowledge of people in eastern Africa about farming systems, biomass products, natural resource management, land tenure and organization, and related topics, in material up to 1993. About 200 of the items specifically refer to methods of elicitation of indigenous knowledge and how they can be further applied, whether in local initiatives and/or in outsider interventions. (author)}, author = {Michael Keith McCall} } @conference {773, title = {Integrated management of a temperate rainforest ecosystem through wholistic forestry: A British Columbian example}, booktitle = {Paper presented at Property Rights and the Performance of Natural Resource Systems: Social and Ecological Systems for Resilience and Sustainability August 29-30, 1994}, year = {1994}, note = {CIKARD copy is a draft outline of a paper prepared for the Beijer Institute of Ecological Economics, Stockholm Project "Social and Ecological System Linkages"}, month = {Aug. 29-30, 1994}, publisher = {Beijer International Institute of Ecological Economics}, organization = {Beijer International Institute of Ecological Economics}, address = {Stockholm, Sweden}, abstract = {Evelyn Pinkerton identifies the problem of logging in the temperate rainforest of the Pacific Northwest, British Columbia, and Southeast Asia. She identifies the political and scientific dimensions of the problem. She discusses the limits of the wildlife and timber and what the research uncovered. She identified the term "new forestry." She lists and describes two other types of forestry: Wholistic and Gitksan Wholistic Forestry. She discusses the detail and economics of both types. She also includes five different pie charts with a brief definition for each.}, keywords = {adaptiveness, community involvement, ecosystem resilience, Jerry Franklin, participatory, rainforests, riparian zone, transition zone, unique ability}, author = {Evelyn Pinkerton} } @book {354, title = {Intellectual property rights for indigenous peoples: A sourcebook}, year = {1994}, month = {1994}, publisher = {Society for Applied Anthropology}, organization = {Society for Applied Anthropology}, address = {Oklahoma City, OK}, abstract = {

Contains following papers:

}, keywords = {developing countries, ethnobotany, ethnopharmacology, indigenous peoples, intellectual property, Western hemisphere}, isbn = {978-0-9642023-0-6; 0-9642023-0-1}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/224715051}, editor = {Thomas C. Greaves} } @inbook {778, title = {Learning by fishing: Practical science and scientific practice}, booktitle = {Paper presented at Property Rights and the Performance of Natural Resource Systems: Social and Ecological Systems for Presilience and Sustainability, August 29-30, 1994}, year = {1994}, note = {

Similar paper in the book Linking social and ecological systems: Management practices and social mechanisms for building resilience edited by Fikret Berkes and Carl Folke

}, month = {Aug 29-30, 1994}, publisher = {Beijer International Institute of Ecological Economics, The Royal Academy of Sciences}, organization = {Beijer International Institute of Ecological Economics, The Royal Academy of Sciences}, address = {Stockholm, Sweden}, abstract = {In many fisheries, resource management is largely informed by professional marine biologists and public officials. Such management often assumes that the extensive knowledge that fisherfolk have achieved, after years of practical experience, is of relatively little use indeed, in many cases there is very little attempt to utilize such knowledge in ecological research and in the process of decision-making. At the same time, much recent research indicates that, given the uncertain (if not chaotic) nature of marine ecosystems, practitioners{\textquoteright} knowledge - knowledge gained on the spot, in the course of production - is of key importance. The aim of the present project is to explore, with particular reference to Icelandic fishing, how indigenous producers acquire knowledge about the ecosystem within which they operate, how their knowledge about the ecosystem within which they operate, how their knowledge differs from that of professional biologists, and to what extent the former could be brought more systematically into the process of resource management for the purpose of ensuring sustainability. (author)}, keywords = {aquatic resources}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/36470157}, author = {Gísli Pálsson} } @booklet {492, title = {Linking social and ecological systems for resilience and sustainability {\textemdash} The case of the Baltic Sea fisheries}, howpublished = {Contribution outline to Sub-project of the Beijer Institute{\textquoteright}s Research Program on Property Rights}, year = {1994}, note = {This is a one-page contribution outline to the sub project of the Beijer Institute{\textquoteright}s Research Program on Property Rights}, month = {January 1994}, abstract = {My study will focus on the fisheries in the Baltic Sea, especially from Sweden{\textquoteright}s perspective. (author) }, keywords = {aquaculture, aquatic resources, Baltic Sea, fisheries}, author = {Monica Hammer} } @book {363, title = {Livestock for a small earth: The role of animals in a just and sustainable world}, year = {1994}, note = {Additional Contributors: James DeVries [and others]; illustrations by Barbara W. Carter; Heifer Project International}, month = {May 1994}, pages = {111}, publisher = {Seven Locks Press}, organization = {Seven Locks Press}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {This book is a collection of essays that share what has been learned over the course of half a century about how to make agricultural development socially just and environmentally sustainable. It is a primer on development assistance using animals.}, keywords = {Heifer Project, livestock, livestock projects, small farms, sustainable agriculture}, isbn = {0-929765-28-1; 978-0-929765-28-0}, editor = {Jerry Aaker} } @article {500, title = {A multilateral system for plant genetic resources: Imperatives, achievements and challenges}, journal = {Issues in Genetic Resoures}, year = {1994}, month = {May 1994}, abstract = {

Better use of plant genetic resources is critical to meeting the challenges of increasing food production and of alleviating poverty. All countries depend on plant genetic resources origination beyond their borders, which means that international cooperation is essential to secure continued access to these resources. International agreements are also necessary to guarantee their conservation. Both aims can be achieved only if there is an effective mechanism for sharing benefits with the countries that maintain these resources. This paper concludes that a multilateral system, within the framework of the Convention on Biological Diversity, is required to guarantee these objectives.

Because of the importance of plant genetic resources for food and agriculture, and their millennia-old history of evolution and exchange between and within farming cultures, they deserve special attention in the international debate on biodiversity. For agriculture, a multilateral approach is preferable, but can co-exist with bilateral arrangements for other uses.

The paper argues that in addition to national conservation efforts, there is a continuing need for international collections, maintained on behalf on the world community, such as those housed in the CGIAR centres. Furthermore, there is a need for a set of international agreements and cooperation mechanisms under a common legal framework, as well as an intergovernmental policy forum and an international fund. This would guarantee conservation of, and access to, plant genetic resources for food and agriculture and ensure the sharing of benefits. Broadening of plant breeding strategies is also required to allow the strengthening of linkages between conservation and development, and to ensure that benefits reach the farmers who continue to maintain and develop genetic resources. (author)

}, keywords = {biodiversity, plant genetics}, url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=uDXEx7n3A94C\&lpg=PP1\&pg=PP1$\#$v=onepage\&q\&f=false}, author = {David Cooper and Jan Engels and Emile A. Frison} } @article {431, title = {Nature and resources}, volume = {30}, year = {1994}, note = {Entire issue}, month = {1994}, publisher = {UNESCO}, abstract = {

Contents:

}, url = {https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000099708} } @article {628, title = {Noble savage or noble state? Northern myths and southern realities in biodiversity conservation}, journal = {Etnoecol{\'o}gica}, volume = {2}, year = {1994}, month = {April 1994}, pages = {7-19}, abstract = {Northern biological preservationists wish to keep biodiversity in untouched natural settings free of any human habitation. They see people who live and work there as threats to be educated and removed if at all possible. To achieve their desires, they trust strong governments to wield the stick to protect biodiversity. They believe in a "noble state." On the other hand, Northern cultural preservationist wish to see exotic peoples preserved as idealized, superior cultures which live in "harmony with nature," untainted by the market economy. They believe in "noble savages." These Northern desires, like Northern desires for economic growth, press Northern projections upon Southern realities. Myths are created by these projections. Where is the reality? (author)}, keywords = {indigenous and local community rights}, author = {Janis B. Alcorn} } @article {629, title = {Nonfarm employment in small-scale forest-based enterprises: Policy and environmental issues.}, journal = {Working Paper}, volume = {11}, year = {1994}, month = {March 1994}, abstract = {

Employment and income from non-farm activities are of increasing importance in the rural economy of developing countries. Small forest-based enterprise activities constitute one of the largest sources of such income. They also account for a large part of the total harvest from forests in many areas.

Many agriculturalists supplement their income through gathering and trading products such as forest foods, medicinal plants, and fuel wood. Small-scale manufacturing of items such as furniture, baskets, mats and craft goods constitute substantial informal sector industries. Income from these activities tends to be particularly important during seasonal shortfalls in food and cash crop income and in periods of drought or emergencies.

Ease of access to forest raw materials means that forest-based activities are particularly important for the poor and for women. However, some of the simpler activities provide very low returns to labor, and may thus provide only minimal and short-lived livelihood contributions. Some of the most important saleable forest products face uncertain markets because of growing competition from industrial or synthetic alternatives or domesticated sources of the materials. As demand grows, some activities are also threatened by depletion of, or reduced access to, forest resources.

In developing policies in support of sustainable activities, it is therefore important to be able to distinguish between those that have a potential to grow and those that do not. Policy issues include regulations that discriminate against the informal sector, policies that result in the shift from managed to uncontrolled open access use of forest resources, and restrictions on private production and sale of forest products that impede the development of farm-based sources of these products. (author).

}, keywords = {fuelwood}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/31479949}, author = {J. E. M. Arnold} } @article {630, title = {Nonsustainable use of renewable resources: Mangrove deforestation and mariculture in Ecuador}, journal = {Marine Resource Economics}, volume = {9}, year = {1994}, note = {4 charts}, month = {Spring 1994}, pages = {1-18}, abstract = {

The paper provides a conceptual model that examines

  1. open-access exploitation and
  2. mangrove deforestation as two potential causes for the scarcity of post-larval shrimp inputs to shrimp mariculture in Ecuador.

Results indicate that conversion of mangrove ecosystems to shrimp ponds may have obtained short-term profit at the expense of long-term productivity. Open-access collection of post-larval shrimp may also have contributed to dwindling stock levels. Specific policy recommendations are presented, and future empirical studies are proposed.

}, keywords = {biotic communities, deforestation, Ecuador, fisheries, mangrove plants, mariculture, renewable natural resources, shrimp}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1086/mre.9.1.42629577}, author = {Peter J. Parks and Manuel Bonifaz} } @article {693, title = {The power of local knowledge}, journal = {Geneflow}, year = {1994}, month = {1994}, pages = {17}, abstract = {This short piece discusses the importance of preserving biodiversity in nature. In this case the article focused on the diversity of turnips in the area of Marrakech, Morocco.}, keywords = {biodiversity, North Africa}, author = {Anonymous} } @booklet {496, title = {The Protect-An-Acre Program}, year = {1994}, month = {1994}, publisher = {Rainforest Action Network}, address = {San Fransico, CA}, abstract = {

A brochure.

Rainforest Action Network created the Protect-An-Acre program in 1991 to preserve the ecological and cultural integrity of the rainforest and its inhabitants. Protect-an-Acre provides funding to help forest peoples secure communal land title, guarantee land rights by marking boundaries, and implement projects that maintain the ecological balance of the forest and strengthen the rights and livelihood of its inhabitants. Rainforest Action a Network (RAN) believes this is the most effective means of maintaining ecological and cultural integrity.

}, keywords = {rainforests}, author = {Rainforest Action Network} } @article {648, title = {Secret gardens of the Kayap{\'o}}, journal = {Geneflow}, year = {1994}, month = {1994}, pages = {3}, keywords = {biodiversity, Kayapo}, author = {Anonymous} } @article {432, title = {Sustainability}, volume = {13}, year = {1994}, note = {Entire issue}, month = {October 1994}, abstract = {

Contains the following articles:

}, keywords = {Brazil, deforestation, environmental utility space, ethnobotany, Indonesia, international development, medicinal plants, rainforests, reforestation, tropical forests}, author = {BOS} } @book {410, title = {Tropical forest conservation and development: A bibliography}, year = {1994}, month = {1994}, publisher = {Forestry Library, University of Minnesota}, organization = {Forestry Library, University of Minnesota}, address = {St Paul, MN}, abstract = {This book is a bibliography containing citations on forest resources, deforestation, conservation and sustainable development, indigenous peoples, management, policy, and planning, trade and industrial development, nontimber forest products, research, education, training, and history.}, keywords = {agroforestry, fuelwood, trees}, author = {Jean Albrecht} } @article {845, title = {Using indigenous knowledge as a tool for socioeconomic development and biodiversity conservation in the hilly regions of India: The case of Kolli Hills}, year = {1994}, note = {See also: IK for socioeconomic development and biodiversity conservation: The Kolli hills}, month = {May 1994}, abstract = {

Report submitted to the Center for Global and Regional Environmental Research (CGRER).

The specific objectives of this paper are:

  1. to explore the diversity of indigenous knowledge systems of indigenous peoples of the Kolli Hills with respect to agroforestry systems;
  2. to identify the factors forcing indigenous peoples to engage in activities that erode agroforestry systems; and
  3. to formulate policy interventions for effectively using indigenous knowledge for meeting socioeconomic needs and conserving biodiversity. (author)
}, keywords = {bench terraces, deforestation, forest gardens, India, Kolli Hills, terraces, tree species}, author = {B. Rajasekaran and D. Michael Warren} } @book {405, title = {The wealth of communities: Stories of success in local environmental management}, year = {1994}, month = {1994}, pages = {213}, publisher = {Kumarian Press}, organization = {Kumarian Press}, address = {West Hartford, CT}, abstract = {So much written about the environment conveys unremitting doom and the sense that time is running out. The problems, are, indeed, serious, yet there are grounds for optimism, and communities all over the world are making intelligent use of the resources on which they depend. This book tells the stories of 10 such communities, from the Philippines to Poland, from Los Angeles to Zimbabwe, whether reviving depleted fisheries, finding novel ways of waste disposal, or controlling industrial pollution for their own needs while at the same time protecting the environment -- often in the face of hardship and opposition.}, keywords = {Calcutta, case studies, community organization, community participation, Costa Rica, developing countries, economic development, Ecuador, environmental aspects, environmental conditions, environmental management, environmental protection, human ecology, India, Krakow, Los Angeles, management, Mauritania, natural resources, Nepal, Philippines, sustainable development, Uganda, United States, Zimbabwe}, isbn = {978-1-56549-038-3}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/30567089}, author = {Charlie Pye-Smith} } @article {725, title = {Women and biodiversity}, journal = {Development: Journal of the Society for International Development (English Edition)}, year = {1994}, month = {1994}, pages = {67-71}, abstract = {

Balghis and Amna Badri discuss the important of biodiversity in understanding women\&$\#$39;s role in sustainable livelihoods using the example of Sudan.
The analysis of the links between women\&$\#$39;s issues and biodiversity identifies the following needs:

  1. documentation of women\&$\#$39;s knowledge, skills, and interventions in the interaction with the environment and satisfaction of survival needs;
  2. more research on how women develop skills and knowledge in dealing with survival needs;
  3. training of professional women in these fields and gender sensitizing of men;
  4. key leaders with knowledge about women\&$\#$39;s contributions to development;
  5. respecting women for their thoughtful contribution of knowledge and creative options;
  6. establishing a library resource of women\&$\#$39;s knowledge; and
  7. rewriting the biodiversity convention to account for rural population concerns.

Women\&$\#$39;s contribution to development engenders love for nature, life sustainability mechanisms, diversified skills, knowledge, and creativity. Biodiversity fulfills the basic needs of 40\% of the world economy and 80\% of the needs of the poor. Development has exacerbated poverty over the years, and women\&$\#$39;s groups must direct attention to policy, research, and actions which take into account women\&$\#$39;s issues. The example of Sudan exemplifies how women creatively use and depend upon ecological zones in deserts and savannahs for survival. Sudanese women invented over the past 2000 years 90 different fermented foods and drinks from grains and grew sorghum and millet to make 30 different food products. Creative ways to use dairy, vegetable, and fish products have been developed. Other uses were developed for frogs, locusts, cow urine, and tree products. Wild foods have been found to be nutritious, to cure medical problems, and to create cosmetics. Women\&$\#$39;s role in food production has been marginalized due to women\&$\#$39;s lack of power and low status in society and male researchers and policy makers ignorance of women\&$\#$39;s needs. A gender-focused policy and action plan would engender a grassroots and women\&$\#$39;s participatory approach to conserving biodiversity, small-scale programs that focus on women\&$\#$39;s needs, large-scale programs, if at all, that recognize women\&$\#$39;s needs, and poverty alleviation and food security conventions. Women in industrialized countries could learn more about ways to reduce consumption and to rely on healthier and indigenous methods which may be antithetical to multinational industries.

}, keywords = {biodiversity, Sudan, women{\textquoteright}s groups}, author = {Balghis Badri and Amna Badri} } @article {811, title = {African biodiversity: Foundation for the future. A framework for integrating biodiversity conservation and sustainable development}, year = {1993}, note = {Biodiversity Support Programme, a USAID-funded Consortium of World Wildlife Fund, the Nature Conservancy and World Resources Institute}, month = {1993}, institution = {Biodiversity Support Program}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {

This report reflects our belief that any effective conservation and development strategy for Africa must directly address the concerns of Africans themselves. During the conceptualization and writing of the report, we drew upon the guidance of a team of advisors \— mostly African women and men \— with experience in a variety of African geographic regions, institutions, and ecological systems. The input of these experts enabled us to focus the report on African priorities for biodiversity conservation. (author)

}, keywords = {Africa, biodiversity, conservation}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/30593020}, author = {K. Newman and J. Webster} } @article {428, title = {Agroforestry Seeds Circular - Number 3}, volume = {3}, year = {1993}, note = {Agroforestry Seed Information Clearinghouse. This publication is an offshoot of the Agroforestry Seeds issue of the Sustainable Agriculture Newsletter vol. 2, no.3, 1990}, month = {March 1993}, abstract = {

Contents:

}, keywords = {germplasm, rural development} } @conference {753, title = {Agronomic and socio-economic aspects of windbreaks in Southwest-Niger}, booktitle = {Paper presented at 4th International Symposium on Windbreaks and Agroforestry, July 26-30, 1993, Viborg, Denmark}, year = {1993}, month = {July 1993}, address = {Viborg, Denmark}, abstract = {The integration of socio-economic and cultural survey into agroforestry experiments and development projects already in the planning stage can assist in the choice of tree species and the planting system. In 1992, an on-station windbreak/millet experiment in Niger was combined with a survey of farmers and their wives from an adjacent village in order to evaluate local knowledge, perception and the attributed value of trees and shrubs. Millet yield were reduced by Acacia holosericea and Acacia nilotica up to a 2 and 8 m distance from the hedge, respectively, while Faidherbia albida showed no competition to millet. The survey showed that farmers appreciation of tree species was strongly related to agricultural issues; they considered F. albida as the most preferred tree because of its soil enrichment. Their wives, however, concentrated on household needs and ranked Combretum glutinosum first. Farmers were aware of wind erosion and crop competition effects of different species. This study provided evidence that long term studies on the technical aspects of windbreaks and agroforestry systems could gain substantially from the indigenous knowledge of rural people.}, keywords = {agroforestry, Niger, windbreaks}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/768076539}, author = {J. P. A. Lamers and K. Michels and B.E Allison and R. J. Vanderbeldt} } @article {429, title = {Anthropology in Action (entire issue)}, volume = {16}, year = {1993}, month = {Autumn 1993}, abstract = {

Contents:

}, keywords = {aboriginal self-government, activism, Amazon, cultural survival, development, Ecuador, ethnic violence, Inuit, petroleum development, rainforests} } @article {483, title = {ATTRAnews Digest: The electronic ATTRA Newsletter (entire issue)}, volume = {3}, year = {1993}, note = {See also: https://attra.ncat.org/newsletter-archives/}, month = {March 1993}, abstract = {

Contents:

}, keywords = {Appropriate Technology Transfer for Rural Areas (ATTRA)}, url = {https://attra.ncat.org/newsletter/news0793.html$\#$ATTRA\%20HELPS} } @conference {757, title = {Biodiversity and African anthropogenic landscapes: Two case studies from Sierra Leone}, booktitle = {Paper presented at Annual Meeting of the U.S. African Studies Association, 4-7 December 1993, Boston}, year = {1993}, month = {1993}, publisher = {[U.S. African Studies Association]}, organization = {[U.S. African Studies Association]}, address = {Boston, MA}, abstract = {This document reviews two case studies of biodiversity in human-affected landscapes in Sierra Leone. Both plant and animal (especially birds) diversity is discussed.}, keywords = {biodiversity, genetic resources, West Africa}, author = {H. Kandeh and S. Bobor and P. Richards} } @book {300, title = {Boundaries of home: Mapping for local empowerment}, series = {The New catalyst bioregional series no. 6}, year = {1993}, month = {1993}, pages = {138 pp.}, publisher = {New Society Publishers}, organization = {New Society Publishers}, address = {Gabriola Island, BC, Canada}, abstract = {This book discusses the making of maps as a means of getting to know one{\textquoteright}s locality and as a means of local empowerment. Various mapmaking applications are discussed, of varying degrees of sophistication, mostly in the contest of California and British Columbia. Locally made maps are important because they (1) acquaint the local people with their land and resources, and (2) they make it harder for outside agencies to exploit the local people unfairly.}, keywords = {cartography, environmental mapping, human ecology, landscape changes, maps}, isbn = {1-55092-207-6}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/28497226}, editor = {Doug Aberley} } @article {814, title = {Bridging project in international studies}, year = {1993}, month = {Spring 1993}, institution = {Ford Foundation}, abstract = {

Contents:

}, keywords = {biodiversity, democratization, eastern Europe, gender, Soviet Republics, sustainable development} } @article {433, title = {The Bulletin}, volume = {19}, year = {1993}, note = {Entire issue}, month = {March 1993}, abstract = {

Contents:

} } @article {434, title = {The Bulletin}, volume = {20}, year = {1993}, note = {Entire issue}, month = {June 1993}, abstract = {

Contents:

} } @article {435, title = {The Bulletin}, volume = {22}, year = {1993}, note = {Entire issue}, month = {March 1994}, abstract = {

Contents:

} } @article {525, title = {Can extractive reserves save the rain forest? An ecological and socioeconomic comparison of nontimber forest product extraction systems in Pet{\'e}n, Guatemala, and West Kalimantan, Indonesia}, journal = {Conservation Biology}, volume = {7}, year = {1993}, month = {March 1993}, pages = {39-52}, abstract = {

We compare existing non timber forest product extraction systems in Pet{\'e}n. Guatemala, and West Kalimantan, Indonesia, to identify key ecological, socioeconomic, and political factors in the design and implementation od extractive reserves. Ecological parameters include the spatial and temporal availability of harvested products and the sustainability of harvesting practices from both a population and an ecosystem perspective. Socioeconomic and political factors include the presence or absence well-defined resource tenure rights, physical and social infrastructure, markets, and alternative land uses. We conclude that although extractive reserves can play a significant role in preserving tropical forests as a part of a broader land-use spectrum, their effectiveness is highly dependent on prevailing local ecological, socioeconomic, and political conditions. Ultimately, extractive reserves should be regarded as one component of an overall approach to the problem of tropical deforestation.

}, keywords = {Guatemala, Indonesia, rainforests, sustainable agriculture, tropical deforestation}, doi = {10.1046/j.1523-1739.1993.07010039.x}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.1993.07010039.x}, author = {Nick Salafsky and Barbara L. Dugely and John W. Terborgh} } @book {304, title = {Community biodiversity development and conservation programme}, series = {Working Document no. 2}, year = {1993}, note = {Working document [2] for implementation phase [1] - 1994{\textendash}1997: as agreed by partners in Buga, Colombia, September 1993}, month = {14 October 1993}, pages = {35}, publisher = {CGN [Centre for Genetic Resources, The Netherlands]}, organization = {CGN [Centre for Genetic Resources, The Netherlands]}, address = {Wageningen}, abstract = {

This program is designed to unite two forms of crop improvement and conservation which operate side by side with little interaction. The institutional system linking genebanks with institutional and private industry, breeding, seed production and, ultimately, distribution to farmers. The non-institutional informal system is called the farmer/community system and uses local landraces and integrating conservation and utilization in a dynamic system of on-farm crop improvement and seed production. In most of the developing world the informal seed sector is much larger than the formal seed sector. The main difference is not between commercial and subsistence farms, but between crop types. It would be of great benefit for both systems if cooperation was established.

}, keywords = {biodiversity, germplasm}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/862982694}, author = {DLO-Centrum voor Plantenveredelings- en Reproduktieonderzoek (Wageningen) Center for Genetic Resources and Latin American Consortium for Agroecology and Development (Santiago) and Community Technology Development Association} } @article {533, title = {Community-based use of mangrove resources in St. Lucia}, journal = {International Journal of Environmental Studies}, volume = {43}, year = {1993}, month = {1993}, pages = {123-131}, abstract = {The sustainable use of mangrove forests can effectively contribute to their conservation. The experience with an integrated conservation-development project in St. Lucia showed that charcoal producers using mangrove fuelwood resources in a Marine Reserve Area have successfully changed their harvesting practices, reversing a trend of mangrove destruction. The conditions under which this change occurred included strengthening the organization of local users and their resource-use rights, and building a community-based management system, leading to the avoidance of open-access conditions. Surveys of the mangrove, undertaken before and after management intervention, showed that while the mean stand diameter of the fuelwood trees did not change significantly, there was an increase in the density of stems and in total basal area of timber.}, keywords = {agroforestry, Caribbean, charcoal , common property resources, fuelwood, mangrove swamps, renewable energy , rural development, St. Lucia}, doi = {10.1080/00207239308710819}, url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00207239308710819}, author = {Allan H. Smith and Fikret Berkes} } @conference {760, title = {Conservation of medicinal plant biodiversity in Nepal}, booktitle = {Paper presented at Pithecanthropus Centennial "Human Evolution in Its Ecological Context", June 26 - July 1, 1993, Leiden, The Netherlands}, year = {1993}, month = {1993}, address = {Leiden, The Netherlands}, abstract = {

Plant resources have long been used for a variety of purposes by the rural population in Nepal where varied climate and topography have marked impact in variation of biodiversity. Medicinal plants have an important role in rural economy and its primary health care. The excess collection of plants by the villagers as well as other human activities have left the natural habitat unable to regenerate.

It is aimed to determine the uses, exploitation, the rural concept about the forest, impact in the surrounding ecosystems and their related parameters of the endangered medicinal plants. It is a field-based ethnobotanical study and so the local problems and needs can be identified to help generate peoples\&$\#$39; participation in conservation of natural resources and the environment as well.

The study will identify the drawbacks and possible solutions suitable for local environment. Thus, it will serve the purpose of bridging between the national plan makers and the local inhabitants. (author)

}, keywords = {ethnobotany, ethnopharmacology, traditional medicine}, author = {Narayan P. Manandhar} } @inbook {761, title = {Culture and community values in the selection and maintenance of African rice: Implications for policy and management of a local agricultural germplasm resource of potential global significance}, booktitle = {Paper presented at Conference on Intellectual Property Rights and Indigenous Knowledge, 5-10 October 1993, The Granlibakken, Lake Tahoe}, year = {1993}, note = {

Also published in Valuing local knowledge: Indigenous people and intellectual property rights edited by Stephen B. Brush and Doreen Stabinsky. GF21.V37 1996 2nd floor Paterno. See url for the WorldCAT record of this book.

}, month = {Oct. 5-10 1993}, address = {Lake Tahoe}, abstract = {The first aim of the paper is to bring out the extent to which O. glaberrima biodiversity is a cultural product; specifically, the response of West African farming communities to the challenge of survival in a harsh environment with limited labor resources. A second, related aim is to underscore the potential obligation of the wider rice-dependent world to the communities and cultures that have provided them with this legacy of hardy rice germplasm.}, keywords = {biodiversity, Conservation of natural resources, economic conditions, environmental policy, ethnobotany, ethnophilosophy, human ecology, sustainable development}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/33047173}, author = {Paul Richards} } @article {816, title = {Culture based knowledge systems in development: Securing the foundations for a sustainable future}, year = {1993}, month = {1993}, institution = {ONAKE Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA)}, address = {Canada}, abstract = {Although this report focuses on the knowledge held by the approximately 5,000 indigenous, i.e. culturally distinct ethnic minority and/or tribal people groups world-wide, it as well addresses what is termed "local" or "peasant" knowledge systems. The principal objective of the study has been to document the utility and practicability of building upon and integrating the distinctive knowledge and skill resources held by indigenous peoples world-wide into Canadian ODA and NGO development activities. These knowledge systems cover such practical disciplines as: agronomy; natural resource and forestry management; aquaculture; human and veterinary medicine; nutrition; meteorology; social and management systems; familial based childhood education; consensus management; and environmental sciences. (author)}, keywords = {agronomy, aquaculture, culture, indigenous knowledge, knowledge systems, natural resource management, traditional medicine}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/988787997}, author = {Raymond Obomsawin} } @article {538, title = {Dalbergia melanoxylon: Valuable wood from a neglected tree}, journal = {NFT Highlights (NFTA 93-05): A quick guide to nitrogen fixing trees from around the world}, year = {1993}, month = {September 1993}, abstract = {Dalbergia melanoxylon produces one of the finest timbers in the world. Known in Tanzania as African ironwood, African ebony, mpingo, poyi or mugembe, round logs of this species fetch up to US$18,000/cubic meter. Yet the trees are seldom planted and little is known about their silviculture.}, keywords = {fuelwood}, url = {https://www.winrock.org/factnet-a-lasting-impact/fact-sheets/dalbergia-melanoxylon-valuable-wood-from-a-neglected-tree/}, author = {Ladislaus Nshubemuki} } @article {549, title = {Economic incentives for conserving biodiversity: Lessons for Africa}, journal = {Ambio}, volume = {22}, year = {1993}, month = {1993}, pages = {144-150}, abstract = {Economics provides a useful perspective on issues of biodiversity, at three levels. At the international level, governments may need to consider the impact of global economic policies, such as commodities prices, on biodiversity; and because the conservation of biodiversity provides global economic benefits, economic incentives should be provided to governments at the international level (for example, through the Global Environment Facility, but also through terms of trade). At the national level, governments need to be able to assess the impact of their policies on the biological resources of the country, and consider the utility of using a combination of economic incentives (such as differential access to resources, compensation for animal damage, subsidies and grants) and economic disincentives (such as fines and withholding of benefits) to promote conservation objectives. Governments need to address, the problem of "perverse incentives" - economic instruments which promote the destruction of biodiversity). Many government subsidies and foreign assistance projects have had such effects. At the level of government agencies responsible for conserving biodiversity, incentives can often be used to enhance the performance of staff, improve relations with surrounding communities, and provide long-term financial support to the agency. Examples from throughout Africa are provided to show how economic incentives can enable governments and the private sector to support national conservation objectives more efficiently than can traditional regulatory approaches.}, keywords = {Africa, biodiversity}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/4314059}, author = {Jeffrey A. McNeely} } @article {742, title = {The economic potential of Mexican rain forests: An ethnoecological approach}, year = {1993}, month = {1993}, abstract = {The research project has as its main objective to calculate the market value of all useful materials embodied in one hectare-plot of five sites containing tropical mature (1) and successional (4) forests of different ages, The samples will be carried out in three strategic regions of tropical Mexico ( La Chinantla, Oaxaca, Los Chimalapas, Oaxaca and La Lacandona, Chiapas), each one containing a different array of biological, social and cultural conditions. The analysis of each site will include the complete biological inventory as well as the identification of each useful and usable species of plant and animal.}, keywords = {rainforests, tropical forests}, author = {Victor M. Toledo} } @article {556, title = {External forces and change in traditional community-based fishery management systems in the Asia-Pacific Region}, journal = {MAST (Maritime Anthropological Studies)}, volume = {6}, year = {1993}, month = {1993}, pages = {1-37}, abstract = {In this paper I analyze and exemplify the historical and contemporary external forces that drive change in traditional community-based marine resource management systems in the Asia-Pacific Region. A summary of policy alternatives regarding the future of such systems is presented. (author)}, keywords = {Asia-Pacific Region, community-based resource management, policy}, url = {http://www.marecentre.nl/mast/documents/artikel1_003.pdf}, author = {Kenneth Ruddle} } @book {339, title = {Harvest Moonshine{\textquoteright} taking you for a ride: A critique of the rainforest harvest{\textemdash}Its theory and practice}, year = {1993}, note = {A shortened and edited version of this article appeared in The Ecologist vol. 23, no. 4, July/August 1993}, month = {1993}, pages = {16}, publisher = {Survival International}, organization = {Survival International}, address = {London}, abstract = {Some say that the "harvesting" of rainforest products and their marketing on an international level can save the forests and their inhabitants. Others, including the author of this article, believe this is at best a money-making gimmick and at worst a harmful idea which could have exactly the opposite effects and lead to more destruction. Focusing on the predicament of tribal peoples, the author argues that it is vital for their future that "harvest" ideology is rejected and that support for them is chanelled, not into purchasing power for forest products, but into a worldwide outcry demanding respect for their rights. These beliefs have been attacked by companies promoting the "harvest" and the debate has become a very serious difference of opinion, the eventual outcome of which could shape the way rainforests and tribal peoples{\textquoteright} issues are seen by the general public for years to come.}, keywords = {rainforests}, url = {http://assets.survivalinternational.org/static/files/books/harvestmoonshine.pdf}, author = {Stephen Corry} } @article {737, title = {In good hands: Sustainable agriculture in the Lancandon Rainforest}, year = {1993}, month = {February 5, 1993}, abstract = {This is a proposal for the making of a videotape to document the work of Dr. James Nations. He is an ecological anthropologist. His work mainly entails the study of the Lancandon Rainforest. The video will document his most recent trip for observing the Lancandons. Kibben and Bartz{\textquoteright}s target audiences are public television viewers, policymakers of countries with tropical forests, educational institutions, and the tropical farmers themselves. The proposal also gives the benefits of the use of the tape, the backgrounds of everyone involved and a breakdown of production costs. Lastly, the proposal includes the letter of intent to back the project from the Film Arts Foundation.}, keywords = {intercropping}, author = {Steve Bartz and Jaime Kibben} } @booklet {490, title = {Indigenous biodiversity network}, year = {1993}, month = {10/28/1993}, abstract = {

For more information contact: Alejandro Argumedo, Suite 6620, 1 Nicholas St., Ottawa, ON Canada K1N 7B7

A statement submitted to an intergovernmental committee on the convention of biological diversity. This discusses the rights of indigenous people the world over and the importance of their knowledge. In regards to their rights, they state some specific actions to help stop the exploitation of their land and their knowledge. While offering their help with issues such as conservation, they feel they are unjustly deprived of the rewards and benefits made possible because of their help. Together with government organizations, they will help restore the earth to a more natural state to the benefit of all.

}, keywords = {biodiversity, intellectual property rights}, author = {Alejandro Argumedo} } @inbook {881, title = {Indigenous knowledge and biodiversity}, booktitle = {Harvesting nature{\textquoteright}s diversity}, year = {1993}, month = {October 1993}, publisher = {Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO)}, organization = {Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO)}, address = {Rome}, abstract = {For centuries rural peoples have encouraged and relied upon biodiversity for their livelihoods. Farmers have managed genetic resources for as long as they have cultivated crops. For some 12,000 years, they have selected varieties of crops and livestock breeds to meet environmental conditions and diverse nutritional and social needs. The immense genetic diversity of traditional farming systems is the product of human innovation and experimentation -- both historic and ongoing. This has been recognized in FAO by the resolution on farmers{\textquoteright} rights that acknowledges the past, present and future contributions of farmers in conserving, improving and making available plant genetic resources, and that they should be rewarded for their contributions.}, keywords = {biodiversity, genetic diversity}, url = {http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/004/V1430E/V1430E00.htm$\#$TOC}, author = {Office of Director-General, FAO [Edouard Saouma, Director General]} } @article {824, title = {Indigenous knowledge and drought in the arid zone of Rajasthan [India]: Weather prediction as a means to cope with a hazardous climate}, year = {1993}, month = {March 1993}, institution = {Zurich Departement Wald-Und Holzforschung}, address = {Z{\"u}rich}, abstract = {This paper is the result of a first step of a cooperation between two sociologists as members of scientific research units in which the consideration of socio-cultural aspects of environment gains momentum. They emphasize the importance of the consideration of indigenous knowledge in the development process of areas with precarious environmental conditions. In their contribution they highlight the immense value of autochthonous perceptions of particularly rural surroundings to face future challenges and to safeguard the sustainable physical, social and cultural persistence of the semi-arid area of Rajasthan. (author)}, keywords = {agroforestry, drought, India, local knowledge, Rajasthan}, author = {L. P. Bharara and Klaus Seeland} } @proceedings {347, title = {Indigenous knowledge and sustainable development: 25 selected papers presented at the international symposium held by the International Institute of Rural Reconstruction, September 20-26, 1992}, year = {1993}, publisher = {Regional Program for the Promotion of Indigenous Knowledge in Asia, International Institute of Rural Reconstruction}, address = {Silang, Cavite, Philippines}, abstract = {

Contains the following papers:

}, keywords = {agricultural innovations, aquaculture, congresses, ecology, fish culture, Java, Kasepuhan, rice, rice-fish culture, sustainable development}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/820560133}, author = {International Institute of Rural Reconstruction (IIRR)} } @article {590, title = {Indigenous knowledge for biodiversity conservation}, journal = {Ambio}, volume = {22}, year = {1993}, note = {

ArticleType: research-article
Issue Title: Biodiversity: Ecology, Economics, Policy
Full publication date: May 1993
Copyright \© 1993 Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences See also: http://repository.ias.ac.in/64142/1/21_pub.pdf (open repository).

}, month = {May 1, 1993}, pages = {151-156}, abstract = {Indigenous peoples with a historical continuity of resource-use practices often possess a broad knowledge base of the behavior of complex ecological systems in their own localities. This knowledge has accumulated through a long series of observations transmitted from generation to generation. Such "diachronic" observations can be of great value and complement the "synchronic" observations on which western science is based. Where indigenous peoples have depended, for long periods of time, on local environments for the provision of a variety of resources, they have developed a stake in conserving, and in some cases, enhancing, biodiversity. They are aware that biological diversity is a crucial factor in generating the ecological services and natural resources on which they depend. Some indigenous groups manipulate the local landscape to augment its heterogeneity, and some have been found to be motivated to restore biodiversity in degraded landscapes. Their practices for the conservation of biodiversity were grounded in a series of rules of thumb which are apparently arrived at through a trial and error process over a long historical time period. This implies that their knowledge base is indefinite and their implementation involves an intimate relationship with the belief system. Such knowledge is difficult for western science to understand. It is vital, however, that the value of the knowledge-practice-belief complex of indigenous peoples relating to conservation of biodiversity is fully recognized if ecosystems and biodiversity are to be managed sustainably. Conserving this knowledge would be most appropriately accomplished through promoting the community-based resource-management systems of indigenous peoples.}, keywords = {biodiversity, South America}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/4314060}, author = {Madhav Gadgil and Fikret Berkes and Carl Folke} } @book {350, title = {Indigenous peoples{\textquoteright} politics: An introduction, Volume I}, series = {Working paper (Technische Hogeschool Twente. Vakgroep Ontwikkelingskunde)}, year = {1993}, month = {1993}, publisher = {University of Colorado at Denver, Fourth World Center for the Study of Indigenous Law and Politics}, organization = {University of Colorado at Denver, Fourth World Center for the Study of Indigenous Law and Politics}, address = {Denver, CO}, abstract = {

Contains the following papers:

}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/35239582}, editor = {Marc A. Sills and Glenn T. Morris} } @inbook {772, title = {Indigenous practices of aquatic resource management in the dry zone of Sri Lanka}, booktitle = {Human evolution in its ecological context: Proceedings of the Pithecanthropus Centennial 1893-1993 Congress, under the auspices of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences}, year = {1993}, note = {Paper presented at Pithecanthropus Centennial "Human Evolution in its Ecological Context", June 26-July 1, 1993, Leiden, The Netherlands}, month = {6/26-7/1/1993}, publisher = {Pithecanthropus Centennial Foundation, Leiden University}, organization = {Pithecanthropus Centennial Foundation, Leiden University}, address = {Leiden, The Netherlands}, abstract = {

Aquatic resources, mainly fish and aquatic plants, play an important role as a source of food in the traditional villages in the Dry Zone of Sri Lanka. Therefore, the villagers have traditionally developed various practices which lead to sustainable utilization of aquatic resources.

This study is an attempt to explore such practices pertaining to fishery. In the Dry Zone where scarcity of water is the major constraint to all human activities, village settlements are located in close proximity to the irrigation tanks. In every village, aquatic resources are found in association with the village-irrigation tank, its distributory canal system and the buffalo wallow, the pool in which the water drained from the paddy tract is accumulated.

Indigenous practices which contribute to the sustainable utilization of fishery resources are threefold:

  1. institutional,
  2. technological and
  3. ecological.

While various cultural limitations on fishing rights, rules and regulations pertaining to fishery and powers of the village leadership prevent the over-exploitation of fishery resources, the implements and techniques used for fishing, including trapping and poisoning, were traditionally designed in such a way that they would not cause over-fishing. The ecological set-up maintained by the villagers around the water bodies was also conducive to the sustainability of the fishery. However, all these indigenous practices are now increasingly disappearing in the face of modernization. (author)

}, keywords = {aquaculture, aquatic resources, human ecology}, isbn = {90-802652-1-7; 978-90-802652-1-9}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/36381768}, author = {Rohana Ulluwishewa}, editor = {L. Jan Slikkerveer} } @article {594, title = {Inga edulis: A tree for acid soils in the humid tropics}, journal = {NFT Highlights}, volume = {93-04}, year = {1993}, note = {A publication of the Forest, Farm, and Community Tree Network (FACT Net)}, month = {September 1993}, abstract = {A quick guide to useful nitrogen-fixing trees from around the world. Inga is a large genus of leguminous trees native to the American humid tropics. Inga edulis, the best known of the Inga species, is popular with agroforesters for its rapid growth, tolerance of acid soils and high production of leafy biomass to control weeds and erosion.}, keywords = {agroforestry, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, forest genetics, forestry, genetic resources, Inga, Panama, Peru, trees, tropical forests, tropical trees}, url = {https://www.winrock.org/factnet-a-lasting-impact/fact-sheets/inga-edulis-a-tree-for-acid-soils-in-the-humid-tropics/}, author = {Anna Lawrence} } @conference {890, title = {Knowledge systems in agroforestry}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the Workshop on Research Methodologies and Applications for Pacific Island Agroforestry July 16-20, 1990, Kolonia, Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia}, series = {General technical report PSW-GTR-140}, year = {1993}, month = {1993}, pages = {75-77}, publisher = {U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station (Berkeley, CA)}, organization = {U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station (Berkeley, CA)}, address = {Albany, CA}, abstract = {

Pacific Islands agroforestry has evolved into sustainable, diverse and productive land use systems in many areas. We marvel at these systems, and the scientific world is trying to catch up with the traditional knowledge.

At the same time, Pacific Islands farmers are abandoning their agroforestry systems in great numbers. It is mainly intensified agriculture for cash crop production that follows. Soil erosion and soil fertility deficiencies are close companions of this intensification.

Why do land use systems that have been operative for centuries disappear so easily? Can \"modern\" agroforestry systems lead to the destruction of \"traditional\" ones? The paper explores the importance of knowledge systems in agroforestry innovations. (author)

}, url = {https://www.fs.fed.us/psw/publications/documents/psw_gtr140/psw_gtr140.pdf}, author = {Wieland K{\"u}nzel} } @article {612, title = {Los huertos familiares mayas en X-uilub, Yucat{\'a}n, M{\'e}xico. Aspectos generales y estudio comparativo entre la flora de los huertos familiares y la selva}, journal = {Biotica}, volume = {nueva epoca}, year = {1993}, month = {1993}, pages = {19-36}, abstract = {Within the general framework of forest management by the Maya, some general aspects of homgardens in X-uilub are presented such as their floristic compostition and structure as well as the factors that determine these characteristics. X-uilub is located in the western region of Yucatan and it is a good example of traditional management in this zone. Taking into consideration the similarity of species in both the homegardens and the forest, a comparative statistical analysis of all species present in the areas of intensive and extensive use as well as in the forest was carried out. Using mean values derived from number of individuals present per unit of analysis, eight different patterns of distribution of species were identified. The results suggest that there is a mosaic made up of different succession stages, and those species that belong to each stage are utilized, obtaining in this fashion greater benefits due to an expanded plant richness. (author)}, keywords = {agroforestry, home gardens, Mexico, Yucatan}, author = {Natividad Herrera Castro} } @book {370, title = {Peasant participation in community reforestation: Four communities in the Department of Cuzco, Peru}, series = {Community Forestry Case Study Series no. 7}, year = {1993}, month = {1993}, pages = {58}, publisher = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}, organization = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}, address = {Rome}, abstract = {This case study examines the history of government-sponsored communal afforestation efforts in four communities of the Cuzco Region of Peru. The monograph conveys the village perspective on three decades of afforestation, analyzing the differential impact of tree planting efforts on various sub-groups within the village. In this manner the study examines the incentives and disincentives to tree planting for distinct groups of community members. The study also assesses the constraints to reforestation and the costs and benefits distribution problems these communities have faced. Finally, the book provides some general guidance as to factors that encourage or discourage participation in tree planting activities. (author)}, keywords = {agroforestry, reforestation}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/39193387}, author = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)} } @inbook {910, title = {Property-rights regimes and coastal fisheries: An empirical analysis}, booktitle = {The political economy of customs and culture: Informal solutions to the commons problem}, year = {1993}, note = {

Credited in Warren Bibliography as Workshop in Political Theory and Policy Analysis, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, R93-10

Also available online from Google Books

}, month = {1993}, pages = {13-41}, publisher = {Rowman \& Littlefield}, organization = {Rowman \& Littlefield}, address = {Lanham, MD}, abstract = {Since different bundles of rights affect the behavior of resource users, it is crucial that in analyzing common pool resources the types of property rights held by users be made explicity. Defining how fishing grounds may be used substantially affects whether fishers resolved common pool resource dilemmas. The term "common property" can{\textquoteright}t begin to capture the diversity of rights held in common by resource users. Instead, a more precise language that captures meaningful differences among different property rights regimes.}, keywords = {aquatic resources, common property, fishing grounds, marine}, isbn = {0933595123; 978-0933595125}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/26587148}, author = {Edella Schlager and Elinor Ostrom}, editor = {Terry L. Anderson and Randy T. Simmons} } @proceedings {475, title = {Report of the Seminar on the Role of Community Participation in Integrated Coastal Fisheries Management, Port-of-Spain (Trinidad), 19 August 1993}, year = {1993}, note = {FAO/UNDP Project FI:DP/INT/91/007 "Integrated Coastal Fisheries Management"}, month = {August 1993}, address = {Port-of-Spain, Trinidad}, abstract = {

Coastal zones play a very important role in world development, in fact, these areas are among the fastest growing in terms of both people and economic activities as stated by project co-ordinator for project INT/91/007 in his address to the seminar on the Role of Community Participation in Integrated Coastal Fisheries Management.

The three principal strategy elements identified for the pilot project in the Gulf of Paria included:

The seminar theme cut across all three strategy elements and rightly placed the communities at the center of our attention as there would be no significant progress in the management of fisheries, the coastal zone or the environment without the active participation of the concerned communities. (author)

}, keywords = {aquaculture, Caribbean, coastal zones, common property, community management, community participation, fish, fisheries, Gulf of Paria, natural resources, resource management, Spain, Trinidad, turtle}, author = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and UNDP (United Nations Development Programme)} } @article {843, title = {Traditional ecological knowledge, biodiversity, resilience and sustainability}, year = {1993}, note = {

Later published as:

Berkes F., Folke C., Gadgil M. (1994) Traditional Ecological Knowledge, Biodiversity, Resilience and Sustainability. In: Perrings C.A., M{\"a}ler KG., Folke C., Holling C.S., Jansson BO. (eds) Biodiversity Conservation. Ecology, Economy \& Environment, vol 4. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1006-8_15

}, month = {1993}, institution = {Beijer International Institute of Ecological Economics}, address = {Stockholm, Sweden}, abstract = {Traditional peoples who depended on their local ecosystems for their essential needs, have accumulated by trial-and-error a rich body of local environmental knowledge, and in several cases elaborated resource management systems, and developed institutions appropriate for implementing these systems. Biodiversity conservation appears to be integral to many traditional management systems from tropical forests to coastal fisheries. For example, some groups manipulate the local landscape to augment its heterogeneity, use conservation "rules of thumb" to help use species-rich communities sustainable, and intergrate the production of several multispecies systems. Thus, self-interest of traditional peoples has been key to biodiversity maintenance. As traditional peoples are integrated into the global economy and come under various pressures, they often lose their resource base, and in the long run, their knowledge systems, social institutions, and their world view which shapes their relations with the environment. The process of decoupling of traditional peoples from their resource base is likely to reduce the resilience of their social systems, as well as their local ecosystems through biodiversity loss. We make the argument in this chapter that the two are related, and the reduction of resilience will make both social and ecological systems more fragile. One challenge for biodiversity conservation is to learn from the knowledge-practice-belief complex of traditional peoples. But a perhaps more important challenge is to implement elements of it in "new TEK" systems which allow feedbacks from the environment, and respond to them in a more resilient way than do current day management practices. (author)}, author = {Fikret Berkes and Carl Folke and Madhav Gadgil} } @conference {805, title = {Traditional ecological knowledge in perspective}, booktitle = {Traditional ecological knowledge: Concepts and cases}, year = {1993}, month = {March 1993}, pages = {1-10}, publisher = {Winnepeg, Manitoba, Canada}, organization = {Winnepeg, Manitoba, Canada}, address = {International Program on Traditional Ecological Knowledge/IDRC}, abstract = {This paper deals with the concept of Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK). It outlines a definition of TEK and the spread of the idea. Included is a section on the similarities and differences between indigenous science and Western Science. Also included is a section on the practical applications/importance of TEK.}, keywords = {ecology, indigenous knowledge}, url = {https://library.umac.mo/ebooks/b10756577a.pdf}, author = {Fikret Berkes}, editor = {Julian T. Inglis} } @book {411, title = {Tropical forest conservation and development: A bibliography}, series = {Manual (Environmental and Natural Resources Policy and Training Project) no. 1}, year = {1993}, month = {[1993]}, pages = {250}, publisher = {EPAT/MUCIA-Research \& Training, University of Wisconsin{\textemdash}Madison}, organization = {EPAT/MUCIA-Research \& Training, University of Wisconsin{\textemdash}Madison}, address = {Madison, WI}, abstract = {This book is a bibliography containing citations on forest resources, deforestation, conservation and sustainable development, indigenous peoples, management, policy, and planning, trade and industrial development, nontimber forest products, research, education, training, and history.}, keywords = {agroforestry, fuelwood, trees}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/28478635}, author = {Jean Albrecht} } @article {846, title = {Using rapid rural appraisal techniques of Dache Gofara Peasant Association in Boloso Sorie Wereda: Report of diagnostic survey}, year = {1993}, month = {April 1993}, institution = {FARM Africa}, address = {Addis Ababa, Ethiopia}, abstract = {

This is a report of a Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA) survey which was carried out in the area of the Dache Gofara Peasant Association (PA) of Boloso Sorie (Areka) Werenda in the North Omo zone, South Ethiopia. The objectives of the survey include: to identify crop production contraints and their effects on specific crops produced; to assess ways and means of maximising production and utilising the available limited resources in the PA; to survey natural and socio-economic conditions that influence production systems in the area with the view to identify farmers\&$\#$39; priorities or solutions for the constraints and their \"best bets\" development options; and, to identify the needs of women, and ways in which they themselves could actively participate in their specific development activities. (author)

The farmers identified three types of soils in the PA area. Perennial crops, eucalyptus trees, and a variety of other tree species cover the area throughout the year.

}, keywords = {agriculture, agroforestry, Ethiopia, livestock, social structure, water resources }, url = {https://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=ET19940094237}, author = {Simon Adebo} } @article {847, title = {Using rapid rural appraisal techniques of Gersale Village in Duraite Peasants Association in Konso Wereda: Report of diagnostic survey}, year = {1993}, month = {May 1993}, institution = {FARM Africa}, address = {Addis Ababa, Ethiopia}, abstract = {

This is a report of a diagnostic study, using Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA) techniques. The main objective of the field work was to give trainees practice in the RRA approach and only secondary was the objectives to do RRA diagnostic study that could guide further development efforts by the community in collaboration with government and non-government organisations in Konso. (author)

Sections of this report include:

}, keywords = {agroforestry, cropping patterns, land use, livestock, social structure, trees, water resources }, url = {https://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=ET9300195}, author = {Simon Adebo} } @article {427, title = {Agroforestry Seeds Circular - Number 2}, volume = {2}, year = {1992}, note = {Agroforestry Seed Information Clearinghouse. This publication is an offshoot of the Agroforestry Seeds issue of the Sustainable Agriculture Newsletter vol. 2, no.3, 1990}, month = {January 1992}, abstract = {

Contents:

}, keywords = {germplasm} } @article {669, title = {The animal diet of families from B{\'u}zios Island (Brazil): An optimal foraging approach.}, journal = {Journal of Human Ecology}, volume = {3}, year = {1992}, month = {1992}, pages = {433-458}, abstract = {B{\'u}zios Island and its fishing community is located in southeast Brazil, on the coast of Sao Paulo State. Fish represent 68\% of the animal protein consumed by families from B{\'u}zios. The main issue of this study is to understand how islanders rank animal food, using optimal foraging theory. Meals taken by twelve families were sampled and interviews were performed with islanders. The variables used to understand the food ranking are: calories, proteins, fish prices, fish boniness, availability of resources and "preference" (given by islanders). Fish availability and boniness determine what islanders eat, prefer and sell. Food preferences also influences the consumption of food and price influences the fish harvest. Islanders are partially consuming the high ranked animals, based on a ratio of caloric content/boniness and following predictions of the optimal prey choice model. Moreover, high income families consume more calories, including the top ranked food (jerky). Our results suggest that the inclusion of currencies other than calories in human foraging models are feasible and also necessary to make these models more realistic. (author)}, keywords = {nutrition}, author = {Alpina Begossi and Peter J. Richerson} } @booklet {489, title = {Charter of the indigenous-tribal peoples of the tropical forests: Statement of the International Alliance of the Indigenous-Tribal Peoples of the Tropical Forests}, year = {1992}, month = {02/15/1992}, publisher = {International Alliance of the Indigenous-Tribal Peoples of the Tropical Forests}, abstract = {This document outlines the rights of indigenous peoples concerning: territory, decision-making, development policy, forest policy, biodiversity and conservation, intellectual property, research, institutions, and education.}, keywords = {biodiversity, tropical forests}, url = {http://theinternational-alliance.org/charter/}, author = {International Alliance of the Indigenous and Tribal Peoples of the Tropical Forests} } @conference {759, title = {Community-based coastal fishery management in the Philippines: A review on small island coral reef fishery management}, booktitle = {Workshop on Indigenous Knowledge and Sustainable Development in the Philippines, June 24-26 1992, Silang, Cavite, Philippines}, year = {1992}, month = {June 1992}, address = {Silang, Cavite, Philippines}, abstract = {

When there is public outcry on the destruction of natural resources, the classic response of government is to impose legislations such as total log ban or closure of fishing grounds. However, experience has not shown that legislative measures alone do not solve the problem since the displaced users of the resource will still continue to practice their trade for subsistence. With minimal effect of legislation in conserving natural resources, government has turned to the users for assistance in the management of resources by what is now popularly known as community-based resource management.

Silliman University, based in central Visayas, initiated this management scheme for coral reef fishery resources in four island communities in the central Visayas region of the Philippines, namely: Sumilon Island, Apo Island, Balicasag Island, and Pamilacan Island. This paper describes the experience of the community-based coastal fishery resource management implementors, problems encountered in the implementation, and success of the endeavor. Added to this are the personal observations by the author during his recent visit to Balicasag Island and Apo Island, describing the lasting effects in involving the fisherfolk in managing their own resources using the knowledge they learned through years of experience plus new technology introduced by an educational institution. (author).

}, keywords = {aquaculture, marine conservation}, author = {Efren Flores} } @book {308, title = {Conservation of biodiversity in Africa: Local initiatives \& institutional roles: Conference programme \& abstracts}, year = {1992}, month = {8/30-9/3/1992 }, pages = {66}, publisher = {National Museums of Kenya}, organization = {National Museums of Kenya}, address = {Nairobi, Kenya}, abstract = {

Contains information on:

}, keywords = {Africa, biodiversity}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/32051866}, author = {National Museums of Kenya} } @book {309, title = {Conserving biodiversity: A research agenda for development agencies (Report of a panel of the Board on Science and Technology for International Development, U.S. National Research Council)}, year = {1992}, note = {Contributors include Raven, Peter H (Director); National Research Council (U.S.). Panel on Biodiversity Research Priorities; National Research Council (U.S.). Office of International Affairs}, month = {January 1992}, pages = {x, 127}, publisher = {National Academy Press}, organization = {National Academy Press}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {This book discusses many aspects to the conservation of biodiversity. First, it discusses the biological aspects of conservation including: surveys, conservation research, information needs, and human resources. Next, it discusses the socioeconomic context of conservation including: project and country-level research, international economic research, and global macroeconomic research. It then discusses the cultural context of conserving biodiversity including: the local management systems, using local knowledge, and identifying priority groups. Lastly, it proposes recommendations for implementing these policies. In conclusion, it stresses the importance of implementing these programs as soon as possible to protect the remaining biodiversity.}, keywords = {biodiversity conservation, Conservation of natural resources}, isbn = {0-309-04683-1}, url = {https://doi.org/10.17226/1925}, author = {U.S. National Research Council, Board on Science and Technology for International Development} } @book {317, title = {Draft user{\textquoteright}s manual for FISHBASE: A biological database on fishes}, series = {ICLARM Contribution no. 861}, year = {1992}, note = {This is a user{\textquoteright}s manual. Disc not included. The database is available online.}, month = {September 1992}, pages = {47}, publisher = {International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management (ICLARM)}, organization = {International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management (ICLARM)}, address = {Manila, Philippines}, abstract = {FISHBASE is a biological database on fishes developed by the International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management (ICLARM) in collaboration with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and with the support of the Commission of the European Communities (CEC). FISHBASE presents information on all aspects of ichthyology and of fishes as resources, notably on their nomenclature, distribution, ecology, reproduction, growth, mortality, etc.}, keywords = {aquatic resources, database, fish}, url = {http://www.fishbase.org}, author = {Rainer Froese and Maria Lourdes D Palomares and Daniel Pauly} } @article {551, title = {Effects of trees on paddy bund on soil fertility and rice growth in Northeast Thailand}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {18}, year = {1992}, month = {June 1992}, pages = {213-223}, abstract = {

A study was conducted in Northeast Thailand on six rice paddy fields on a farm with similar soil (Aquic Quartzipsamments) and with a single tree on the paddy bund. There were 4 tree species: Parinarium anamense, Dipterocarpus obtusifolius, D. intricatus, and Samanea saman. Samples of soil (0-10 cm depth) and rice were collected at 3 positions (1, 5-7, and 9-11 m) away from the tree base in 3 replicated tree-soil trasects in each paddy field. Significantly higher pH, organic matter, and nutrients (N, P, K, Ca, and Mg) were found in paddy fields with S. saman (a legume tree) but grain yield and biomass of rice were significantly lower. Higher soil fertility was found in the positions closer to tree base while grain yields, biomass, and number of tillers were lower, and rice was taller and had more unfilled grain. Shading was deduced to be the key factor responsible for the depressed rice yields and growth at positions closer to tree base especially in the highly shading S. saman.

}, keywords = {minerals, northeast Thailand, paddy, rice, soil fertility, trees}, doi = {10.1007/BF00123318}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00123318}, author = {S. Sae-Lee and P. Vityakon and B. Prachaiyo} } @conference {763, title = {FISHBASE as a worldwide computerized repository of ethno-ichthyology or indigenous knowledge on fishes}, booktitle = { Indigenous knowledge and sustainable development: 25 selected papers presented at the international symposium held by the International Institute of Rural Reconstruction, September 20-26, 1992}, year = {1992}, month = {1992}, address = {Silang, Cavite, Philippines}, abstract = {FISHBASE is a computerized encyclopedia on the fishes of the world, presently developed at ICLARM, in cooperation with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and numerous other institutions throughout the world. It is shown that the flexible structure of FISHBASE can accommodate both recent and ancient ethno-ichthyological information, i.e. "indigenous knowledge", not generally considered part of ichthyology. Readers are invited to cooperate with the FISHBASE project, and help turn this relational database into the world{\textquoteright}s database on indigenous knowledge of fish. (author)}, keywords = {aquaculture}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/820560133}, author = {M. L. D. Palomares and D. Pauly} } @book {328, title = {Fisheries management in the Pacific: Tradition and the challenges of development in Marovo, Solomon Islands}, series = {Discussion Paper no. 32}, year = {1992}, note = {Series title variation: Discussion paper (United Nations Research Institute for Social Development) 32}, month = {March 1992}, pages = {23}, publisher = {United Nations Research Institute for Social Development}, organization = {United Nations Research Institute for Social Development}, address = {Geneva, Switzerland}, abstract = {This paper, a commissioned study under the UNRISD Research Programme on "Sustainable Development Through People{\textquoteright}s Participation in Resource Management," examines a case of traditional fisheries-related resource management; a case in which local people, from a basis of traditional, "common property" control over the sea and its resources handle a multitude of development issues. Presenting first some important issues relating to people{\textquoteright}s role in fisheries management and to the "common property" debate, we then describe a traditional system for management of land and sea resources in a Pacific Islands society - that of Marovo Lagoon, Solomon Islands. Emphasis is given to fisheries resources, with a view to explaining in practical terms how the customary marine tenure system operates under the social, political, economic and ecological circumstances of change arising from development pressures. Against this background, assessments are made of the viability of this traditional fisheries management system under present conditions of centralized political control and of both external and internal pressures for large-scale resource development enterprises. (author)}, keywords = {fishery management, Solomon Islands}, author = {Edvard Hviding and Graham B. K. Baines} } @article {564, title = {Food taboos and folk medicine among fishermen from the Tocantins River (Brazil)}, journal = {Amazoniana}, volume = {12}, year = {1992}, month = {January 1992}, pages = {101-118}, abstract = {Fish utilization for food and folk medicine, and fish preference of families from the Tocantins river were studied. Questionnaires were used in the 234 interviews performed in cities, towns and scattered houses located along 100 km of river stretch. Curimat{\'a} (Prochilodus nigricans) is the most consumed fish and pacu-manteiga (Mylossoma duriventre) the most preferred species. The fish species avoided are correlated with the species used in folk medicine. Food taboos, or fish species not consumed during illness, are also cited. The usefulness of fish species for folk medicine and the piscivorous habits of most fish quoted as not consumed partially explain the food choices of fishermen. These explanations conform to materialist theories in cultural ecology.}, keywords = {Brazil, diet, fishing communities, food taboos, Rio Tocantins}, author = {Alpina Begossi and Francisco Manoel de Souza Braga} } @article {568, title = {Foresters{\textquoteright} beliefs about farmers: A priority for social science research in social forestry}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {17}, year = {1992}, month = {January 1992}, pages = {13-41}, abstract = {

This study suggests that one of the most productive (and most neglected) uses of social science research in forestry development projects is to examine foresters\&$\#$39; beliefs regarding rural peoples. This suggestion is illustrated with data from the Forestry Planning and Development Project, Pakistan\&$\#$39;s first nation-wide social forestry project.

The operational component of this project, intended to assist small farmers to cultivate trees on their farmlands, ran into immediate difficulties. Many of the foresters involved insisted that small farmers were simply not interested in tree cultivation. A comprehensive base-line study subsequently was carried out to examine the validity of this belief. The results of this study (confirmed by the subsequent experience with the project in the field) varied markedly from the foresters\&$\#$39; beliefs.

While many of the foresters believed small farmers were opposed to having trees on their farms and would not agree to plant trees under the project, most farmers already had trees on their farms and expressed interest in planting more; while many foresters believed farmers would only be interested in planting large blocks of market-oriented exotics, most farmers requested small plantings of multi-purpose native trees; while many foresters believed farmers would plant trees only for market sale, most farmers requested trees to meet household needs for fuel and timber; and while many foresters did not think that increasing supplies of fuelwood could reduce the burning of dung, all of the evidence provided by the farmers suggested that it would.

The disparity between farmer reality and forester belief is attributed to failures on the part of both foresters and social scientists - failure by foresters to distinguish their non-empirical beliefs about farmers from their empirically-based knowledge of trees, and failure by social scientists to recognize the belief systems of foresters as a legitimate and important object of study. Their study comprises three parts: finding out what the foresters think the farmers want, finding out from the farmers what they actually want, and then analyzing and explaining the differences.

}, keywords = {agroforestry, farm, forester beliefs, fuelwood, institutional factors, Pakistan, social sciences, socioeconomics}, doi = {10.1007/BF00122925}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00122925}, author = {Michael R. Dove} } @book {336, title = {Global biodiversity strategy: Policy-makers{\textquoteright} guide}, year = {1992}, month = {1992}, pages = {35 pp.}, publisher = {World Resources Institute}, organization = {World Resources Institute}, address = {[Washington, DC]}, abstract = {This document provides an overview of the actions needed to respond to the needs for biodiversity conservation worldwide that were detailed in the Global Biodiversity Strategy. Other authors/contributors: World Resources Institute (WRI); The World Conservation Union (IUCN); United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) in consultation with Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO); United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)}, keywords = {biodiversity}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/221361601}, author = {Charles Barber and Walter V. Reid and Kenton R. Miller}, editor = {Kathleen Courrier} } @article {730, title = {An indigenous duck-fish production system in South India: Impact on nutritional security}, year = {1992}, month = {1992}, abstract = {Indigenous food production systems involve complex processes of producing food from diversified agro-ecological environments to meet the nutritional requirements of the local people. Women laborers form a loosely structured, informal organization to rear ducks in common property resources, such as communal tanks in south India. Droppings of ducks in the communal tank increase the fish population. The favorable environment for the growth of fish encourages men laborers to spend their leisure time catching fish in the tank. Duck-fish production system contributes significantly to nutritional intake of participant households. Sociocultural and economic constraints on the duck-fish production system are identified. Policy options to sustain the autochthonous duck-fish production system are suggested. (author)}, keywords = {duck-fish ecology, food cooperatives, food policies, gender roles, India, local food production, rapid rural appraisal, women{\textquoteright}s organization}, url = {http://www.ciesin.org/docs/004-200/004-200.html}, author = {B. Rajasekaran} } @conference {799, title = {The indigenous food plants programme of Kenya}, booktitle = {Indigenous knowledge and sustainable development: 25 selected papers presented at the international symposium held by the International Institute of Rural Reconstruction, September 20-26, 1992}, year = {1992}, month = {1992}, publisher = {International Institute for Rural Reconstruction}, organization = {International Institute for Rural Reconstruction}, address = {Silang, Cavite, Philippines}, abstract = {Indigenous knowledge is essential to the development process especially for the sustainable use of natural resources. In Kenya, this has been illustrated by the Indigenous Food Plants Programme which endeavours to improve diets as well as preserve cultural practices and preserve biodiversity. The programme is part of a complex of two complementing centres at the National Museums of Kenya this being the Centre for Biodiversity and the new Kenya Resource Centre for Indigenous Knowledge (KENRIK). Both will provide basal data to be utilised in conservation and development. (author).}, keywords = {biodiversity, Kenya}, author = {Christine Kabuye} } @inbook {880, title = {Indigenous history and Amazonian biodiversity}, booktitle = {Changing Tropical Forests: Historical Perspectives on Today{\textquoteright}s Challenges in Central and South America: Proceedings of a Conference Sponsored by the Forest History Society and IUFRO Forestry History Group, Conference held in San Jos{\'e}, Costa Rica}, year = {1992}, month = {1992}, pages = {185-197}, publisher = {Forest History Society}, organization = {Forest History Society}, address = {Durham, NC}, abstract = {The rich biodiversity of Central and South American forests are undergoing difficult times. These forests have been altered throughout history, first by indigenous farming practices and now by state and private sustainable agriculture programs. Swidden type agriculture, practiced by indigenous people, converted many forests to fallows. Fallows and high forests can be compared using the Jaccard coefficient, which is simply the total number of species in a sample area. These numbers tell us that fallow forests represent indigenous reforestation, insofar as species richness of high forests are being replaced by an equivalently rich secondary forest. The number of most important species between fallow and high forests are significantly and predictably different. The indigenous farming practices are undoubtly less destructive than state practices. If modern states cannot protect the remaining indigenous populations, they may lose an abundance of knowledge relating to resource use, management, and biological and ecological diversification. (author)}, keywords = {biodiversity, Central America, ecology, forestry, South America}, isbn = {0-8223-1247-6}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/25787422}, author = {William L. Balée}, editor = {Harold K. Steen and Richard P. Tucker} } @conference {771, title = {Indigenous knowledge, biodiversity conservation and development}, booktitle = {Paper presented at International Conference on Conservation of Biodiversity in Africa: Local Initiatives and Institutional Roles, August 30-September 3, 1992, National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya}, year = {1992}, month = {08/30-09/3/1992}, publisher = {National Museums of Kenya}, organization = {National Museums of Kenya}, address = {Nairobi, Kenya}, abstract = {Global awareness of the crisis concerning the conservation of biodiversity is assured following the United Nation{\textquoteright}s Conference on Environment and Development. This conference was held in June 1992 in Rio de Janiero. This presentation provided an overview of recent studies that show the active role that rural communities throughout the world have played in three major areas. They have helped to generate knowledge based on an understanding of their environment. They have devised mechanisms to conserve and sustain their natural resources. Lastly, they have established community-based organizations that serve as forums for identifying problems and dealing with them through local level experimentation, innovation, and exchange information with other societies. This active role that they are playing will help to preserve their resources well into the future.}, keywords = {Africa, biodiversity, cooperatives}, url = {http://www.ciesin.org/docs/004-173/004-173.html}, author = {D. Michael Warren} } @article {688, title = {The influence of karit{\'e} (Vitellaria paradoxa) and n{\'e}r{\'e} (Parkia biglobosa) trees on sorghum production in Burkina Faso}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {17}, year = {1992}, month = {February 1992}, pages = {97-118}, abstract = {

Sorghum grain yields under the karit{\'e} and the n{\'e}r{\'e} are reduced by an average of 50\% and 70\% respectively, in comparison with yields in the open field. Soil fertility, limiting primary production in the region, is at least as favorable under the tree canopies as in the open field. Reduced light intensity, to a minimum of 20\% under the n{\'e}r{\'e} canopy, is probably largely responsible for low sorghum production under the tree canopies. Benefits from the tree products are more valuable than losses in cereal yields, explaining why trees are maintained on the agricultural fields.

Pruning of tree branches, selection of (shade-) crops and tree selection could reduce crop yield losses but cannot be expected to increase tree- and crop production.

}, keywords = {agriculture, forestry, Parkia biglobosa, parkland, savanna, shade influence, tree management, tree-crop relations, Vitellaria paradoxa, West Africa}, doi = {10.1007/BF00053116}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00053116}, author = {J. J. Kessler} } @article {601, title = {Karit{\'e} (Vitellaria paradoxa) and n{\'e}r{\'e} (Parkia biglobosa) associated with crops in South Mali}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {18}, year = {1992}, month = {May 1992}, pages = {89-105}, abstract = {

The effect of two tree species, karit{\'e} (Vitellaria paradoxa) and n{\'e}r{\'e} (Parkia biglobosa) on soil condition, development and production of cotton, sorghum and pearl millet, main crops in South Mali, has been investigated.

The soil under the trees is slightly richer (organic matter content and several cations) compared to adjacent tree-less sites. Also tree-specific effects exist.

Soil enrichment, however, is mainly a matter of redistribution of locally available nutrient resources.

Of the six associations studied, only karit{\'e}-cotton shows no tree-induced reduction in crop production. All other associations suffer greatly from reduced crop outputs caused by the trees, usually in the order of 60\%.

There are at least two reasons that explain tree-induced yield reduction. Because of increased humidity in the immediate surroundings of trees, in both soil and air, lower numbers of crop plants survive up to maturity, presumably because plants are attacked by fungi. Secondly, crop plants that mature show reduced output because of inter-specific competition for light and nutrients.

In case of n{\'e}r{\'e}, in order to minimize the trees\&$\#$39; negative influence lopping is advised. Such practice, however, is less suitable in case of karit{\'e}, because of its assumed lower potential to regenerate, as compared to n{\'e}r{\'e}.

}, keywords = {agriculture, Butyrospermum paradoxum, cotton, forestry, Mali, Parkia biglobosa, pearl millet, sorghum, tree/crop interface, Vitellaria paradoxa, West Africa}, doi = {10.1007/BF00115407}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00115407}, author = {L. J. M. Kater and S. Kante and Arnoud Budelman} } @proceedings {357, title = {Lab to land: Biotechnology for sustainable agriculture in Asia (Proceedings of the first ANSAB Workshop)}, year = {1992}, note = {ANSAB Workshop (1st : March 29-April 1, 1992 : Kathmandu, Nepal)}, month = {3/29-4/1/1992}, publisher = {Appropriate Technology International and New Era (Firm)}, address = {Washington, DC and Kathmandu, Nepal}, abstract = {

Papers include:

}, keywords = {agricultural biotechnology, agroforestry, Asia}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/29788291}, editor = {John D. Ferchak and Sharmila Ribeiro} } @conference {777, title = {Land-use management towards increased biodiversity of ecosystems}, booktitle = {Workshop on Indigenous Knowledge and Sustainable Development}, year = {1992}, month = {1992}, abstract = {Farmers on the island of Leyte are utilizing a range of ecosystems along a catena that can reach from primary mountain forest to the pelagial of the adjacent sea. Being a farmer during daytime and a fisherman at night requires a wide range of skills but has historically not brought about a need for the development of a sustainable land use management. This parodistic situation has drastically changed within this century of increasing human population and led to severe degradation of most accessible ecosystems. Research is undertaken to generate new and compact widely scattered indigenous knowledge on the highly diverse flora and fauna of all major ecosystems. The results are translated into environmental awareness and pilot projects. While for the aquatic ecosystems protected reproduction zones are recommended, our efforts to sustain human food production and simultaneously preserve the biodiversity of terrestrial ecosystems and their vital functions for mankind, led to the development of a "Closed Canopy \& High Diversity Forest Farming System." The system is aiming to replace the more destructive forms of kaingin practices, form a buffer zone around the primary forests, help maintain the water cycle of the island, and provide our farmers with a stable and higher income. (author)}, keywords = {aquatic resources, biodiversity, fishing, indigenous farming, Leyte, Philippines}, author = {Paciencia P. Milan and Josef Margraf} } @conference {779, title = {Learning from fishers: Indigenous knowledge and SEAFDEC{\textquoteright}S pilot seafarming and searanching project}, booktitle = { Indigenous knowledge and sustainable development: 25 selected papers presented at the international symposium held by the International Institute of Rural Reconstruction, September 20-26, 1992}, year = {1992}, month = {Sept 20-26, 1992}, pages = {440-460}, publisher = {Regional Program for the Promotion of Indigenous Knowledge in Asia}, organization = {Regional Program for the Promotion of Indigenous Knowledge in Asia}, address = {Silang, Cavite, Philippines}, abstract = {This paper is a documentation of knowledge gained during the first phase of implementation of a development project by a research institution. The data reported here were gathered through individual and group interviews of village elders, Barangay officials, women, and fishers. Like the San Antonio fishermen along Laguna de Bay, the islanders of the Torres Strait, and the raft fishermen and shore dwellers of Brazil, Malalison fishers also differentiate sea space through specific names and practice a system of triangulation for marking fishing spots.}, keywords = {aquaculture, aquatic resources}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/820560133}, author = {Susana V. Siar and Rolando S. Ortega and Alessandro S. Babol} } @inbook {893, title = {Local organizations in community forestry}, booktitle = {Local organizations in community forestry extension in Asia}, series = {Field document no. 34}, year = {1992}, note = {Regional Wood Energy Development Programme in Asia; Asia-Pacific Agroforestry Network}, month = {1992}, publisher = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)}, organization = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)}, address = {Bangkok, Thailand}, abstract = {

This paper examines the nature and potential of local organizations in community forestry, with the following questions in mind:

  1. What types of local organizations are appropriate for community forestry in particular situations, and
  2. What makes some local organizations effective?
}, keywords = {agroforestry, Asia, forestry, forestry extension, Nepal}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/36405987}, author = {R. J. Fisher}, editor = {Cor Veer and Jim Chamberlain} } @conference {780, title = {Local resource management strategies: A case example from Upland Laguna}, booktitle = { Indigenous knowledge and sustainable development: 25 selected papers presented at the international symposium held by the International Institute of Rural Reconstruction, September 20-26, 1992}, year = {1992}, month = {Sept. 20-26 1992}, abstract = {

In most countries of the Third World, rural people have an enormous body of agricultural knowledge. Ironically, however, it has remained an underutilized national resource. Such situations came about largely because the production of knowledge has been historically dominated by a form generally called modern and scientific. This form has also a sense of being western knowledge (Banpasirichote 1986), notwithstanding the native scholars who are, owing to colonial legacy, schooled in the western tradition. An anthropologist calls it as knowledge production within the profession (Crick 1982:31). As a result, rural development has traditionally been guided by a certain set of values different from the Third World context.

This case study originates from the concern that much can be learned from indigenous knowledge systems. Chambers (1983) argues that rural development can be better advanced through reverses of learning among professionals and the encouragement of joint use of knowledge derived from local peoples and professional outsiders. He further stresses that understanding the descriptive and conceptual terms of rural people can \"provide scientific points of departure for scientific investigation which may be more practical and useful than the externally determined categories of outsider\&$\#$39;s knowledge\" (ibid:94). This case demonstrates that people\&$\#$39;s land and resource classification has its own dynamics which is inextricably linked with their sociocultural life and livelihood. It further shows that agricultural production is both an ecological and economic adaptation that utilizes the diversity of micro-environment combined with judicious risk-taking as commercial agriculture penetrated the community. (author)

}, author = {Levita Duhaylungsod} } @article {617, title = {Marine resources management in the context of customary tenure}, journal = {Marine Resource Economics}, volume = {7}, year = {1992}, month = {Winter 1992}, pages = {249-273}, abstract = {Although customary marine tenure (CMT) systems for the management of local marine resources occur throughout the world, compared with other models of fisheries management they remain relatively little known. The Pacific Basin is especially rich in CMT systems, which play key roles in overall social, economic and cultural life of societies. Based on a Solomon Island example, we examine the organizational principles and potentials of CMT systems to provide sustainable yields and equitable access to resources, their resilience to external pressures, and mechanisms for ensuring local autonomy in resource control. Next we demonstrate that CMT systems are an expression of traditional ecological knowledge, and show the importance of such knowledge to scientific research and the planning of resource management. Finally, we suggest priorities for research on CMT systems.}, keywords = {aquaculture, community-based management, fishery management, Pacific Basin, Solomon Islands, sustainable fisheries, traditional conservation, traditional environmental knowledge}, doi = {10.1086/mre.7.4.42629038}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1086/mre.7.4.42629038}, author = {K. Ruddle and E. Hviding and R. E. Johannes} } @book {479, title = {NGOs and tree-growing programs: Working between farmers and governments: Report of an international workshop, September 24-27, 1991 in Pune, India}, series = {A report from The Role of NGOs in Promoting On-farm Tree-growing Technologies workshop, September 24-27, 1991, Pune India}, year = {1992}, month = {1992}, publisher = {Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development}, organization = {Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development}, address = {Bangkok, Thailand; [Morrilton, AR]}, abstract = {This is the report of an international workshop, The Role of NGOs in Promoting On-farm Tree-growing Technologies, held in Pune, India, September 24-27, 1991. The workshop was co-sponsored by the Forestry/Fuelwood Research and Development (F/FRED) Project, the International Development Research Centre (IDRC) of Canada, the FAO Regional Wood Energy Development Programme in Asia, and the Nitrogen Fixing Tree Association (NFTA).}, isbn = {0-933595-64-6; 978-0-933595-64-4}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/27907161}, editor = {David A. Taylor} } @booklet {493, title = {Northern Perspectives}, volume = {20}, year = {1992}, month = {1992}, abstract = {

Entire issue included. Articles included are:

}, keywords = {American Indians, Eskimos, Native Americans}, author = {Ellen Bielawski and Milton M. R. Freeman and George Hobson and Martha Johnson and Novum Organum} } @conference {786, title = {Owning knowledge: The factors influencing the possession of indigenous forest knowledge}, booktitle = {Paper presented at Peoples, Problems and Processes, September 1992, Kathmandu, Nepal}, year = {1992}, month = {Sept. 1992}, address = {Kathmandu, Nepal}, abstract = {What I am particularly interested in is indigenous forest knowledge and the factors that influence who the knowledge holders in a community are. On the most basic level, people know the most about the activities that they do the most. For instance, foresters and development specialists recognize that village women in Nepal have much knowledge about forest resources {\textemdash} such as fuelwood, fodder, and medicinal herbs {\textemdash} because women are the main collectors of these products. Gender-based division of labor is one of the variables that influences indigenous knowledge. (author)}, keywords = {agroforestry, intellectual property rights}, author = {Rebecca Leigh Saul} } @conference {787, title = {Panagawat Iti Bagi: Understanding local praxis on health, sickness and healing}, booktitle = {Paper presented at International Symposium on Indigenous Knowledge and Sustainable Development, 21-25 September 1992, Silang, Cavite, Philippines}, year = {1992}, note = {Papers presented at the symposium later published in one volume by IIRR}, month = {Sept. 21-25 1992}, publisher = {International Institute of Rural Reconstruction (IIRR)}, organization = {International Institute of Rural Reconstruction (IIRR)}, address = {Silang, Cavite, Philippines}, abstract = {Coming from the ranks of anthropologists addressing health-related issues, I am here to participate in the current discourse on "indigenous knowledge" and development. I will begin with a brief discussion of what I sense as some of the potential conceptual morass that the use of the concept of "indigenous knowledge" might engender. Then I will deal with the question: How do we gain access and at the same time interpret so-called "indigenous knowledge" on health, sickness, and healing? Here I am going to use a case study derived from my ethnographic study in an agrarian community of 220 households found in the foothills of the Sierra Madre mountains in northeastern Luzon. To end my presentation, I will give some commentaries of the current initiatives in the sphere of health care promotion and maintenance. (author)}, author = {Eufracio C. Abaya} } @book {369, title = {Partners in conservation: Plant genetic resources and the CGIAR system}, year = {1992}, month = {1992}, pages = {30}, publisher = {(International Board for Plant Genetic Research) IBPGR for CGIAR}, organization = {(International Board for Plant Genetic Research) IBPGR for CGIAR}, address = {Rome}, abstract = {Established in 1971, the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) is an informal association of 40 public and private sector donors that supports a network of 17 international agricultural research centres. The mission of the CGIAR is, through international research and related activities, and in partnership with national research systems, to contribute to sustainable improvements in the productivity of agriculture, forestry, and fisheries in developing countries in ways that enhance nutrition and well-being, especially among low income people. Today, over 1,800 scientists representing 60 different nationalities conduct research at the 17 CGIAR centres or in some 40 developing countries where they are posted to work with developing country partners. Their approach is interdisciplinary and their orientation is towards problem solving. Total contributions in 1992 were about $314 million. (author)}, keywords = {aquatic resources, germplasm resources, international cooperation, plant}, author = {Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR)} } @inbook {906, title = {Pharmaceutical discovery, ethnobotany, tropical forests and reciprocity: Integrating indigenous knowledge, conservation and sustainable development}, booktitle = {Sustainable harvest and marketing of rain forest products}, year = {1992}, note = {

General Note: Proceedings of a meeting sponsored by Conservation International and the Asociaci{\'o}n Nacional para la Conservaci{\'o}n de la Naturaleza, held in Panama City on June 20-21, 1991
Bibliography note: Includes bibliographical references and index
Book title submitted as Sustainable Harvest of the Rainforest in original bibliography; Chapter 26 in Sustainable Harvest and Marketing of Rain Forest Products

}, month = {July 1992}, pages = {231-238 [1-12]}, publisher = {Island Press}, organization = {Island Press}, address = {Washington, DC and Covelo, CA}, abstract = {This is an incomplete paper that details the works and goals of Shaman Pharmaceuticals. They are trying to discover ways to develop antifungal, antiviral, and sedative drugs from the same type of plants. They are combining the methods of ethnobotany, chemistry, and pharmacology. Also, they are trying to come up with a better way to screen and test these drugs. The combination of ethnobotanists and medical personnel show the coming together of the two pieces of a scientific puzzle. The company has created The Healing Forest Conservancy, a non-profit organization to share the responsibilities of the development of plant biodiversity.}, keywords = {Conservation International, Asociaci{\'o}n Nacional para la Conservaci{\'o}n de la Naturaleza, ethnobotany, ethnopharmacology, medicinal plants, rainforests, traditional medicine}, isbn = {1-55963-168-6; 978-1-55963-168-6}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/231440749}, author = {Steven R. King}, editor = {Mark J. Plotkin and Lisa Famolare} } @inbook {909, title = {Problems of forest conservation: A feasible mechanism for biodiversity conservation}, booktitle = {Changing tropical forests: Historical perspectives on today{\textquoteright}s challenges in Central \& South America: Proceedings of a conference sponsored by the Forest History Society and IUFRO Forestry History Group, San Jos{\'e}, Costa Rica}, year = {1992}, month = {December 1991}, pages = {154-164}, publisher = {Forest History Society}, organization = {Forest History Society}, address = {Durham, NC}, abstract = {In traditional systems, genetic biodiversity is maintained both through cultural intervention and through natural selection. On the other hand, traditional cultivars have a twofold value that make them worth preserving: as germplasm repositories that can eventually be inserted into modern crops, and as a complex genetic bank adapted to specific environment conditions. To people living in developing countries, these cultivars have an additional value -- to allow production for self-subsistence where modern crops are either not available or not adequate.}, keywords = {congresses, deforestation, forest ecology, forestry, history, Latin America, rainforests}, isbn = {0-8223-1247-6}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/311396291}, author = {Silvia del Amo R}, editor = {Harold K. Steen and Richard P. Tucker} } @conference {792, title = {Report of the Consultation on Sustainable Development and Environment in the Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries Sectors in Latin America and the Caribbean: Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Development, Santiago, Chile, 28 to 30 April 1992}, series = {RLAC-CSD3}, year = {1992}, month = {April 1992}, publisher = {FAO Regional Office for Latin America and the Caribbean}, organization = {FAO Regional Office for Latin America and the Caribbean}, address = {Santiago, Chile}, abstract = {Contains information on soil resources, land use, erosion, salinization, desertification, management of soil and water resources, fragile ecosystems, agriculture and water pollution, water and soil conservation, treatment and use of sewage water in irrigation, rehabilitation of degraded lands, use of agro-chemicals, health impacts, integrated pest control, and gives suggestions for action on sustainable agriculture and rural development. This paper attempts to present a broad view of the problems presently hindering the conservation of biological diversity and of its relationship to biotechnology and to suggest possible solutions which are becoming an interesting economic alternative for the developing countries. (author)}, keywords = {ex situ conservation, in situ conservation, intellectual property rights}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/28814990}, author = {FAO Regional Office for Latin America and the Caribbean and UNCED (United Nations Conference on Environment and Development)} } @article {831, title = {Report on funding and investment opportunities for income generating activities that could complement strategies to halt environmental degradation in the greater Amazon Basin}, year = {1992}, note = {

Sourced from Refugee Studies Centre.

Report for the Biodiversity Support Program, World Wildlife Fund, The Nature Conservancy, WRI/Center for International Development and Environment

}, month = {Feb. 18, 1992}, institution = {Cultural Survival, Inc.}, address = {Cambridge, MA}, abstract = {This report summarizes the lessons learned from Cultural Survival{\textquoteright}s attempts to generate markets for Amazonian nontimber forest products. It identifies key research, institution building, production and processing constraints that must be addressed. These require funding if income generating efforts are to become part of overall solutions to saving the biological and cultural diversity of the Amazon. The major causes of environmental degradation, including Amazonian rainforest destruction, are population pressure, poverty, greed and ignorance. Scientists are coming to understand what forest residents have long known, namely that forests are capable of generating more income and employment than the same areas cleared for pasture or agriculture.}, keywords = {Bolivia, Brazil, environmental degradation, financing, income-generating projects, investment, marketing, rainforests}, author = {Dr. Jason W. Clay} } @conference {794, title = {Rice and fish: Dual function of rice fields among the Kasepuhan people in West Java}, booktitle = { Indigenous knowledge and sustainable development: 25 selected papers presented at the international symposium held by the International Institute of Rural Reconstruction, September 20-26, 1992}, year = {1992}, month = {Sept. 21-25 1992}, publisher = {International Institute of Rural Reconstruction (IIRR)}, organization = {International Institute of Rural Reconstruction (IIRR)}, address = {Silang, Cavite, Philippines}, abstract = {

In West Java there is a group of people whose social world is considered to be almost completely based on traditional manners and custom. This particular community is the Kasepuhan people. They live on the slope of Mt. Halimun in the southern part of West Java. The Kasepuhan people still practice swidden agriculture, as well as wet rice agriculture. Until now they have refused the government proposal to change the planting and harvesting of rice from one to two times a year. This proposal is in conflict with their traditional belief. However, the government looks at this refusal as a protest to their agriculture development policy.

During the period of rest in the rice paddy field, fish are raised. This process brings economic as well as ecological benefits for the Kasepuhan people.

}, keywords = {aquaculture, ecology, fish culture, Java, Kasepuhan, rice, rice-fish culture}, author = {Kusnaka Adimihardja} } @article {832, title = {Saga of a star fish: Participative design of sustainable institutions for natural resource management}, year = {1992}, month = {1992}, institution = {Indian Institute of Management}, address = {Ahmedabad, India}, abstract = {

Management of natural resources requires reconciliation in the conflicting world views of different stake holders. The conflicts emerge because of the variation in the (a) perception of nature, (b) associated socio-ecological interactions and (c) the ethical values generating respect for non-voting members of our society. It is not easy to design institutions for collective action such that resources are managed not only for the current generation but also in a manner that options of future generations are not compromised.

An organization becomes an institution when its members use internal commands (i.e. the directions for action emanating from within one self) instead of external demands (i.e. external regulation or direction for individual action). The cultural conditions in both the cases are very different.

The paper provides discussion on the issues which affect \"Our\" participation in \"Peoples\" organizations and institutions in part one. Much of the literature on participation deals with the opposite, i.e. how people participate in the organizations designed by us. The eco-sociological perspective for survival of households over space, season and sector is given in part two. The nature of risks and the strategies for coping with the same are described. The relationship between culture and ecology is discussed in the light of eco-specificity of social interactions in part three. The problem of collective action, the role of risk and redundancy, and resource diversification are discussed in part four. The Eco-Institutional model dealing with interactions between access, assurances, ability and attitudes of the households with ecological resources, institutions, technology and culture are described in part five. How local creativity and innovative potential can become the building block of future development is discussed in part six. How institutions designed on the basis of alternative eco-ethics generate accountability to people and encourage people to people learning is illustrated with the help of the case of Honey Bee network. This global network of innovators at grassroots level builds upon the local excellence, and urge to experiment and evolve technology and institutions for sustainable resource use. The role played by the process of monitoring the collective action by different stake holders is given in part seven. In part eight, the linkages for lateral learning with particular reference to biodiversity are outlined. In part nine, the lessons and issues for becoming accountable to people are summarized. The ethical issues in farmer participatory research and implications of scaling up the peoples\&$\#$39; organization are brought out in part ten. In the annexure, a discussion on the philosophy of sustainability is presented. (author)

}, keywords = {participative design, resource management}, author = {Anil K. Gupta} } @inbook {913, title = {Social forestry: A cross-cultural analysis}, booktitle = {Ecosystem rehabilitation: Preamble to sustainable development}, volume = {1}, year = {1992}, month = {[1990]}, pages = {63-78}, publisher = {SPB Academic Publishing}, organization = {SPB Academic Publishing}, address = {The Hague, The Netherlands}, abstract = {

There is a growing appreciation of the importance of trees to rural people in developing countries. Several terms have been used to describe aspects of this relationship, including social forestry, agroforestry, and forestry for local community development. Each term denotes a connection between people and trees. Forestry has a social context; trees and food production systems are intimately linked and forestry activities should be an integral part of development, contributing to the satisfaction of basic material needs, ensuring environmental stability, and the attaining of other progressive goals. Many of these ideas about the role of forestry in rural development are not new. However, what is different is the emphasis placed on the participation of communities, households, and individuals in planting and managing trees.

This paper examines the importance and implications of indigenous technical knowledge for forestry development. It describes the extensive use of forest resources by rural people in developing countries. Further, it reviews various local tree management strategies that have been customarily used to retain tree cover in rural areas. I believe that participatory forestry interventions need to be based on a clear understanding of indigenous tree use and management systems. Such systems for a valuable foundation from which effective afforestation efforts can be launched. (author)

}, keywords = {community forestry, home gardens, intercropping, propagation, tree management}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/605953042}, author = {Alfonso H. Peter Castro}, editor = {Mohan K. Wali} } @book {386, title = {Soil and water conservation in sub-Saharan Africa: Towards sustainable production by the rural poor: A report}, year = {1992}, note = {Prepared for the International Fund for Agricultural Development by the Centre for Development Cooperation Services, Free University, Amsterdam}, month = {1992}, pages = {110}, publisher = {International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD)}, organization = {International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD)}, address = {Amsterdam}, abstract = {This book deals with the links between environmental degradation and poverty in sub-Saharan Africa. Considering the length of this paper, the authors have chosen to restrict themselves to making broad generalizations, which are sometimes supported by examples of specific local soil and water conservation experiments. As is pointed out in this paper, a first step in the design of soil and water conservation policy for a given country or area must be the detailed investigation of the conditions and issues which are outlined here.}, keywords = {agroforestry, degradation, ethno-engineering, resource management, Sahel, soil conservation, soil erosion, Sub-Saharan Africa, sustainable agriculture, water conservation, West Africa}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/30624582}, author = {International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD)} } @book {391, title = {Sustainable harvest and marketing of rain forest products}, year = {1992}, note = {CIKARD copy: 4 page table of contents from the book}, month = {July 1992}, pages = {xv, 325 pages}, publisher = {Island Press}, organization = {Island Press}, address = {Washington, DC and Covelo, CA}, keywords = {ethnopharmacology, medicinal plants, rainforests, traditional medicine}, isbn = {1-55963-169-4}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/24952705}, editor = {Mark J. Plotkin and Lisa Famolare} } @article {696, title = {The T{\textquoteright}OLCHE{\textquoteright}, a Maya system of communally managed forest belts: The causes and consequences of its disappearance}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {18}, year = {1992}, month = {May 1992}, pages = {149-177}, abstract = {

The T\&$\#$39;OLCHE\&$\#$39; is a protected forest belt about 10\–20 m wide that runs through the Mayan landscape on the limits of the maize fields of the farmers. This study explores its traditional use and management and traces how it has changed in the last 30 years in the study village in Yucat{\'a}n, Mexico. A major change is in its extent; little remains of the 10\–20\% of the area it occupied in the past. Two of the causes of this are identified as being a credit programme of the local bank and 1973 state legislation concerning cattle. The causes and consequences of this decline are discussed in relation with other farmer-perceived changes in overall landuse, including a fall in maize yields. The ecological roles of the T\&$\#$39;OLCHE\&$\#$39; are examined. It is argued that the T\&$\#$39;OLCHE\&$\#$39; plays an essential role in the regeneration of the fallow vegetation and in the maintenance of biological diversity. The case of the T\&$\#$39;OLCHE\&$\#$39; suggests the need for a diversified and politicized look on Common Property Resource Management.

}, keywords = {common property management, fallow regeneration, Maya, shelterbelts, shifting cultivation, traditional landuse}, doi = {10.1007/BF00115409}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00115409}, author = {G. G. A. Remmers and H. De Koeijer} } @inbook {929, title = {Traditional ecological knowledge in perspective}, year = {1992}, note = {Draft introductory chapter for volume based on Common Property Conference, Winnipeg, September 1992}, month = {September 1992}, abstract = {This document discusses different facets of traditional ecological knowledge (TEK): background, definitions, comparisons to "western science," and the practical significance of TEK. An overview of the book that this is an introduction to is also given.}, author = {Fikret Berkes} } @conference {706, title = {Traditional environmental knowledge: A resource to manage and share}, booktitle = {Paper presented at Development with Equity and Ecological Security: Strategies and Institutions for the 21st Century}, year = {1992}, note = {

Google Scholar provides the paper presented to the Conference on Development with Equity and Ecological Security: Strategies and Institutions for the 21st Century, 11-12 September 1992.

Please see the journal Development\&$\#$39;s version record.

}, month = {Sept 11-12, 1992}, abstract = {

This document defines traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) and gives examples of organizations that are working with TEK. Formation of a global network of these organizations is suggested.

Gis{\`e}le Morin-Labatut and Shahid Akhtar examine the knowledge base acquired by indigenous and local peoples over the generations through direct contact with their environment. They argue that this knowledge, including an intimate and detailed understanding of plants, animals and natural phenomena, the development and use of appropriate technologies for hunting, fishing, agriculture and forestry, and a holistic knowledge, or \"world view,\" parallels the scientific disciplines of ecology and environmental studies. Their paper indicates how indigenous knowledge is embedded in a dynamic, multidimensional universe in which cultural, economic, environmental and political factors intersect and influence one another. (author)

}, keywords = {demographic factors, economic factors, environment, environmental protection, indigenous population, natural resources, population characteristics, sociocultural factors}, url = {https://idl-bnc-idrc.dspacedirect.org/bitstream/handle/10625/11724/94940.pdf?sequence=1}, author = {Gis{\`e}le Morin-Labatut and Shahid Akhtar} } @article {707, title = {Traditional environmental knowledge: A resource to manage and share}, journal = {Development (Journal of SID [Society for International Development])}, year = {1992}, note = {
  1. Development (SID Journal) not found online prior to 1999; Google Scholar version is a paper presented at the Conference on Development with Equity and Ecological Security: Strategies and Institutions for the 21st Century, 11-12 September 1992.
  2. Please see the record for the Google Scholar version that was presented at the conference.

}, pages = {24-30}, abstract = {

Gis{\`e}le Morin-Labatut and Shahid Akhtar examine the knowledge base acquired by indigenous and local peoples over the generations through direct contact with their environment. They argue that this knowledge, including an intimate and detailed understanding of plants, animals and natural phenomena, the development and use of appropriate technologies for hunting, fishing, agriculture and forestry, and a holistic knowledge, or \"world view,\" parallels the scientific disciplines of ecology and environmental studies. Their paper indicates how indigenous knowledge is embedded in a dynamic, multidimensional universe in which cultural, economic, environmental and political factors intersect and influence one another. (author)

Indigenous people have acquired traditional environmental or ecological knowledge (TEK) over generations as a survival strategy. Knowledge and application are intricately linked with cultural economic environmental and political factors. Recognition of indigenous peoples contributions to management of natural resources was given in the 1989 World Conservation Strategy and the 1987 Brundtland Commissions Our Common Future. The premise is that sustainable management of resources can be achieved only through scientific development which includes the priorities of local population. It is also achieved through technological development which uses both traditional and modern approaches to problem solving. Western scientists have not readily accepted TEK. THe current relationship between TEK and Western approaches is a power relationship where indigenous people lack political power and control over natural resources and Western development paradigms are imposed. Comparisons of TEK and Western knowledge systems are given in Annex 1. This paper addresses the issues of how traditional and Western environment knowledge are complementary and jointly contribute to sustainable development. Integration requires different forms of institutional and political organization and power. Respect for indigenous knowledge (IK) will occur during the process of documenting and disseminating IK. It also occurs when indigenous populations become involved in the research process itself and affect changes in the research design and implementation. What is needed is more indigenous people who can manage Western research methods and Western researchers who understand aboriginal approaches to understanding the environment. Western researchers also need holistic ways of defining the universe. UNCED documents (Agenda 21) recognize the importance of indigenous cultures knowledge about health culture and human settlements. Other documents which provide a framework for dealing with these issues are Principle 22 of the Rio Declaration and the Preamble of the Convention on Biodiversity. Examples of TEK cooperative programs are given for Canada (Man and the Biosphere the International Development Research Center and other initiatives). Other centers for knowledge about TEK are also noted. An international TEK Management System affiliated with the Canadians has been proposed.

}, keywords = {demographic factors, economic factors, environment, environmental protection, indigenous population, natural resources, population characteristics, sociocultural factors}, author = {Gis{\`e}le Morin-Labatut and Shahid Akhtar} } @article {721, title = {Wheat cultivation in association with Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd ex. Del. field bund plantation {\textemdash} a case study}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {17}, year = {1992}, month = {January 1992}, pages = {43-51}, abstract = {The paper presents the results of a case study conducted to find out the influence of single row bund plantation of Acacia nilotica var. juquemontii on the growth and yield of associated wheat crop under irrigated conditions in Haryana, India. The indications are that the tree line does affect all crop parameters like height growth, shoot numbers, ear length, grain number and grain yield in the vicinity of trees upto 4 m distance from the tree line and establishes that as the distance from the tree line increases the growth and yield of wheat crop also improves. The effect on wheat crop was found more pronounced in the plots laid out towards the middle of the tree line as compared to plots towards the outer border.}, keywords = {Acacia nilotica var. jaquemontii, agroforestry, bund plantation, crop yield, wheat}, doi = {10.1007/BF00122926}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00122926}, author = {K. K. Sharma} } @article {504, title = {Agricultural diversification among smallholder rattan cultivators in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {13}, year = {1991}, month = {January 1991}, pages = {27-40}, abstract = {Many developing countries are trying to promote agricultural diversification among smallholders because they feel that smallholders are too dependent upon a narrow range of crops. Fieldwork among smallholder rattan cultivators in southern Borneo, Indonesia, suggests that smallholders do maintain a poorly diversified portfolio of agricultural activities. Farmers rely heavily upon rattan because of its superior profitability. A number of economic and agronimic constraints however prevent farmers from diversifying out of rattan into other crops. (author)}, keywords = {agriculture, central Kalimantan, diversification, dry rice, forestry, profitability calculation, rambutan, rattan, rubber}, doi = {10.1007/BF00129617}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00129617}, author = {Ricardo A. Godoy and Tan Ching Feaw} } @article {509, title = {Agroforestry, attitude towards risk and nutrient availability: A case study of south Indian farming systems}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {15}, year = {1991}, month = {July 1991}, pages = {1-15}, abstract = {Introduction of two systems of agroforestry to the farmers portfolio is evaluated for their changes in cropping pattern, input use, income generation, farmers attitude towards risk and nutrient availability. Two different types of farmers are studied under both irrigated and dryland farming systems. Farm survey data collected from south Indian villages have been used with a mean-variance framework to identify the risk aversion levels of farmers. The results indicate that the risk-taking preferences of farmers should be given consideration in evaluating the impact of agroforestry systems. Among the two agroforestry systems analyzed, the one with drumstick is shown to increase the risk of crop production while the one with leucaena reduces the risk and enables farmers to invest in more risky cash crops. The impact of agroforestry on crop allocation, input use and income differs due to the differences in resource availability of farmers. The influence of agroforestry on nutrient availability of the farm households also differs based on the components of agroforestry, orientation of farming and the nature of farming systems. It is argued that design of agroforestry systems should consider differences in resource constraints in farming systems and risk attitudes of farmers towards their allocation decisions and that such considerations would largely enhance the successful adoption of agroforestry in developing countries.}, keywords = {agriculture, economics, farming systems, forestry, India, mathematical programming, mean-variance analysis, nutritional availability, portfolio theory, quadratic programming, risk attitudes}, doi = {10.1007/BF00046275}, url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00046275}, author = {S. C. Babu and B. Rajasekaran} } @article {426, title = {Agroforestry Seeds Circular - Number 1}, volume = {1}, year = {1991}, note = {Agroforestry Seed Information Clearinghouse. This publication is an offshoot of the Agroforestry Seeds issue of the Sustainable Agriculture Newsletter, vol. 2, no.3, 1990}, month = {June 1991}, abstract = {

Contents:

}, keywords = {seed sources} } @article {516, title = {Apiculture and management of associated vegetation by the Maya of Tixcacaltuyub, Yucat{\'a}n, M{\'e}xico}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {13}, year = {1991}, month = {January 1991}, pages = {13-25}, abstract = {

We present the results of field work and a series of interviews with Mayan beekeepers, in order to answer the following questions:

  1. Which factors are relevant when establishing an apiary?
  2. How do Mayans choose the melliferous flora?
  3. How do Mayans manage the vegetation surrounding their apiaries? and
  4. What is their knowledge of flowering phenology and honey production cycle?

Apiary establishment depends on: no apiaries established at a minimum distance of 3 km; water availability (i.e., \"Haltunes\"); direct access to roads; combination of old and young vegetation (particularly abundance of Gymnopodium floribundum). Melliferous flora is classified according to quality and quantitity of the honey produced; 34 species are considered important at different times of the year. Finest honey and larger quantities are obtained from G. floribundum, followed by Viguiera dentata; the worst honey is from Lysiloma latisiliquum. Management of vegetation is minimum, mainly cutting plants that could impede growing of important melliferous, or protecting ( = not cutting) the latter; nevertheless, some of the most important melliferous are dominant in the vegetation. Their knowledge of flowering phenology and production cycle are quite complex. We discuss the problems the beekeepers are facing in regards to forest clearing, commercialization of produces, etc. (author)

}, keywords = {apiculture, Maya, Mexico, Tixcacaltuyub, vegetation management, Yucatan}, doi = {10.1007/BF00129616}, url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00129616}, author = {A. Chemas and V. Rico-Gray} } @article {524, title = {Building on local knowledge: The challenge of agroforestry for pastoral areas}, journal = {Agroforestry Today (Kenya)}, volume = {3}, year = {1991}, month = {10/1991-12/1991}, pages = {3-7}, abstract = {

Edmund Barrow, who has worked with East African pastoralists for more than 15 years, believes that pastoral communities have a lot to offer agroforesters. The value of their indigenous knowledge is at last being recognised by researchers and development workers. But there was a time when much of it was ignored. Here he shares some of his experience. (author)

This paper deals with the disappearance of indigenous ecological knowledge of pastoral peoples in dryland Africa. Specifically dealt with are the Pokot of Kenya, The Sukuma of Tanzania, and the Turkana also of Kenya. The paper focuses on the intrinsic environmental knowledge that pastoralists have because of their isolation and harsh living conditions.

}, keywords = {cowpeas, East Africa, gender, Kenya, maize, pastoralism, Pokot, Sukuma, Turkana, women}, author = {Edmund G. C. Barrow} } @inbook {867, title = {Deforestation and species loss}, booktitle = {Preserving the Global Environment: The Challenge of Shared Leadership}, year = {1991}, month = {1991}, pages = {78-111}, publisher = {W.W. Norton}, organization = {W.W. Norton}, edition = {1}, address = {New York}, abstract = {Deforestation and species loss are problems that have plagued modernization the world over. The worldwide estimate of the deforestation rate which was calculated by the FAO in 1980 was a loss of some 11.3 million hectares annually. With the loss of these forests, animals species biodiversity is greatly threatened. Population pressure and bad governmental policies has led to much deforestation. Global implications are that the world{\textquoteright}s food supply at risk, as well as, the international commerce based on the trade of agricultural commodities. It is necessary to reform government policies regarding land use to help manage the problem.}, keywords = {badordinal, biodiversity, environmental policy, international cooperation, United States}, isbn = {0-393-96093-5}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/756959738}, author = {Kenton R. Miller and Walter V. Reid and Charles V. Barber}, editor = {Jessica Tuchman Mathews} } @article {499, title = {A diagnostic survey of shifting cultivation in northern Laos: Targeting research to improve sustainability and productivity}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {13}, year = {1991}, month = {February 1991}, pages = {95-109}, abstract = {About 25\% of Laos{\textquoteright} four million people practise shifting cultivation (mainly of rice) on a third of the country{\textquoteright}s cropped area. Official policy is to eliminate shifting cultivation by the year 2000. Diagnostic surveys of shifting cultivation were conducted in Luang Prabang and Oudomsay Provinces in northern Laos to understand the practice from a farmer{\textquoteright}s perspective, to observe fields, and to identify and give priority to problems and research to address problems. Weeds, low and possibly declining soil fertility, intensification of the cropping cycle, rats (plus birds, wild pigs), and insects lowered rice yields or reduced system sustainability. The forest ecosystem has been degraded by logging, burning, and rice monocropping; and potentials for environmental rehabilitation through natural succession are minimal. Farmers cannot adopt high labor and cash cost innovations; and improved fallow is needed as an intermediate step prior to crop diversification, adoption of agroforestry technologies, and sedentary agriculture. (author)}, keywords = {agriculture, deforestation, forestry, government policy, improved fallow, shifting cultivation, sustainability, weeds}, doi = {10.1007/BF00140235}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00140235}, author = {S. Fujisaka} } @article {675, title = {The diffusion of {\textquoteright}lambreta,{\textquoteright} an artifcial lure, at B{\'u}zios Island (Brazil)}, journal = {MAST}, volume = {4}, year = {1991}, month = {1991}, pages = {87-103}, abstract = {

We studied the adoption process of a special jig used to catch bluefish (enchova - Pomatomus saltator) at B{\'u}zios Island. B{\'u}zios Island is a fishing community of about 44 households located in southeast Brazil (S{\~a}o Paulo State). Data were collected through direct observations and interviews. Observations of fishing trips were done at Porto do Meio harbor. The main hook-and-line techniques used to catch bluefish at B{\'u}zios are lambreta (jigging), corrico (trolling) and deep line. The lambreta has been replacing the corrico. Lambreta allows more yield per hour fishing than corrico. Unlike the corrico, it does not require natural bait (nylon skirts give the lure a life-like motion). Innovator categories were also found: younger and full-time fishermen are most likely to adopt the lambreta in contrast to older and part-time fishermen. Both features of the innovation and adopters are important to understand the process of the diffusion of the lambreta among fisherman categories. (author)

}, keywords = {Brazil, fishing}, url = {http://www.marecentre.nl/mast/documents/artikel6_002.pdf}, author = {Alpina Begossi and Peter J. Richerson} } @book {330, title = {Food from dryland gardens: An ecological, nutritional, and social approach to small-scale household food production}, year = {1991}, month = {1991}, publisher = {Center for People, Food and Environment (CPFE)}, organization = {Center for People, Food and Environment (CPFE)}, address = {Tucson, Arizona}, abstract = {This book was written to encourage gardens that serve local needs, that are based on local knowledge and resources, and that conserve natural resources and the biological diversity of traditional crops. It is written for field workers, extension agents, students, project workers, and program planners. Both a beginner{\textquoteright}s guide as well as a reference for those with more experience, this book helps the reader observe and work with local people to ask appropriate questions about the community, the environment, and the potential for gardens to improve nutritional, economic, and social well-being. (author)}, keywords = {ethnobotany, horticulture}, isbn = {0-9627997-0-X}, author = {David A. Cleveland and Daniela Soleri} } @article {566, title = {For a determined farmer, agroforestry brings an unexpected reward}, journal = {Agroforestry Today (Kenya)}, volume = {3}, year = {1991}, month = {July-Sept. 1991}, pages = {4-5}, abstract = {This document looks at the agroforestry efforts of George Nti{\textquoteright}Gitonga, a farmer in Kenya{\textquoteright}s Meru District. Since 1967, Mr. Nti{\textquoteright}Gitonga has established over 25,000 trees on his farm which he uses as fodder, food, fuelwood, timber, windbreaks, boundary plantings, erosion control, and maintenance of soil fertility. Also included in this document are Mr. Nti{\textquoteright}Gitonga{\textquoteright}s method for growing his trees in the semi-arid environment, and how he plans on harvesting water for the trees.}, keywords = {agroforestry, fodder, fuelwood, KEFRI, Kenya Forestry Research Institute, soil fertility, timber , trees, water }, author = {Sidney B. Westley and Alice Kaudia} } @article {571, title = {Gender, ecology, and the science of survival: Stories and lessons from Kenya}, journal = {Agriculture and Human Values}, volume = {8}, year = {1991}, note = {Paper initially presented at Association of Women in Development Conference: The Global Empowerment of Women, 17-19 November 1989, Washington, DC (18 pp.)}, month = {December 1991}, pages = {156-165}, abstract = {

Sustainable development and biodiversity initiatives increasingly include ethnoscience, yet the gendered nature of rural people\&$\#$39;s knowledge goes largely unrecognized. This paper notes the current resurgence of ethnoscience research and states the case for including gendered knowledge and skills, supported by a brief review of relevant cultural ecology and ecofeminist field studies. The author argues the case from the point of view of better, more complete science as well as from the ethical imperative to serve women\&$\#$39;s interests as the \"daily managers of the living environment.\" In the interests of both objectives the paper advocates an ethnoscience research approach based on empowerment of rural people, rather than simple extraction of their knowledge. The Kenyan case study of women\&$\#$39;s agroforestry work follows their response to the drought and famine of 1985 and chronicles the unfolding discovery of women\&$\#$39;s ecological, political and social science as gendered survival skills. The case is re-counted as a story, in keeping with an explicit choice to learn through participation and to report through storytelling. The experience of rural women and researchers during the drought provides several lessons for both groups about their respective knowledge systems, their agroforestry work and the relationship of both to local and national political economy. (author)

The author states her concern over loss of culture and genetic diversity, realizing the importance of this diversity to the livelihoods of the poor people. If this knowledge is to survive, women must be included in literature pertaining to sustainability and indigenous knowledge. By including women in research it may provide an opportunity for them to redefine their roles in their households, communities and nations, as well as providing important information pertaining to diversity.

}, keywords = {agroforestry, alley cropping, biodiversity, community forestry, cultural ecology, drought, East Africa, ecofeminist, ethnobotany, ethnoscience, famine, fodder trees, gendered knowledge, knowledge system, land rights, land tenure, on-farm trials, pastoralism, rural people, simple extraction, survival skills, sustainable development}, doi = {10.1007/BF01579669}, url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007\%2FBF01579669}, author = {Dianne E. Rocheleau} } @article {515, title = {An heirloom in the garden: Antique fruits and flowers are popping up all over}, journal = {Newsweek}, volume = {118}, year = {1991}, note = {

Comments on antique fruits and flowers that are popping up all over.\  For years, small groups of gardeners kept endangered varieties alive by collecting and swapping their seeds. Recently word of their work spread.\  Kent Whealy of Seed Savers Exchange in Decorah, Iowa; Two mainstream catalog outfits, Gardener\&$\#$39;s Supply Co. and Smith \& Hawken.

}, month = {July 8, 1991}, pages = {66}, abstract = {

With the expansion of agribusiness, companies are looking for crops which will grow rapidly and produce a standard plant. These crops fit well into the package and can weather long trips to the market.

Hybridization has caused many different varieties of crops to all but disappear from the market. Plants have lost their regional differences with attention given to standardization. Among some of these lost crops are the howling mob corn, ice cream watermelons, and mortgage lifter tomatoes. These regional varieties are considered \"heirloom\" crops.

Their seeds are kept in circulation by small groups of gardeners swapping seeds. Organizations such as Seed Savers Exchange are helping small time gardeners to obtain seeds of regional varieties of crops and flowers.

}, keywords = {biodiversity, gardening, genetic diversity, germplasm}, author = {K. Ames and A. Underwood} } @article {583, title = {Indigenous agroforestry of Pohnpei: 1. Plant species and cultivars}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {16}, year = {1991}, month = {November 1991}, pages = {139-157}, abstract = {Plant species and cultivars of the indigenous agroforestry system of Pohnpei were surveyed in transects through 54 randomly-selected farms. The agroforestry system was characterized by extensive cultivation of yams (Dioscorea), aroids (Alocasia), and Piper methysticum under a permanent overstory of breadfruit, coconut, and forest remnant trees and a middle canopy of Hibiscus tiliaceus, Musa spp., and Morinda citrifolia. In the 10 ha of survey plots, 161 species were found, of which 102 were trees, shrubs, and crops and 59 were uncultivated herbaceous plants. Numbers of tree, shrub, and crop species per farm ranged from 16 to 37 with an average of 26. Twenty-eight breadfruit and 38 yam cultivars were found in the survey plots, showing that cultivar diversity is an important component of the biological diversity maintained and utilized in Pohnpeian agroforests.}, keywords = {agroforestry, cultivars, indigenous agriculture, low-input agriculture, Micronesia, Pacific islands, species diversity}, doi = {10.1007/BF00129745}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00129745}, author = {W. C. Raynor and J. H. Fownes} } @article {584, title = {Indigenous agroforestry of Pohnpei: 2. Spatial and successional vegetation patterns}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {16}, year = {1991}, month = {November 1991}, pages = {159-165}, abstract = {A vegetation survey of 54 randomly-selected Pohnpeian land holdings quantified agroforest vegetation patterns in terms of horizontal distribution in the landscape and changes over time. Spatial distribution of species, expressed as distance from the main household, varied greatly with successional stages to produce the characteristic pattern of the Pohnpeian agroforest. Food crops, bananas, and Piper methysticum were planted around the house compound first, then gradually planted further away over time. Upland forest and secondary successional trees were removed by girdling, and gradually replaced by annual and perennial crops and breadfruit and other trees. A fallow or reduced management stage was discerned, characterized by low densities of early successional crops and higher densities of weedy secondary successional species; this stage resulted from a reduction in management intensity, mainly due to a variety of socioeconomic factors. Although the indigenous Pohnpeian agroforestry system is permanent and thought to be sustainable, it is dynamic in space and time.}, keywords = {agroforestry, low-input agriculture, Micronesia, Pacific islands, spatial pattern, succession, traditional agriculture}, doi = {10.1007/BF00129746}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00129746}, author = {W. C. Raynor and J. H. Fownes} } @article {587, title = {Indigenous Kikuyu agroforestry: A case study of Kirinyaga, Kenya}, journal = {Human Ecology}, volume = {19}, year = {1991}, month = {1991}, pages = {1-18}, abstract = {

This article analyzes agroforestry practices among the Ndia and Gichugu Kikuyu of Kirinyaga, Kenya, at the turn of the century, before the onset of colonial rule. It describes ways in which people adapted to competing pressures for retaining and removing tree cover. It shows how religious beliefs, tenure relations based on a communal property-rights regime, and farm forestry practices contributed to the conservation of trees.

Such strategies were not aimed at reversing deforestation, but mitigating its impact by incorporating valued trees into local sociocultural and household production systems. The article points out that indigenous agroforestry practices need to be viewed in the context of local socioeconomic and ecological differences. It also considers the impact of the caravan trade on land use during the late 1800s. Tree scarcity in the late precolonial era is briefly contrasted with the area\&$\#$39;s \"woodfuel crisis\" of the 1980s.

}, keywords = {agroforestry, common property, conservation, firewood, forestry, fuelwood, indigenous technical knowledge , Kenya, Kikuyu}, doi = {10.2307/4602996}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/4602996}, author = {Alfonso H. Peter Castro} } @article {588, title = {Indigenous knowledge and biodiversity: Global commons or regional heritage?}, journal = {Cultural Survival Quarterly Magazine}, volume = {15}, year = {1991}, month = {September 1991}, pages = {4-8}, abstract = {Pharmaceutical companies are turning to indigenous knowledge-based forms of healing for new medicinal plants and they are walking away with million dollar deals. In general, very little money goes back to the communities and the healers who shared their knowledge. There are many different ideas as to how the money should be distributed. It is felt that the role of bridging the gap between the traditional communities and the pharmaceutical companies should be filled with anthropologists and enthnobiologists. They can facilitate a partnership agreement that will benefit both the indigenous community and industrial society.}, keywords = {ethnobotany, intellectual property rights}, url = {http://www.culturalsurvival.org/ourpublications/csq/article/indigenous-knowledge-and-biodiversity-global-commons-or-regional-heritag}, author = {A. B. Cunningham} } @conference {769, title = {Indigenous knowledge and development (revised version)}, year = {1991}, note = {Background paper for seminar series on "Sociology and Natural Resource Management", Agriculture Department, The World Bank, December 3, 1990}, month = {Feb. 20, 1991}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {There are now hundreds of studies which have recorded indigenous knowledge in many countries. A review of these documents reveals useful insights in how indigenous knowledge and scientific research can benefit from one another. Despite improvements in crop and livestock production technologies, many farmers do not adopt these innovations. Research indicates that the farmers{\textquoteright} decisions to reject an innovation are often rational when viewed through the indigenous system. Many farming systems are based on intimate knowledge of soils, vegetation, climate, and pests. They also reflect strategies that allow the farmer to avoid perceived input, output and marketing risks or uncertainties. Understanding these perceived risks and ways of avoiding them can be an important first step towards fruitful partnerships between development professionals and farmers. Several examples of types of indigenous knowledge useful for development are outlined in this paper.}, keywords = {agroforestry, aquatic resources, ethnoveterinary medicine, fisheries, forest gardens, mixed cropping, pest management, rice, traditional medicine, trees}, author = {D. Michael Warren} } @article {687, title = {The indigenous knowledge of ecological processes among peasants in the People{\textquoteright}s Republic of China}, journal = {Agriculture and Human Values}, volume = {8}, year = {1991}, note = {This paper was also presented at the Second International Ethnobiology Program, October 22-26, 1990 in Kunming, China.}, month = {Win-Spr 1991}, pages = {59-66}, abstract = {

A decision-tree model of an indigenous forest management system centered around shamu (Cunninghamia lanceolata),an important timber species in China, was constructed from extensive interviews with peasants in two villages in Fujian Province, China. From this model additional interviews were conducted to elicit from these peasants their reasons for selecting among decision alternatives. Those reasons that were of an ecological nature were discussed in detail with the peasants to elicit indigenous interpretations of ecological processes in order to test an hypothesis that a strong analogy exists between traditional indigenous and scientific knowledge of ecological processes.

Three cases are presented that test this hypothesis. These three cases concern the effect of intercrops on the growth of shamu, the relative merits of seedlings and root collar sprout cuttings for forest regeneration, and the effects of repeated plantings of shamuon soil chemistry. All three cases provide strong support for the research hypothesis and suggest that, even in the absence of a formalized scientific method, humans exercise mental processes typical of scientific thinking. This phenomenon is called proto-science.

}, keywords = {agroforestry, Cunninghamia lanceolata, ethnoecology, evolutionary biology, indigenous knowledge, proto-science, shamu}, doi = {10.1007/BF01579657}, url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF01579657}, author = {Paul M. Chandler} } @article {593, title = {Indigenous natural-resource management systems for sustainable agricultural development: A global perspective}, journal = {Journal of International Development}, volume = {3}, year = {1991}, note = {An earlier version of this paper was presented at the International Symposium on Natural Resource Management Systems held at New Delhi, India, 6?II February 1990 See also: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jid.4010030312}, month = {1991}, pages = {387-401}, abstract = {Increasing pressure for food production due to the rapidly growing population has led to the gradual disappearance of numerous indigenous knowledge systems (IKSs) related to natural-resource management. This process exposes the earth{\textquoteright}s natural resources to constant ecological instability (such as loss of genetic diversity) and severe environmental vulnerability (such as soil degradation and soil erosion). Recent research on indigenous natural-resource management systems indicates that they are highly sophisticated and complex, reflecting generations of careful observations of the natural and physical environment. Keeping these in view, a literature review has been conducted to identify major consequences of the disappearance of IKSs related to natural-resource management. An attempt has been made to categorize indigenous natural-resource management systems. IKSs documented from all over the globe and received at the Center for Indigenous Knowledge for Agriculture and Rural Development (CIKARD) were used to illustrate specific instances of locally adapted and economically viable indigenous natural-resource management systems. Such examples were found in indigenous agronomic practices, agroforestry, indigenous genetic resources, and pastoral management. An integrated natural-resource management model has been developed with an overall goal of increasing food production by small-scale farmers with a least amount of deterioration to nature{\textquoteright}s resource base. The salient features of the proposed model include promoting small-scale farmer participation, recording indigenous knowledge systems related to natural resource management, conducting diagnostic interviews, evaluating modern technologies and conducting on-farm farmer-oriented research (OFFOR) trials for integrating indigenous and modern technologies. Careful implementation of such a model could contribute to ameliorating the growing natural-resource problems of the developing world such as soil erosion, environmental degradation, and ecological destruction.}, keywords = {natural resource management, on-farm research, participatory research}, doi = {10.1002/jid.4010030312}, url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jid.4010030312/abstract}, author = {B. Rajasekaran and D. Michael Warren and S. C. Babu} } @booklet {491, title = {Leaders in sustainable agriculture: Oral history interview series}, howpublished = {AFSIC Oral History Interview Series}, year = {1991}, note = {Alternative Farming Systems Information Center National Agricultural
Library 10301, Baltimore Boulevard Beltsville, MD 20705-2351}, month = {1991}, publisher = {AFSIC}, address = {Beltsville, MD}, abstract = {

Description of video tapes.

The Alternative Farming Systems Information Center (AFSIC) is creating a series of videotaped interviews with leaders in the field of sustainable agriculture. The first eight of these tapes are currently available from the National Agricultural Library, with more to follow.

}, keywords = {communications, information, oral history, study and teaching, sustainable agriculture}, url = {https://www.nal.usda.gov/afsic/oral-history-interview-series}, author = {AFSIC (Alternative Farming Systems Information Center)} } @article {621, title = {Multipurpose palms: The sugar palm (Arenga pinnata (Wurmb) Merr.)}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {13}, year = {1991}, month = {February 1991}, pages = {111-129}, abstract = {

Arenga pinnata is the most important sugar palm of the humid tropics. Besides yielding sugar, it provides a great number of products and benefits to its users, and is one of the most diverse multipurpose tree species in culture.

The various ways in which this palm is used are illustrated for the native population of four Indonesian provinces. Although all people make use of the palm, the intensity of use, and the products which are used, vary widely among places. The peoples of East Kalimantan where there is a very low population density and a Muslim population, makes relatively little use of the palm. The peoples of North Sumatra, with a mostly Christian population, and of West Java, with a very high population density make intensive use of the sugar palm. The most advanced cropping and cultivation patterns have developed in North Sulawesi, where many old traditions are based on sugar palm cultivation.

The potentials of A. pinnata in cropping systems including agroforestry are presented. Prerequisites for intensified cultivation are discussed.

}, keywords = {Arenga pinnata, MPT Indonesia, ethnobotany, palms}, doi = {10.1007/BF00140236}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00140236}, author = {J. Mogea and B. Seibert and W. Smits} } @proceedings {478, title = {NFU{\textquoteright}s Annual Conference 1991}, year = {1991}, month = {23-24 May 1991}, publisher = {Norwegian Centre for International Agricultural Development, Agricultural University of Norway; Norwegian Association for Development Research}, address = {Aas [{\r A}s], Norway; Oslo, Norway}, abstract = {

Can researchers from different disciplines, especially the natural and social sciences, work effectively together? Can they complement each other, or are they mutually incompatible, speaking contradictory, or simply different, languages? What can the various disciplines--together or separately--offer to the decision maker? Are the imperatives of research and policy so different that they cannot, and should not, be directly linked? (author)

These issues were addressed at the seventh annual conference of the Norwegian Association for Development Research (NFU). This book contains the papers presented at the conference. Papers presented at the conference covered topics such as:

}, keywords = {Africa, agriculture, agroforestry, agroforestry development, environment, farmer research, farmers, food security, gene resources, interdisciplinary, interdisciplinary research, multidisciplinary teams, natural resources, Norsk forening for utviklingsforskning (NFU), Norwegian Association for Development Research, nutrition, participatory research, property rights, social justice, social sciences, Soil Productivity Research Program (SPRP), sustainable development, Zambia}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/29625062}, author = {NORAGRIC} } @book {368, title = {NGO-government interaction in rice-fish farming and other aspects of sustainable agricultural development in Thailand}, series = {Network paper ODI, Agricultural Administration (Research and Extension) Network no. 28}, year = {1991}, month = {December 1991}, pages = {41}, publisher = {Agricultural Administration Unit, Overseas Development Institute}, organization = {Agricultural Administration Unit, Overseas Development Institute}, address = {London}, abstract = {John Sollow{\textquoteright}s paper reports that whilst formerly widespread in Central Thailand, the populartity of rice-fish culture began to be replaced by more profitable agricultural technologies from the early 1970{\textquoteright}s. These technologies are of limited applicability in Northeast Thailand, where rice-fish culture began to spread in the early 1980s, following rapid declines in traditional wild fish sources. NGOs were among the first to notice its increasing popularity and to bring it to the attention of several government agencies. Subsequently, on-farm, farmer managed trials by the Department of Agriculture helped to confirm the viability of the practice, and to bring it to the attention of policy-makers. Considering these results and their own experiences, the Department of Fisheries has assigned a high priority to the extension of rice-fish culture in Northeast Thailand. The Department of Agriculture Extension is also involved in extending the practice there and elsewhere. Research efforts continue to address factors limiting the adoption and productivity of the technology. Major extension efforts are expected to continue. The relationship between government and non-government agencies is largely informal. Some examples of contacts which have been mutually beneficial are given, and possible ways of strengthening institutional linkages are discussed. Most are open to debate, but all relate to improved communications, be it in style, content or frequency.}, keywords = {agricultural development projects, aquatic resources, fish culture, rice, sustainable agriculture, Thailand}, issn = {0951-1873}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/25907615}, author = {John Sollows and Lanthom Jonjuabsong and Aroon Hwai-Kham} } @article {627, title = {No Hunting! Biodiversity, indigenous rights, and scientific poaching}, journal = {Cultural Survival Quarterly Magazine}, volume = {15}, year = {1991}, month = {September 1991}, pages = {14-18}, abstract = {The policies concerning the use of indigenous plants for commercial uses have historically protected those with the most to gain. In most cases, it is the pharmaceutical companies which benefit from the profits. Often the knowledge shared from indigenous people is essential to the research of these plants. Scientists are calling this the "golden age of plant hunting" because of the growth of pharmaceutical companies and their research on indigenous medicines. There are many proposals to protect the rights of indigenous people and land from which the plants come. The Kuna Indians of Panama have established their own rules about how research is to be conducted on their lands. These rules are to keep the Kuna Indians from being exploited. These methods and others could possibly help to avoid situations such as that in Madagasgar with the development of vinblastine and vincristine from the rosy periwinkle.}, keywords = {agriculture, biodiversity, ethnobotany, ethnomedicine, indigenous knowledge, indigenous plants, intellectual property rights, plant hunting}, url = {http://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/panama/no-hunting-biodiversity-indigenous-rights-and-scient}, author = {Jack Kloppenburg} } @inbook {904, title = {P{\'a}tzcuaro{\textquoteright}s lesson: Nature, production, and culture in an indigenous region of Mexico}, booktitle = {Biodiversity: Culture, conservation, and ecodevelopment}, year = {1991}, month = {1991}, pages = {147-171}, publisher = {Westview Press}, organization = {Westview Press}, address = {Boulder, CO}, abstract = {This document looks at the ecosystem and cultural history in the region of Lake P{\'a}tzcuaro, Mexico. The production activities and use of natural resources (plant and animal, both wild and cultivated) of and by the local indigenous communities are detailed. Activities and knowledge of the Purh{\'e}pecha people are focused upon.}, keywords = {agricultural conservation, agricultural ecology, biodiversity conservation, ecosystem, fish, forestry, germplasm resources, household, land redistribution, land tenure, landscapes, maize morphology, Mesoamerica, mestizo, mushroom, Native Americans, natural resource management, pasture, peasants, population, Pur{\'e}pecha, settlements, smallholders, soil classification, subsistence patterns, Tarascans, taxonomy, transect, woodland management}, isbn = {0-8133-7680-7; 978-0-8133-7680-6}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/24467584}, author = {Victor M. Toledo}, editor = {Margery L. Oldfield and Janis B. Alcorn} } @proceedings {379, title = {Proceedings of "Do It Herself" -- Women and Technological Innovation, Africa Regional Seminar, 23-24 September 1991, Harare, Zimbabwe}, year = {1991}, month = {September 1991}, publisher = {Intermediate Technology Development Group}, address = {Rugby, England}, abstract = {

Women have long been regarded as \&$\#$39;non technological\&$\#$39; whilst men have always been granted credit for technological innovations by technical development specialists. Despite the fact that it is women who are widespread users of small-scale technologies with extensive knowledge of their environments and production systems, research and development of new tools and techniques has tended to focus on men\&$\#$39;s activities, and improved equipment has often been introduced to men even where women have been the traditional operators. (author) Includes following case studies:

}, keywords = {aquatic resources, fishing, potters, salt extraction, sorghum}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/876298731} } @article {423, title = {Rain forest plan stirs debate at World Bank}, year = {1991}, month = {October 14, 1991}, pages = {A7}, address = {New York}, abstract = {The World Bank has come under heavy attack after issuing a memorandum that details the eviction of hundreds of thousands of people. They are planning a forestry project that will make it possible for roads to be built making the forest accessible. The problem is there are no resources to place these evicted forest dwellers into new homes. The purpose is to "improve management of the forest," and advance logging projects. They say they are making provisions to help with resettlement, however critics are still unsatisfied with the upcoming proposal.}, keywords = {forest resource management, rainforests}, url = {http://www.nytimes.com/1991/10/14/world/rain-forest-project-in-africa-stirs-debate-at-world-bank.html?pagewanted=all\&src=pm}, author = {Keith Bradsher} } @article {653, title = {Soil fertility management of paddy fields by traditional farmers in the dry zone of Sri Lanka}, journal = {Journal of Sustainable Agriculture}, volume = {1}, year = {1991}, month = {1991}, pages = {95-106}, abstract = {Traditional farmers in the Dry Zone of Sri Lanka maintained soil fertility of paddy fields for centuries without applying mineral fertilizers. Some of their traditional cultivation practices not only preserved the natural processes which lead to the regeneration of fertility, but also added nutrients to the soil. This study highlights those traditional practices-fallow period, application of green manure and animal waste, aquaculture in paddy fields, utilization of nutrients in irrigation water and planting trees on paddy fields. Why these practices ceased to exist with the introduction of agricultural modernization and increased population is examined herewith.}, keywords = {aquaculture, soil fertility, Sri Lanka}, doi = {10.1300/J064v01n03_08}, url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1300/J064v01n03_08}, author = {Rohana Ulluwishewa} } @book {387, title = {Some missing policy links in Nigerian agricultural development}, year = {1991}, month = {April 25, 1990}, publisher = {Publications Unit IITA (International Institute of Tropical Agriculture)}, organization = {Publications Unit IITA (International Institute of Tropical Agriculture)}, address = {Ibadan, Nigeria}, abstract = {

Contains discussions on:

  1. rethinking the framework for policy analysis
  2. elusiveness of an African \"green revolution\"
  3. the changing profile of Nigerian farming
  4. revisiting the IITA agenda

The goal of IITA is to increase the productivity of key food crops and to develop sustainable agricultural systems that can replace bush fallow, of slash-and-burn, cultivation in the humid and subhumid tropics. Crop improvement programs focus on cassava, maize, plantain, cowpea, soybean, and yam. Research findings are shared through international cooperation programs, which include training, information, and germplasm exchange activities.

}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/633156914}, author = {Ojetunji Aboyada} } @article {695, title = {The southern Mount Kenya forest since independence: A social analysis of resource competition}, journal = {World Development}, volume = {19}, year = {1991}, month = {February 1990}, pages = {1695-1704}, abstract = {

CIKARD file:
This paper investigates conflicts between small- and large-scale forest users, as well as between forestry and non-forestry uses of land, in the Mount Kenya Reserve in Kirinyaga District, Kenya. It questions the prevalent belief that local households and small-scale forest enterprises posed the most serious threat to sustained-yield management of the reserve. Instead, the paper argues that widespread forest destruction was associated with large-scale industrial and commercial development: the use of fuelwood by tea factories, the expansion of plantation forests, and the establishment of government tea revenue farms.

Science Direct Abstract:
Large forest reserves represent a long-standing state response to tropical forest destruction. There are, however, growing doubts about their effectiveness as sustainable resource management regimes. This case study uses a social and historical perspective to examine conflicts about the use and management of the Mount Kenya Reserve in Kirinyaga District, Kenya since independence in 1963. Official policies and practices have treated local households and small-scale forest enterprises as the most serious threat to the reserve. In contrast, the paper argues that forest degradation has long been associated with official mismanagement and government-sanctioned development activities. In addition, it suggests that planned and spontaneous conversion of woodlands accelerated in the mid-1980s largely because of the implementation of government plans to establish extensive forest plantations. The paper also discusses proposals by the local and national government to convert forest reserves into tea revenue farms.

}, keywords = {agroforestry, Kenya}, doi = {10.1016/0305-750X(91)90013-8}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0305750X91900138}, author = {Alfonso H. Peter Castro} } @book {392, title = {Taking care of Sib{\"o}{\textquoteright}s gifts: An environmental treatise from Costa Rica{\textquoteright}s K{\'e}k{\"o}Ldi Indigenous Reserve}, year = {1991}, note = {

Publisher noted in Ecology, ethnobotany, Rainforest, and Traditional Medicine original files: Editorama, S.A.

}, month = {1991}, publisher = {Asociaci{\'o}n de Desarrollo Integral de la Reserva Ind{\'\i}gena Cocles/K{\'e}k{\"o}Ldi}, organization = {Asociaci{\'o}n de Desarrollo Integral de la Reserva Ind{\'\i}gena Cocles/K{\'e}k{\"o}Ldi}, address = {San Jos{\'e}, Costa Rica}, abstract = {This document details an example of the relationship that indigenous societies have with their environment and how they specifically set out to conserve their natural surroundings. A definition of what indigenous people are is given. Issues and laws surrounding conservation of rainforest resources (botanical and zoological) in the K{\'e}k{\"o}ldi region on the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica are explained.}, keywords = {Central America, ecology, ethnobotany, medicinal plants, natural conservation, rainforests}, isbn = {9977-88-006-9}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/24535846}, author = {Paula Palmer and Juanita S{\'a}nchez and Gloria Mayorga} } @article {702, title = {Traditional agroforestry practices in Zimbabwe}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {14}, year = {1991}, month = {May 1991}, pages = {99-111}, abstract = {Traditional agroforestry systems in the communal areas of Zimbabwe are described. There are systems centered on main fields, on home gardens, on homesites and on grazing areas. In the main fields, the major tree-related management practice is the conservation of preferred indigenous fruit trees. Fruit trees are also the focus of forestry activities around the gardens and the homesite; but here it is the planting of exotic species. In a localized area of Zimbabwe Acacia albida is important in fields. There is almost no use of tree fallows in Zimbabwe. Trees in grazing areas have numerous roles, but at present there is little knowledge about traditional management practices in these areas. In the development of agroforestry systems in Zimbabwe it is suggested that those systems designed to improve fodder production will make a significant contribution to farm productivity because of the importance of cattle in the farming system and the present fodder shortage. Interventions involving the planting of fruit trees are likely to be very successful, as there is much interest in such planting. Another area that needs to be developed is that of tree plantings to improve soil fertility.}, keywords = {agriculture, fodder trees, forestry, fruit trees, gardening, grazing lands, species composition, traditional agroforestry, Zimbabwe}, doi = {10.1007/BF00045726}, url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00045726}, author = {B. M. Campbell and J. M. Clarke and D. J. Gumbo} } @article {709, title = {Traditional tree crop based agroforestry in coffee producing areas of Harerge, eastern Ethiopia}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {16}, year = {1991}, month = {December 1991}, pages = {257-267}, abstract = {A preliminary survey of seven coffee producing Awrajas (Provinces) in eastern Ethiopia revealed that there is a traditional tree crop based agroforestry system being practised by the farmers. Coffee (C. arabica) was found to grow under the shade of several trees, 16 species, usually intercropped by one or several, a total of 15, important grain, fruit, vegetable, stimulant, oil-seed and spice crops. The majority of the trees, 69\%, is leguminous and Ficus spp. The system is characterized by the integration of crops, livestock and sometimes apiculture. Recommendations are made for future studies.}, keywords = {cash crops, chat, coffee (C. arabica), Ethiopia, Harerge, shade trees}, doi = {10.1007/BF00119322}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00119322}, author = {D. Teketay and A. Tegineh} } @book {408, title = {Tree and land tenure in the eastern Nepal terai: A case study by rapid appraisal}, year = {1991}, note = {A research report prepared for the Forests, Trees, and People Programme funded by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the Swedish International Development Authority (SIDA)}, month = {1991}, pages = {91}, publisher = {IOF (Institute of Forestry)/ YALE/IRG/USAID Institute of Forestry Project and FAO/SIDA Forests, Trees and People Programme}, organization = {IOF (Institute of Forestry)/ YALE/IRG/USAID Institute of Forestry Project and FAO/SIDA Forests, Trees and People Programme}, address = {Pokhara, Nepal [Kathmandu, Nepal]}, abstract = {This is a case study of tree and land tenure in the eastern Nepal terai. The work includes an explanation of local terms and spelling conventions as well as extensive tables and maps.}, keywords = {agroforestry, ethnobotany, forestry, medicinal plants, taxonomy}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/28676224}, author = {Bhishma P. Subedi and Chintamani L. Das and Donald A. Messerschmidt and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and Sweden. Styrelsen f{\"o}r internationell utveckling} } @article {744, title = {Victory for Chief Raoni and Menkr{\~a}gnoti people: Brazilian government demarcates area campaigned for by Sting}, year = {1991}, month = {Nov. 27, 1991}, abstract = {The Rainforest Foundation began with a meeting in an Indian village near the Xingu River. Raoni, a Kayap{\'o} leader, asked Sting, the musician, for help in defending the forest. Sting said yes. In 1989, Sting and Raoni toured the world to raise awareness and funds to draw public attention to the effort to demarcate (give legal protection to) the territory of the Mekr{\~a}gnoti people, an area with a perimeter of nearly 1,500 kilometers covered with tropical rainforests.}, keywords = {demarcation, Kayapo, Menkr{\~a}gnoti}, author = {Larry Cox} } @book {393, title = {The 1986 to 1989 project summary of the Kerr Center for Sustainable Agriculture, Inc}, year = {1990}, month = {1990}, pages = {148}, publisher = {Kerr Center for Sustainable Agriculture}, organization = {Kerr Center for Sustainable Agriculture}, address = {Poteau, OK}, abstract = {The Kerr Center for Sustainable Agriculture (KCSA) has now been in operation for over four years. Much of our initial task was simply to identify what our work should encompass and how to go about it. We eventually began a number of demonstration and research projects we believe address approaches to sustainable agriculture in our region. Most of these projects have now been active long enough to begin showing some initial results. The purpose of this report is to present the initial information generated from KCSA demonstration and research projects from 1986 through 1989. (author)}, keywords = {agriculture, sustainable agriculture}, url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=3U4bAQAAMAAJ}, author = {Kerr Center for Sustainable Agriculture} } @article {728, title = {Agriculture Newsletter}, year = {1990}, note = {Complete issue of Agriculture Newsletter from the Royal Government of Bhutan. Issue 19 July/August 1990. Information about Vegetable Crop Evaluation and Farmers{\textquoteright} Field Day in Haa Dzongkhag and Irrigation Policy Exercise.}, month = {July/August 1990}, address = {Bhutan}, abstract = {

Contents:

}, author = {Royal Government of Bhutan} } @book {294, title = {Alternatives to deforestation: Steps towards sustainable use of the Amazon rain forest}, year = {1990}, month = {July 1990}, pages = {281 pp.}, publisher = {Columbia University Press}, organization = {Columbia University Press}, address = {New York}, abstract = {Alternatives to Deforestation explores some of the possible sustainable uses of the world{\textquoteright}s largest rain forest, the Amazon. The collection by scientists, policy makers, and foundations presents innovative approaches and technologies that will permit simultaneous use and conservation of the rain forest, and will benefit the population of Amazonia as a whole, rather than just a small rural minority. By presenting sustainable land-use alternatives that are both economically viable and ecologically sound, this book represents a valuable contribution in the effort to end the tragic consequences of tropical deforestation. (author)}, keywords = {agroforestry, Amazon, deforestation, ecology}, isbn = {0-231-06892-1; 978-0-231-06892-5}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/803206060}, editor = {Anthony B. Anderson} } @book {295, title = {Amazonia: Voices from the rainforest}, year = {1990}, month = {1990}, pages = {98}, publisher = {Rainforest Action Network and Amazonia Film Project}, organization = {Rainforest Action Network and Amazonia Film Project}, address = {San Francisco}, abstract = {This guide, based on information gathered from questionnaires and interviews with amazonian organizations,discusses the efforts of the indigenous people of the Amazon to defend their rain forests. It also discusses what these Amazonian organizations feel outside world needs to know about their fight and what hey can do to help.}, keywords = {Amazon, rainforests}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/232654290}, author = {Monti Aguirre and Angela Gennio and Brent Milikan and Maria Amalia Souza and Glenn Switkes} } @article {813, title = {Aquaculture: An important consideration in sustainable aquaculture}, year = {1990}, note = {Prepared for The National Research Council Panel on Collaborative Research Support for the USAID Sustainable Yield and Natural Resource Management (SANREM) Project}, month = {November 1990}, abstract = {Fisheries production is closely tied to man{\textquoteright}s treatment of the environment. The effects of pesticides and high siltation rates from agriculture and urban developments have caused the declines of many fisheries around the world. Most historical fisheries are at or beyond their maximum sustainable yield. However, some gains in production can be obtained from revitalizing natural systems and habitats. This can only be done by managing the environment, and man{\textquoteright}s activities relative to his environment, and following the concepts of sustainability. This may require preservation zones adjacent to natural waterways, runoff collection ponds below agriculture and urban development, control of the use of pesticides and herbicides, and other control measures. (author)}, keywords = {fisheries}, author = {James P. McVey} } @article {486, title = {The BAIF Journal (entire issue)}, volume = {10}, year = {1990}, note = {BAIF (Bharatiya Agro Industries Foundation)}, month = {April 1990}, pages = {20}, abstract = {

Contents:

} } @article {670, title = {The banana (Musa spp.) Coffee robusta: Traditional agroforestry system of Uganda}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {11}, year = {1990}, month = {September 1990}, pages = {213-226}, abstract = {Banana (Musa spp.) with Coffee robusta, a traditional agroforestry system in Uganda, is a purely mixed cropping system managed on a sustained production basis. The basic primary production is banana as a main food crop and Coffee robusta as the main cash crop. The variety of trees deliberately retained, managed and planted, animals and crops in the system are managed by the farmers to maximize production by supplying timber, fruits, fuelwood, fodder, food, medicinal and other miscellaneous uses.}, keywords = {agroforestry, bananas, coffee, home gardens, medicinal plants, mixed cropping, multipurpose trees, traditional agroforestry, Uganda}, doi = {10.1007/BF00045900}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00045900}, author = {Peter A. Oduol and J. R. W. Aluma} } @article {526, title = {Cataloging Costa Rica{\textquoteright}s diversity: To make tropical biodiversity useful to society - and thus to save it - the first step is finding out what there is to lose}, journal = {BioScience}, volume = {40}, year = {1990}, month = {October 1990}, pages = {633-636}, abstract = {Costa Rica has begun a large national biodiversity survey. The main emphasis is to describe their estimated 300,000 insect species. This survey is being performed by the new Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad de Costa Rica (INBio). Even though a quarter of this nation{\textquoteright}s land is protected in national parks, nearly all of the land outside these parks has been cleared as demands for the growing population increase. With this in mind, the clock is running too fast for INBio to hesitate with this survey. The search for new drugs, crops, and natural pesticides has also pushed them to thoroughly examine their estimated 12,000 plant species. Since INBio opened its doors they have received a steady stream of international visitors. Costa Rica has once again proved to be one of the world{\textquoteright}s most important leaders in tropical conservation.}, keywords = {Costa Rica, survey, tropical conservation}, doi = {10.2307/1311428}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/1311428}, author = {Laura Tangley} } @book {397, title = {The challenges of ethnobiology in the 21st century: Second International Congress of Ethnobiology (abstracts)}, year = {1990}, note = {Proceedings of the conference have been published. Penn State has abstracts of the plenary sessions GN476.7.I57 1990, 2nd floor Paterno Library}, month = {Oct. 22-26, 1990}, pages = {225 pp.}, address = {Kunming, Yunnan, China}, abstract = {This document is a compilation of abstracts of plenary, symposium sessions and posters presented at the Second International Congress of Ethnobiology. It covers many topics, such as, botany, forestry, ecology, resource management, agriculture, and medicine.}, keywords = {agroforestry, ethnobotany}, editor = {Su Yong-ge and Douglas Milne} } @booklet {494, title = {The challenges of ethnobiology in the 21st century: Second International Congress of Ethnobiology Program}, year = {1990}, note = {Proceedings of the conference have been published. Penn State has abstracts of the plenary sessions GN476.7.I57 1990 2nd floor Paterno Library.}, month = {Oct 22-26, 1990}, address = {Kunming, Yunnan, China}, abstract = {This is a program of presentations to be made and a listing of presenters at conference.}, keywords = {biodiversity, ethnobotany, herbalism, medicinal plants, traditional medicine}, author = {Second International Congress of Ethnobiology} } @book {305, title = {Community forestry: Herders{\textquoteright} decision-making in natural resources management in arid and semi-arid Africa}, series = {Community Forestry Note no. 4}, year = {1990}, note = {See also: http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/22831781}, month = {1990}, pages = {viii, 126 pp.}, publisher = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}, organization = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}, address = {Rome}, abstract = {This report fits into an overall objective of helping the FAO analyze the role that local knowlege and management systems (LKMS) of natural resources can play in FAO{\textquoteright}s development projects and programs. The approach of this report centers on a literature review of existing information on arid and semi-arid Africa. This includes North Africa, the Sahara, the Sahel, the semi-arid parts of the Sudan zone, and the arid zones of southern Africa. A few pertinent examples from other areas are also provided. The main emphasis is placed on the use and management of natural resources, primarily vegetation, but also water and wildlife. The majority of production systems in these arid zones in one way or another rely on livestock (ranging from settled agropastoralists to continuously mobile nomads). Thus, pastoral systems, defined as any production system that relies for more than 10\% of its output on livestock, is the main focus of the report, but other production systems that rely on resources in their natural state, such as hunting, gathering, fishing and wood collecting, will also be considered. (author) In 1986, within its Forestry for Community Development Programme, the FAO Forestry Department published a Forestry Paper entitled Tree Growing by Rural People. It presented various facets of the state of knowledge about tree-growing as it relates to community forestry, i.e. forestry designed to benefit the rural tree growers/managers. However, although some of the most interesting future opportunities for community forestry lie in improving management of existing trees rather than in creating new resources, this document covered only partially the topic of tree and woodland management by rural people. It did not fully explore how rural people manage single trees or communal woodlands and how they manage their other resources in relation to trees and woodlands. Further effort was necessary to broaden and deepen the knowledge base on local management issues. In order to improve the success of management projects, more complete data and analysis was also needed on what knowledge rural people have already developed and the dynamics of their tree resource management strategies in response to changing policies, pressures and opportunities. Finally, more thorough understanding was to be developed of the results and impacts of various attempts to support rural people in the efforts to manage these resources. Dr. Maryam Niamir, a range management specialist, has undertaken the first step in the process of filling this information gap as it relates to arid and semi-arid areas of Africa. (author)}, keywords = {afforestation, agroforestry, agropastoral systems, citizen participation, climate, community forestry, deforestation, Ethiopia, ethnoveterinary medicine, forest management, Fulani, geomorphology, grazing, herders, India, land tenure, livestock, Madagascar, Mali, natural resources, Niger, Nigeria, North Africa, plants, reforestation, soils, Somalia, Sub-Saharan Africa, Sudan, Uganda, vegetation, water , wildlife , Wodaabe, Zambia}, url = {http://www.fao.org/3/t6260e/t6260e00.htm}, author = {Maryam Niamir} } @book {310, title = {Conserving the world{\textquoteright}s biological diversity}, year = {1990}, note = {in conjunction with International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources; World Resources Institute; Conservation International; World Wildlife Fund (U.S.); World Bank}, month = {1990}, pages = {193}, publisher = {International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources; World Resources Institute; Conservation International; World Wildlife Fund-US; World Bank}, organization = {International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources; World Resources Institute; Conservation International; World Wildlife Fund-US; World Bank}, address = {Gland, Switzerland and Washington, DC}, abstract = {

The elements now exist that will reverse the trend toward the biotic impoverishment of the world. Novel approaches, new financial mechanisms, and new policies need to be applied at the appropriate level of responsibility to translate the new approaches into a reality of improved human well-being and secure biotic heritage. New partners in conservation need to be found, involving all ministries, departments and private institutions that are directly dependent on biological resources. National parks departments, for example should be joined in habitat management by a wide range of other institutions to represent all interests. Furthermore, other line agencies need to develop the capacity to manage biodiversity of particular relevance to their respective missions. Contains following sections:

}, keywords = {biodiversity, conservation, development, natural resource management, policy, rainforests, sustainability, tropical forests}, isbn = {0-8213-1384-3, 0-915824-42-2}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/21193600}, author = {Jeffrey A. McNeely and Kenton R. Miller and Walter V. Reid and Russell A. Mittermeier and Timothy B. Werner} } @article {836, title = {The Cree view of land and resources: Indigenous ecological knowledge}, year = {1990}, month = {1990}, institution = {Hamilton, Ontario, Canada}, address = {McMaster University}, abstract = {This document looks at the traditional ecological knowledge (indigenous knowledge) and its relationship with modern society. Specifically, it details the knowledge held by the Cree Indians of Canada{\textquoteright}s north and gives examples and makes suggestions on how indigenous knowledge and development programs can be linked.}, keywords = {American Indians, common property, ethics, Native Americans, natural resource management, worldview}, author = {Fikret Berkes and P. George and Richard Preston and J. Turner} } @inbook {741, title = {The ecology and management of insect pests in traditional agroecosystems}, booktitle = {Ethnobiology : implications and applications : proceedings of the First International Congress of Ethnobiology, Belém, 1988}, volume = {1}, year = {1990}, month = {1990}, pages = {131-143}, publisher = {Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi}, organization = {Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi}, chapter = {Part B; Chapter 1}, address = {Belém, Brazil}, abstract = {

An analysis of the scattered research conducted on indigenous knowledge about pest ecology and methods of pest control used in traditional agriculture suggested the following facts:

The ensemble of traditional crop protection practices used by indigenous farmers throughout the developing world represents a rich resource for modern workers seeking to create pest management systems that are well adapted to the agroecological, cultural and socioeconomic circumstances facing peasants.

}, keywords = {agroecology, ethnoentomology, indigenous pest control}, url = {https://www.worldcat.org/title/1025826490}, author = {Miguel A. Altieri}, editor = {Overal, William L and Posey, Darrell Addison} } @article {680, title = {The economics of traditional rattan cultivation}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {12}, year = {1990}, month = {November 1990}, pages = {163-172}, abstract = {

In this paper the author:

}, keywords = {cane cultivation, irit, non-timber forest products, rattan, smallholders}, doi = {10.1007/BF00123471}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00123471}, author = {R. Godoy} } @article {555, title = {Exploring the cloud forests of Oaxaca, Mexico}, journal = {World Wide Fund for Nature Reports}, year = {1990}, month = {Oct-Dec 1990}, pages = {8-14}, abstract = {Since many people think of Mexico as a land of deserts and coasts, few would come here in search of some of the world{\textquoteright}s most humid forests. But if you wander up the mountains facing the Gulf of Mexico or the Pacific Ocean, you will discover the cloud forest. This dense and luxuriant vegetation receives its name from the cloud banks which come drifting onto the mountainsides, dropping some fo the 2,000-4,000mm of annual precipitation.}, keywords = {aquatic resources, forestry, grassroots development, Mexico, Oaxaca, participatory}, author = {Gary J. Martin and Alejandro de {\'A}vila}, editor = {Olga Sheean-Stone} } @book {329, title = {Food and nutrition in the African rain forest}, year = {1990}, month = {1990}, pages = {96}, publisher = {UNESCO/MAB}, organization = {UNESCO/MAB}, address = {Paris}, abstract = {

This document is a collection of articles on the food practices of different tribes in the rain forest and tropical climatic zones of central Africa (Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo, Garbon, and Zaire). It looks at hunting and gathering practices, forest cultivation, food processing and consumption, physiological/biomedical aspects of food, and the socio-cultural aspects of food and nutrition. Tribes include: Aka, Baka, Issongo, Kola, Monzombo, Mvae, Ngando, Ngbaka, Ntomba, Oto, Twa, Yassa

}, keywords = {Aka, Baka, food processing and consumption, forest cultivation, hunter-gatherer, Issongo, Kola, Monzombo, Mvae, Ngando, Ngbaka, Ntomba, Oto, physiological/biomedical aspects of food, rainforests, socio-cultural aspects of food and nutrition, Twa, Yassa}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/22740525}, editor = {C. M. Hladik and S. Bahuchet and I. de Garine} } @conference {765, title = {Forest resource management and local knowledge: An overview of community forestry research in Nepal}, booktitle = {Paper presented at Second International Congress on Ethnobiology, October 21{\textendash}26, 1990, Kunming, Yunnan, China}, year = {1990}, month = {Oct. 21-26, 1990}, publisher = {Institute of Forestry}, organization = {Institute of Forestry}, address = {Pokhara, Nepal}, abstract = {

Community forestry research and training have become major foci at the Institute of Forestry (IOF) in Nepal. This reflects the nation\&$\#$39;s emphasis on linking biophysical and social forestry policy and practice, a recognition of the important role of villagers in forest resource management and the IOF\&$\#$39;s goal of becoming a national and regional center of excellence in community forestry training and research.

Recent trends in community forestry research are examined, both at the IOF and more widely within the Ministry of Forests and by private researchers and donor agencies. The knowledge of forest and tree resources among villagers is considerable, and is being looked to for guidance and recommendations by policy makers and development planners. Implications for forestry training, future research and policy are discussed.

}, keywords = {agroforestry, ethnobiology}, author = {Donald A. Messerschmidt} } @article {821, title = {Genes for sustainable development: A briefing on biodiversity - Towards a global convention on the conservation and sustainable utilization of biological diversity}, year = {1990}, month = {1990}, institution = {Genetic Resources Action International}, address = {Barcelona, Spain}, abstract = {This paper looks at the background to the proposed convention and examines the current negotations in the context of existing agreements for the conservation and use of genetic resources. It emphasises the role of farming communities in conservation and utilization of genetic resources and argues that their rights should be recognized and that funds should be made available to support their work. (author).}, author = {Genetic Resources Action International (GRAIN)} } @article {572, title = {Genetic resource conservation and utilization in the context of international development}, journal = {Diversity}, volume = {6}, year = {1990}, month = {March 1990}, pages = {18-21}, abstract = {The approach presented here, and projects developed in its support, seek to integrate conservation and utilization of genetic resources and increase economic benefits derived from the maintenance of biodiversity. Speeding the use of genetic resources for sustainable agricultural development can be best accomplished by combining the efforts of conservation biologists, social scientists, agronomists, ethnobotanists, and ecologists in an interactive mode. Such teams represent mutual interests for both preservation and use of resource diversity for international development.}, keywords = {Ecuador, natural resource management, Philippines}, author = {Joel I. Cohen and Christopher S. Potter} } @book {338, title = {Governing the commons: The evolution of institutions for collective action}, year = {1990}, month = {1990}, pages = {280}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, organization = {Cambridge University Press}, address = {Cambridge [England]; New York}, abstract = {The governance of natural resources used by many individuals in common is an issue of increasing concern to policy analysts. Both state control and privatization of resources have been advocated, but neither the state nor the market has been uniformly successful in solving common-pool resource problems. After critiquing the foundations of policy analysis as applied to natural resources, Elinor Ostrum here provides a unique body of empirical data to explore the conditions under which common-pool resource problems have been satisfactorily or unsatisfactorily solved. Dr. Ostrum first describes three models most frequently used as the foundation for recommending state or market solutions. She then outlines theoretical and empirical alternatives to these models in order to illustrate the diversity of possible solutions. In the following chapters she uses institutional analysis to examine different ways -- both successful and unsuccessful -- of governing the commons. In contrast to the propositions of the "tragedy of the commons" argument, common-pool problems sometimes are solved by voluntary organizations rather than by a coercive state. Among the cases considered are communal tenure in meadows and forest, irrigation communities and other water rights, and fisheries. (author)}, keywords = {aquatic resources, case studies, common property management, commons, land tenure, land use, social choice}, isbn = {0-521-37101-5}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1119430541}, author = {Elinor Ostrom} } @mastersthesis {440, title = {A grounded theory describing factors in the adoption process of the alley farming technology by Yoruba women in Nigeria}, year = {1990}, note = {See also: http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/29251187}, month = {1990}, school = {Iowa State University}, address = {Ames}, abstract = {

Dissertation

This study aimed to discover a theory from data on rural Yoruba women in southwestern Nigeria. The theory deals with farmers exposed to an agroforestry technology called \"alley farming.\" A theory of agricultural change was developed to provide a framework for alley farming research and extension. Grounded theory is an inductive system for generating theory from empirical data. The constant comparative method, which alternates between data collection and data analysis, was used during fieldwork in 1984-86. Before propositions and hypotheses were defined, data were collected, coded, and analyzed to develop concepts or premises. According to Reynolds\&$\#$39; description of theory construction, the axiomatic theory of farming women and agricultural innovation consists of four basic premises, each independent of the others, from which the propositions of the theory were logically derived.

Several major factors that inhibit or facilitate the diffusion of alley farming were identified, including

Examples, grounded empirically, demonstrate that the theoretical framework provided both a diagnosis of farmers\&$\#$39; needs and a prescription for further action. (author)

}, keywords = {agroforestry, Nigeria, women, Yoruba}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.31274/rtd-180813-10310}, url = {https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=12247\&context=rtd}, author = {Kristin Cashman} } @article {822, title = {Haiti agroforestry outreach project extension 1987-1989: Final report}, year = {1990}, month = {April 1990}, institution = {Pan American Development Foundation}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {This report covers both agroforestry activities and the social and institutional aspects of the project. The agroforestry activities of the project include choices of species and agroforestry systems; site selection; nursery technology and experience; and applied research experience. The social and institutional aspects of the project include the participation of private voluntary organizations (PVOs) and farmers; extension and training; social and economic benefits; and links with the public sector, funders and other agencies.}, keywords = {agroforestry, Haiti}, author = {Frederick J. Conway and Jon L. Jickling} } @article {577, title = {Homestead tree planting in two rural Swazi communities}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {11}, year = {1990}, month = {May 1990}, pages = {11-22}, abstract = {Tree planting practices were investigated on a total of 95 homesteads in two communities in rural Swaziland. Information was also collected on socioeconomic characteristics of the homesteads. In both the study areas, Sigombeni and Bhekinkhosi, there was considerable variation amongst individual homesteads in size, relative wealth (as indicated by cattle and motor vehicle ownership), and amount and types of trees planted. Eighty-five percent of all homesteads in Sigombeni and 73 percent in Bhekinkhosi had planted at least one tree. Common forms of planting included small woodlots, fruit trees, and ornamentals. Virtually all the woodlots consisted of two introduced wattle species (Acacia mearnsii and A. decurrens). The most commonly planted fruit trees were avocadoes, bananas, and peaches. No complex or labor-intensive agroforestry practices (such as maize/leucaena intercropping) were observed. There was some evidence that the poorest and newest homesteads were the least likely to have planted any trees and that the richest homesteads were the most likely to have planted woodlots. The results indicate that forestry research and extension efforts should take into account homestead characteristics, and strive to offer a range of tree planting options that vary in input requirements, labor needs, and complexity.}, keywords = {agroforestry, fruit trees, social forestry, Swaziland, woodlots}, doi = {10.1007/BF00122809}, url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00122809}, author = {James A. Allen} } @inbook {878, title = {Indigenous agroforestry strategies meeting farmers{\textquoteright} needs}, booktitle = {Alternatives to deforestation: Steps towards sustainable use of the Amazon rain forest.}, year = {1990}, note = {Author Affiliation: Biology Department, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA}, month = {1990}, pages = {141-151}, publisher = {Columbia University Press}, organization = {Columbia University Press}, address = {New York}, abstract = {Seven characteristics of indigenous agroforestry strategies are discussed: they incorporate native trees and communities; they rely on natural succession; they use natural environmental variation; they incorporate numerous crop and native species; they are flexible; they spread risks by retaining diversity; and they work to ensure independent survival using backup resources available to the community. Specific examples from the sequential agroforestry and forest grove systems of Mexican Huastec and Peruvian Bora farmers show the ways in which indigenous strategies are used.}, keywords = {agroforestry, Bora, deforestation, ecology, Huastec, Mexico, Peru}, isbn = {0-231-06892-1; 978-0-231-06892-5}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/803206060}, author = {Janis B. Alcorn}, editor = {Anthony B. Anderson} } @article {589, title = {Indigenous knowledge and economic production: The food crop cultivation, preservation and storage methods of a West African community}, journal = {Ecology of Food and Nutrition}, volume = {24}, year = {1990}, month = {January 1990}, pages = {1-20}, abstract = {This paper examines specific cultivation, preservation and storage techniques for some selected staple crops in the food farming community of Ayirebi, near Akyem Oda in southeastern Ghana. The traditional subsistence methods of Ayirebi farming households are well adapted to the social and geographical environments of the region. The long-term future of developing African communities may well lie in building up thriving rural communities producing the food needed by the wider population. However, before this can be achieved, the particular food cultivation strategies of local communities need to be understood. Micro-level studies such as this one will provide specific data vital to formulating and implementing a general agenda for national agricultural and economic development.}, keywords = {cultivation, ecology, foodstuffs, Ghana, processing, storage, sustainable development, West Africa}, doi = {10.1080/03670244.1990.9991115}, author = {George J.S. Dei} } @inbook {883, title = {Indigenous resource exploitation}, booktitle = {Ecology and Land Management in Amazonia}, year = {1990}, note = {Chapter 4}, month = {1990}, pages = {62-85}, publisher = {Belhaven Press}, organization = {Belhaven Press}, address = {New York/London}, abstract = {This document looks at various forms of indigenous resource exploitation in the Amazon basin. It details plant and animal (both wild and cultivated) use in the forest, savannas, and wetlands by numerous tribes. European influence is also briefly discussed.}, keywords = {Amazon River region, American Indians, Andoke, anteater, aquatic resources, archaeology, Brazil, Colombia, crop production, environmental policy, fishing, food sources, Guyana, hunter-gatherer, maize, manioc, Native Americans, natural resource conservation, nutrition, Piaroa, polyculture, rainforests, shifting cultivation, South America, swiddens, timber , tubers, Uanano, Venezuela, wetlands, Witoto, Yanomamo}, isbn = {1-85293-118-3; 978-1-85293-118-6}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/21195403}, author = {Michael J. Eden} } @book {353, title = {Indigenous technical knowledge on private tree management: Final draft}, year = {1990}, note = {Published in 1992 in Bibiographies in technology and social change series no. 7 CIKARD copy indicates "Draft 2"}, month = {May 1990}, pages = {142 pp.}, publisher = {Iowa State University}, organization = {Iowa State University}, address = {Ames, IA}, abstract = {Bibliographic study prepared under contract with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome This report gives an overview of indigenous technical knowledge on private tree management and discusses how it might be applied in development programs. It focuses on practices in developing countries.}, keywords = {agroforestry}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/30260806}, author = {Evelyn Mathias-Munday and Olivia Muchena and Gerard McKiernan and Paul Mundy} } @article {738, title = {Innovative practices of the farmers in Gujarat}, year = {1990}, month = {May 1990}, abstract = {

Handwritten, for circulation to the members of network of local technical knowledge.

The document is a draft about innovative practices of the farmers in Gujarat. The practices discussed include: planting techniques for castor, potatoes (both field and riverbed cultivation), fennel, cabbage, and agroforestry in terms of Eucalyptus trees; harvesting techniques; and pest control on cumin and several other crops. This report mentions areas in which some research has been done and other areas where research must be done.

}, keywords = {agroforestry, Gujarat}, author = {Dr. N. K. Kalyanasundaram} } @inbook {886, title = {Institutional incompatibility in community forestry: The case of Nepal}, booktitle = {Community organizations and government bureaucracies in social forestry}, series = {Working paper no. 22}, year = {1990}, month = {May 1990}, pages = {11-25}, publisher = {Environment and Policy Institute, East-West Center}, organization = {Environment and Policy Institute, East-West Center}, address = {Honolulu, Hawaii}, abstract = {This paper examines a number of problems which have slowed progress considerably. The major areas of conflict include the tendency of bureaucrats to assume that there is a vacuum of knowledge and institutional capacity in rural communities, over-emphasis on committees as a form of organization, and over-emphasis on panchayats in organizing community forestry.}, keywords = {agroforestry}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/23804282}, author = {R. J. Fisher}, editor = {Jefferson Fox and R. J. Fisher} } @conference {774, title = {International Association for the Study of Common Property: "Designing sustainability on the Commons," 27-30 September 1990, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina}, year = {1990}, note = {

Conference papers available online, see url.

Conference also known as: \"the First Biennial Conference of the International Association for the Study of Common Property\"

}, month = {Sept 27-30, 1990}, publisher = {Duke University}, organization = {Duke University}, address = {Durham, NC}, abstract = {This is a program of events which includes abstracts of all papers presented. Good reference document.}, keywords = {common property, dams, fisheries, forest use, groundwater, irrigation, property rights, sustainability, water , watersheds}, url = {https://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/dlc/browse?value=Designing+Sustainability+on+the+Commons\%2C+the+First+Biennial+Conference+of+the+International+Association+for+the+Study+of+Common+Property\&type=conference}, author = {International Association for the Study of Common Property} } @inbook {888, title = {Introduction to agroforestry}, booktitle = {Agroforestry: Classification and management}, year = {1990}, month = {1990}, pages = {1-30}, publisher = {Wiley}, organization = {Wiley}, address = {New York}, abstract = {Agroforestry is an age-old land use that has been practiced for thousands of years by farmers the world over. Although in recent years it has also been developed as a science that promises to help farmers increase the productivity, profitability, and sustainability of production on their land, the science of agroforestry lags far behind the art of existing agroforestry practices. However, scientific efforts to understand, classify, and improve agroforestry systems are on the increase.}, keywords = {agroforestry, classification}, isbn = {0-471-83781-4}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/19222486}, author = {Kenneth G. MacDicken and Napoleon T. Vergara}, editor = {Kenneth G. MacDicken and Napoleon T. Vergara} } @article {598, title = {Iterative increase of economic tree species in managed swidden-fallows of the Amazon}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {11}, year = {1990}, month = {June 1990}, pages = {175-197}, abstract = {

Fallow utilization schemes are becoming increasingly popular in agroforestry designs. However little attention has been given to the fate of valuable fallow plants after the end of the initial fallow cycle, and over successive fallow cycles on a regional or inter-fallow level. Evidence is presented here for the spontaneous long-term community enrichment of an area with valuable plants in a cyclic or iterative fashion, in the context of an existing fallow utilization scheme in the Amazon. Review of the ecological processes which operate at microsite, field and community levels indicate that:

}, keywords = {agriculture, agroforestry, Amazon, fallow utilization, fruit trees, frugivores, spontaneous community enrichment}, doi = {10.1007/BF00838727}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00838727}, author = {Jon D. Unruh} } @book {355, title = {Joint management for forest lands: Experiences from South Asia}, year = {1990}, month = {January 1990}, pages = {49}, publisher = {Ford Foundation}, organization = {Ford Foundation}, address = {New Delhi, India}, abstract = {This paper briefly examines three regions within South Asia where poor land management is causing environmental degradation and social and economic problems for rural communities. Within each setting, an example is given of a government agency which is attempting to improve land management through partnerships with community groups. The experiences of each program are discussed and assesed in terms of the productivity, equity, and sustainability of emerging joint management systems. The paper concludes by describing Foundation efforts to support forest agencies developing new approaches to participatory management. (author)}, keywords = {agroforestry, Bengal, common property, community forestry, India, land tenure, land use, Nepal, participatory research, social forestry}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/24551289}, author = {Mark Poffenberger} } @book {356, title = {Keepers of the forest: Land management alternatives in southeast Asia}, series = {Kumarian Press library of management for development}, year = {1990}, month = {December 1990}, pages = {289}, publisher = {Ateneo De Manila University Press; Kumarian Press}, organization = {Ateneo De Manila University Press; Kumarian Press}, address = {Manilia, Philipinnes; West Hartford, CT}, abstract = {

Contains following chapters:

  1. The evolution of forest management systems in southeast Asia (Mark Poffenberger);
  2. A history of state forest management in Java (Nancy Lee Peluso);
  3. The changing upland landscape of the northern Philippines (Percy E. Sajise and Elizabeth A. Omegan);
  4. Forces and policy issues affecting forest use in northeast Thailand (James A. Hafner);
  5. Facilitating change in forestry bureaucracies (Mark Poffenberger);
  6. Diagnostic tools for social forestry; (Jefferson Fox)
  7. Communal forest leases as a tenurial option in the Philippine uplands (Luzviminda B. Cornista and Eva F. Escue);
  8. Identifying appropriate agroforestry technologies in Java (Carol Stoney and Mulyadi Bratamihardj);
  9. Evolving management systems in Thailand (Kamon Pragtong and David E. Thoma);
  10. Migrant farmers and the shrinking forests of northeast Thailand (James A. Hafner and Yaoxvalak Apichatvullop);
  11. Reorienting forest management on Java (Nancy Lee Peluso, Mark Poffenberger and Frances Seymour);
  12. Community participation for conservation area management in the Cyclops Mountains, Irian Jaya, Indonesia (Arthur Mitchell, Yance de Fretes, and Mark Poffenberger);
  13. The growth of the Philippine social forest program (Christopher Gibbs, Edwin Payuan, and Romulo del Castill);
  14. Social forestry in Cebu (Salve B. Borlagdan); and
  15. Steps towards establishing collaborative management (Mark Poffenberger).
}, keywords = {agroforestry, common property, commons, community forestry, cooperatives, deforestation, empowerment, forest management, forestry, land tenure, land use, land use, rural, participatory research, social aspects, southeast Asia, trees}, isbn = {971-550-010-2; 9789715500104}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/20263005}, editor = {Mark Poffenberger} } @book {359, title = {Land and water strategy, the process begins: workbook on soil}, year = {1990}, month = {1990}, pages = {20}, publisher = {Province of Manitoba [Natural Resources, Water Resources Branch]}, organization = {Province of Manitoba [Natural Resources, Water Resources Branch]}, address = {[Winnipeg, MB]}, abstract = {Of primary importance to Manitobans is the development and conservation of our natural resources: the soil, water, forest, wildlife, fisheries, and mineral resources that are vital to our economic future. Our land and water resources have been affected by our activities and we are losing opportunities for future development. The recent drought has illustrated just how fragile our resource based industries are, especially agriculture. The time has come to rebuild those resources so that they will always be there for our use and enjoyment. (author)}, keywords = {agricultural conservation, natural resource conservation, Province of Manitoba, rural land use, soil conservation, soil management}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/184878384}, author = {Provincial Government of Manitoba, Water Resources Branch} } @article {603, title = {Land use, soil loss, and sustainable agriculture in Rwanda}, journal = {Human Ecology}, volume = {18}, year = {1990}, note = {

See also: 10.22004/ag.econ.55057 (OA University of Minnesota Repository)

}, month = {June 1990}, pages = {147-161}, abstract = {The conservation of scarce land resources is essential to the long-term viability of agriculture in Rwanda. High population density, steep slopes, and abundant rainfall prevail in the highland portions of this African country, making the task of erosion control uncommonly difficult for the peasant farmer. The specific use to which land is put, e.g,, cultivation, fallow, pasture, woodlots, and if it is cultivated, the particular combination of crops grown, can be seen as contributing to both the cause and the solution of the land degradation problem. Based on data from a nationwide survey of over 4,800 agricultural fields in Rwanda, this study reviews the extent to which the land use and cropping patterns employed by farmers are appropriately suited, in terms of erosion control, to the topographical and environmental characteristics of their landholdings. Analyses of other aspects of the traditional agricultural system, eg, variations in relative soil fertility, the use of organic fertilizers, and the location of fields relative to the household, are introduced to help explain why farmers often fail to maximize erosion control through land use and cropping practices. Adjustments to current land use practices that can be expected to reduce soil loss are discussed. (author)}, keywords = {cropping patterns, food security, Rwanda, slope, soil loss, sustainable agriculture}, doi = {10.1007/BF00889179}, author = {Daniel C. Clay and Laurence A. Lewis} } @article {604, title = {Land-use by immigrant Baoul{\'e} farmers in the Ta{\"\i} region, South-west C{\^o}te d{\textquoteright}Ivoire (Ivory Coast)}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {11}, year = {1990}, month = {1990}, pages = {101-123}, abstract = {

This paper discusses the cropping system of immigrant Baoul{\'e} farmers in the rain-forest area of South-west C{\^o}te d\&$\#$39;Ivoire (Ivory Coast). The area harbours one of the last substantial rain-forest reserves of humid West Africa. Part of it is known as Ta{\"\i} National Park, and has been adopted as one of UNESCO\&$\#$39;s Man and Biosphere Programme areas. The park area is threatened by farmers in search of land. Soils in the area typically show a low intrinsic nutrient content (particularly phosphorus and potassium), low pH values, a low CEC, and, locally, high levels of gravel. In the Baoul{\'e} cropping system fields are kept under perennial crops, mainly cacao, after having been used for food crop cultivation during the first two years. Yam, the most important food crop is grown on mounds. Next to the inherent poverty of the soil, this cropping technique, which disrupts the structure of the top soil is seen as one of the causes for low yields of cocoa on Baoul{\'e} farms in the area. Yields per ha amount to c. 60\% of that of the national average. The conclusion is that the Baoul{\'e} agricultural production system is ill-adapted to the local ecosystem. Measures to improve adaptation include: Introduction of crop species adapted to adverse soil conditions (e.g. rubber, oilpalm), to buffer cacao plantations through planting of shade trees, to apply fertilisers, and to make use of biological nitrogen-fixation. Generally, the remedies proposed involve investments in terms of cash and labour on the part of the farmers. It is argued that farmers will not change their current cropping practices as long as there is forested land in the vicinity. The presence of the Ta{\"\i} forest, c. 300.000 ha of virgin rain-forest, impedes the process of change towards more intensive land-use practices.

}, keywords = {agriculture, cacao, Humid C{\^o}te d{\textquoteright}Ivoire, Ivory Coast, land shortage, soil fertility, transition shifting cultivation, yams}, doi = {10.1007/BF00838724}, url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00838724}, author = {Arnoud Budelman and Peter M. Zander} } @article {609, title = {Living fences: A close-up look at an agroforestry technology}, journal = {Agroforestry Today (Kenya)}, volume = {2}, year = {1990}, month = {March 1990}, pages = {11-13}, abstract = {Living fences, as used in agroforestry, are described. Their primary purpose is to control the movement of animals (such as goats) or people. This purpose is what differentiates them from other agroforestry technologies based on trees planted in lines such as boundary plantings, contour strips or hedgerow intercropping. Living fences may provide fuelwood, fodder, and act as windbreaks. Living fences include also live fenceposts and hedges. Many different (tree) species are used for living fences, including Gliricidia sepium, Erythrina berteroana, Spondias purpurea, (Central America), Doryalis caffra, Agave sisalana and Euphorbia spp. (Africa). A table lists the most important species used for living fences in India.}, keywords = {Agave sisalana, Doryalis caffra, Erythrina berteroana, Euphorbia, fencing, Gliricidia sepium, living fences, miscellaneaous crops and forestry, shrubs, Spondias purpurea, trees, Tropag}, author = {Sidney B. Westley} } @article {610, title = {Living stakes: Kenyan farmers introduce an agroforestry technology}, journal = {Agroforestry Today}, volume = {2}, year = {1990}, month = {1990 April-June}, pages = {8}, abstract = {

Farmers in the Kenya highlands are using living stakes of Commiphora zimmermanni to support yam (Dioscorea minutiflora) and passion fruit (Passiflora edulis) vines.

The species is drought resistant and can be planted as green sticks which root readily, and grow slowly without developing large lateral roots which would compete with other crops, or canopies that would provide too much shade. The stakes thrive under frequent pollarding and are not killed by heavy plants climbing them.

}, keywords = {agroforestry, Kenya}, author = {Amare Getahun and Anthony Njenga} } @article {619, title = {Medicine from plants}, journal = {Science}, volume = {247}, year = {1990}, month = {February 2, 1990}, pages = {513}, abstract = {Basically, this article just discusses the usefulness of plants as medicine. It goes on the objective that the National Cancer Institute has created a superior technique for screening plants for useful medicinal properties. Some of the economic aspects of the medicinal plant industry are discussed. Lastly, it discusses the number of plants that have been tested as opposed to the number of plants in existence. It states that many have come from tropical forests, especially rainforests, and at the rate that they are being destroyed we may lose valuable plants before we have a chance to test them.}, keywords = {ethnobotany, ethnopharmacology, medicinal plants}, doi = {10.1126/science.2300807}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/2873781}, author = {Philip H. Abelson} } @conference {783, title = {Microenvironments unobserved}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the International Symposium on Natural Resources Management for a Sustainable Agriculture, February 6-10, 1990}, year = {1990}, note = {Chapter 12}, month = {February 1990}, pages = {179-205}, publisher = {Indian Society of Agronomy}, organization = {Indian Society of Agronomy}, address = {New Delhi}, abstract = {

The dominant paradigm of top-down development presents an oversimplified view of both farming systems and household livelihoods. Non-farming professionals under perceive both natural and human made microenvironments (MEs). Typically, MEs are ecologically specialized compared with their surroundings; concentrate soil, water and nutrients; are protected; and are physically, biologically and managerially complex and diverse. In third world agriculture, MEs often contribute to livelihoods and their sustainability by diversifying households\&$\#$39; portfolio of sources of food and income, by intensifying, increasing and stabilizing production and decreasing risk, by storing and supplying reserves for bad times and contingencies, by reducing the need to migrate, and by providing sites for innovation and experiment.

In knowledge, and in R \& D to develop the considerable potentials of MEs in third world agriculture, farmers have several comparative advantages but scientists can help as consultants. As a precondition for long-term investment in MEs, farm families need clear and secure rights and tenure. Non-farming professionals can contribute through better observation and heightened awareness of MEs, and through reversals of location, learning, and role. A shift in extension from packages of practices to baskets of choices should enable farming systems and livelihoods to be more sustainable by becoming more complex and diverse.

A challenge to non-farming agricultural professionals in the 1990s is whether they can make the quiet personal revolutions needed to support these changes. (author)

}, author = {Robert Chambers}, editor = {R. P. Singh} } @article {828, title = {People in between: A case study on the Kumil Timber Project, Madang Province, Papua New Guinea}, year = {1990}, month = {April 1990}, institution = {International Work Group for Ingineous Affairs}, address = {Copenhagen}, abstract = {

The description and discussion of a definite example of a regional project related to \"development\" and timber extraction in the tropical rainforest in Madang Province, Papua New Guinea presents an opportunity to illustrate actual transformation processes concerning the situation of indigenous populations, land rights, economic development, environmental issues and national integration.

Projects of timber utilization have to deal not only with forestry but also with legal, political, economic and socio-cultural domains. This document will draw attention to the hitherto unexplored complexity of timber utilization.

}, keywords = {cash crops, communications, development aid, division of labor, ecosystems, forestry, languages, logging, rainforests, schools, self-determination, settlement patterns, subsistence production, women}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/22234105}, author = {Daniela Renner} } @inbook {908, title = {Plant-based livestock medication}, booktitle = {Agroforestry Technology Information Kit (DENR/IIRR/FF)}, year = {1990}, note = {Agroforestry Technology Information Kit (DENR/IIRR/FF)}, month = {[1990]}, abstract = {This kit apparently originated in the Philippines. It provides a list of useful medicinal plants that can be used on livestock in place of expensive drugs and medicines. The list, compiled by interviews with farmers, includes the scientific and popular names, useful properties, and methods of administration.}, keywords = {ethnoveterinary medicine, medicinal plants, taxonomy}, author = {International Institute of Rural Reconstruction (IIRR) and Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) and Ford Foundation (FF)} } @conference {788, title = {Program of events}, booktitle = {International Association for the Study of Common Property: "Designing sustainability on the Commons," 27-30 September 1990, held at Duke University, Durham, North Carolina}, year = {1990}, note = {Conference papers available online, see url.
Conference also known as: "the First Biennial Conference of the International Association for the Study of Common Property"}, month = {Sept. 27-30 1990}, publisher = {Duke University}, organization = {Duke University}, address = {Durham, NC}, abstract = {Program of events, presentations, and papers for conference.}, keywords = {dams, fisheries, forest use, groundwater, irrigation, property rights, water , watersheds}, url = {https://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/dlc/browse?value=Designing+Sustainability+on+the+Commons\%2C+the+First+Biennial+Conference+of+the+International+Association+for+the+Study+of+Common+Property\&type=conference}, author = {International Association for the Study of Common Property} } @conference {789, title = {Promoting the fertilizer bush in agroforestry on-farm research: A participatory approach}, booktitle = {Paper presented at American Society of Agronomy Conference, October 21-26, 1990, San Antonio, Texas}, year = {1990}, month = {October 1990}, address = {San Antonio, TX}, abstract = {

Alley farming is an ecologically stabilizing process designed for tropical farmers to increase and sustain crop production. Rows of nutrient-rich trees form 5 meter alleys. If farmers regularly use prunings from these trees as mulch for crops grown in the alleys, the trees function as \"fertilizer bushes.\" Farmers can defer fallow on fragile soils, extend and diversify cropping, and increase yields. As an innovation bundle, alley cropping supplies useful by-products: animal fodder, crop staking material, firewood, and mulch for erosion control and moisture retention. Yet on-farm research demonstrates that if the technical aspects of alley cropping outpace essential human components, the practice becomes dysfunctional, and the benefits farmers derive are negligible. This paper examines what socio-cultural/economic and organizational components can make alley cropping an appealing and sustainable practice by tropical farmers. A framework was developed and tested in collaboration with 270 rural Nigerians to describe and measure the process where farmers become aware of alley cropping, adopt and modify or reject it, integrate and use the practice in their farming system and disseminate it to others, or discontinue the practice.

Interviews with 50 female and 97 male adopters were tape-recorded during fieldwork in 1988. Each alley farm of this 147 sample was visited. Nonadopters (123) were canvased to determine their understanding of, and feelings towards, alley farming. The projects\&$\#$39; field personnel and scientists were also interviewed to further the development of the framework. (author)

}, keywords = {agroforestry, alley farming}, author = {Kristin Cashman} } @article {739, title = {Proposal for research funding: Formal representation and use of indigenous knowledge of agroforestry}, year = {1990}, month = {January 20, 1990}, address = {University of Wales; University of Edinburgh}, abstract = {

Research objectives:

}, keywords = {local knowledge, agroforestry, recorded knowledge, research and development }, author = {University of Wales and University of Edinburgh} } @article {830, title = {Refugees and forestry}, year = {1990}, note = {Paper prepared for the Forestry Support Program USAID.}, month = {April 1990}, institution = {USAID}, abstract = {In this paper, Helin looks at the impact refugees make on local forest resources for housing materials and fuelwood needs. Long-term refugee camps have often negatively impacted the environment to the point of desertification. Helin proposes that agroforestry projects be enacted near refugee camps so as to save the local environment from complete devastation.}, keywords = {desertification, fuelwood, housing, refugee camps}, author = {William H. Helin} } @article {424, title = {Research in {\textquoteright}virgin{\textquoteright} Amazon uncovers complex farming}, year = {1990}, note = {Science Times (Section C)}, month = {April 3, 1990}, pages = {C1, C12}, address = {New York}, abstract = {Techniques let Indians harvest the jungle without destroying it.}, keywords = {Brazil, Indians, Kayapo, rainforests, shifting cultivation}, url = {http://www.nytimes.com/1990/04/03/science/research-in-virgin-amazon-uncovers-complex-farming.html?pagewanted=all\&src=pm}, author = {William K. Stevens} } @article {740, title = {Research-client linkages: The role of NGOs in agroforestry/natural resource management technology \& transfer}, year = {1990}, note = {AFNETA-IITA invited paper.}, month = {October 1990}, publisher = {Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development}, address = {Little Rock, AR}, abstract = {An overview of the topic is given, followed by an analysis of comparative advantages of NGO/research entity linkages. What can be gained by each of the three sets of actors -- NGOs, research entities, and clients of the research -- is briefly discussed. Based on the appended three case studies of Winrock projects, a comparative analysis and matrix are developed. Finally, recommendations for future action are given. Examples throughout the text are drawn primarily, though not exclusively, from Winrock projects.}, keywords = {farmer participatory research, on-farm research}, author = {Diana de Treville} } @inbook {922, title = {The role of soil biodiversity in sustainable dryland farming systems}, booktitle = {Dryland agriculture: Strategies for sustainability}, series = {Advances in Soil Science no. 13}, year = {1990}, month = {1990}, pages = {241-251}, publisher = {Springer}, organization = {Springer}, address = {New York}, abstract = {A major consequence of modern agricultural development has been environmental degradation. As biodiversity is reduced due to specific crop fields, soils then lose much of their biota. Organisms such as Azotobacter and Beijerinckca indica are effective polysaccharide-producing microbes. These may provide indicators of soil potential. Soil organic matter can decrease for many reasons, one of which involves conventional tillage practices. Better soil management is necessary to increase microbial processes and soil fertility. More research is necessary to predict how soil type, climatic conditions, and management affect below ground microbial ecology in drylands. (author)}, keywords = {biodiversity, dryland farming}, isbn = {978-1-4613-8984-2; 978-1-4613-8982-8 (online)}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-8982-8_12}, author = {C. S. Potter and R. E. Meyer}, editor = {R. P. Singh and J. F. Parr and B. A. Stewart} } @conference {797, title = {Sustainable yield in coastal zone and aquatic ecosystems}, booktitle = {Prepared for The National Research Council Panel on Collaborative Research Support for AID{\textquoteright}s Sustainable Yield and Natural Resource Management (SANREM) Project, November 1990}, year = {1990}, month = {November 1990}, abstract = {In this paper, I intend to identify both issues and problems faced in extracting yields from coastal zone environments. The issues are certainly ecological, but they are equally social, anthropological, and economic. The scope of the paper is wide enough to encompass the production of usable protein from inland aquatic sources such as rivers, lakes, and aquaculture facilities. The theme that emerges will center on the conceptual and operational reasons why coastal zone and aquatic ecosystems should be included as one of the "key agro-ecosystems facing critical poverty and environmental constraints." An ecosystem perspective that has adaptive management as a conspicuously built-in component will be advocated. (author)}, keywords = {aquatic resources, coastal zone}, author = {Vincent F. Gallueel} } @article {667, title = {Temple forests in India{\textquoteright}s forest development}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {11}, year = {1990}, note = {accepted 22 January 1990; published September 1990}, month = {9/1990}, pages = {199-211}, abstract = {

Historically the temple forests in India have served many spiritual and religious purposes. This paper stresses on the use of the underused repertoire of sacred acts to integrate the benefits of temple forests in rural development. The tree/plant species, planting design and the rituals related to their worship documented in the great epics, vedas and upanishads are of great value especially in the context of promoting forest development and the forest development led agricultural development. The Star, Planet and Zodiac forests contain a large number of native tree species ideally suited to tropical stress and drought.

The promotion of temple forests would help developing forests in the upstream areas which can help create climax forests and aid in soil and moisture conservation to help improve the productivity of downstream agriculture. As the chief utilitarian value of these temple trees and plants is in terms of the native (ayurvedic) medicine, their propagation would not only develop the downstream farming opportunities, but also promote the native medicine sector. (author)

}, keywords = {agriculture, forestry, institution, medicinal plants, planet, ritual, star, temple, traditional medicine, worship, zodiac}, doi = {10.1007/BF00045899}, url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00045899}, author = {M. G. Chandrakanth and J. K. Gilless and V. Gowramma and M. G. Nagaraja} } @booklet {497, title = {Towards a sustainable development strategy for the Sierra de los Tuxtlas, Mexico}, year = {1990}, note = {CEA-Carleton research proposal to the International Development Research Centre Cooperation Program}, month = {March 1990}, publisher = {Centro de estudios Agrarios and Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Carleton University}, address = {Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico}, abstract = {Since the 1950s, the cattle industry in Mexico had quadrupled in size, claiming tropical rain forests and land dedicated to basic grain production at an alarming rate. The ecological costs of this form of development have been extraordinary high. Changes in land use and land tenure have resulted in the loss of valuable rainforest resources and extensive soil degredation. The expansion of cattle ranching has also pushed many peasants out of agriculture and into other poverty-stricken sectors of the rural and urban economy. As a result of these developments, Mexico has lost national food self-sufficiency and today imports mare than ten million tons of basic grains. mainly corn and beans. The appropriation and abuse of peasant land by cattle ranchers has also contributed to the development of inequalities in the distribution of economic and political power.}, keywords = {livestock}, author = {Luisa Par{\'e}} } @article {439, title = {Traditional agriculture and plant pathology (TAPP) database [ASCII format for the Macintosh]}, year = {1990}, month = {1990}, publisher = {Cornell University Department of Plant Pathology}, address = {Ithaca, NY}, abstract = {The authors{\textquoteright} goal in developing this resource was to bring together as many as possible of the published materials on practices used by traditional farmers to manage plant diseases. The database in its present form is far from an exhaustive collection, and is an attempt to bring together the collective knowledge of several heretofore diverse disciplines. The authors hope that in doing so they have laid the groundwork for further collaboration among plant pathologists, social scientists, and othes with an interest in enhancing the vitality and viability of traditional farmers around the world.}, keywords = {agroforestry, biological control, crop density, diversity, fallow, fire, flooding, habitat selection, heat, hilling, minimum tillage, mixed gardens, mulching, multiple cropping, multistorey cropping, organic matter, pesticides, planting date, pruning, resistance, roguing, rotations, sanitation, seed treatment, selection, shade, sowing depth, storage, terraces, tillage, weeds}, author = {H. David Thurston and Neil R. Miller} } @article {705, title = {Traditional crop sparks new interest as a multipurpose tree}, journal = {Agroforestry Today (Kenya)}, volume = {2}, year = {1990}, month = {April-June 1990}, pages = {4-7}, abstract = {

In tropical regions, fast growing short-lived woody species such as pigeon pea are attracting considerable interest for agroforestry systems. Pigeon pea provides food, fuelwood, forage, and shelter to subsistence farmers. Pigeon pea, although a perennial plant, is most often grown as an annual, because it is highly susceptible to Fusarium wilt and mosaic disease. Nowadays resistant perennial lines are available, which can be grown for 3-4 years. The many uses of pigeon pea are summarized. Annual wood production of long-duration pigeon pea ranged from 2.5 to 12.5 t/ha, and grain yield was between 0.8 to 1.8 t/ha. Spacing, fertilizer requirement, crop combinations and management, weed and pest control measures and harvesting methods are discussed. KEYWORDS:

[CIKARD COPY] If farmers in the semi-arid tropics are to adopt agroforestry on a wide scale, researchers must address two major problems. One is the possibility of competition between trees and field crops in environments where moisture and soil fertility are likely to be limited. The second problem is the often considerable delay before farmers can expect any economic return from trees. (author)

This document looks at two short-lived woody species \— pigeonpea and sesbania \— as an answer to these two problems. It looks at the products which can be derived from the two species, how the two help to improve soil quality, what kinds of yields they produce, spacing and fertilizer requirements, crop combinations and management, and weed and pest control.

}, keywords = {agroforestry, ICRISAT, IITA, India, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Nigeria, pigeonpea, sesbania, soils, trees}, author = {C. K. Ong and Joshus N. Daniel} } @article {710, title = {Traditional woodland management techniques of African pastoralists}, journal = {Unasylva}, volume = {160}, year = {1990}, month = {December 1990}, pages = {49-58}, abstract = {

Over thousands of years, pastoralists in arid and semi-arid Africa have developed a set of principles and strategies that have enabled them to meet their physical and social needs in a harsh and variable environment. Under conditions of relatively low population density \— pastoralist societies are generally characterized by very low fertility rates and high infant mortality \— these strategies also resulted in the sustained management of key natural resources, particularly range and woodlands. Recently, however, rapid population growth and an associated series of external pressures including crop expansion into rangelands, nationalization of land by governments, forced sedentarization, expanding urban and rural demand for fuelwood, and indiscriminate water development, have combined to upset the delicate balance between the herders and their fragile environment.

}, keywords = {agroforestry, fodder, grazing, pastoralism, seedlings, woodland management}, url = {http://www.fao.org/3/t7750e/t7750e08.htm$\#$traditional\%20woodland\%20management\%20techniques\%20of\%20african\%20pastoralists}, author = {Maryam Niamir} } @article {698, title = {The tragedy of the commons: Twenty-two years later}, journal = {Human Ecology}, volume = {18}, year = {1990}, month = {March 1990}, pages = {1-19}, abstract = {Hardin{\textquoteright}s Tragedy of the Commons model predicts the eventual overexploitation or degradation of all resources used in common. Given this unambiguous prediction, a surprising number of cases exist in which users have been able to restrict access to the resource and establish rules among themselves for its sustainable use. To assess the evidence, we first define common-property resources and present a taxonomy of property-rights regimes in which such resources may be held. Evidence accumulated over the last twenty-two years indicates that private, state, andcommunal property are all potentially viable resource management options. A more complete theory than Hardin{\textquoteright}s should incorporate institutional arrangements and cultural factors to provide for better analysis and prediction. (author)}, keywords = {co-management, common property, fisheries, forestry, grazing lands, sustainable development, water resources , wildlife }, doi = {10.1007/BF00889070}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00889070}, author = {David Feeny and Fikret Berkes and Bonnie J. McCay and James M. Acheson} } @article {711, title = {Tree crop based agroforestry in Nigeria: A checklist of crops intercropped with cocoa}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {11}, year = {1990}, month = {September 1990}, pages = {227-241}, abstract = {A survey of cocoa farmers in Bendel, Ogun, Ondo and Oyo States of Nigeria, carried out in 1985, showed that almost all the farmers intercropped other crops with cocoa. The intercrops included food crops such as plantain (92.3), cocoyam (85.7\%), cassava (51.3\%), yam (41.3\%), maize (38.9\%), melon (31.4\%), cowpea (28.6\%) and pineapple (26.0\%) and tree crops such as oil palm (71.5\%), kola (67.3\%), coffee (41.0\%), coconut (7.9\%) and citrus (7.2\%). Other crops are ewe-iran (Sarcophrynium brachystachys) and ewe-gbodogi (Megaphrynium macrostachyum) (45.2\%), african walnut (Tetracarpidium conophorum) (42.2\%), aligator pepper (Aframomum melegueta) (31.6\%), and iyere (Piper guinense) (20.2\%). Guava, mango, pawpaw and vegetables such as celosia, okra and solanum occur in cocoa plots at rather low frequencies. As many as six or more other crops can be intercropped with cocoa at the same time.}, keywords = {agroforestry, cocoa belt, crop combination, food crops, medicinal plants, tree crops}, doi = {10.1007/BF00045901}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00045901}, author = {M. A. O. Oladokun} } @book {402, title = {The tropical forestry action plan: What progress?}, year = {1990}, month = {1990}, pages = {89}, publisher = {World Rainforest Movement and the Ecologist}, organization = {World Rainforest Movement and the Ecologist}, address = {Penang, Malaysia}, abstract = {This book discusses the results of a review of the implementation and success of the Tropical Forestry action Plan since it was introduced in 1985 as the answer to the tropical deforestation problem. This review details nine of the currently used plans in terms of their goals and how well they have met these goals.}, keywords = {forest policy, rainforests}, isbn = {967-99987-2-X}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/23738011}, author = {Marcus Colchester and Larry Lohmann} } @article {842, title = {The use of marine organisms in folk medicine and horticulture: A preliminary study}, year = {1990}, month = {February 1990}, institution = {Seaweed Information Center (SICEN), University of the Philippines}, address = {Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines}, abstract = {This paper reports briefly on the use of marine organisms in folk medicine and horticulture among the coastal people of northern Mindanao and the Visayan Islands of Bohol, Cebu, and Negros in central Philippines. This island group seemed to us a good starting point for what could eventually be a broad and in-depth study of this subject. For one thing, the common folk medicinal and horticultural practices in these areas are, for the most part, based on efficacious use of marine plants and animals. For another, the people on these islands are linked by a common dialect that is spoken by two of us, a distinct advantage that precluded the need for translation during interveiws with local folks. (author)}, keywords = {ethnobotany, ethnopharmacology, medicinal plants, taxonomy}, author = {P. M. Alino and G. J. B. Cajipe and E.T. Ganzon-Fortes and W. R. Y. Licuanan and N. E. Montano and L. M. Tupas} } @article {717, title = {Use of native browse by Fulani cattle in central Nigeria}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {12}, year = {1990}, month = {December 1990}, pages = {217-228}, abstract = {Shrubs and trees browsed by Fulani pastoralists{\textquoteright} cattle in two areas of central Nigeria were identified by means of interviews with the pastoralists and observations of browsing cattle. Thirty-nine plant species were identified, many of them indigenous economic trees. The species were ranked by pastoralists according to importance in cattle diet. Chemical analyses of plant parts eaten and investigation of frequency of occurrence of the species in the study areas revealed that the pastoralists{\textquoteright} ranking reflected not only the plants{\textquoteright} relative abundance but also their nutritive value.}, keywords = {agriculture, agrosilvopasture, browse, cattle, forage resource use, forestry, subhumid zone}, doi = {10.1007/BF00137285}, url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00137285}, author = {Wolfgang Bayer} } @book {404, title = {The uses of anthropology in agro-social forestry R \& D: approaches to anthropological forestry}, series = {Discussion Paper 90/2}, year = {1990}, month = {March 1990}, pages = {59}, publisher = {USAID/Nepal, Institute of Forestry Project}, organization = {USAID/Nepal, Institute of Forestry Project}, address = {Pokhara, Nepal}, abstract = {This paper approaches the answer from the perspective of anthropological forestry and agro/social forestry research and development. The paper has three parts. The first section introduces Anthropology in Natural Resources R\&D with particular attention to agroforestry. In the section Theories, Models and Methods, I introduce some of the higher level theories, practical models (theoretical constructs or paradigms) and methods (strategies) which guide us. The third part, Transfer Techniques, comprises five short case studies highlighting several approaches to anthropological forestry, the depth and breadth of the discipline and its intellectual and practical potential. (author)}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/25809890}, author = {Donald A. Messerschmidt} } @article {719, title = {Usufruct rights to trees: The role of Ekwar in dryland central Turkana, Kenya}, journal = {Human Ecology}, volume = {18}, year = {1990}, month = {June 1990}, pages = {163-176}, abstract = {Usufruct rights to trees (Ekwar) in the Turkana silvo-pastoral system are an important aspect of natural resource management, particularly in the drier central parts of Kenya. Originating from a participatory forestry extension program, a survey was carried out that showed the extent and duration, often in excess of one generation, of occupancy of a person{\textquoteright}s Ekwar. Such rights center around the dry season fodder resources, especially of Acacia tortilis. However they are not definite and are linked to risk-spreading by flexibility in livestock management and the need that they be maintained through efficient usage and social linkages. Hitherto, such natural resource management systems have all but been ignored in the development process in favor of the "tragedy of the commons" paradigm. Likewise, pastoral development has tended to emphasize range and water, while trees are not given the attention they deserve. This endangers the resilience of the system, and it is therefore important that development works with, not against, such environmentally-sound practices to try to make them more sustainable in the long term.}, keywords = {East Africa, ecology, Kenya, livestock, natural resource management, pastoralists, tenure, trees, usufruct rights}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/4602963}, author = {Edmund G. C. Barrow} } @inbook {933, title = {Why study traditional agriculture?}, booktitle = {Agroecology}, series = {Biological resource management}, year = {1990}, month = {1990}, pages = {551-564}, publisher = {McGraw-Hill}, organization = {McGraw-Hill}, address = {New York}, abstract = {It is difficult to separate the study of agricultural systems from the study of the cultures that nurture them. For this reason, this paper deals with both the complexity of the production systems as well as with the sophistication of the knowledge of the people that manage them. This paper also attempts to integrate the arguments advanced by both social scientists and biologists, in order to justify the need to continue studying traditional agroecosystems. It is here argued that rescue of this knowledge must occur rapidly, not only because it is being irreversibly lost, but also because it is crucial for the advancement of agricultural ecology.}, keywords = {agricultural ecology, ecology}, isbn = {0-07-052923-X; 978-0-07-052923-6}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/20055574}, author = {Miguel A. Altieri}, editor = {C. Ronald Caroll and John H. Vandermeer and Peter M. Rosset} } @conference {809, title = {Wood energy management and knowledge in Pokhara area, Western Nepal}, booktitle = {Paper presented at Second International Congress on Ethnobiology, 21-26 October 1990, Kunming, Yunna, China}, year = {1990}, month = {Oct. 21-26 1990}, address = {Pokhara, Nepal}, abstract = {

Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA) methods were used to study indigenous knowledge of wood energy production and consumption in Pokhara. Commercial and non-commercial uses were examined. Wood energy comes mainly from fuelwood, charcoal, sawdust and bamboo harvested in surrounding areas, but also from lowland regions and roadside fuelwood sellers in fuelwood sufficient areas. Thus, the distribution involves mainly producers (villagers) to consumers (townspeople), through one to three levels of middlemen in between.

Producers illegally harvesting government or community forests were also studied. Most are lower caste poor and landless people, trying to earn a living during the non-agricultural season (September-May).

While many urban householders have shifted to fossil fuels, certain industries still rely on charcoal and wood from the forest. The depletion of sal (Shorea robusta), khair (Acacia catechu) and kaphal (Myrica esculanta) threatens the forests. Producers retain a rich working knowledge of forest resources, which has potential payoffs for more sustainable and equitable forest resource policy. (author)

}, keywords = {agroforestry}, author = {Mohan K. Balla and Sukhdev Chaudhary and Thakur B. Karkee} } @proceedings {421, title = {Workshop to develop an Agroforestry Technology Information Kit, November 4-13, 1989}, year = {1990}, month = {1990}, publisher = {Philippene Dept. of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR); International Institute of Rural Reconstruction (IIRR); Ford Foundation (FF)}, address = {Quezon City, Philippines; Silang Cavite, Philippines; Manila, Philippines}, abstract = {The "Agroforestry Technology Information Kit" was prepared for the use and guidance of the Social Forestry Officers and Technicians of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources. This kit was meant to help our forestry officers and technicians be effective in their role as extension workers for the upland dwellers. It is full of narative know-how and skills that make life in the uplands more meaningful, profitable and ecologically sustainable. It is well-prepared and if properly operationalized and seriously implemented, it is expected to create a new dimension in the struggle for upland rehibilitation that can only be maintained through concerted and sustained effort of the government and the people. This kit is Philippine- focused: it is intended for use primarily in support of the training of DENR{\textquoteright}s 1,200 technicians for its Social Forestry Program nationwide. This program of DENR aims to give the Filipino uplanders access to forest lands for a tenure of 25 years or more. (author)}, keywords = {agriculture, agroforestry, conservation, ecology, Filipino, fruit, home-lot, livestock, management, natural resources, Philippine Department of Environment and Natural Resources, plants, seeds, soil and water conservation (SWC), sustainability, Taungya System, trees, water }, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/51168241}, editor = {Francis Korten and Romulo del Castillo and Julian Gonsalves and Jaime Roquillo and Forester Nicanor Iscala Jr} } @article {727, title = {Yams and megapode mounds in the lowland rain forest of Papua New Guinea}, journal = {Human Ecology}, volume = {18}, year = {1990}, month = {June 1990}, pages = {177-185}, abstract = {Kubo people of Papua New Guinea sometimes grew Dioscorea yams in mounds of forest litter that were made as egg-incubation sites by birds (Megapodiidae). The small yam plots were included within larger banana gardens and, in the latter, it was yams, not bananas, that took precedence in the gardening decisions of people. The technique would be viable in the absence of a larger garden. It is interpreted as an expression of an ancient pattern of small-scale plant domestication.}, keywords = {intercropping, Kubo, megapodes, Papua New Guinea, plant domestication, rainforests, yams}, doi = {10.1007/BF00889181}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/4602964}, author = {Peter D. Dwyer and Monica Minnegal} } @conference {798, title = {The adaptation of rice-fish culture technology: The case of Mang lsko in Cavite, Philippines}, booktitle = {Paper presented at the second Asian regional workshop on rice-fish research and development, October 24-28, Central Luzon State University, Munoz, Nueva Ecija. Philippines.}, year = {1989}, note = {

May also be published as Fermin, F.V. 1992. The adaptation of rice-fish farming technology: the case of Mang Isko in Cavite, Philippines, p. 333-338. In C.R. De la Cruz, C. Lightfoot, B.A. Costa-Pierce, V.R. Carangal and M.P. Bimbao (eds.) Rice-fish research and development in Asia. ICLARM Conf. Proc. 24, 457 pp.

}, month = {Oct. 24-28, 1989}, publisher = {Central Luzon State University, Munoz}, organization = {Central Luzon State University, Munoz}, address = {Nueva Ecija, Philippines}, abstract = {One of the IIRR{\textquoteright}s goals is to improve the quality of life of the rural poor and to achieve this objective, it assists the rural poor to identify and start potential alternative sources of supplemental income, at the same time providing fish for family consumption and addressing their nutritional requirements. One possible approach is rice-fish culture.}, keywords = {Philippines, rice-fish culture}, author = {Frank Fermin} } @inbook {850, title = {Agricultural systems on the floodplains of the Peruvian Amazon}, booktitle = {Fragile lands of Latin America: Strategies for sustainable development}, series = {Westview special studies in social, political, and economic development}, year = {1989}, note = {Chapter 5}, month = {1989}, pages = {75-100}, publisher = {Westview Press}, organization = {Westview Press}, address = {Boulder, CO}, abstract = {The "development" of Amazonia continues unabated. Governments sharing the basin are promoting the occupation of the region for reasons that range from land pressures occasioned by inequitable land tenure systems or population pressure, expansion of food and fiber production to meet domestic needs or foreign exchange earnings, to exploitation of natural resources. Development models, however, have been based on those extraneous to the region. This chapter explores those models and systems. (author)}, keywords = {agroforestry, American Indians, climate, fallow, flora, local knowledge, Native Americans, Peru, rainfall, river, shifting cultivation, South America, swiddens}, isbn = {0-8133-7705-6}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/18351601}, author = {M{\'a}rio Hiraoka}, editor = {John O. Browder} } @conference {749, title = {Agroforestry as popular science: A land user perspective for research and design in rural landscapes}, booktitle = {Paper presented at Annual Meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, January 14-19, 1989, San Francisco, CA}, year = {1989}, month = {Jan. 14-19, 1989}, address = {San Francisco, CA}, abstract = {

This document contains three sections:

  1. Problems and Context;
  2. A Land User Perspective for Agroforestry research and action programs; and,
  3. Who will do this? How? Where?

Each section contains topics on:

  1. The richness of agroforestry practices and experiments; The ambitious promise of agroforestry research and development programs; The poverty of imagination and practical results emerging from experimental initiatives; The threat of oversimplification and homogenization of landscape; and, The challenge of reconciling formal agroforestry science with popular science to address the needs, aspirations and concerns of rural people;
  2. Multiple uses of land, plants and their products; Multiple users of land, plants, products, rights, responsibilities; Sliding scale of analysis, focus on landscape, eco-opportunism; Co-evolution of land and people, change over time, past/future; Indigenous knowledge and practice, capacity for innovation; and, Land users as researchers, terms of participation;
  3. The potential role of ecologists and social scientists; New ways of working in research and development institutions; and, New institutions for agroforestry as popular science.
}, author = {Dianne E. Rocheleau} } @book {288, title = {Agroforestry in sub-Saharan Africa: A farmer{\textquoteright}s perspective}, series = {World Bank Technical Paper no. 112}, year = {1989}, month = {1989}, pages = {94}, publisher = {World Bank}, organization = {World Bank}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {This study reviews agroforestry practices in Sub-Saharan Africa as seen from the farmer{\textquoteright}s perspective. Agroforestry, broadly defined as the integration of trees and shrubs in farming systems, offers one of the most promising technological options for reversing soil degradation, restoring tree cover, and improving agricultural productivity in Africa. The literature on agroforestry was reviewed in order to identify a limited number of successful experiences for further field study. Seven case studies were then conducted by an interdisciplinary team, covering indigenous and innovative systems found in the highlands of East Africa, the semi-arid zone, and the humid lowlands of West Africa. This review identified a number of issues that need to be considered in the design and implementation of agroforestry projects for Africa in order for them to be successful. Key findings include the importance of understanding the economics of agroforestry systems from the farmer{\textquoteright}s point of view as well as from the broader perspective of the benefits to society. Project evaluation should therefore take into account local markets and opportunities for off- farm employment offered by tree products, as well as the opportunity costs perceived by farmers in making adoption decisions. Farm households are not homogeneous, and project design should be adapted to the socioeconomic level, age and gender of the people who are expected to adopt the proposed technology. In Africa, trees are integral parts of agro-sylvo- pastoral farming systems and should be considered in this sociocultural context, with particular attention to the constraints imposed by customary and legal rules regarding land and tree tenure. The institutional framework for implementation should be selected and developed with a view to long-term sustainability. Recommendations are made for the technical, economic, social, and institutional design of projects and for the direction of future research. (author)}, keywords = {agroforestry, Sub-Saharan Africa}, isbn = {0-8213-1389-4, 978-0-8213-1389-3}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/20630167}, author = {Cynthia C. Cook and Mikael Grut} } @book {290, title = {Agroforestry in Tonga: A traditional source for development of sustainable farming systems}, series = {South Pacific Smallholder Project Occasional Paper no. 12}, year = {1989}, month = {1989}, pages = {58}, publisher = {University of New England; South Pacific Smallholder Project}, organization = {University of New England; South Pacific Smallholder Project}, address = {Armidale, NSW}, abstract = {Tongan agriculture is based on the intercropping of a number of annual and perennial crops. A lower stratum which is characterised by mixed and staggered planting is tightly integrated with a dense stand of trees, bananas and coconuts. Ecological stability and the production of a wide variety of outputs are both secured by such an agroforestry system. Mechanisation, cash cropping and the beginning of a land shortage have started to change traditional land-use patterns in negative ways. A growing number of farmers see their tree crops as obstacles to intensive cash cropping. Regard for ecologically sound farming practices, which were followed by custom rather than by understanding, is falling away. A combination of modern and traditional farming practices could lead to higher returns with sustainable environmental stability. The natural, organisational and educational infrastructures for the evolution of such farming systems in Tonga are excellent. This report examines some of the factors which support and inhibit agroforestry in Tonga, and makes recommendations for further improvements. (author) This paper is based on an agroforestry survey carried out in Tonga in adjoining villages. Different species were discussed, based on their function and distribution within the communities. Land ownership, ecological effects of agroforestry and tree mangement options were also discussed. }, keywords = {Aeurites moluccana, Artocarpus altilis, Atocarpus altilis, Bischofia javanica, Bishogia javanica, Carica papaya, Citrus fagifer, Citrus sinensis, coconuts, Incoarpus fagifer, Magfera indica, Mangifera indica, mechanization, Morinda citrifolia, pandanus spp., Ponetia pinnata, smallholders, South Pacific}, isbn = {0-85834-823-3; 978-0-85834-823-3}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/20746333}, author = {Wieland K{\"u}nzel} } @article {835, title = {The Agroforestry Outreach Project in Haiti: A case study for project design}, year = {1989}, month = {March 1989}, institution = {Pan American Development Foundation}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {

FAO Workshop on Planning Self-Help Fuelwood Projects

The Haiti Agroforestry Outreach Project (AOP), designed and primarily funded by the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), provides tree seedlings to peasants to plant on their farms. The Agroforestry Outreach Project (APO) is implemented entirely through non-governmental organizations (NGOs). This case study begins with a discussion of how the AOP was designed and a description of the project\&$\#$39;s activities, including changes made after the project began. The motives of Haitian peasants for participating in the project are then discussed, with an emphasis on the economic viability ot tree cropping. The sustainability and replicability of the project are analyzed. The case study concludes with a series of questions for workshop participants to consider. (author)

}, keywords = {CARE (Cooperative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere), farmer participatory research, fuelwood, Operation Double Harvest, Pan American Development Foundation (PADF)}, author = {Frederick J. Conway} } @book {292, title = {Agroforestry projects for small farmers: A project manager{\textquoteright}s reference}, series = {A.I.D. evaluation special study no. 59}, year = {1989}, month = {January 1989}, pages = {78}, publisher = {U.S. Agency for International Development}, organization = {U.S. Agency for International Development}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {This report summarizes major issues identified in the general literature on agroforestry and those being addressed in ongoing Agency for International Development (AID) projects. Section 1 provides an overview of AID support for agroforestry activities. Section 2 describes state-of-the-art agroforestry techniques that could be used to increase and sustain agricultural production. Section 3 discusses technical and nontechnical issues pertinent to designing and implementing agroforestry projects or projects with agroforestry components.}, keywords = {agroforestry}, url = {http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNAAX212.pdf}, author = {Siew Tuan Chew} } @conference {752, title = {Agroforestry: Proprietary dimensions}, booktitle = {Paper prepared for AAAS Technical Session, Agroforestry: A Global Perspective on Potentials and Constraints, 15 January 1989, San Francisco, CA}, year = {1989}, month = {January 15, 1989}, address = {San Francisco, CA}, abstract = {

This paper examines the changes in our thinking over the past several years concerning how tenure, or property rights in land and trees, affect farmer incentives for an adoption of agroforestry practices. We deal here with three quite different tenure situations:

Agroforestry has tended to be associated primarily with forestry on the holding, but agroforestry is the incorporation of trees into a farming system and the farming system often involves use of resources outside the holding, especially as regards tree products. The farmer\&$\#$39;s decisions about trees are made in terms of his or her overall access to tree products, whether on or off the holding. The farmer may have tenure (rights) in all these situations. The tenure will be most extensive over the agricultural holding but the farmer may also have use rights in a communal forest as a member of the community, and may hold a license, for instance for gathering dead wood, in a state forest. A farmer\&$\#$39;s options concerning trees in any of these tenure situations cannot be defined in isolation from the options in the other situations. (author)

}, keywords = {agroforestry}, author = {John W. Bruce and Louise Fortmann} } @inbook {917, title = {The Alaska Eskimo Whaling Commission: Successful co-management under extreme conditions}, booktitle = {Co-operative management of local fisheries: New directions for improved management and community development}, year = {1989}, month = {1989}, pages = {137-153}, publisher = {University of British Columbia Press}, organization = {University of British Columbia Press}, address = {Vancouver, British Columbia}, abstract = {This chapter describes the manner in which the scientific managers (whether national or international) on the one hand, and the Alaskan North Slope Inupiat and the Bering Sea Yupik whalers on the other, have, despite their cultural differences, formed an effective co-management arrangement during a decade of intense activity in defence of each group{\textquoteright}s respective culturally-based position.}, keywords = {American Indians, aquaculture, Eskimos, marine resources, Native Americans}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/923443645}, author = {Milton M. R. Freeman}, editor = {Evelyn Pinkerton} } @book {303, title = {Common property resources: Ecology and community-based sustainable development}, year = {1989}, note = {Published in association with the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources; Conference on Conservation Development Implementing the World Conservation Strategy (1986: Ottawa, Ont); World Congress of Ecology (4th: 1986: Syracuse, NY)}, month = {1989}, pages = {302}, publisher = {Belhaven Press}, organization = {Belhaven Press}, address = {London; New York}, abstract = {Includes the following papers presented at the Conference on Conservation and Development: Implementing the World Conservation Strategy, held June 1986, Ottawa and the Fourth International Congress of Ecology, held Aug 1986, Syracuse, NY: Institutional arrangements for management of rural resources: common-property regimes; Natural resources: access, rights-to-use and management; The evolution of appropriate resource-management systems; Cooperation from the perspective of human ecology; Graphs and gaffs: A cautionary tale in the common-property resources debate; Reforming the use of natural resources; Multi-jurisdictional resources: testing a typology for problem structuring; Meeting environmental concerns caused by common-property mismanagement in economic development projects; Solving the common-property dilemma: Village fisheries rights in Japanese coastal waters; The evolution of Mexico{\textquoteright}s spiny lobster fishery; Where have all the exploiters gone? Co-management of the Maine lobster industry; Water as common property: The case of irrigation water rights in the Philippines; On the diversification of common-property resource use by Indian society; Changes taking place in common-property resource management in the Inland Niger Delta of Mali; Traditional resource management in the Melanesian South Pacific: A development dilemma.}, keywords = {congresses, Conservation of natural resources, ecology, economic development, environmental aspects}, isbn = {1-85293-080-2}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/478258426}, editor = {Fikret Berkes} } @article {815, title = {Contributing to sustained resource use in the humid and sub-humid tropics: Some research approaches and insights}, year = {1989}, note = {CIKARD copy is a 24-page working draft}, month = {1989}, institution = {UNESCO}, address = {Paris}, abstract = {This document reviews the current activities of the MAB Programme that are contributing to the development of sustainable land-use systems that are in tune with the social, cultural, and biological characteristics of the peoples and ecological systems of the humid and sub-humid tropics. Topics covered are: biological diversity, traditional ecological knowledge, and integrated conservation in the humid tropics; ecological and economic sustainability of tropical rain forest management; forest regeneration and ecosystem rehabilitation in the humid tropics; tropical soil fertility and its biological management; savanna ecology and management; responding to stress and disturbance; and technical synthesis, training, and institutional development.}, keywords = {Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Programme, rainforests, UNESCO }, url = {http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0008/000865/086504eo.pdf}, author = {Malcolm Hadley and Kathrin Schreckenberg} } @inbook {863, title = {Costs and benefits of floodplain forest management by rural inhabitants in the Amazon estuary: A case study of Acai palm production}, booktitle = {Fragile lands of Latin America: Strategies for sustainable development}, year = {1989}, month = {1989}, pages = {114-129}, publisher = {Westview Press}, organization = {Westview Press}, address = {Boulder, CO}, abstract = {

This chapter is a case study of an economically productive and ecologically sustainable land use that has evolved among traditional inhabitants in the floodplain of the Amazon estuary. These river dwellers (\"ribeirinhos\"), typically mestizo in ethnicity, constitute a living bridge between indigenous Amerindian knowledge of the natural diversity and inherent productivity of the Amazon\&$\#$39;s floodplain resources and the modern world with its more limited view of the economic potential of natural ecosystems. The river dwellers of the Amazon estuary participate in the market economy, and are often mistakenly included in the economically marginal, rural population of lesser-developed countries that recent multi-lateral development programs have sought to advance. What prevailing development programs have failed to consider is how the river dwellers\&$\#$39; knowledge of their environment can contribute to a better use of fragile lands in the floodplain.

The present case study does not aspire to propose a comprehensive sustainable land-use strategy for the Amazon\&$\#$39;s floodplain (\"varzea\"). Rather, it focuses on the economic potential of one important natural resource element in the regional economy, the \"acai\" palm (Euterpe oleracea Mart.). We report the findings of a field experiment designed to measure the effects of different management practices utilized by river dwellers on fruit yields in natural stands of acai. Although measurements of the effects of these practices on other floodplain forest species were not included in this experiment, our findings are important since acai is the foremost commercial floodplain forest resource for rural inhabitants over extensive areas of the estuary. The case study described in this chapter is particularly interesting because rural inhabitants of the Amazon estuary implement an extensive form of land use in a biotope generally considered to have the greatest potential for intensive agriculture in Amazonia: the varzea floodplain of sediment-rich rivers. Forest resources are the most fragile component of the floodplain, which has served as the principal location for agriculture in Amazonia since aboriginal times. The acai palm is an especially fragile resource, as it has been subjected to intensive exploitation in the form of palm heart extraction since the 1960\&$\#$39;s. In contrast to other floodplain areas however, river dwellers in the estuary we studied have largely maintained the native forest cover and have developed management practices that assure the sustained utilization of forest resources such as acai.

The general adoption of a less intensive form of land use in a biotope of high agricultural potential is frequently viewed as a sign of the inhabitants\&$\#$39; lack of industry, \"collecting mentality,\" Indian blood, and \"primitive\" land-use practices. However, this option is in fact a rational one from ecological, cultural, and economic perspectives. Elsewhere, the ecological and cultural bases for this option have been examined in detail. Here we shall examine this option from an economic perspective by conducting a cost-benefit analysis of various management practices carried out by local inhabitants in naturally occurring stands of the acai palm. (author)

}, keywords = {Amazon, ecology, palm production}, isbn = {0-8133-7705-6; 978-0-8133-7705-6}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/18351601}, author = {Anthony B. Anderson and M{\'a}rio Augusto G Jardim}, editor = {John O. Browder} } @article {539, title = {Decisions of cattle herdsmen in Burkina Faso and optimal foraging models}, journal = {Human Ecology}, volume = {17}, year = {1989}, month = {December 1989}, pages = {445-464}, abstract = {Models of optimal foraging theory are used to evaluate the decisions of a sedentary herdsman and his family in Burkina Faso concerning the movement of his cattle from pasture to pasture. Generally, such models describe exploitation at the patch level, but are inadequate at higher levels. The herdsmen in the study area are generally sedentary, and their strategy of exploitation appears to be characterized by planning at least in terms of a whole day and minimizing daily travel time among fields. In conjuction with this conclusion a modified optimization model is proposed. We conclude that optimal foraging models are useful in interpreting and understanding the rules governing the movements of traditional West African herdsmen when so modified, but that more data are needed to develop and test these models further. (author)}, keywords = {grazing, herd movement, optimal foraging, pastoralism, sedentary husbandry, West Africa}, doi = {10.1007/BF00889500}, author = {W. F. DeBoer and H. H. T. Prins} } @book {314, title = {Developing a partnership of indigenous peoples, conservationists, and land use planners in Latin America}, series = {Policy, planning, and research working papers -- Environment (WPS 245)}, year = {1989}, note = {See also: http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/500811468776777817/pdf/multi-page.pdf}, month = {October 1989}, pages = {96}, publisher = {Latin America and the Caribbean Technical Dept., World Bank}, organization = {Latin America and the Caribbean Technical Dept., World Bank}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {Policy, Planning, and Research Working Papers - Environment Recommendations for working in partnership with indigenous peoples, recognizing their land rights, incorporating their environmental knowledge into wildlands and native area planning, and paying more serious attention to the economics and resource implications of local activities to harvest wild resources - especially in environmentally delicate areas such as tropical rainforests. The major finding of the report is that a fundamental shift (a paradigm shift in the language of the historian of science Thomas Kuhn) has started in the way in which the international conservation community has come to view the issue of planning in areas which are occupied and used by indigenous peoples. Under the traditional paradigm, represented by several National Parks, wildlife reserves and other types of protected areas where indigenous peoples have aboriginal claims, indigenous peoples are allowed to continue to occupy and use the resources of these areas but only so long as they use the natural resources sustainably. This use, agreed with the park authorities, should reconcile the needs of both the indigenous peoples and the conservationists. Experience has found that these needs can be reconciled and made compatible, although this is far from being routine. Clearly major deforestation or firearm hunting for commerce by indigenous peoples are not compatible with wildlands protection. Where indigenous people and park authorities do not agree, then either the park or the people are encouraged to move. (author)}, keywords = {ache, acquatic resources, agriculture, Alaska Whaling Commission, Amboseli National Park, animal protection, Annapurna Conservation Project, aquaculture, Arctic Research Establishment, Aripuana Indian Park, Australia, Awa Ethnic Forest Reserve, Beni Biosphere Reserve, Bolivia, Brazil, Caribou Management Boards, Chile, Coburg National Park, Colombia, Conservation of natural resources, Costa Rica, Cuyabeno, Darien Biosphere Reserve, economic conditions, ecosystem management, Ecuador, environmental policy, Eskimo Walrus Commission, ethnoecology, ethnology, forestry, Honduras, Huaorani, Indians of South America, indigenous peoples, Kakadu National Park, Kenya, Kuna Yala Project, La Amistad Biosphere Reserve, La Planada, Lake Titicaca National Reserve, land tenure, land use planning, Latin America, Lauca National Park, Makivik Research Center, Manu National Park, Mbaracayu Wildland Area, Mexico, national parks, Native Americans, Nepal, NGOs, non-governmental organizations, oil exploration, Pacaya Samira National Reserve, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, rainforests, Rio Platano Biosphere Reserve, Sian Ka{\textquoteright}an Biosphere Reserve, Sierra de Manantlan Biosphere Reserve, Siona-Secoya, sport hunting, subsistence economy, subsistence hunting, Tagaira, UNESCO , usufruct rights, wildlife , World Bank, Xingu National Park, Yanomami Indian Park, Yasuni National Park}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/29810664}, author = {Peter Poole} } @article {548, title = {Ecology and moral choice: Bias prejudice, and ecology}, year = {1989}, month = {January 1989}, abstract = {This draft concerns the issue of bias in environmental planning. Included are examples of value-loaded words like illiterate, primitive, and undeveloped, etc. Also included are the scientific method, cost-benefit analysis, the World Bank, reverse learning, intergenerational morality, Woburn, and toxic contamination.}, author = {John E. Carroll} } @inbook {860, title = {An economic analysis of Huastec Mayan forest management}, booktitle = {Fragile lands of Latin America: Strategies for sustainable development}, year = {1989}, note = {Chapter 12}, month = {1989}, pages = {182-206}, publisher = {Westview Press}, organization = {Westview Press}, address = {Boulder, CO}, abstract = {

In this paper, I describe and evaluate a type of \"social forestry\" system currently used by indigenous farmers living at a density of 100 persons per square kilometer in a zone of \"fragile lands\" in northeastern Mexico. This zone can be classified as fragile for several reasons. It is a zone where bare soil is easily damaged by heavy rains and hot sun. It is a zone of slopes subject to erosion by runoff from the heavy rains. The land use I describe is not limited to the specific physical or social conditions of my study site. Systems similar to that of the Huastec have been described from other areas and could be applied by trained smallholders living in any forested area, regardless of forest type or slope.

The advantages of this systems are that it complements production from other farm subunits, gives farmers access to subsistence goods, produces commercially valuable products, conserves wild genetic resources of forest species, and protects soils. (author)

}, keywords = {agroforestry, Huastec, Latin America, Maya, Mexico}, isbn = {0-8133-7705-6; 978-0-8133-7705-6}, author = {Janis B. Alcorn}, editor = {John O. Browder} } @book {318, title = {Environmental accounting for sustainable development: Selected papers from Joint UNEP/World Bank Workshops}, series = {World Bank Symposium}, year = {1989}, note = {Contributors include the United Nations Environment Programme; World Bank}, month = {1989}, pages = {100}, publisher = {The Bank}, organization = {The Bank}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {International organizations are making a substantial effort to incorporate environmental concerns in their regular operations. A great deal of work is now being done to help clarify the linkages between development and the environment. This work will enable us to integrate environmental and resource management concerns more effectively in the economic decision-making process. It will be an essential component in our efforts to establish the basis for long-term and sustainable development. This volume reflects the attention given during the past six years by the World Bank and the United Nations Environment Programme, as well as others, to this important topic. (author).}, keywords = {accounting, economic development, environmental aspects, environmental impact analysis, national income, natural resources}, isbn = {0-8213-1224-3}, editor = {Yusuf Ahmad and Salah El Serafy and Ernst Lutz} } @book {324, title = {Farmer first: Farmer innovation and agricultural research}, year = {1989}, month = {1989}, pages = {218 pp.}, publisher = {Intermediate Technology Publications}, organization = {Intermediate Technology Publications}, address = {London}, abstract = {This document is a list of 42 papers presented at the workshop. These papers deal with farmer-oriented approaches to agricultural development, especially farmer interaction with researchers. The subjects include agroecology, crops and technologies in areas as diverse as Bangladesh, Kenya, Colombia, Peru, Nepal, India, Zambia, Brazil, and Botswana. Farmer experimentation is a reoccurring topic.}, keywords = {agroecology, agroforestry}, isbn = {1-85339-007-0; m978-1-85339-007-4; 978-1-78044-014-9}, doi = {10.3362/9781780440149}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/20444797}, editor = {Robert Chambers and Arnold Pacey and Lori Ann Thrupp} } @article {559, title = {Farmers{\textquoteright} production of timber trees in the cacao-coffee region of coastal Ecuador}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {9}, year = {1989}, month = {October 1989}, pages = {155-170}, abstract = {The coastal region of Ecuador is an important producer of cacao and coffee. Increasingly, farms and ranches in the region also provide industrial wood for sawmills and other wood processing plants. Most of this wood derives from shade trees and pasture trees. Because little is known of wood supply from farm sources in coastal Ecuador, a survey was conducted of 122 farmers in the subregions of Ventanas, La Troncal, and Babahoyo. The survey indicates an abundance of land for the growing of farm trees, and excellent regeneration of many species on the majority of farms. However, current stocking of farm trees seems well below potential, and fewer than half of interviewed owners deliberately manage farm trees for eventual sale as timber. Only 2.2 percent of gross farm revenue derives from tree sales, even though over half of surveyed farmers have sold trees to industrial buyers at least once. Constraints on production and sales of farm trees for timber include risks of damage to coffee and cacao; perceived incompatibilities with current farming practices; inadequate methods of classification and pricing of farm trees; and insufficient knowledge of the industrial uses of farm trees by agricultural extensionists. These limitations need to be addressed through a strategy of research, development, and information diffusion on selected demonstration farms.}, keywords = {agricultural extensionist, farm tree, pasture tree, shade trees, timber }, doi = {10.1007/BF00168260}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00168260}, author = {Michael F. Mussak and Jan G. Laarman} } @book {327, title = {Financial and economic analysis of agroforestry: Key issues}, series = {Discussion paper (University of East Anglia. School of Development Studies) no. 212}, year = {1989}, month = {June 1989}, pages = {77}, publisher = {University of East Anglia, School of Development Studies}, organization = {University of East Anglia, School of Development Studies}, address = {Norwich, UK}, abstract = {This is the summary and index of a paper dealing with cost-benefit analysis of agroforestry systems from an individual, household, institutional, and societal perspective. Included are the major steps needed to perform quantitative cost-benefit analysis and qualitative agroforestry issues. Also included is a note about prediction models used.}, keywords = {agroforestry}, isbn = {1-871546-62-1; 978-1-871546-62-0}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/23672191}, author = {Michael Stocking and Jan Boj{\"o} and Nick O. J. Abel} } @conference {766, title = {Forestation and deforestation in Mexico: Community response}, booktitle = {Paper presented at Annual Meetings of the Society for Applied Anthropology, April 5-9, 1989, Santa Fe, NM}, year = {1989}, month = {April 1989}, publisher = {Society for Applied Anthropology}, organization = {Society for Applied Anthropology}, address = {Santa Fe, NM}, abstract = {Deforestation is a severe economic and environmental problem in Mexico, as elsewhere in the world. This paper presents comparative data of natural resource control by two communities located in different ecological zones in the Mexican state of Oaxaca. One community, Huitzo, in the valley of Oaxaca, has suffered much deforestation due to commercial and domestic uses as well as fire. Through local effort the community has begun a reforestation project to combat erosion and reduced water tables. The other community, Yavesia, in the northern mountains, still has a large virgin forest, due principally to the community{\textquoteright}s refusal to sell wood to paper companies. To further protect their resources, a local women{\textquoteright}s group has initiated the installation of wood-efficient clay stoves. The quality of improved stove designs is a much-debated issue and will be discussed further in this paper. The two projects will also be described and compared with the aim of extracting the important organizational success factors. (author).}, keywords = {Acacia, agroforestry, fuelwood, household technologies}, author = {Lisa Freeman} } @book {331, title = {Forestland for the people: A forest village project in northeast Thailand}, year = {1989}, month = {1989}, pages = {84}, publisher = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}, organization = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}, address = {Bangkok, Thailand}, abstract = {The purpose of this study is two-fold. The first is to provide a detailed analysis of the processes and achievements of an FAO-assisted project to rehabilitate a degraded area in the Khao Phy Luang National Reserved Forest in Northern Thailand through the community forestry approach. In this respect, the study is written for development planners and foresters in Thailand as a means of helping these national experts evaluate the results of their efforts in this area, and to make appropriate decisions regarding the expansion of the community forestry approach throughout rural Thailand. The second, more far-reaching purpose of the case study is to draw attention to elements of interantional relevance. Although it refers to a single, specific campaign, many of the experiences reported in the case study can be applied in a wide variety of socio-economic conditions. As a still relatively new concept, every community forestry effort has lessons to teach about forestry as a tool and a resource for rural development.}, keywords = {agroforestry, Thailand}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/50628152}, author = {Stephen A. Dembner} } @book {332, title = {Forestry and food security}, series = {FAO forestry paper 90}, year = {1989}, month = {1989}, pages = {128}, publisher = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}, organization = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}, address = {Rome}, abstract = {This report summarizes the current state of understanding regarding the links between forestry and food security. It is the result of a series of investigations begun in 1985 in response to the widely felt concern that excessive deforestation is threatening not only the soil and water base essential for continued food production, but also the present and future availability of the many forest plants and animals that are sources of food.}, keywords = {agroforestry, Amazonia, cash crops, cloud forests, common property, erosion, fodder, fuelwood, gardens, fallows, gender, Ghana, household, mangroves, microclimate, plant foods, salinization, soil conservation, water conservation, wildlife , windbreaks, women, yields}, isbn = {92-5-102847-8, 978-92-5-102847-6}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/20998704}, author = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)} } @book {334, title = {Forestry and nutrition: A reference manual}, year = {1989}, month = {1989}, pages = {v, 114}, publisher = {FAO, RAPA}, organization = {FAO, RAPA}, address = {Bangkok, Thailand}, abstract = {This document contains literature from a variety of relevant disciplines and includes material which may be useful for selecting specific forestry activities to strengthen food security. In the presentation of this bibliography, the subject areas in which more research is needed are highlighted.}, keywords = {animal foods, ethnobotany, ethnomedicine, fodder, fuelwood, plant foods, range and livestock management, traditional medicine, wildlife }, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/66373043}, author = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific} } @book {333, title = {Forestry and nutrition: A reference manual}, year = {1989}, month = {1989}, publisher = {FAO}, organization = {FAO}, address = {Bangkok, Thailand}, abstract = {The first section provides a brief overview of the links between forestry and nutrition and a review of the findings from the literature. This is followed by an annotated bibliography which includes 239 references. Subject and geographic indices are included to facilitate use of the bibliography. The purposes of this reference manual are to highlight what is known about the linkages between forestry and nutrition and to provide a guide for further research into this area. It is directed to foresters and nutritionists alike and draws on information from their respective literature as well as from other areas of relevant study. Although the reference manual focuses on nutrition and forestry in general, it is directed to those working on forestry and nutrition issues in developing countries, and thus, focuses on regions of the tropics and subtropics. (author)}, keywords = {agroforestry, conservation, ethnobotany, ethnomedicine, fodder, fuelwood, livestock, medicinal plants, plant foods, rural development, wildlife }, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/66373043}, author = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Regional Forestry Officer} } @article {569, title = {Form or function: A comparison of expert and novice judgments of similarity among fish}, journal = {American Anthropologist}, volume = {91}, year = {1989}, month = {December 1989}, pages = {866-889}, abstract = {Ethnobiologists debate whether folk biological classifiers are natural historians attending primarily to the morphology of organisms or are pragmatists concerned primarily with utility. We argue that this question is best understood as a problem in intracultural variation: the relative importance of form and function depends on who is asked to judge the similarity of organisms as well as how they are asked to judge it. We find that expert fishermen judge similarities among fish on both functional and morphological criteria, while novices judge on morphological criteria alone and thereby approach the scientific classification of fish more closely than experts. Experts also vary more than do novices, presumably because they control more different kinds of knowledge on which to base a similarity judgment.}, keywords = {ethnobiology, fish, morphology}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/681586}, author = {James S. Boster and Jeffrey C. Johnson} } @book {335, title = {Funding ecological and social destruction: The World Bank and International Monetary Fund}, year = {1989}, month = {[1989?]}, pages = {43 pp.}, publisher = {The [Bank Information] Center}, organization = {The [Bank Information] Center}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {This book gives a brief history of The World Bank and its underlying purpose. It also examines the work done by The World Bank through case studies describing the work being done by them in several South American and African countries.}, keywords = {ecology}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/22205663}, author = {The Bank Information Center} } @book {399, title = {The gene hunters: Biotechnology and the scramble for seeds}, series = {African Centre for Technology Studies research series no. 1}, year = {1989}, month = {1989}, pages = {288}, publisher = {Princeton University Press}, organization = {Princeton University Press}, address = {Princeton, NJ}, abstract = {As biotechnology grows in the agricultural world, the race is on for better seeds. The potential impacts resulting from biotechnological advances could be devastating. These changes will be unpredictable transformations in the global organization and distribution of production. This book examines the history of botany in the field of biotechnology. Various topics dealing with plant breeding and the seed industry discuss options Africa has for the future. Intellectual property rights and their protection are discussed. A case study involving germplasm and Kenya{\textquoteright}s agriculture is featured. This is a broad and encompassing discussion of the seed war.}, keywords = {Africa, biodiversity, botany, developing countries, economic policies, food security, forecasting, germplasm resources, intellectual property/germplasm, plant biotechnology, socioeconomics}, isbn = {0-691-00378-5}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/19269376}, author = {Calestous Juma} } @book {340, title = {Household food security and forestry: An analysis of socio-economic issues}, year = {1989}, month = {1989}, pages = {147}, publisher = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}, organization = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}, address = {Rome}, abstract = {The focus of this study is on the socio-economic aspects of forestry{\textquoteright}s role in household food security. It draws together information on household foods and income which are actually derived from activities dependent on tree and forest products. It examines their importance in different situations and among different population groups and how the uses of these resources are changing, focusing particularly on the impacts on the poor and women. The study also addresses the consequences of decreasing forest resources and discusses the implications for forest policy and for management of forests and trees outside the forests.}, keywords = {agroforestry, deforestation, energy, fodder, fuelwood, gardening, gender, honey, nutrition, nuts and seeds, plant foods, women}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/21140813}, author = {FAO Forestry Department, Forests, Trees and People [Program]} } @article {736, title = {Household gardens, crop architecture, and traditional disease management}, year = {1989}, note = {CIKARD copy is a rough draft - some references not checked - not for publication}, month = {April 1989}, address = {Cornell University, Ithaca, NY}, abstract = {This essay focuses on the different types of architectural arrangements of crops and suggests that a study of traditional cropping systems and their architecture should also be strongly urged when designing or improving tropical cropping systems.}, keywords = {agroforestry, horticulture, multistorey cropping}, author = {H. David Thurston} } @book {345, title = {Indigenous forest utilization and management systems: Lecture series forestry and rural development lecture notes}, year = {1989}, note = {General Note: Lecture series Forestry and rural development 2, 1989}, month = {May/June 1989}, pages = {80}, publisher = {Agricultural University Wageningen, Department of Forest Management}, organization = {Agricultural University Wageningen, Department of Forest Management}, address = {Wageningen [Netherlands]}, abstract = {Lecture notes on indigenous forest utilization and management systems; Farmers{\textquoteright} perception of society and environment, and their land use: the case of the Aouan in Ivory Coast; The Kubu and the outside world (South Sumatra, Indonesia): the modification of hunting and gathering; Household economy and tree growing in upland Central Java; The reality of the commons: answering Hardin from Somalia; social forestry and land use institutions, an anthropological view.}, keywords = {agroforestry, community forestry}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/880968334}, author = {Landbouwuniversiteit Wageningen, Department of Forest Management} } @inbook {884, title = {Indigenous soil management in the Amazon basin: Some implications for development}, booktitle = {Fragile lands of Latin America: Strategies for sustainable development}, series = {Westview Special Studies in Social, Political, and Economic Development}, year = {1989}, note = {Chapter 11}, month = {1989}, pages = {166-181}, publisher = {Westview Press}, organization = {Westview Press}, address = {Boulder, CO}, abstract = {This paper focuses on two main issues. First, it discusses the indigenous versus modernization approaches to soil resource management in Amazonian research and development strategies. The production systems of the Kayap{\'o} Indians of southern Para state are compared with those that inform current regional agricultural programs. While indigenous systems are complex, the principles that underlie them are not. Native land management models could be adapted by development planning agencies in a fuller way. Second, the outcomes of Kayap{\'o} and conventional colonist and livestock systems are compared in terms of soil fertility and yields. (author)}, keywords = {American Indians, deforestation, Kayapo, local knowledge, Native Americans, nutrition, pasture, Peru, rainforests, soil degradation, South America, tropical forests, Yurimaguas}, isbn = {0-8133-7705-6; 978-0-8133-7705-6}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/18351601}, author = {Susanna B. Hecht}, editor = {John O. Browder} } @article {825, title = {Institutional options and multiple sources of agricultural innovation: Evidence from an Ecuadorean case study}, year = {1989}, month = {December 1989}, institution = {Overseas Development Institute (ODI), Agricultural Administration Unit}, address = {London}, abstract = {Taking farmer-oriented agricultural research and extension as the starting point, this paper outlines the roles played by different actors in a local system of technology development and dissemination in south-central Ecuador. A brief review of efforts to institute a participatory research program within the national agricultural research system suggests that the success of this, and of linking research to extension, have depended on national political and economic context and institutional dynamics. The local case study then shows clearly that the public sector is not the only actor in technology development and dissemination. Farmer organizations and non-governmental grassroots support organizations are also very active and combine their agricultural work to broader goals of strengthening farmer organization, cultural recovery and ecological agriculture. Their work methods are highly participatory, greatly reduce the research/extension linkage problem and are built upon much local knowledge. They have significant capacity to distribute technology and train indigenous agricultural promoters. Nonetheless, they too have certain limitations, which are reviewed. While they conduct some controlled investigation, much of their research is iterative. Thus, while the public sector could learn much from these organizations for its own work, there is also a potential complementarity between them and the national agricultural research system.}, keywords = {agricultural innovations, ecology, Ecuador}, author = {Anthony Bebbington} } @book {361, title = {Land and water strategy: Sustainable development. A summary of public input: What you told us}, year = {1989}, month = {November 1989}, pages = {57}, publisher = {Province of Manitoba}, organization = {Province of Manitoba}, address = {[Winnipeg, MB]}, abstract = {Because our activities on land affect our water resources, it is vital that we manage our land and water resources together. This is the position that the Government of Manitoba has taken, and why it has proposed a Land and Water Strategy for the Provience. Conserving the environment while creating economic activity is the objective of the Land and Water Strategy--an objective consistant with the principles of sustainable development set out by the National Task Force of Environment and Economy. The Task Force defines sustainable development as "...development which ensures that the use of resources and the environment today does not damage prospects for their use by future generations." The key concept advanced by the Task Force is that the economy and the environment can no longer be viewed in isolation. We must use our resources to survive and prosper, but we must also manage them wisely if they are to be there in future, for our children and grandchildren. In the past, the economy and the environment were viewed as mutually exclusive. That is no longer an acceptable view. We can conserve our resource base and generate economic activity at the same time. The Land and Water Strategy points the way. (author)}, keywords = {agricultural land use, agriculture, alternate land use, conservation, drainage, education, environmental policy, environmental protection, fisheries, flooding, hydro, land use planning, Manitoba, minerals, natural resource conservation, recreation, saline soils, soil conservation, soils, tourism, water conservation, water supply, wildland, wildlife }, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/29312143}, author = {Provincial Government of Manitoba, Sustainable Development Coordination Unit} } @book {360, title = {Land and water strategy, the process begins: workbook on water}, year = {1989}, month = {1989}, publisher = {Provincial Government of Manitoba [Manitoba Natural Resources, Water Resources Branch]}, organization = {Provincial Government of Manitoba [Manitoba Natural Resources, Water Resources Branch]}, address = {Winnipeg, MB}, abstract = {The Government of Manitoba has established a Land and Water Strategy to enable them to manage their water resources in a sustainable manner. The Strategy is based on the following objectives: 1. To sustain and enhance resource productivity and improve the environmental quality of Manitoba; and 2. To improve and diversify income and job opportunities. This book contains sections on: Land and Water Strategies; A Strategy for Water; Water Policies-1. Water Quality; 2. Conservation; 3. Use and Allocation; 4. Water Management Infrastructure; 5. Flooding; and 6. Drainage - a Questionnaire; and a Glossary.}, keywords = {agriculture, Canada, economic aspects, environmental protection, fisheries, forestry, land use, mineral resources, natural resource conservation, North America, Province of Manitoba, soils, sustainable development, water , water resources , wildlife }, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/56232838}, author = {Provincial Government of Manitoba, Water Resources Branch} } @article {605, title = {Large cardamom (Amomum subulatum Roxb.) plantation - An age old agroforestry system in Eastern Himalayas}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {9}, year = {1989}, month = {December 1989}, pages = {241-257}, abstract = {Large cardamom (Amomum subulatum Roxb.) is a shade loving plant grown in the Indian hill states of Sikkim and Dargeeling district of West Bengal. About 30 important tree species are used to provide shade to the cardamom plants. Alnus nepalensis, a deciduous, nitrogen fixing and fast growing tree, is the species most commonly underplanted with cardamom. In addition to providing shade, it is also used for fuelwood. The old trees are cut and young plants coming up are allowed to grow in cyclic order. The quick decomposing leaf litter of A. nepalensis also fertilises the cardamom plants. The nitrogen added to the soil in this way has been found to be as high as 249 kg/ha. Large cardamom thrives well in a moist soil, which is maintained by water diverted from seasonal springs on the upper slopes. The system is well suited to conserving soil, water and tree cover of the characteristically steep slopes of the region. Moreover, the management inputs required for growing cardamom are low but the crop gives a higher financial return than rice or maize. The shade trees used in the system are also a major source of fuel, fodder and timber, especially as access to state owned forests is restricted by legislation. However, increasing incidence of viral chirkey and foorkey disease, panicle rot and capsule borer are reducing the cardamom productivity. It has been observed that integrating dairying and apiculture will further augment profitability from large cardamom agroforestry system.}, keywords = {agroforestry systems, disease and pests, fodder, food flavouring agent, fuels, large cardamom, minor timber, nutrient, shade trees, Sikkim, water springs}, doi = {10.1007/BF00141087}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00141087}, author = {K. A. Singh and R. N. Rai and Patiram Bhutia and D. T. Bhutia} } @inbook {892, title = {Local knowledge for agroforestry and native plants}, booktitle = {Farmer first: Farmer innovation and agricultural research}, year = {1989}, month = {1989}, pages = {14-24}, publisher = {Intermediate Technology Publications}, organization = {Intermediate Technology Publications}, address = {London}, abstract = {

This article discusses the use of agroforestry and how the scientific use of agroforestry differs from traditional agroforestry. The authors also discuss how scientific agroforestry has recently started taking indigenous perspectives into account. They also discuss the influence agroforestry has on communities.

The authors discuss how the style of Rapid Rural Appraisal is more important than speed of the appraisal. They give a case study in Kenya to exemplify this importance of method. In the example, the trials, the errors, and hindsights of the study are discussed. The authors talk about how talking and sharing goals with the participants gave them a better way to evaluate the introduced methods. The authors also focus on the use of off-farm lands by the women. The researchers looked at what kind of plants the women were using and how these plants were being used.

}, isbn = {1-85339-008-9}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/20444797}, author = {Dianne E. Rocheleau and Kamoji Wachira and Luis Malaret and Bernard Muchiri Wanjohi}, editor = {Robert Chambers and Arnold Pacey and Lori Ann Thrupp} } @article {827, title = {Los agricultores de Yurimaguas: Uso de la tierra y estrategias de cultivo en la selva peruana}, year = {1989}, note = {includes photographs, diagrams, maps, bibliography}, month = {[1989]}, institution = {Lima, Peru}, address = {Centro de Investigaci{\'o}n y Promoci{\'o}n Amaz{\'o}nica}, abstract = {

(trans.) The Farmers of Yurimaguas: Land Use and Cultivation Strategies in the Peruvian Jungle

This book is the result of a study conducted by the Center for Amazonian Promotion and Investigation. The book contains nine chapters examining traditional agricultural practices and rural domestic farms. The study is based on a perspective recently developed by agriculturists which is farmer-oriented instead of the traditional western development model. The principal objectives in the book are understanding the complex system of subsistence agriculture and the cultivation of commercial products in the Yurimaguas area. The book consists of an in-depth look at the results of the study conducted in the Yurimaguas. Some important areas of the study are the work force, ethnoecology, crops (such as rice, yucca, plantain and bananas, corn, beans, peanuts, sugar cane, pineapple, and sweet potatoes). The authors stress the importance of indigenous technology and emphasize the methods in which the peasants of Yurimaguas have regained their traditional techniques.

}, keywords = {Amazon, bananas, beans, corn, crops, ethnoecology, farmer participatory research, peanuts, peasants, pineapple, plantains, rice, sugar cane, sweet potatoes, technology, work force, yucca, Yurimaguas}, author = {Pedro Bidegaray and Robert E. Rhoades} } @article {841, title = {The management of common property natural resources: Some conceptual and operational fallacies}, year = {1989}, note = {See also: http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/548811468740174575/pdf/multi-page.pdf}, month = {October 1989}, institution = {The World Bank}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {

The topic of common property natural resources \— and the tenurial regimes that come to be regarded as suitable alternatives for the purposes of accelerated growth \— is critical to the practical work on development projects, primarily in agriculture, forestry, or fisheries. The job of designing or appraising such projects is a matter of complex craftsmanship. Central to this process are not only the technical and financial skills, but also a conceptual understanding of the socio-economic and cultural fabric within which individuals use and/or abuse their ecosystem. We deal in this paper precisely with such conceptual issues about property regimes, attempting to shed some light on several difficult and often-controversial questions embedded in the art and craft of purposive development interventions.

The term \"common property\" has been largely misunderstood and falsely interpreted for the past two-three decades. Common property regimes are not the free-for-all they have been described to be, but are structured ownership arrangements within which management rules are developed, group size is known and enforced, incentives exist for co-owners to follow the accepted institutional arrangements, and sanctions work to insure compliance.

This book starts with a discussion of property rights in natural resource management. The discussion will concern four possible management regimes (state property, private property, common property, and open access). It then turns to a discussion of project strategies and resource management, drawing particularly on Bank project experience in livestock, forestry, and watershed protection. It concludes with an agenda for action in natural resources, emphasizing the rehabilitation of rural managerial capacity. (author)

}, keywords = {absentee ownership, common property, common property regimes, forestry, livestock, natural resources, open access regimes, private property regimes, resource management, rural management, state property regimes, watersheds}, isbn = {0-8213-1249-9}, url = {http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/548811468740174575/The-management-of-common-property-natural-resources-some-conceptual-and-operational-fallacies}, author = {Daniel W. Bromley and Michael M. Cernea} } @conference {784, title = {Multi-storied cropping in Cavite: A farmer-derived agroforestry system}, booktitle = {Paper presented at IIRR/MBRLC/MF Workshop on Sustainable Agriculture in the Uplands 25 August-9 September 1989, Philippines}, year = {1989}, month = {Aug/Sept 1989}, publisher = {International Institute of Rural Reconstruction (IIRR)}, organization = {International Institute of Rural Reconstruction (IIRR)}, address = {Philippines}, abstract = {The search for addressing the environmental degradation problems facing the Uplands and Hillylands in most parts of Asia, Africa, and Latin America inevitably ends up in the selection of an Agro-Forestry based intervention strategy. Perennials such as trees are an important component of any such stabilization strategy. However, some of the best designers of widely adopted traditional agroforestry systems have been the farmers themselves. One such example is the polycultural, multistoried cropping system of Cavite, Philippines where over 12,285 hectares of land are devoted to agriculture planted to various crops which include coconut, coffee, banana, papaya, pineapple, upland rice, tuber crops and different kinds of fruit trees along with the shade producing Gliricidia sepium. This agroforestry system was developed by the farmers themselves and has evolved over the years (and continues to do so). This article discusses various technical aspects of this approach as practiced by the majority of Cavite farmers. (author)}, keywords = {intercropping, multiple cropping}, author = {Laurito B. Arizala and Julian F. Gonsalves} } @article {691, title = {The need to build upon farmer practice and knowledge: Reminders from selected upland conservation projects and policies}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {9}, year = {1989}, month = {October 1989}, pages = {141-153}, abstract = {

On-farm research and development projects in SE Asia\&$\#$39;s uplands have addressed problems of ecosystems degradation. Farmer adoption, however, of land conservation technologies has generally not resulted or has not been sustainable. This paper examines four agroforestry projects and two policy approaches meant to protect upland resources. Promoted innovations and farmer adoption are described. Six lessons are reemphasized:

Overall, variable scale diagnosis and design that is unbiased towards pre-selected technologies is needed. Lessons learned contributed to farmer-participatory agroforestry research being conducted in an upland rice-based system in the Philippines. (author)

}, keywords = {adoption, agriculture, conservation, diagnosis and design, farmer knowledge, farmer participation, farmer practice, forestry, labor, participatory research, resource management, rice, slash and burn, soil erosion, sustainability, swiddens, upland farming}, doi = {10.1007/BF00168259}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00168259}, author = {S. Fujisaka} } @booklet {488, title = {[Newsletter]}, year = {1989}, month = {Autumn 1989}, publisher = {[BASAPP]}, address = {[Brighton]}, abstract = {

Contents:

Articles:

}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/863381873}, author = {British Association for Social Anthropology in Policy and Practice} } @article {626, title = {Njukiine forest: Transformation of a common-property resource}, journal = {Forest \& Conservation History}, volume = {35}, year = {1989}, note = {Africa{\textquoteright}s Forests: A Special Issue and a Conference Notice (Oct., 1991) Aug 1989 is a draft.}, month = {8/1989; 10/1991}, pages = {160-168}, abstract = {

This paper examines the processes of socioeconomic, institutional, and ecological change at Njukiine Forest in Kirinyaga and Embu Districts, Kenya. It traces the area\&$\#$39;s transformation from a woodland managed on a common property basis by kinsmen and neighbors to a plantation forest operated by state-controlled organizations. The presentation highlights five aspects of this transformation:

  1. the precolonial common property regime, including the interplay between deliberate conservation practices and unintentional circumstances that protected the forest;
  2. population movements, commercial activities, and conflicts about tenure in the colonial era that undermined the old regime;
  3. protracted negotiations about Njukiine between the colonial state and the Embu Local Native Council, its designated institution for representing local interests;
  4. the short-lived management regime under council auspices; and
  5. the takeover of Njukiine by the Forest Department and its trusteeship by the Kirinyaga Districty County Council. Some implications of Njukiine\&$\#$39;s conservation history for contemporary community forestry efforts are discussed in the conclusion. Archival research and field work in Kenya during parts of 1982, 1983, and 1988 provide the basis for this study.
}, keywords = {agroforestry, colonial, common property, conservation, conservation history, Kenya, Njukiine Forest, plantation forest, population}, doi = {10.2307/3983495}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/3983495}, author = {Alfonso H. Peter Castro} } @article {632, title = {Ownership of traditional information: Moral and legal obligation to compensate for taking}, journal = {Northeast Indian Quarterly}, volume = {6}, year = {1989}, month = {1989 Fall}, pages = {30-35}, abstract = {Technically developed societies have benefited greatly by the knowledge which they have extracted from indigenous, tribal societies, especially those living in the tropical rainforests. Tropical plants, and occasionally animals, have been used to produce many valuable pharmaceutical products; genetic variants of domestic crops have been used to produce increased yields, resistance to disease, and other valuable characteristics. Knowledge of these values of tropical plants has been created and discovered, sometimes at great hazard, over generations of people. The intellectual property so created and cared for is owned and has value. The knowledge has sometimes been extracted from rainforest people by ethnobotanists, anthropologists, and others, in transactions which may be characterized as unjust and illegal. From both moral and legal standpoints we may have obligations to compensate people of these tribal societies for the immensely valuable intellectual property which we have obtained from them. Various methods are available for compensation for past injustices and to produce fair transactions in the future. (author)}, keywords = {biodiversity, ethics, ethnobotany, intellectual property rights, medicinal plants, rainforests}, author = {Richard J. McNeil and Michael J. McNeil} } @book {373, title = {People, tree planting and forestry extension some examples from central region}, series = {Fuelwood Development for Energy in Sudan, Field Document no. 35}, year = {1989}, month = {September 1989}, pages = {80}, publisher = {Government of the Republic of Sudan}, organization = {Government of the Republic of Sudan}, address = {Khartoum}, abstract = {The purpose of this report is to demonstrate some relations between people, their local conditions and forestry extension. The report in particular is concerned with people{\textquoteright}s needs for trees and forest products, the possibilities of tree planting and people{\textquoteright}s knowledge of trees.}, keywords = {agroforestry, fuelwood, Khartoum, Sudan}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/65434273}, author = {Hallgeir Kismul} } @book {375, title = {Phytopractices in tropical regions: A preliminary survey of traditional crop improvement techniques}, series = {Man and the Biosphere Program Project}, year = {1989}, note = {UNESCO/Programme on Man and the Biosphere; France. Institut de botanique. Laboratoire de botanique tropicale}, month = {1989}, pages = {71}, publisher = {United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)}, organization = {United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)}, address = {Paris}, abstract = {The aim of this report is threefold: first, to present a compilation of traditional techniques of plant manipulation in tropical regions, as a contribution to current efforts to improve agricultural production in these zones; second, to invite comments and suggestions for modifying and completing the present text; third, to encourage new initiatives of research, synthesis and application geared to sustained development in the tropics, which is in tune with the ecological and socio-cultural characteristics and constraints of these regions.}, keywords = {biotechnology, crops, ecology, ethnobotany, genetic engineering, plant genetic engineering}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/21010205}, author = {Yildiz Aumeeruddy-Thomas and F. Pinglo} } @article {641, title = {Prospects for farm forestry on rainfed versus irrigated farms in Pakistan}, journal = {Pakistan Journal of Forestry}, volume = {39}, year = {1989}, month = {January 1989}, pages = {3-10}, abstract = {This paper focuses on the prospects for farm forestry on rainfed versus irrigated farms in Pakistan. Farmers who have done the most tree planting in the past are those with mixed rainfed/irrigated lands. However, the number one problem in cultivating trees is the tree-crop competition. The report concludes that farm forestry should focus on the problems of concern to the farmers themselves.}, keywords = {agroforestry, Pakistan}, author = {Michael R. Dove} } @article {644, title = {Rethinking crop genetic resource conservation}, journal = {Conservation Biology}, volume = {3}, year = {1989}, month = {1989}, pages = {19-29}, abstract = {A worldwide system of crop germplasm conservation has been developed around ex situ preservation. This system is based on a dual mandate of conservation and development, and it has largely ignored the farming systems that produce germplasm. A revisionist critique of the existing system is presented. Problems of the current strategy include incomplete collections, loss within these collections, isolation from evolutionary processes, and budgetary constraints. In situ conservation offers an alternative to current methods especially if conservation rather than development is the priority. The concept of genetic erosion is discussed and evaluated in light of recent evidence of uneven change in areas of crop diversity. Farmers in many parts of the world are conserving traditional varieties even as they modernize and adopt improved varieties. This pattern is illustrated by reference to Asian rice agriculture. A new approach to conservation is needed that builds a collaborative program between farmers, crop scientists, ecologists, biogeographers, and social scientists. A first step is to analyze farming systems that already conserve traditional crop varieties.}, author = {Stephen B. Brush} } @inbook {795, title = {Rural development and the careful utilization of natural resources in the Peruvian Sierra}, booktitle = {Report on the Workshop-Seminar held in Achoma (Arequipa), Peru, 31 March to 9 April 1987}, year = {1989}, month = {March-April 1987}, publisher = {Deutsche Stiftung für Internationale Entwicklung (German Foundation for International Development)}, organization = {Deutsche Stiftung für Internationale Entwicklung (German Foundation for International Development)}, address = {Berlin, Germany}, abstract = {The Workshop-Seminar held in Achoma was the third in a series, its closest antecedent being the meeting held in 1984 in Feldafing (Federal Republic of Germany), which was likewise organized by DSE. On that occasion, the participants, who had been mainly concerned with analysing the ecological and development problems facing Peru, concluded and agreed that "If the quality of life in the Sierra does not improve, the country as a whole will be unable to make progress. Here lies the central problem of rural development in Peru." (author)}, keywords = {agriculture, Callalli, camelidae, Colca Valley, ecology, integrated management, Jalca, livestock, Maca, natural resources, Peru, Puna, rural development, Sierra, soils, Suni, trees, water , watersheds}, isbn = {3-924441-44-8}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/243201934}, author = {Mar{\'\i}a Ang{\'e}lica Salas} } @article {803, title = {The scientific basis for Shipibo soil classification and land use: Changes in soil-plant associations with cash cropping}, journal = {American Anthropologist}, volume = {91}, year = {1989}, month = {March 1989}, pages = {83-100}, abstract = {Since the Shipibo began cash cropping rice, their land use patterns have changed with proportionately less utilization of soft sandy soils, which are best for staple Musa production, and greater use of harder clayey soils, which are more suitable for rice and root crops. Statistical analysis of soil samples reveals the physical-chemical basis for Shipibo soil categories and indicates the effect of swidden agriculture on levels of important soil characteristics. While cultural principles for planting have summarized these important ecological relationships in the past, they are often violated with increasing rice production. Examination of time allocation and food consumption data shows that changes in Shipibo land use patterns are associated with higher labor costs during brief periods of the agricultural cycle and greater dependence on domesticated animal foods.}, keywords = {cultural ecology, human adaptation, Shipibo, soil classification, swiddens}, doi = {10.1525/aa.1989.91.1.02a00050}, url = {https://anthrosource.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1525/aa.1989.91.1.02a00050}, author = {Clifford A. Behrens} } @article {485, title = {Searching for medicinal wealth in Amazonia}, volume = {19}, year = {1989}, month = {1989}, pages = {94-103}, abstract = {Guided by local shamans, ethnobotanist Mark Plotkin is documenting how the plants of the tropical rain forest are used for healing.}, keywords = {traditional knowledge, traditional medicine}, author = {Donald Dale Jackson} } @mastersthesis {447, title = {Sherpa settlement and subsistence: Cultural ecology and history in highland Nepal}, year = {1989}, note = {

Chapter 9: Sherpa Forest Use and Management. Chapter 10: Forest Nationalization and Environmental Change. Maps; charts; figures; tables. (Has since been published as Claiming the High Ground. University of California Press. 1993.)

}, month = {1989}, school = {University of California, Berkeley, Department of Geography}, address = {Berkeley, California}, abstract = {

\"Submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Geography in the graduate division of the University of California at Berkeley.\" A detailed analysis of forest conservation amongst the Khumbu Sherpas of Highland Nepal. Stevens outlines forest uses of the Sherpas as well as giving linguistic definitions of different indigenous conservation programs. Includes the effect of national government intervention on forest conservation in Highland Nepal.

}, keywords = {agroforestry, conservation, ecology, environment systems, government intervention}, url = {https://ehrafworldcultures.yale.edu/document?id=ak06-013}, author = {Stanley Francis Stevens} } @proceedings {400, title = {The social sciences in Asian forestry curricula: Papers from the workshop held November 27-December 2, 1988 in Khon Kaen, Thailand}, year = {1989}, note = {also credited: Yale University, School of Forestry and Environmental Studies; Forestry/Fuelwood Research and Development Project (F/FRED)}, month = {11/27-12/2/1988}, publisher = {Winrock International}, address = {Morillton, AR}, abstract = {

Contains following papers:

}, keywords = {agroforestry}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/35213137}, editor = {Robert E. Clausi} } @inbook {914, title = {Solving the common-property dilemma: Village fisheries rights in Japanese Coastal waters}, booktitle = {Common property resources: Ecology and community-based sustainable development}, year = {1989}, month = {1989}, pages = {59-75}, publisher = {Belhaven Press}, organization = {Belhaven Press}, address = {London; New York}, abstract = {Through a rights system and membership in local cooperative associations, Japanese coastal fishermen have legally guaranteed suitable access to and {\textquoteright}ownership{\textquoteright} of the living aquatic resources in their tenured waters. Contemporary Japanese coastal sea tenure involves time-honored village customary procedures that have been incorporated into modern legislation. Among other things, these complex and locally varied systems consist of the intimate interplay of community rules of conduct, local social sanctions and the interpersonal behaviour of fishermen with the formal institutions. This chapter examines the main features of fisheries rights, cooperative associations, and the use of sea territory in Japanese coastal waters.}, keywords = {aquatic resources, fisheries rights, Japan}, isbn = {1-85293-080-2}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/19518103}, author = {Kenneth Ruddle}, editor = {Fikret Berkes} } @article {662, title = {Structure and function of traditional agroforestry systems in the western Himalaya. I. Biomass and productivity}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {9}, year = {1989}, month = {August 1989}, pages = {47-70}, abstract = {

Species composition, biomass, and productivity patterns of three types of traditional agroforestry systems, namely, agrisilvicultural, agrihorticultural, and agrihortisilvicultural, commonly practiced in the western Himalaya, were studied. Species composition in the systems varied depending upon the size of the land holdings, and the basic requirements of the farmers.

Among three systems agrihortisilvicultural was highly diverse in vegetation, with as many as 13 tree and 5 agricultural crops mixed together. This system showed the highest productivity up to 25.8 t ha -1yr-1, out of which 68 percent was contributed by the trees and the remainder by the annuals. Agrisilvicultural system having predominantly annuals had the lowest productivity of 20.4 t ha -1yr-1 with only 27 percent contribution by the trees. Total aboveground biomass in agrihortisilvicultural or agrihorticultural system was around 48 t ha -1 and it was about 2-fold higher than agrisilvicultural system. In fodder trees, a significant percentage of annual production, up to 48 percent, was allocated in current twigs, while in horticultural trees a major portion, up to 63 percent was portioned towards fruits. Implications of the results have been discussed in context with the growing problems of fuel, fodder, and packaging material in the western Himalaya.

}, keywords = {productivity, species composition, biomass, traditional agroforestry, Western Himalaya}, doi = {10.1007/BF00120155}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00120155}, author = {Om Parkash Toky and Pradeep Kumar and Prem Kumar Khosla} } @article {663, title = {Structure and function of traditional agroforestry systems in the western Himalaya. II. Nutrient cycling}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {9}, year = {1989}, month = {August 1989}, pages = {71-89}, abstract = {Budget of nutrient in plant and soil, and their rates of recycling in three types of traditional agroforestry systems in mid elevations of the western Himalaya were studied. Concentration of nitrogen and potassium was significantly higher in fruits and leaves than in branches, boles, and litter. Grewia optiva, an important fodder tree, was found to be rich in potassium, vegetable crops in nitrogen, and weeds in phosphorus. Maximum store of nutrients was estimated in aboveground biomass of agrihortisilvicultural system: nitrogen 532, phosphorus 40, potassium 461, calcium 400, and magnesium 298 kg/ha; it was closely followed by that in agrihorticultural system, and both these had about 2-fold higher nutrient stock as compared to agrisilvicultural system. In the case of the former two systems, considerable quantity of nutrients up to nitrogen 169, phosphorus 14, potassium 165, calcium 97, and magnesium 65 kg/ha, for example in agrihortisilvicultural system, was recycled through debris of crops and weeds, and tree leaf litter, while the recycling rate was almost half in agrisilvicultural system. Through {\textquoteright}harvest{\textquoteright} potassium was depleted in the largest quantity from the system, followed by nitrogen, magnesium, calcium, and phosphorus; much higher loss occurred through agricultural and/or horticultural edible parts as compared to fuel and fodder biomass. For example, the loss through agricultural crops and horticultural fruits for nitrogen in agrihortisilvicultural system was up to 75 percent and 38 percent respectively of the total annual uptake. This heavy loss makes the system unstable from a nutrient point of view particularly for nitrogen and potassium until external inputs are added through organic and inorganic fertilizers. Agrihortisilvicultural system is remarkably efficient in view of biomass productivity for fuel, fodder and fruits, and also from nutrient point of view provided losses through harvest are compensated externally.}, keywords = {agroforestry systems, allocation pattern, nutrient budget, nutrient cycling, soil fertility, Western Himalaya}, doi = {10.1007/BF00120156}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00120156}, author = {Om Parkash Toky and Pradeep Kumar and Prem Kumar Khosla} } @inbook {916, title = {Succession management and resource distribution in an Amazonian rain forest}, booktitle = {Resource management in Amazonia: Indigenous and folk strategies}, series = {Advances in economic botany no. 7}, year = {1989}, month = {1989}, pages = {223-237}, publisher = {New York Botanical Garden}, organization = {New York Botanical Garden}, address = {Bronx, NY}, abstract = {

Many Amazonian peoples have a profound effect on rain forest structure and species composition through a process I call succession management. This article describes and examines the extent of such management in a Runa Indian community in Napo Province, Equador. The Runa live in dispersed settlements at low density, below 2 persons/km2. Unlike Amazonian people living in concentrated settlements, they are not under strong pressure to intensify succession management in order to concentrate forest resources. In order to assess the magnitude of such manipulation under low density conditions, I compare succession in two managed and two unmanaged five-year-old forest fallows. I found that management increases the species diversity of trees greater than 10 cm dbh (diameter at breast height). Planted tree crops accounted for between 8\% and 19\% of trees in this size class, and protected secondary species for between 6\% and 16\%. The distribution of many species, however, was not the result of conscious management decisions, although seedling establishment may have been altered by agriculture. It is possible that succession management in this Runa community could be further intensified to increase the proportion of useful planted and protected species. Nevertheless, resources present in Runa managed fallows provide significant amounts of food, construction material, and firewood as well as medicinal plants and other needed household items. (author)

}, keywords = {agroforestry, Amazon, Ecuador, fuelwood, rainforests, resource management, Runa, South America, succession}, isbn = {0-89327-340-6; 978-0-89327-340-8}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/19623957}, author = {Dominique Irvine}, editor = {Darrell Addison Posey and William L. Balée} } @article {834, title = {Survey report for increasing food production and its development plan in Africa: Zimbabwe}, year = {1989}, month = {March 1989}, institution = {Association for International Cooperation of Agriculture \& Forestry, Japan}, address = {Tokyo}, abstract = {In the first half of the 1980s, African countries, particularly those located south of the Sahara Desert, faced a serious problem of food shortage that was caused by population increase, progress of desertification and continuation of drought year. Although the food shortage has been somewhat alleviated in the recent years due to favorable climatic conditions, the increase of food production continues to be the fundamental problem as no improvement has been made on the fragility of food production in these African countries. Cooperation and support from the developed countries are needed in solving this problem. The role of Japan would be to actively provide cooperation to the African countries in the domain of agriculture and forestry. For this purpose, AICAF has been conducting a survey to grasp the actual conditions of food and agriculture in the African countries since 1985 under the consignment from the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. This survey has been conducted on twelve countries by the end of FY 1987.}, keywords = {Africa, aquatic resources, desertification, drought, food production, Zimbabwe}, author = {Association for International Cooperation of Agriculture \& Forestry (AICAF)} } @book {390, title = {Sustainable development: Land and water strategy: A summary of public input}, year = {1989}, month = {November 1989}, publisher = {Provincial Government of Manitoba [Manitoba Natural Resources, Water Resources Branch]}, organization = {Provincial Government of Manitoba [Manitoba Natural Resources, Water Resources Branch]}, address = {Winnipeg, MB}, abstract = {Because our activities on land affect our water resources, it is vital that we manage our land and water resources together. This is the position that the Government of Manitoba has taken, and why it has proposed a Land and Water Strategy for the Provience. Conserving the environment while creating economic activity is the objective of the Land and Water Strategy--an objective consistent with the principles of sustainable development set out by the National Task Force of Environment and Economy. The Task Force defines sustainable development as "...development which ensures that the use of resources and the environment today does not damage prospects for their use by future generations." The key concept advanced by the Task Force is that the economy and the environment can no longer be viewed in isolation. We must use our resources to survive and prosper, but we must also manage them wisely if they are to be there in future, for our children and grandchildren.{\textquoteright} In the past, the economy and the environment were viewed as mutually exclusive. That is no longer an acceptable view. We can conserve our resource base and generate economic activity at the same time. The Land and Water Strategy points the way. (author)}, keywords = {agricultural land use, agriculture, alternate land use, conservation, drainage, education, environmental protection, fisheries, flooding, hydro, land use planning, minerals, recreation, saline soils, soils, tourism, water supply, wildland, wildlife }, author = {Provincial Government of Manitoba, Water Resources Branch} } @article {498, title = {To coexist: Diversity and development}, year = {1989}, month = {1989}, pages = {29 min}, publisher = {USAID}, type = {VHS}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {This is a videotape of case studies of sustainable development in Rwanda (mountain gorilla tourism), Thailand, Peru, the Amazon, and the Maasai in Kenya in which the local people participated in an effort to retain biodiversity in their region while working with USAID development projects.}, keywords = {agroforestry, biodiversity, logging, pastoralism, water resources }, author = {Robert Pierce} } @book {406, title = {Traditional ecological knowledge: A collection of essays}, series = {IUCN conservation library}, year = {1989}, note = {November 1989 Includes bibliographical references (p. 71-77)}, month = {November 1989 }, pages = {77}, publisher = {IUCN}, organization = {IUCN}, address = {Gland [Switzerland]; Cambridge}, abstract = {

IUCN is pleased to publish this collection of articles which originate from the working group on Traditional Ecological Knowledge of our Commission on Ecology. This book does not presume to be an authoritative review of the state of knowledge in the field. It is, rather, a collection of free essays which offer fascinating glimpses of the deep understanding and practice of \"ecology\" displayed by traditional societies on different continents. (editor)

Contains the following essays:

}, keywords = {ecology, natural conservation}, isbn = {2-88032-998-1}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/729639587}, editor = {R. E. (Robert Earle) Johannes} } @article {715, title = {Use and misuse of forest-harvested fruits in the Iquitos area}, journal = {Conservation Biology}, volume = {3}, year = {1989}, month = {December 1989}, pages = {350-361}, abstract = {Of 193 fruit species observed to be regularly consumed in the region surrounding Iquitos, Peru, 120 species are exclusively wold-harvested and 19 more originate from both wold and cultivated sources.The wild-harvested fruits of 57 species belonging to 24 different plant families are sold in the Iquitos market and are very important in the economy and diets of the area. Nearly half of the Iquitos fruit vendors sell wild-harvested fruits ( if fruits used as vegetables or starch sources are excluded), and over half of the fruit species sold are wild-harvested. Many fruit species consumed at Iquitos differ from those consumed in other parts of Amazonia. Although some native fruit species are beginning to be grown as crops, the wild populations of these high-potential species are being rapidly depleted by destructive harvesting techniques as market pressure begins to build. In the last few years, the availability of several of the most popular fruit species has decreased markedly. If nondestructive sustained-yield harvesting or resources such as wild-harvested fruits if to play its suggested important role in tropical forest conservation, much stronger efforts will be needed to prevent destructive over harvesting of these potentially significant resources.}, keywords = {deforestation, Iquitos, Peru, rainforests}, doi = {10.1111/j.1523-1739.1989.tb00241.x}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.1989.tb00241.x}, author = {Rodolfo Vasquez and Alwyn H. Gentry} } @book {415, title = {User groups as producers in participatory afforestation strategies}, year = {1989}, month = {December 1989}, publisher = {Harvard Institute for International Development}, organization = {Harvard Institute for International Development}, address = {Cambridge, MA}, abstract = {This paper{\textquoteright}s area of analysis is social forestry, particularly under regimes of common property or joint usufruct over natural resources. The paper will argue that sociological analysis brings an increment of professional precision to the thinking about participation in natural resource management by proposing strategies for organizing the individual users of natural resources into user groups and for enabling such user groups to act as producers and managers in order to generate increased benefits through group action. Conversely, the paper contends that when sociological understanding is absent, well intentioned attempts toward participation lack compass and often result, as will be shown, in misguided intervention. (author)}, keywords = {community woodlots, land tenure, land use, reforestation, social forestry, social organization}, author = {Michael M. Cernea} } @book {414, title = {User groups as producers in participatory afforestation strategies}, year = {1989}, month = {1989}, pages = {81}, publisher = {World Bank}, organization = {World Bank}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {This paper contains a discussion of policy options and operational strategies for improving social forestry programs. The analysis of the types of social forestry approaches called "community" forestry or "village" woodlots reveals that many forestry programs intended genuinely to be participatory are formulated in fuzzy terms, are not designed around well identified social actors, and neglect to ensure clear benefit distribution arrangements and incentives. Their confused sociological conceptualization and lack of sound social engineering renders the investments in such programs much less effective than they could be. Participatory social forestry strategies must aim at engaging the rural users of fuelwood into organized activities for producing and managing forests. The author argues that the profound behavioral change to be elicited on a gigantic mass scale among farmers through social forestry strategies is an evolutionary shift from simple foraging and gathering fuelwood in naturally grown forests to cultivation trees for fuelwood. Trees and forests are to be systematically produced.}, keywords = {agroforestry, fuelwood}, isbn = {0-8213-1416-5, 978-0-8213-1416-6}, url = {http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/1989/12/437451/user-groups-producers- participatory-afforestation-strategies}, author = {Michael M. Cernea} } @book {420, title = {Women in community forestry: A field guide for project design and implementation}, year = {1989}, month = {1989}, pages = {45}, publisher = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}, organization = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}, address = {Rome}, abstract = {Rural women are major caretakers and users of forests. Each day they walk long distances to gather fodder and fuelwood. They seek out fruits, nuts and small creatures for food for their families. They use bark, roots and herbs for medicines. Trees provide shade, beauty and environmental protection for their homes. Thus, trees and forests play a major role in their daily lives. Unfortunately, most forestry programmes are organized by men who may not understand women{\textquoteright}s relationship to forests. Forestry has typically been a man{\textquoteright}s profession and it is hard for many foresters to perceive of women as being competent in this field. Moreover women{\textquoteright}s needs regarding the forest often differ from those of men. Rural women confront obstacles that limit their ability to participate in community development programmes. They frequently lack the self-confidence or a forum in which to speak up publicly for themselves and for their families. They often lack access to child care, credit, education and land tenure, which limits them more than it limits the men of their own families. These obstacles prevent them from being heard and from achieving a more powerful role in accessing and making decisions about tree and forest resource management. This field guide focuses on practical ways to include women in project design and implementation and is meant to be a tool to facilitate discussion, offer options and promote action on behalf of women and forestry. (author)}, keywords = {agroforestry}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/21987106}, author = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)} } @article {425, title = {Agriculture and Human Values}, volume = {5}, year = {1988}, note = {Articles from Agriculture and Human Values, 5 (1-2) also listed independently.}, month = {Win-Spr 1988}, abstract = {articles; book reviews}, keywords = {development assistance, ecology, economics, ethics, famine, fisheries, food, gender, history, international development}, url = {https://www.springer.com/journal/10460} } @inbook {853, title = {Agroecology and in situ conservation of native crop diversity in the third world}, booktitle = {Biodiversity}, year = {1988}, month = {1988}, pages = {361-369}, publisher = {National Academy of Sciences}, organization = {National Academy of Sciences}, chapter = {41}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {Modern agriculture is pushing traditional farmers to plant areas with monocultures of genetically uniform plants. This is risky because the plants are vulnerable to yield-limiting factors. Situ conservation methods have many benefits; although they do not provide a panacea for conserving natural sources of crop genetic resources. Researchers in certain countries have helped farmers return to traditional chinampas and multilayered, specied-rich gardens. In Bolivia, project AGRUCO is helping peasants recover their production autonomy.}, keywords = {alternative farming systems, intercropping, raised fields}, isbn = {0-309-03783-2}, url = {https://doi.org/10.17226/989}, author = {Miguel A. Altieri and Laura C Merrick}, editor = {E. O. Wilson and Frances M. Peter} } @inbook {854, title = {Agroforestry}, booktitle = {Jessenia and Oenocarpus: Neotropical oil palms worthy of domestication}, series = {FAO Plant Production and Protection Paper no. 88}, year = {1988}, month = {December 1988}, pages = {149-184}, publisher = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)}, organization = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)}, address = {Rome}, abstract = {The study focuses on the uses of oil palms in Colombia. It outlines the systems of land use employing palms. It also gives an analysis of how other plants and livestock fared in these systems. Several tables and illustrations are included. The paper goes on to suggest future research lines that would be helpful to study.}, keywords = {agroforestry, ethnobotany, Oenocarpus, palm oil}, isbn = {92-5-102676-9}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/19059118}, author = {Michael J. Balick and Steven R. King and Luis E. Forero Pinto}, editor = {Michael J Balick} } @conference {750, title = {Agroforestry outreach in Haiti: The evolution and diffusion of technology in the rural Caribbean}, booktitle = {Paper presented at Third Conference on Technological Literacy, February 5, 1988, Arlington, Virginia}, year = {1988}, month = {February 5, 1988}, address = {Arlington, VA}, abstract = {The general objective of this paper is to discuss the problem of the development of appropriate agrarian technologies in and for the rural Caribbean, and the design of outreach mechanisms to accelerate the diffusion of these technologies once developed. There are two conceptually separate subsequent outreach strategies designed to ensure that the technologies are made available to the population at large.}, keywords = {agroforestry, Caribbean, Haiti}, author = {Gerald F. Murray} } @book {291, title = {Agroforestry practices in selected areas of Burma: Preliminary Consultant, Winrock International.}, series = {Multipurpose Tree Species Network Research Series no. 5}, year = {1988}, month = {September 1988}, pages = {45}, publisher = {Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development and Forestry / Fuelwood Research and Development Project (F/FRED)}, organization = {Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development and Forestry / Fuelwood Research and Development Project (F/FRED)}, address = {Bangkok, Thailand; Arlington, VA}, abstract = {Multipurpose Tree Species network Research Series NO. 5 This report is a preliminary assessment of the posibilities for developing agroforestry systems in Burma. It is based on discussions with project personnel, consultants working on similar or related projects, and a review of the literature available through the USAID office in Rangoon. This report strives to point out some potentials for agroforestry and farm forestry in Burma and suggests how interested agencies might proceed.}, keywords = {agroforestry, Burma}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/796896399}, author = {Dean Current and Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development, Forestry / Fuelwood Research and Development Project (F/FRED)} } @article {508, title = {Agroforestry systems in the Garhwal Himalayas of India}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {7}, year = {1988}, month = {December 1988}, pages = {213-225}, abstract = {Agroforestry systems, though at subsistence level are well established in Garhwal Himalayas. The farmers undertake cultivation of various crops, seasonal and biennials crops with trees all in mixtures on the same piece of land. Farm animals and poultry form an essential component of the systems. The intimate association of different species provides both subsistence and commercial products which give additional income to the farmer. The paper describes the general scenario of socioeconomic condition and existing agroforestry practices and some suggestions for their improvement in the Garhwal Himalayas. (author)}, keywords = {agriculture, agroforestry, Garhwal Himalayas, Grewia optiva, mixed farming, multipurpose trees, socioeconomics}, doi = {10.1007/BF00046970}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00046970}, author = {K. S. Dadhwal and Pratap Narain and S. K. Dhyani} } @article {422, title = {Amazon fires unstoppable, official says}, year = {1988}, month = {Sept 1, 1988}, pages = {7A}, address = {Des Moines, IA}, abstract = {Brazilian officials of forest protection have admitted that the deliberate and blatant destruction of the rainforest cannot be stopped. They stated that they have no way for the government to intervene because of a government policy implemented in the 1970s. Other Brazilian officials have refused to admit how bad the destruction has become. Previous statistics provided by the forest service were much lower than the actual damage. Tons of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide have been pumped into the earths{\textquoteright}s atmosphere, contributing to the "greenhouse effect."}, keywords = {Brazil, rainforests, slash and burn}, author = {Jan Rocha} } @article {519, title = {Arid land plants for economic development and desertification control}, journal = {Desertification Control Bulletin}, year = {1988}, note = {See also: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Daniel_Stiles/publication/288011841_Arid_land_plants_for_economic_development_and_desertification_control/links/5b97d43da6fdcc59bf84f43f/Arid-land-plants-for-economic-developmen}, month = {11/17/1988}, pages = {18-21}, abstract = {It is possible that thornbush country previously thought almost worthless could in fact be natural resource gold mines. The Acadia, Commiphora, Boswellia, Sterculia and many other trees and shrubs in these drylands produce gums, resins, oils and other extracts that are currently in demand in many of today{\textquoteright}s industries. There is great potential to develop more products that would make use of these renewable resources. The benefits to Africa could be enormous: the creation of employment and new industries, foreign exchange earnings, and land conservation and rehabilitation.}, keywords = {desertification, dryland, Sahara, Sudano-Sahelian region}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/12319640}, author = {Daniel Stiles} } @article {522, title = {Book Reviews}, journal = {H\&J}, year = {1988}, month = {June 1988}, abstract = {

Book reviews:

}, author = {David Brokensha} } @inbook {918, title = {The Brazilian fiber belt: Harvest and management of Piassava palm (Attalea funifera Mart.)}, booktitle = {The palm -- Tree of life: Biology, utilization, and conservation symposium at the 1986 Annual Meeting of the Society for Economic Botany, New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York, 13-14 June 1986}, series = {Advances in Economic Botany no. 6}, year = {1988}, month = {1988}, pages = {254-267}, publisher = {New York Botanical Garden}, organization = {New York Botanical Garden}, address = {New York}, abstract = {

Piassava palm (Attalea funifera Mart.) is endemic to the coastal restinge forests of Bahia, Brazil. Its durable water resistant fiber has been commercially exploited since the 1500s, first in the fashioning of ship\&$\#$39;s anchor ropes and later in the manufacture of brooms and brushes. Although still destructively exploited on unattended land, piassava is increasingly being protected and managed as a valuable perennial crop. The leaf fibers harvested either seasonally or on a continuous basis, depending on the competing interests of the cutters and land owners. Management strategies for piassava habitat include:

  1. benign neglect
  2. burning
  3. planting

During burning, piassava\&$\#$39;s deep subterranean stems escape the flames, allowing this species to survive and numerically dominate the post-fire environment. Although widespread, the use of fire to \"improve\" piassave habitat is temporally infrequent. Land owners began planting on an experimental basis in the 1970s. Although geographical differences in fiber quality are recognized, planting is carried out exclusively with seed from local sources.

Piasava fiber exports have steadily declined since the beginning of this century due to over-exploitation and competition with other natural as well as synthetic materials. This situation has been aggravated by the rising value of the U.S. dollar. Export losses have been more than balanced, however, by the growing demand for piassava fiber within Brazil.

}, keywords = {Attalea, Bahia, fire, palms, Piassava, rainforests}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/17353831}, author = {Robert A. Voeks}, editor = {Michael J. Balick} } @article {484, title = {Brazil{\textquoteright}s jungle blackboard: A test for conservation deep in Amazonas}, volume = {276}, year = {1988}, month = {March 1988}, pages = {65-70}, abstract = {This report discusses an Amazonian conservation project called the Minimum Critical Size of Ecosystems project, which is the brainchild of Tom Lovejoy. This project examines an island biogeography ? the fragmentation of ecosystems into patches that resemble islands that are insulated from the original ecosystem. This project seeks the answers to such questions as "What is the numerical relationship between insularization and doom?" "How big must a rain forest be to remain a rain forest?" "If one hectare of this ecosystem is too small to sustain itself, if ten hectares is also too small, then how much is enough?" and "What is the minimum critical size of a piece of Amazon jungle?"}, keywords = {Amazon, Brazil, ecosystem, ecosystem decay, fauna, faunal collapse, jungle, Minimum Critical Size of Ecosystems project, rainforests, relaxation to equilibrium, South America}, author = {David Quammen} } @book {301, title = {Case studies of farm forestry and wasteland development in Gujarat, India}, year = {1988}, month = {1989}, pages = {62 pp.}, publisher = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}, organization = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}, address = {Bangkok, Thailand}, abstract = {This paper discusses the costs and benefits of farm forestry from the standpoint of its practitioners. It also examines the adoption of farm forestry by both large and small-scale farmers and by landless agricultural laborers including marginal farmers owning unproductive land.}, keywords = {agroforestry, farmer participatory research, India}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/19318376}, author = {Kathleen Rorison} } @conference {758, title = {Collaborative research on farm and village forestry: Report of a workshop held April 23-25, 1988 in Kathmandu, Nepal}, year = {1988}, month = {April 1988}, publisher = {Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development}, organization = {Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development}, address = {Morrilton, AR}, abstract = {

Contains the following papers:

}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/19210396}, editor = {David A. Taylor and Charles Bernard Mehl} } @book {307, title = {Consequences of deforestation for women{\textquoteright}s time allocation, agricultural production, and nutrition in hill areas of Nepal}, series = {Research report (International Food Policy Research Institute) no. 69}, year = {1988}, note = {General Note: October 1988 Bibliography note: pp. 70-72}, month = {October 1988}, pages = {72}, publisher = {International Food Policy Research Institute}, organization = {International Food Policy Research Institute}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {In this report, the cost in time spent collecting fuel is used as a measure of the consequences of deforestation; its effects on time allocation, agricultural output, food consumption, and nutrition are examined. In particular, the allocation of women{\textquoteright}s time is influenced because women are engaged not only in the collection of fuelwood and other essential forest products affected by deforestation - such as leaf fodder and grass for livestock feed - but also in agricultural production. According to the study{\textquoteright}s hypothesis, deforestation reduces agricultural output from existing cultivated land by increasing time spent in collecting essential forest products, which shifts time away from agriculture. As a result, household income from agriculture is reduced. Unless alternative sources of income increase, food consumption and eventually the nutritional status of the population will be adversely affected. Because livestock production is also an important part of household enterprise in these areas, the destruction of forests also influences this sector. A reduction in the availability of fodder used for stall feeding increases the pressure for grazing, which increases soil erosion on lands that are currently not under cultivation. Also, children who are involved in collection and livestock grazing activities may experience adverse effects on health and education, which would ultimately influence the region{\textquoteright}s prospects for raising the productivity of labor.}, keywords = {agricultural productivity, deforestation, economic aspects, food supply, Nepal, time management, women agricultural laborers, women fuelwood gatherers}, isbn = {0-89629-071-9}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/18628702}, author = {Shubh K. Kumar and David Hotchkiss} } @article {672, title = {The cultural ecology of development: Ten precepts for survival}, journal = {Agriculture and Human Values}, volume = {5}, year = {1988}, note = {This article from Agriculture and Human Values, 5 (1-2) listed independently.}, month = {December 1988}, pages = {112-123}, abstract = {This paper uses a cultural ecology of development approach to critique existing models of development. The critique identifies existing models as running counter to ecological and biological imperatives, placing an over-emphasis on growth as the solution to development, and resulting in considerable cultural wastage. An argument is made that many of the attempts to construct an alternative development paradigm can be grouped within the cultural ecology of development approach. Ten precepts that will enhance the long-term survivability of the earth are proposed. The final portion of the paper looks at how compatible current trends in thinking about development are with these ten precepts and assesses the prospects for adoption of these precepts in an alternative development paradigm.}, keywords = {agricultural economics, cultural ecology, current trend, development approach, development paradigm, veterinary medicine}, doi = {10.1007/BF02217182}, url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02217182}, author = {Billie R. DeWalt} } @article {817, title = {Decisions and motivations in peasant tree farming: Morne-Franck and the PADF cycle of village studies}, year = {1988}, month = {December 1988}, institution = {Haiti Agroforestry Outreach Project}, address = {Port-au-Prince, Haiti}, abstract = {This report is based on PADF{\textquoteright}s comparative study of tree planters and non-planters in Morne-Franck, a rural locality in the region of fond-des-Blancs. PADF has provided uninterrupted services to this area since 1982. The local tree planting effort dates back to the first generation of PADF subprojects initiated in collaboration with CODEPLA, a Haitian private voluntary organization.}, keywords = {agroforestry}, author = {Glenn R. Smucker} } @article {674, title = {The dehesa: An agrosilvopastoral system of the Mediterranean region with special reference to the Sierra Morena area of Spain}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {6}, year = {1988}, month = {February 1988}, pages = {71-96}, abstract = {A multidisciplinary team undertook a six-year investigation on the agro-ecological and socio-economic aspects of the dehesa system in the Sierra Norte area, a part of the Sierra Morena of the Sevilla Province, Western Andalusia, Spain. This paper summarizes its findings on the various agro-ecological features of the system and evaluates the system{\textquoteright}s functional aspects vis-a-vis the trends and developments in land use in the region over the past few centuries. The synergistic effects of tree cover on understorey grassland vegetation is discussed in terms of soil fertility build-up and favourable micro-climatic and hydrological features, and the potential use of this information in future research and development programmes to improve the dehesa system in the Mediterranean region is outlined. (author)}, keywords = {agrosilvopasture, dehesa, effect of trees on soils, ethnobotany, mediterranean region, oak trees, Sierra Morena}, doi = {10.1007/BF02344747}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02344747}, author = {Richard Joffre and Jean Vacher and Carlos de los Llanos and Gilbert Long} } @article {631, title = {On the diversity of tree species in tropical rain forest ecosystems}, journal = {Plant Research and Development}, volume = {28}, year = {1988}, month = {1988}, pages = {110-125}, abstract = {

Numerous theories have been developed in the past on the species diversity of the tropical moist forest ecosystems. In this paper the theories were grouped in five categories according to their emphasis on:

Some pro and contra evidence for each of these theories is briefly discussed. The Author arrives at the conclusion that none of the above theories offers a satisfactory explanation as the sole cause for the species richness of tropical moist forest ecosystems. The high species diversity of tropical forests is therefore probably the multi-causal result mainly of:

}, keywords = {rainforests, species diversity, trees}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/3048499}, author = {Hans-Joachim Weidelt} } @article {553, title = {Ethical and value issues in international agricultural research}, journal = {Agriculture and Human Values}, volume = {5}, year = {1988}, note = {This article from Agriculture and Human Values, 5 (1-2) listed independently.}, month = {December 1988}, pages = {101-111}, abstract = {Agricultural research raises fundamental ethical and value questions going beyond those in other fields both because of its public funding and because its results have significant impacts on habitats and other species. Questions about the sustainability of modern agriculture, which are shared with other sectors, require us to examine alternative visions and structures. These can be seen to range from status quo preserving ideologies to change-oriented utopias. It is argued that at the national level current ideologies-which include positivistic approaches and belief in the neutrality of technology-mask real structural and policy choices as well as their ethical and value implications. At the international level, the export of fossil-fuel based modes of agriculture to the developing countries raises additional structural, policy, value, and ethical issues.}, keywords = {agricultural research, ethical Issue, international level, national level, veterinary medicine}, doi = {10.1007/BF02217181}, url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02217181}, author = {Kenneth A. Dahlberg} } @article {557, title = {Factors determining the occurrence of the agroforestry system with Acacia mearnsii in Central Java}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {6}, year = {1988}, month = {February 1988}, pages = {119-135}, abstract = {In 1922, the colonial government introduced Acacia mearnsii in the tobacco-growing region of Wonosobo. Soon this species was accepted by the local people who developed an agroforestry system based on a rotation of A. mearnsii and agricultural crops. Now, the growing of the black wattle is becoming less popular. To study the prospects for this agroforestry system 143 farmers from 5 villages were interviewed. The functions of this agroforestry system are the production of fuelwood and bark (which contains tannin for the leather industry), soil conservation and soil improvement. The following factors affect A. mearnsii growing: population density (which affects farm size and demand for domestic fuelwood), tobacco-processing (which requires fuel), topography and commercialization. If current trends continue, the contribution of the functions of this agroforestry system to welfare will not be sufficient to compete successfully with subsistence and cash crops like potatoes and tobacco. Therefore, A. mearnsii cultivation is expected to decline further.}, keywords = {Acacia mearnsii, agroforestry, central Java, commercialization, farming system development, Indonesia}, doi = {10.1007/BF02344749}, url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02344749}, author = {Lucinne M. Berenschot and Bram M. Filius and Soedarwono Hardjosoediro} } @article {558, title = {Fairness in irrigation development}, journal = {Agriculture and Human Values}, volume = {5}, year = {1988}, note = {This article from Agriculture and Human Values, 5 (1-2) listed independently.}, month = {December 1988}, pages = {61-68}, abstract = {There is in much of contemporary irrigation development a large paradox. Irrigation development, while contributing to productivity, frequently thwarts social justice-it either introduces incipient inequalities in access or it reinforces those that exist. More progressive irrigation development policies are being developed and tested in several countries. These new approaches give more attention to the role of local groups in governing irrigation systems while reducing the heavy-handed involvement of state agencies. These new approaches are seen as both consistent with achieving greater fairness in irrigation development as well as with the new fiscal realities of governments nearly everywhere. Supporting these new approaches are a set of institutions and individuals with nonengineering expertise who traditionally have not been defined as central to irrigation development.}, keywords = {development policy, irrigation, social justice, state agency, water access}, doi = {10.1007/BF02217177}, url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02217177}, author = {E. Walter Coward Jr.} } @article {820, title = {Farmer strategies in regional agricultural change: The case of commercial potato production in Oxapampa}, year = {1988}, month = {September 1988}, institution = {International Potato Center (CIP), Social Science Department}, address = {Lima, Peru}, abstract = {

Regional agricultural systems are continually constituted and reconstituted by the strategies of individual farmers as they draw upon, and iteratively change, the resources to which they have access, and the constraints to which they are subject because of their personal experience and their membership of a particular social group. One important factor in regional agricultural change is the propensity of farmers to experiment with and change their agricultural strategies. The range of potential experiments is, however, limited by what the farmer conceives as possible. Moreover, the potential long-term success of such innovation depends upon the acquisition of accurate knowledge of the new crop and the environmental factors to which it is subject.

Examining the case of recent changes in potato farming in Oxapampa on the east slopes of the Andes, this paper demonstrates how this interplay between perceived possibilities, farmer experimentation and knowledge of the economic and ecological environment contributed to the rapid rise, and then fall, of potato cultivation. Implications both for the concept of adaptation and for the introduction of new crop technologies are discussed.

}, keywords = {Andes, ecology, Oxapampa, potato production}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/647893566}, author = {Anthony Bebbington} } @article {560, title = {Farming systems approaches to international technical cooperation in agriculture and rural life}, journal = {Agriculture and Human Values}, volume = {5}, year = {1988}, note = {This article from Agriculture and Human Values, 5 (1-2) listed independently.}, month = {December 1988}, pages = {24-34}, abstract = {A farming systems approach to development has meant many things over the past 15 years, depending on its institutional and ecological setting, its target populations, and the goals motivating its implementation. Despite the diversity of approaches, and the sometimes rancorous discussion over which was best and why, the approach is now recognized in many places as the only one that can identify and respond to the needs of limited resource farm families, especially those in marginal ecosystems. Involving an iterative process of diagnosis, design, testing and extension, the farming system approach to date has done more to change research objectives at national and international institutions than to change actual farmer practices. By legitimizing what limited resource farmers do and why they do it, a farming systems approach lends itself to policy analysis as well. Recent research in farming systems suggests greater attention should be payed to exogenous variables, including policy and infrastructure, as well as to development of technology that really responds to the felt needs of limited resource farmers in improving their level of living.}, keywords = {farming system approach, iterative process, limited resource, system approach, target population}, doi = {10.1007/BF02217174}, url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02217174}, author = {Cornelia Butler Flora} } @book {325, title = {Feasibility study on small-farm production of gums, resins, exudates and other non-wood products}, series = {Multipurpose Tree Species Network Research Series Paper no. 4}, year = {1988}, month = {August 1988}, pages = {47}, publisher = {Winrock International (Forestry/Fuelwood Research and DevelopmentProject - F/FRED)}, organization = {Winrock International (Forestry/Fuelwood Research and DevelopmentProject - F/FRED)}, address = {Morrillton, AR}, abstract = {Although gums, resins, and exudates are the primary products targeted for study, the scope was expanded slightly to include certain extractives, oils, dyes, pesticides, and specialty chemicals that also offer opportunities for increased utilization. Omitted from primary consideration are substances mainly used for medicine, food or fodder. Within this framework there are still innumerable non-wood products of tropical forests that could be documented here. Many of these are referred to in the compilation of species and products, but others of minor importance are omitted. The scope of the present study is further defined by the tree species considered as sources of the above-mentioned chemicals. Three categories are included: priority MPTS, additional MPTS important over narrower distribution ranges or under specific cultural situations, and specialty trees.}, keywords = {agroforestry}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/24777719}, author = {James W. Hanover} } @article {570, title = {Gender related issues in international development assistance for agriculture and rural life}, journal = {Agriculture and Human Values}, volume = {5}, year = {1988}, note = {This article from Agriculture and Human Values, 5 (1-2) listed independently.}, month = {December 1988}, pages = {69-76}, abstract = {In this paper, the author points out that although by-passed by international development assistance in many parts of the world, women have been providing skill and labor for agricultural production, as well as subsistence of food, water and firewood for their families. Some of the assumptions which have contributed to the marginal attention to women as agriculturalists in international development assistance programs are reviewed. Factors contributing to these assumptions, examples of achievements in development projects and persistent problems are discussed. Some issues which continue to challenge national policy makers in developing countries as well as donors are identified. The author notes that while various donors and organizations address bits and pieces of the issues intermittently, a systematic, organized and universally shared approach to the issues, within a nation state or on a global basis is lacking. She concludes that just as agricultural production inputs and information need to be modified to fit the unique constraints of any ecological niche, similarly, modifications must be made in development assistance programs to fit the specific needs of women in their agricultural roles and cultural settings.}, keywords = {agricultural productivity, development project, ecological niche, national policy, veterinary medicine}, doi = {10.1007/BF02217178}, url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02217178}, author = {Nancy W. Axinn} } @book {337, title = {Glossary of selected terms in sustainable agriculture}, series = {Gatekeeper Series no. SA6}, year = {1988}, month = {August 1988}, pages = {19}, publisher = {International Institute for Environment and Development, Sustainable Agriculture Programme}, organization = {International Institute for Environment and Development, Sustainable Agriculture Programme}, address = {London; Washington, DC}, abstract = {A glossary of selected terms in sustainable agriculture}, keywords = {agroecological zoning, agroecosystem zoning, agroecosystems, agroforestry, alley cropping, appropriate technology and intermediate technology, bioenergy, biomass, carrying capacity, cash crops, common property resources, community forestry, conservation farming, desertification, export crops, farmer participatory research, farming systems research , food crops, genetic preservation, integrated pest management, integrated rural development, land degradation, minimum tillage, multiple cropping, multipurpose trees, open access resources, pastoralism, range management, rapid rural appraisal, regenerative farming, remote sensing, share cropping, shifting cultivation, social forestry, subsistence agriculture, sustainable development, tragedy of the commons, transhumance}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/19531919}, author = {Jennifer A. McCracken and Jules N. Pretty} } @inbook {876, title = {Goat meat production in Thailand}, booktitle = {Goat meat production in Asia: Proceedings of a workshop held in Tando Jam, Pakistan, 13-18 March 1988}, year = {1988}, month = {1988}, pages = {188-196}, publisher = {International Development Research Centre}, organization = {International Development Research Centre}, address = {Ottawa, ON}, abstract = {Goat production in Thailand is primarily for meat. Approximately 88\% of the total goat population is found in villages of the southern region where the Thai Muslim population is relatively high. Goats are traditionally intergrated with agricultural systems such as fishing, rice growing, and rubber, oil palm, or fruit tree plantations and are raised by small-scale farmers who own about 1.4 ha/family. Although the flock size in southern Thailand is small (5 head/family), the contribution of goats to the farm cash income is relatively high especially in a rice-growing system (approx. 56\% per year). More than 65\% of goat owners employ a tethering system; a cut and carry system is practiced only in the wet season. Cash inputs, concentrates, mineral supplements, and medical treatments are minimal. Village goats are mainly indigenous with average mature body weight of 23 and 22 kg for males and females, respectively. Average growth rates to 6 months of age were 62 and 47 g/day for males and females, respectively. Age at first kidding was 12.4 months. An average kidding rate for all age groups is 190\% but the weaning rate is only 135\%. A high mortality rate of 25-37\% in young kids is mainly caused by accidents (such as dog bites) and diseases (such as scabby month or pneumonia). Underimproved conditions, body weights of village goats increased by 21-55\%, the kidding rate is somewhat lower (147\%) and the weaning rate is higher (146\%). However, the improved conditions have little effect on dressing percentage of the native goats (45.8 vs 45.0\%). (author)}, keywords = {goat production, Thailand}, isbn = {0-88936-525-3}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/932949178}, author = {S. Saithanoo and J. T. B. Milton}, editor = {C. Devendra} } @article {573, title = {Grassroots conservation: Veld products and people}, journal = {African Wildlife}, volume = {43}, year = {1988}, month = {1988}, pages = {286-293}, abstract = {The author calls plants "green glue," meaning they keep the soil together. He uses the term "veld products" and defines it as the use of plants by people for medicine, food supplements, shelter, fuel, etc. He is calling on researchers to develop and expand their focus on veld products. He talks of the needs of both plants and humans, vegetation change and plant use, resource management and conservation. He also talks of the consequences of conservation in his conclusion.}, keywords = {Acacia mearnsii, agroforestry, Australian black wattle, ethnobotany, fuelwood, Institute of Natural Resources, Kwa Zulu, Mark Gandar, medicinal plants, Natal, natural resource management, plants, qwa qwa, resource conservation, resource management, Southern Africa, Southern Life Association}, author = {Tony Cunningham} } @article {574, title = {Great planting disasters: Pitfalls in technical assistance in forestry}, journal = {Agriculture and Human Values}, volume = {5}, year = {1988}, note = {This article from Agriculture and Human Values, 5 (1-2) listed independently.}, month = {December 1988}, pages = {49-60}, abstract = {Social forestry, in contrast to traditional forestry, is intended to meet biological/environmental, procedural and equity goals. Social forestry projects may not fulfill this multiplicity of goals either because priority is given to a single goal or because various factors including the structure and norms of implementing institutions and the distribution of local power overwhelm procedural and distributive intentions. Thus, despite participatory and equitable project designs, social forestry projects may result in the distribution of benefits to the rich and costs to the poor and products that either have little local value or lose their value over time. Factors leading to these outcomes are explored and countervailing measures considered.}, keywords = {agricultural economics, equity goals, ethics, evolutionary biology, history, project design, social forestry, technical assistance, veterinary medicine}, doi = {10.1007/BF02217176}, url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02217176}, author = {Louise Fortmann} } @article {575, title = {Historical forces in world agriculture and the changing role of international development assistance}, journal = {Agriculture and Human Values}, volume = {5}, year = {1988}, note = {This article from Agriculture and Human Values, 5 (1-2) listed independently.}, month = {Win-Spr 1988}, pages = {77-91}, abstract = {

The first part of this paper discusses five sets of forces that have had a major influence on world agriculture in the post-World War II period. These include:

  1. high rates of population growth in the developing countries
  2. a steady increase in economic integration world-wide, driven by technological breakthroughs in the communication and transportation sectors
  3. major realignments in the values of national currencies
  4. growing distortions in economic policies in both the industrialized and developing countries
  5. growing diffusion of new production technology from the industrialized to the developing countries.

The second part reviews the changing role of international development assistance in support of agriculture in light of these historical forces. Such assistance successively stressed the development of extension services, food aid, institutional development of higher level education institutions, the development of research capacity, and rural development.

A look to the future is the subject of the third part of the paper. This includes a discussion of the difficulties in sustaining U.S. foreign assistance, especially when that nation is letting its own economic house fall into such disarray.

}, keywords = {development assistance, ecology, economic integration, economic policies, economics, education institution, ethics, famine, fisheries, food agricultural economics, gender, history, international development, production technology, rural development}, doi = {10.1007/BF02217179}, url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02217179}, author = {G. Edward Schuh} } @article {436, title = {The human ecology of agricultural development: The ethics and rationale of international technical cooperation in agriculture and rural life}, volume = {5}, year = {1988}, note = {Articles also listed independently.}, month = {Win-Spr 1988}, keywords = {development assistance, ecology, economics, ethics, famine, fisheries, food, gender, history, international development}, url = {http://www.springerlink.com/content/0889-048x/5/1-2/} } @book {341, title = {IADSS (Information and Decision Support System): Users{\textquoteright} manual}, series = {Multipurpose Tree Species Network Research Series, manual no. 1}, year = {1988}, month = {1988}, pages = {140}, publisher = {Winrock International, F/FRED Global Research Unit}, organization = {Winrock International, F/FRED Global Research Unit}, address = {Paia, Hawaii}, abstract = {This manual is a publication of the Fuelwood/Forestry Research and Development (F/FRED) in Hawaii. Specifically, it covers the setup and use of F/FRED){\textquoteright}s Information and Decision Support System (IADSS). IADSS is a computer program designed to hold and process the results of field trials and other forestry-related experiments. The manual has three sections that are more or less traditional in computer literature: installation procedures, a quick lesson in the use of the system, and a detailed description of system operations. The installation section is very straightforward. A list of required hardware is provided, along with instructions for setting up Digital Operating System (DOS) directories and transferring material from a disc to one{\textquoteright}s hard drive. The quick start section shows the user how to start the IADSS program. IADSS is "menu-driven"; it has a number of forestry-related databases (experiments, abstracts, soil, climate, etc.) that can be reached via screen menus. These databases can be accessed or modified using "search," "add," "modify," and "delete" commands. The system options section describes each option available within each database (experiment descriptions, trial site information, weather measurements, etc.). All are illustrated with appropriate screen presentations. This is a very readable and straightforward document. An intelligent person who knows nothing about computers could set up and operate an IADSS system using this manual.}, keywords = {computers, forestry, Hawaii, information, manual}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/768268914}, author = {Forestry/Fuelwood Research and Development Project, Global Research Unit} } @article {823, title = {Indigenous agroforestry systems in Hambantota district: An indicative study}, year = {1988}, month = {September 1988}, institution = {Hambantota Integrated Rural Development Programme}, address = {Kachcheri, Hambantota, Sri Lanka}, abstract = {

Given that \&$\#$39;agroforestry\&$\#$39; and village or social forestry are now commonly considered to be valuable components within integrated development efforts, it would seem worth investigating in more detail what sort of indigenous agroforestry is going on already in Hambantota district before launching into new schemes. For an understanding of existing systems, their merits and limitations can, of course, greatly increase the chances of making successful interventions. It was for this reason that this small study was carried out. (author)

This document includes sections on:

}, keywords = {Kandyan, social forestry}, author = {Margaret McCall Skutsch} } @book {349, title = {Indigenous peoples and tropical forests: Models of land use and management from Latin America}, series = {Cultural survival report no. 27}, year = {1988}, month = {1988}, publisher = {Cultural Survival, Inc.}, organization = {Cultural Survival, Inc.}, address = {Cambridge, MA}, abstract = {This document describes and analyzes different land use systems in the rain forests of Latin America. It considers examples from different realms of resource use, such as: gathering; hunting; fishing and other aquatic resources; swidden agriculture; permanent agriculture; and large-scale sustainable resource management systems. Research priorities are suggested for each realm.}, keywords = {aquatic resources, land use, Latin America, rainforests}, isbn = {0-939521-38-5, 978-0-939521-38-8, 0-939521-32-6, 978-0-939521-32-6}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/249738828}, author = {Jason W. Clay} } @book {351, title = {Indigenous technical knowledge in farming systems and rural technology: A bibliography on Eastern Africa}, series = {Working paper (Technische Hogeschool Twente. Vakgroep Ontwikkelingskunde) no. 38}, year = {1988}, month = {February 1988}, pages = {40}, publisher = {University of Twente, Technology and Development Group}, organization = {University of Twente, Technology and Development Group}, address = {[Enschede, Netherlands]}, abstract = {The vast majority of the literature describes particular aspects and issues in eastern African farming systems. There is a natural focus on ITK concerning small-scale farming systems and land-use, including pastoral systems and agroforestry systems. In addition, there are some references on specific technologies and domestic activities.}, keywords = {agroforestry, biomass, crop husbandry, East Africa, food, land management, medicine, pest management, water , women}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/38348173}, author = {Michael Keith McCall} } @article {595, title = {Innovation, technical assistance, and development: The importance of technology users}, journal = {World Development}, volume = {16}, year = {1988}, month = {June 1988}, pages = {711-721}, abstract = {In both industrialized and developing country situations technology users play a key role in generating successful new products and processes. Both "high-tech" innovation, such as the design of the Boeing 747 aircraft and IBM computer software, and innovative technologies for the rural poor, such as Vietnamese expeller pumps and Bangladeshi hybrid rice strains, owe much to the creativity and skill not of research scientist, but of local housewives, farmers and artisans. New approaches to technical assistance which increase the interaction between R\&D institutions and these technology users are needed in order to tap this important innovation resource. The incorporation of such an interactive research strategy into the work of the Sudan Energy Research Council led to highly successful initiatives in the fields of charcoal production, improved charcoal stoves, and agroforestry. (author)}, keywords = {charcoal , innovation, Sudan Energy Research Council, technical assistance}, doi = {10.1016/0305-750X(88)90177-5}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0305750X88901775}, author = {Matthew S. Gamser} } @article {596, title = {Integration and role of planted trees in a bush-fallow cultivation system in central Zambia}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {7}, year = {1988}, month = {1988}, pages = {63-76}, abstract = {

The purpose of natural fallow in bush-fallow cultivaton systems is to improve soil fertility following a phase of cultivation and to provide useful forest products, including livestock feed. When natural fallow fails to serve these purposes, it can be supplemented or replaced by planted trees. This paper describes the development and function of Acacia fallow in the Soli tribal land of central Zambia and examines the supplementary role of planted trees.

The 31 woody species at five fallow sample sites were dominated byAcacia polyacantha. Thirty-nine percent of the species are leguminous and N-fixing while 42\% are fodder plants. These species make this Acacia fallow suitable for regeneration of soil fertility and production of fodder. The dominant species, A. polyacantha, has an extensive lateral root system and may attain a mean maximum girth at breast height (BH) of 125 cm within 20 years. In the study areaAcacia fallow regenerates from seed and root-stocks and with a maximum annual stem basal area increment of 0.87 m2ha-1 at BH can acumulate a total of 17.4 m2ha-1 in 20 years.

However, Acacia fallow is poor in edible wild fruits and durable construction wood. The scarcity of fruits in the study area has been compensated by widespread planting of exotic fruit trees. Ninety percent of households have fruit trees (mean 2.3 fruit species per household). However, in spite of the scarcity of good construction wood in the Soli tribal land, no local initiative has developed to plant timber trees. A clear opportunity therefore exists to promote timber tree planting. Such a tree planting programme was started in the study area during the 1985/86 planting season (December-February) when 25,100 seedlings of Eucalyptys grandis, Gmelina arborea and Leuceana leucocephala were distributed, free of charge and the programme will continue until 1988. A survey carried out five to seven months after planting revealed that the survival of E. grandis, L. leucocephala and G. arborea seedlings was 65\%, 90\% and 92\%, respectively. The high mortality of E. grandis seedlings was due to termite damage.

}, keywords = {nitrogen fixation}, doi = {10.1007/BF01890470}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01890470}, author = {E. N. Chidumayo} } @article {597, title = {International technical interventions in agriculture and rural development: Some basic trends, issues, and questions}, journal = {Agriculture and Human Values}, volume = {5}, year = {1988}, note = {This article from Agriculture and Human Values, 5 (1-2) listed independently.}, month = {December 1988}, pages = {6-15}, abstract = {This paper presents some of the basic trends, issues, and questions regarding the last four decades of international development cooperation in agriculture. The impact of technical cooperation tends to account for only a small proportion of change; the bulk of the variance being caused by internal, rather than external, forces and events. The paper reviews both multilateral and bilateral technical cooperation, and then illustrates with the case of U.S. universities in international technical cooperation. It goes on to question the difference between "development" and "merely change," and asks who are the real beneficiaries? Finally, the paper suggests the following factors affecting continuity and change as forces to be analysed with respect to any attempt at technical cooperation: biological, physical, cultural, social, economic, administrative, political, and diplomatic. The world experience of the past four decades confirms that without consideration of such a human ecology of continuity and change, well-meaning interventions in international technical cooperation are likely to have unintended consequences for both "donors" and "recipients."}, keywords = {ethics, international development, rural development, small proportion, unintended consequence, veterinary medicine}, doi = {10.1007/BF02217172}, url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02217172}, author = {George H. Axinn} } @conference {776, title = {IUCN and indigenous peoples: How we can work together to promote sustainable development}, booktitle = {Paper presented at Fourth Annual General Assembly, Indigenous Survival International, June 15-17, 1988, Fort Yukon, Alaska}, year = {1988}, month = {June 15-17, 1988}, publisher = {International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN)}, organization = {International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN)}, address = {Fort Yukon, AK}, abstract = {Traditional knowledge. Repository of understanding lost by urban and industrial societies. Dependence on nature. The World Conservation Strategy, which supports sustainable use of furs and fish, migratory birds, and marine mammals. The productivity of habitats. Potential conflict situations, such as animal rights and pressures to limit or halt the fur trade, or the taking of marine mammals. Clearly, this General Assembly of Indigenous Survival International has a lot to discuss, and IUCN is pleased to be invited to participate in this gathering. (author)}, keywords = {aquatic resources, traditional knowledge}, author = {Jeffrey A. McNeely} } @inbook {894, title = {Local resource use systems in the tropics: Taking pressure off the forests}, booktitle = {Tropical rainforests: Diversity and conservation}, series = {Memoirs of the California Academy of Sciences}, volume = {12}, year = {1988}, month = {December 1988}, pages = {53-70}, publisher = {California Academy of Sciences}, organization = {California Academy of Sciences}, address = {San Francisco, CA}, abstract = {By focusing research on indigenous and local agroecosystems, much information can be gained for the development of resource-conserving, ecologically sound land-use strategies that promote the sustained-yield management of land already cleared in tropical regions. By keeping the farmers on the land they already have, pressure can be taken off the limited forest reserves that still exist. A research approach that looks at the agricultural ecosystem (agroecosystem) will allow an agro-ecological focus, in order to examine impacts on the land in the context of nutrient cycles, crop and non-crop population dynamics, energetics, and other ecological concepts. Examples of such studies are presented from tropical Mexico and Costa Rica, including the corn/bean/squash multiple-crop agroecosystem, the tropical home garden agroforestry system with a diverse mixture of trees, shrubs, herbs, and vines, and an experimental bench-terrace-cropping system with mixed vegetables planted on the flat surfaces and a high organic-matter-producing grass on the slopes. The importance of the sustainability of the natural resource sector linked to the sustainability of the agricultural sector is stressed as an integral part of tropical forest preservation strategies of the future. (author).}, keywords = {agroforestry, resource management}, isbn = {0-940228-19-X; 978-0-940228-19-1}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/18566557}, author = {Stephen R. Gliessman}, editor = {Frank Almeda and Catherine M. Pringle} } @inbook {920, title = {The Mbeere in Kenya}, booktitle = {The Mbeere in Kenya Volume I: Changing Rural Ecology}, year = {1988}, note = {

General Note: Includes indexes

Contents: v. 1. Changing rural ecology -- v. 2. Botanical identities and uses

}, month = {1988}, pages = {142-213}, publisher = {University Press of America in association with IDA Institute for Development Anthropology}, organization = {University Press of America in association with IDA Institute for Development Anthropology}, address = {Lanham, MD}, abstract = {This article examines a survey of the Mbeere people in Kenya, East Africa. The survey concerns tree planting and what effects it. Specifically looks at why they plant, when they plant, and where they obtain seedlings. Including are recommendations based on the results of the survey.}, keywords = {Embu District, ethnobotany, Kenya, Mbere (African people), social conditions}, isbn = {0-8191-6999-4}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/17877447}, author = {Bernard W. Riley and David Brokensha} } @book {366, title = {Multipurpose tree species for small farm use: Proceedings of an international workshop, November 2-5, 1987, Pattaya, Thailand}, year = {1988}, note = {Co-Sponsors: Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development, International Development Research Centre of Canada, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific}, month = {1988}, pages = {281 pp.}, publisher = {Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development; International Development Research Centre}, organization = {Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development; International Development Research Centre}, address = {Arlington, VA; [Ottawa,] Canada}, abstract = {

Consists of following papers:

}, keywords = {agroecology, agroforestry, socioeconomics}, isbn = {0-933595-18-2; 978-0-933595-18-7}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/213909057}, editor = {Dale Withington and Kenneth G. MacDicken and Cherla B. Sastry and Norma R. Adams} } @article {633, title = {Pasture growth and floristic composition under the shade of guava (Psidium guajava L.) trees in Costa Rica}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {6}, year = {1988}, month = {February 1988}, pages = {153-162}, abstract = {

Guava (Psidium guajava L.) trees in naturalized, unimproved pastures produce valuable firewood, fruit, shade, and other benefits. The effects of guavas on pasture growth and floristic composition were evaluated. Shaded and non-shaded pastures are floristically very similar. Total growth under shade is 49\–63\% of that in the open. Axonopus compressus and Paspalum conjugatum were the most prominent grasses in both sun and shade.

}, keywords = {floristic composition, fuelwood, pasture growth, Psidium guajava, total growth, unimproved pasture}, doi = {10.1007/BF02344752}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02344752}, author = {Eduardo Somarriba} } @book {372, title = {People of the tropical rain forest}, year = {1988}, month = {1988}, pages = {231}, publisher = {University of California Press}, organization = {University of California Press}, address = {Berkeley, CA}, abstract = {A compilation of writings some of which are incomplete. Beginning with chapter five this is an incomplete book about the specific people of the rain forest. It starts with the Indian National Resource management, Hill People of Northern Thailand, Hunters and Farmers of the African Forest, and people of the floodplain and forest. Not only does this excerpt discuss the Indians of Amazonia, but also discusses the regions. It also discusses the way each of the tribes make their living and how they use the resources around them. The last thing the chapter talks of is the ribere{\~n}os{\textquoteright} lives beyond the village. The excerpt includes many pictures and a few graphs.}, keywords = {Amazon, boats, Brazil, canoes, Central America, fallow, Native Americans, rainforests, slash and burn, smallholders, South America, swiddens, tribal peoples, tropical forests}, isbn = {0-520-06295-7; 0-520-06351-1}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/59892476}, editor = {Julie Sloan Denslow and Christine Padoch} } @book {374, title = {Permaculture: A designers{\textquoteright} manual}, year = {1988}, month = {1988}, pages = {576}, publisher = {Tagari Publications}, organization = {Tagari Publications}, address = {Tyalgum, NSW, Australia}, abstract = {

Contains following chapters:

}, keywords = {agricultural ecology, agroforestry, aquatic resources, botany, ethnobotany, horticulture, organic farming, organic gardening}, isbn = {0-908228-01-5}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/945761643}, author = {Bill C. Mollison} } @article {692, title = {The political economy of fisheries development in the third world}, journal = {Agriculture and Human Values}, volume = {5}, year = {1988}, note = {This article from Agriculture and Human Values, 5 (1-2) listed independently.}, month = {December 1988}, pages = {35-48}, abstract = {International agencies have contributed significantly to the promotion of capital-intensive fisheries development programs in many Third World nations. Activities of both bilateral and multilateral development assistance agencies are examined and shown to have certain common features, notably production-oriented programs typified by the introduction of powerful new fishing technologies, and the promotion of fishery exports as a means of increasing foreign exchange earnings. The argument is advanced that these programs have been largely detrimental to the best interests of recipient nations because they have ignored both resource limitations and the distributional consequences of such development. Fisheries development programs in the Third World are seen as being shaped by a convergence of institutional and class interests between national and international agencies. The perspective of political economy is used to examine these interests and explain their relation to policy outcomes. Evidence is presented to show that international agencies have contributed to dualistic patterns of industry growth which have skewed development benefits towards a narrow urban elite. Rural small-scale fishers have been increasingly marginalized as a result of their inability to compete over a limited and, in some cases, depleted resource. Fisheries development and resource management need to be seen as complementary aspects of a single process rather than as separate activities. Central to fisheries management is the question of resource allocation between competing users. Suggestions are offered by which international development agencies can play an important role in encouraging resource use patterns which are both biologically sustainable and socially just.}, keywords = {development assistance, fishery management, foreign exchange, international agency, political economy}, doi = {10.1007/BF02217175}, url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02217175}, author = {Conner Bailey} } @article {636, title = {Pollarding for multiple benefits}, journal = {Northern Journal of Applied Forestry}, volume = {5}, year = {1988}, note = {Reprint Series No. R974, Illinois State Natural History Survey}, month = {June 1988}, pages = {148-152}, abstract = {Pollarding is a traditional method of producing fuelwood in agroforestry systems where livestock browsing restricts tree regeneration by seedlings or coppice sprouts. As in coppicing, pollarding produces successive crops of wood from the vegetative sprouts of repeatedly harvested trees, but in pollarding the dominant sprouts are formed near the top of permanent trunks above the reach of livestock. The unique structure of pollards also makes them suitable for use as short-rotation fuelwood trees where fire restricts tree regeneration at ground level. In addition to fuelwood, pollards produce other tree products, as well as soil, wildlife, and esthetic benefits. With this combination of benefits, pollarding has potential for ameliorating certain environmental problems in the midwestern United States and for meeting the multiple objectives of many woodland owners. To assess this potential, we measured biomass yields and sprouting characteristics of honey locust and pin oak pollards harvested on 15- and 11-year rotations, respectively. Both species produced moderate yields of biomass and responded vigorously to pollarding. Potential benefits and problems of the method are discussed and applications of pollarding in farm and nonfarm settings are proposed.}, keywords = {fuelwood, pollarding}, author = {Christopher D. Burnett and David Gilluly} } @book {378, title = {Potential impact of biotechnology research for multipurpose tree species}, series = {Multipurpose tree species network research series paper 3}, year = {1988}, note = {Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development; Forestry/Fuelwood Research and Development Project}, month = {September 1988}, pages = {58 pp.}, publisher = {Winrock International}, organization = {Winrock International}, address = {Bangkok, Thailand and Los Banos, Philippines}, abstract = {

The basic objective of the study is to assess the potential socio-economic effect of multipurpose tree species (MPTS) biotechnology research. Three research areas were identified from interviews with various researchers and resource administrators:

  1. tissue culture for planting material production and enhancement,
  2. tissue culture for MPTS genetic improvement, and
  3. use of micro-organisms to enhance MPTS performance.
}, keywords = {agroforestry}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/24597957}, author = {Wilfrido Cruz} } @article {645, title = {Revival of an ancient starch crop: A review of the agronomy of the sago palm}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {7}, year = {1988}, month = {December 1988}, pages = {259-281}, abstract = {Since 1971 there has been a revival of interest in the possibilities for cultivation of the true sago palm, Metroxylon spp. Agronomic and economic research shows that the palm can become an important starch producing crop. Many queries concerning the agronomy of the crop have been solved. The palm is especially suited to humid tropical lowlands. It is fairly salinity tolerant, but less tolerant to swampy conditions than generally thought. Research programmes to solve the remaining problems have been started in Sarawak on peat soils and will be started in Indonesia on mineral soils, both regarding the cultivated crop and exploitation of natural stands. Yields of 5 tons of dry starch per ha and year in the first year, increasing to 15 tons in the tenth, are to be expected in good quality natural stands under cultivation and on mineral soils. In new plantings there will be no yield in the first eight years; after that yields will increase rapidly to 25 tons per ha and year, tapering off slowly to 15 tons. Yields on peat soils under cultivation are expected to remain 25\% lower. In both natural stands and plantings an extensive drainage system is to be provided, which also allows the trunks, the raw material, to be floated out to the factory. Both systems of cultivation are expected to be economically viable with an internal rate of return estimated at 10\%.}, keywords = {agriculture, forestry, metroxylon, natural stands, palm agronomy, perennial crop, planting, sago palm, starches}, doi = {10.1007/BF00046972}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00046972}, author = {M. Flach and D. L. Schuiling} } @inbook {924, title = {The role of women farmers in choosing species for agroforestry farming systems in rural areas of Ghana}, booktitle = {Gender issues in farming systems research and extension}, year = {1988}, month = {1988}, pages = {439-441}, publisher = {Westview Press}, organization = {Westview Press}, address = {Boulder, CO}, abstract = {

This paper discusses the three basic types of agroforestry systems:

  1. Agrosiliviculture systems (integration of forest trees with agricultural crops);
  2. silvopastorial systems (integration of forest trees and livestock); and
  3. agrosilvopastorial systems (integration of forest trees, agricultural crops, and livestock).

The paper continues by pointing out specific findings from farms surveys conducted in the rural Forest Savannah Transitional Zone of Ghana:

  1. Food, nutrition, health, and energy (fuelwood) are more important to women farmers than income, clothes, and social status which are comparably more important to men farmers.
  2. Traditional subsistence agroforestry farmers (mostly women), capable of selling between 45-50 percent of their surplus products, acknowledged the benefits of forest trees and proposed the most useful trees for the new agroforestry system.
  3. Multiple purpose local trees like Puvolfia vomitoria, Alsotoia boonei, Terapleura tetraplera, and Fagara xanthoxeyoides, as well as foreign species like Leucaena leucocephala and Gliriadia speim, have high potential of being accepted by farmers in the forest savannah transitional zone.
  4. Female farmers were found to be better conservators and more resourceful than their male counterparts.
  5. An agroforestry package that integrates local livestock with forest trees to ensure adequate forage, especially for sheep and goats during the dry season, would be readily adopted by the subsistence farmers. A similar package favoring cattle would be favored by commercial farmers.
  6. Plants with medicinal or healing properties had the highest probability of being accepted for both agroforestry and conservation purposes (author)
}, keywords = {agroforestry, medicinal plants}, isbn = {0-8133-7399-9}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/17386097}, author = {Kofi Owusu-Bempah}, editor = {Steven V. Poats and Marianne Schmink and Anita Spring} } @article {651, title = {Small-scale utilization of rattan by a Semai community in West Malaysia}, journal = {Economic Botany}, volume = {42}, year = {1988}, month = {Jan.-March 1988}, pages = {105-119}, abstract = {The role rattan plays in the life of a small Semai community in West Malaysia is discussed. Of the 24 rattan species occurring in the study area, four are frequently used for binding, house building, basketry, fish traps and snares, and other artifacts. These are briefly described and some illustrated. Some species are used for food, medicinal, and ritual purposes. The Semai have a profound knowledge of nature and have a good concept of rattan systematics that comes very close to scientific classification. Demand for rattan for commercial use threatens the rattan populations and has led to heavy depletion of some of the most useful species.}, keywords = {aquatic resources, handcrafts, Malaysia, rattan}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02859040}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/4255051}, author = {Wanda Av{\'e}} } @article {658, title = {Starving in the forest}, journal = {Plant Research and Development}, volume = {28}, year = {1988}, month = {1988}, pages = {7-31}, abstract = {

This paper gives a brief history of the tropical rainforest regions of Middle America \—Yucatan. It relates this history to the present destruction of the forests and how this destruction is interrelated with starvation. This paper demonstrates, through an example of water use, how planning and aid should be suited to a locality. Sections include: land use in tropical Middle America; determination of the forest function; exploiting the forests; loss of the forest; traditional [living] alternatives; Milpa: the shifting cultivation of the Maya; conuco; tree gardens; peasants and state projects; and land use planning in the pre-Spanish era.

}, keywords = {forestry, Maya, Mexico, Native Americans, Oxkutzcab, plan Tabi, rainforests, trees, Yucatan}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/3048499}, author = {Bernd Neugebauer} } @book {401, title = {The status of multipurpose trees in Thailand}, series = {Multipurpose Tree Species Network Research Series Report 2}, year = {1988}, month = {August 1988}, pages = {104}, publisher = {Winrock International}, organization = {Winrock International}, address = {Bangkok, Thailand}, abstract = {As the forestry problems are enormous, forest researchers have to find the proper program to tackle the existing problem. To promote the general well-being of the Thais there is the need to establish tree-lands wherever possible. To ensure progressively increasing supplies of fuelwood and charcoal as well as industrial wood, establishment of multipurpose trees is considered to be a superb chance for increasing wood productivity as well as restoring a proper ecological balance.}, keywords = {agroforestry, ecology, Thailand}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/26788851}, author = {Suree Bhumibhamon} } @article {661, title = {Structural and technical development in agriculture: An international overview}, journal = {Agriculture and Human Values}, volume = {5}, year = {1988}, note = {This article from Agriculture and Human Values, 5 (1-2) listed independently.}, month = {December 1988}, pages = {92-100}, abstract = {This study investigates the socio-historical relationships existing between the development of the agricultural structure and the process of technical development. Adopting a political economy posture, it is argued that the development of technical procedures in agriculture has been aimed historically at the maximization of production and productivity. This phenomenon has been generated by the social hegemony of groups interested in the enhancement of accumulation of capital and has been translated into an emphasis on large productive units, which discriminates against small and medium farms. This pattern of development has been legitimized through a social consensus which involves an emphasis on small family producers. This contradiction is embodied in the generation of a dualistic agricultural structure characterized by the prosperity of large farms, the persistence of small farms and the crisis of medium farms and in patterns of overproduction and unavailability of food for the poor segments of society.}, keywords = {agricultural economic structure, political economy, productive unit, technical development, veterinary medicine}, doi = {10.1007/BF02217180}, url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02217180}, author = {Alessandro Bonanno} } @book {286, title = {A survey of women{\textquoteright}s attitudes toward forestry and fuelwood in eight rural villages in eastern Sudan}, series = {Field document (Fuelwood Development for Energy in Sudan) no. 31}, year = {1988}, month = {March 1988}, pages = {41 leaves}, publisher = {Forests Administration}, organization = {Forests Administration}, address = {Khartoum, Sudan}, abstract = {This report analyzes a survey of Sudanese women{\textquoteright}s attitudes toward forestry and fuelwood. The survey was carried out in December, 1986 in eight rural villages in Eastern Sudan. It was sponsored by FAO{\textquoteright}s Fuelwood Development for Energy Project and designed and carried out by students from Ahfad University for Women in Omdurman. It is the first survey of this size and scope to focus specifically on women{\textquoteright}s attitudes as they relate to forestry in Sudan. Based on the results of this survey, forestry extension staff will be able to strengthen and expand existing forestry programs to address the needs and perceptions of rural women.}, keywords = {agroforestry, fuelwood, Khartoum, Sudan}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/29011350}, author = {Rosemary N. Furfey} } @article {666, title = {Technology transfer: Institutions, models, and impacts on agriculture and rural life in the developing world}, journal = {Agriculture and Human Values}, volume = {5}, year = {1988}, note = {This article from Agriculture and Human Values, 5 (1-2) listed independently.}, month = {December 1988}, pages = {16-23}, abstract = {Technology transfer is a multi-level process of communication involving a variety of senders and receivers of ideas and materials. As a response to market failure, or as an effort to accelerate market-driven social change, technology transfer may combine public and private aparatus or rely solely on public institutional mechanisms to identify, develop, and deliver innovations and information. Technology transfer institutions include universities, government ministries, research institutes, and what may be termed the {\textquoteright}project sector{\textquoteright}. Four farm- and village-level change models are considered: traditional community development, adoption-diffusion, training and Visit Extension, and Farming Systems Research. The challenges to technology transfer efforts center on developing indigenous capacity to generate and adapt agricultural technology to local conditions. This is the primary objective of technology transfer in agriculture and the basis for advancing rural development.}, keywords = {community development, farming systems, rural development, technology transfer, transfer effort}, doi = {10.1007/BF02217173}, url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02217173}, author = {Joseph J. Molnar and Curtis M. Jolly} } @article {703, title = {Traditional agroforestry system in the Cordilleras (Ifugao)}, journal = {Likasyaman (Technology Series)}, year = {1988}, month = {April-June 1988}, abstract = {This short summary of a traditional agroforestry setup in Ifugao, Philippines, discusses qualitatively the advantages of using an indigenous shade tree with coffee for enhanced production. Coffee, introduced during Spanish occupation, is grown under raintree (Samanea caman) along with rattan vines (Calamus merrillii) which is in demand locally for the cottage industry. There is little to no exogenous technological influence in this system (except the introduction of coffee) because there is no pruning, fertilization or improved plant varieties of coffee. The author considers the system sustainable based on nutrient and water cycling advantages of raintree (a nitrogen fixer) particularly soil nutrient additions of litter fall. A brief ecological and socioeconomic descriptions of the region are included.}, keywords = {Acacia, coffee, traditional agroforestry}, author = {Guillermo Felipe} } @book {407, title = {Traditional knowledge and renewable resource management in northern regions}, series = {Occasional publication (Boreal Institute for Northern Studies); no. 23}, year = {1988}, note = {A joint publication of the IUCN Commission on Ecology and the Boreal Institute for Northern Studies}, month = {1988}, pages = {124}, publisher = {IUCN Commission on Ecology and the Canadian Circumpolar Institute, Boreal Institute for Northern Studies}, organization = {IUCN Commission on Ecology and the Canadian Circumpolar Institute, Boreal Institute for Northern Studies}, address = {Edmonton, AB, Canada}, abstract = {

Contains following papers:

}, keywords = {American Indians, Arctic regions, Eskimos, First Peoples, fisheries, Inuit, Native Americans, resource management}, isbn = {978-0-919058-68-2}, issn = {0068-0303}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/658935111}, editor = {Milton M. R. Freeman and Ludwig N. Carbyn} } @article {844, title = {Trees and pastoralists: The case of the Pokot and Turkana}, year = {1988}, note = {

This paper argued that the traditional values and practices of the semi-nomadic Pokot and Turkana peoples of Kenya provided an excellent basis for institutional efforts to sustain the pastoralists\&$\#$39; semi-arid environments. Both groups managed pasture lands adaptively and co-operatively, under the leadership of elders. Trees along water courses were under individual tenure, highly valued and rarely cut, though people did not plant trees and failed to see the connection between seedlings and productive mature trees. The author argued that the many inappropriate and damaging interventions in the area, for instance intensification of land use, could be usefully replaced by developments that start with what people know, build on indigenous strategies and strengthen local rights of tenure.

}, month = {May 1988}, institution = {Overseas Development Institute (ODI)}, address = {London}, abstract = {

Pastoral people in arid and semi-arid lands have, with time, developed rational sustainable land use systems based on the mobility of their livestock herds, and making optimal use of the land both geographically and ecologically. Historically such systems were self-regulating with periodic famines and disease outbreaks acting as controls. These self-regulating mechanisms are for various reasons, no longer allowed full play with resulting deterioration in land-use patterns, particularly in the settlement zones.

Few people perceive the use of their land-use strategies as a soil and water conservation benefit, yet in preserving their land and vegetation this is exactly what it is. Likewise planners in soil and water conservation, in many cases, do not see the value of such strategies, preferring the use of structures in curing the problem rather than preventing the disease.

This paper attempts, in some small way to highlight some of the traditional values that the Pokot and Turkana have which could be of intrinsic value to soil and water conservation, if used sensibly in the dry areas. It further attempts to identify methods of incorporating such traditional values into soil and water conservation practice for arid and semi-arid lands. (author)

}, keywords = {soil conservation}, url = {https://odi.org/en/publications/trees-and-pastoralists-the-case-of-the-pokot-and-turkana/}, author = {Edmund G. C. Barrow} } @proceedings {482, title = {Trees on small farms: Multipurpose tree species research for the arid and semi-arid tropics}, year = {1988}, month = {Nov 16-19, 1987}, publisher = {Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development}, address = {Arlington, VA}, abstract = {In recognition of the rapid depletion of tropical forest resources and the increased scarcity of fuelwood and other tree products, the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) designed and funded the Forestry/Fuelwood Research and Development Project. F/FRED provides a network through which scientists exchange research plans, methods and results on the production and use of trees to meet the needs of small-scale farmers in Asia. These fast-growing, high-yielding trees are appropriately termed multipurpose tree species (MPTS). To date, network trials have been established on 16 sites in the humid and semi-humid tropics. Participants are 10 Asian scientists from Indonesia, Malaysia, Pakistan, Philippines, Taiwan and Thailand.}, keywords = {agroforestry, fuelwood}, editor = {David A. Taylor and Lee Medema} } @inbook {807, title = {Trees, people and the dry lands: The role of local knowledge}, booktitle = {Agroforestry development in Kenya: Proceedings of the Second Kenya National Seminar on Agroforestry}, year = {1988}, note = {Paper presented to Second Kenya National Seminar on Agroforestry}, month = {Nov. 7-16 1988}, publisher = {Institute of Forestry}, organization = {Institute of Forestry}, address = {Nairobi, Kenya}, abstract = {The importance of traditional knowledge as a tool in development is discussed in broad terms, its relevance to the change process and as to why it has not been fully utilized in the past. Pokot and Turkana transhumant silvo-pastoral systems are discussed in a broad land management perspective and then as they relate to individual tree species, their utilization and management. This is then briefly compared to the Sukuma (in Tanzania) agro-silvo-pastoral system. In all cases the people of the area display a rich and detailed local knowledge base as it relates to the environment and ecology. This comprises a detailed ethnobotanical knowledge as it relates to species utilization and their management, which is then related to broad land management systems which, especially in Pokot and Turkana are both environmentally sound, ecologically viable and culturally acceptable. Why then are such systems and knowledge bases not utilized? This is then related to traditional conservatism and constraints pertaining to such lands. In realizing that the traditional base is not perfect, ways are discussed as to how the people and the knowledge base can be brought into the focus of development and change, particularly in the silvo-pastoral context. This is based on a participatory sharing extension approach which identifies potential and constraints in the traditional base combined with problem identification and solution finding. The example of the Turkana Rural Development Programme{\textquoteright}s forestry sector is used to show how this can be achieved (or at least partly so) in a large district such as Turkana whose people are mobile and widely spaced. It is discussed in terms of extension approaches used, feedback from such work and the impact of the work to date. It is likewise shown that such work can fit into current day development thinking as a means of relating the local knowledge base to the present day. The conclusion challenges researchers and developers alike in terms of giving a real and meaningful emphasis to the traditional database, of relating their work to it and keeping the focus of such work on the people who live in such areas. Such pastoral people do not compartmentalize their lives into discrete boxes as Research and Development tends to do. This is not possible especially in the arid and semi-arid lands and especially as relates to silvo-pastoralism. The threads are too interlinked. The basis for change and improvement lies with making the people of the area the focus, making them responsible for their environment through the use of the traditional knowledge base as a foundation stone for sustainable real development, as if people matter. (author)}, keywords = {participatory research}, author = {Edmund G. C. Barrow} } @inbook {930, title = {Tropical dry forests: The most endangered major tropical ecosystem}, booktitle = {Biodiversity}, year = {1988}, note = {Chapter 14}, month = {1988}, pages = {130-137}, publisher = {National Academy Press}, organization = {National Academy Press}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {The most threatened of major tropical forest types is the tropical dry forest. They are threatened for many different reasons. The expensive land that is generally used for agricultural production is clear cut. This does very serious damage to the anticipated restoration of the site by conservationists who are working to stop the sellers. These sellers have much influence in local politics and will hold these positions well into the future. Fortunately, much of this cleared land could be properly restored if the proper seed sources are present. Properly manipulated, domestic animals may be our best hope in combatting the ever present threat of fire. These animals help to disperse seeds into the pastures and graze off of the grasses that would provide the fuel for the next dry season{\textquoteright}s grass fires. Restoration ecology is working to preserve these forests and maintain their rich biodiversity. The real well-being will rest in the hands of the policy makers.}, keywords = {biodiversity, dry forests, tropical forests}, isbn = {0-309-03783-2; 978-0-309=03783-9}, url = {http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=989\&page=130}, author = {Daniel H. Janzen}, editor = {E. O. Wilson and Frances M. Peter} } @book {413, title = {Useful farming practices: New edition}, year = {1988}, month = {1988}, pages = {451}, publisher = {Japan Association for International Cooperation of Agriculture \& Forestry}, organization = {Japan Association for International Cooperation of Agriculture \& Forestry}, address = {Tokyo}, abstract = {This book is a general overview of farming techniques for diverse ecological systems and technological capabilities. Major areas of discussion are horticulture, animal husbandry, agricultural engineering, farming machines and tools, sericulture, forestry, and fisheries. There is also an emphasis on rice cultivation.}, keywords = {agricultural engineering, agroforestry, animal husbandry, appropriate technology and intermediate technology, aquatic resources, ecology, ethnobotany, fisheries, forestry, horticulture, rice, sericulture, upland farming}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/22662784}, author = {Japan Association for International Cooperation of Agriculture \& Forestry (AICAF)} } @book {416, title = {We eat trees: Tree planting and land rehabilitation in West Pokot District, Kenya: a baseline study (Working Paper)}, series = {Forest, Trees and People Working Paper np. 82}, year = {1988}, month = {1988}, pages = {123}, publisher = {Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, International Rural Development Centre}, organization = {Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, International Rural Development Centre}, address = {Uppsala [Sweden]}, abstract = {During early discussion with the management of the VI Tree Planting Project, it appeared to the author that there were three lodestars to guide the project{\textquoteright}s activities. First, by enclosing waste lands and planting trees in the semi-arid parts of West Pokot district, a rapid improvement of the environment is brought about. Grass invades the enclosed areas, soil erosion is arrested, and the productivity of the land is improved. This impresses the farmers of the area, who become interested in land rehabilitation. Secondly, in the higher potential areas of West Pokot district and in Trans Nzoia district, the project concentrates on producing and distributing seedlings of rapidly growing leguminous species. These will improve soil fertility and provide fuelwood in these densely populated and treeless areas. Thirdly, through cooperation with the many women groups on the settlement schemes in Trans Nzoia, the project hopes to reach a large number of families and encourage them to plant trees. (author)}, keywords = {afforestation, agroforestry, erosion, extension, farmer participatory research, fodder, fuelwood, grazing, herding, Kenya, land use, livestock, pastoralism, reclamation of land, reforestation, soil conservation, subsistence agriculture, tree planting, women}, isbn = {978-91-576-3510-5}, issn = {0280-4301}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/610964356}, author = {Wilhelm {\"O}stberg and Sveriges Lantbruksuniversitet, Uppsala (Sweden) and International Rural Development Centre} } @book {417, title = {Weed management in agroecosystems: Ecological approaches}, year = {1988}, month = {1988}, pages = {354}, publisher = {CRC Press, Inc.}, organization = {CRC Press, Inc.}, address = {Boca Raton, FL}, abstract = {Consists of table of contents and introduction. The chapters of this book describe the physiological, population, and community ecology of weeds within agroecosystems, with the goal of recognizing details relevant for better weed management. Recognition of the germination, establishment, growth, and reproduction requirements of different weeds will allow identification of life stages that are particularly susceptible to attack. Recognition of the effects of different tillage and crop rotation systems will be present in a particular field at a particular point in time. Recognition of how crops, insects, and pathogens affect weed performance through resource competition, allelopathy, herbivory, and disease will suggest better ways to use these phenomena in integrated approaches to weed management. Recognition of how and when weeds affect crop performance through resource competition, allelopathy, and positive and negative interactions with crop insect and disease pests will provide insights into when and how thoroughly weed management tactics should be imposed.}, keywords = {agricultural ecology, agricultural systems, biological control, ecology, integrated control, tillage, weeds}, isbn = {0-8493-6816-2}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/16682275}, editor = {Miguel A. Altieri and Matt Liebman} } @article {668, title = {The agroecology of corn production in Tlaxcala, Mexico}, journal = {Human Ecology}, volume = {15}, year = {1987}, month = {June 1987}, pages = {189-220}, abstract = {The primary components of Tlaxcalan corn agriculture are described, including cropping patterns employed, resource management strategies, and interactions of human and biological factors. Tlaxcalan farmers grow corn in an array of poly-culture and agroforestry designs that result in a series of ecological processes important for insect pest and soil fertility management. Measurements derived from a few selected fields show that trees integrated into cropping systems modify the aerial and soil environment of associated understory corn plants, influencing their growth and yields. With decreasing distance from trees, surface concentrations of most soil nutrients increase. Certain tree species affect corn yields more than others. Arthropod abundance also varies depending on their degree of association with one or more of the vegetational components of the system. Densities of predators and the corn pest Macrodactylussp. depend greatly on the presence and phenology of adjacent alfalfa strips. Although the data were derived from nonreplicated fields, they nevertheless point out some important trends, information that can be used to design new crop associations that will achieve sustained soil fertility and low pest potentials. (author)}, keywords = {agroecology, agroforestry, corn agroecosystem, ploycultures, traditional agriculture}, doi = {10.1007/BF00888380}, url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00888380}, author = {Miguel A. Altieri and Javier Trujillo} } @article {506, title = {Agroforestry in the arid zones of India}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {5}, year = {1987}, month = {March 1987}, pages = {69-88}, abstract = {The arid regions of India cover over 300,000 km2 and are spread over six States, mostly in the northwestern parts of the country. In spite of the hostile environmental conditions, several indigenous agroforestry practices are being practised in this region. The Central Arid Zone Research Institute (CAZRI) has made considerable progress in improving these indigenous practices and also developing new land use technologies some of which involve agroforestry approaches. Notable among these include sand-dune stabilization, shelterbelt plantations, tree planting techniques in difficult land forms, silvopastoral and agrisilvicultural systems, introduction and improvement of fruit trees and other indigenous trees, etc. Some of these technologies are adopted on a large scale by farmers in the arid zone of India, and have attracted international attention in other arid parts of the world. This paper is a summary of the results of these agroforestry initiatives of CAZRI.}, keywords = {agroforestry, arid lands, forestry, Khejri (Prosopis cineraria), sand dune stabilization, shelterbelts, silvopastoral systems, Zizyphus Mauritiana ({\textquoteright}Ber{\textquoteright})}, doi = {10.1007/BF00046414}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00046414}, author = {K. A. Shankarnarayan and L. N. Harsh and S. Kathju} } @inbook {857, title = {Agroforestry practices and research in India}, booktitle = {Agroforestry: Realities, possibilities and potentials}, year = {1987}, month = {1987}, pages = {109-137}, publisher = {Martin Nijhoff Publishers in cooperation with ICRAF; distributors for the U.S. and Canada, Kluwer Academic Publishers}, organization = {Martin Nijhoff Publishers in cooperation with ICRAF; distributors for the U.S. and Canada, Kluwer Academic Publishers}, address = {Dordrecht, Netherlands}, abstract = {

Many agroforestry practices in India are old and traditional. Some systems have been researched since the late 19th century, and there has been research on fodder-fuel plantations since the 1950s. A wide variety of practices in India are described here with research results incorporated wherever available. It is concluded that:

  1. there are many systems and practices that are yet to be adequately described;
  2. even though some systems are well-described, there is need of greater research on practice;
  3. the research endeavor so far, apart from indicating possibilities for increased production in fodder-fuel plantations has not really improved the components of agroforestry systems and their management. The challenges and opportunities for improvement are vast.
}, keywords = {India}, isbn = {90-247-3590-4}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/16352684}, author = {K. G. Tejwani}, editor = {Henry L. Gholz} } @book {293, title = {Agroforestry: Realities, possibilities and potentials}, year = {1987}, month = {1987}, pages = {227 pp.}, publisher = {Martinus Nijhoff in cooperation with ICRAF (International Council for Research in Agroforestry); distributors for the U.S. and Canada, Kluwer Academic Publishers}, organization = {Martinus Nijhoff in cooperation with ICRAF (International Council for Research in Agroforestry); distributors for the U.S. and Canada, Kluwer Academic Publishers}, address = {Dordrecht, Boston, Lancaster}, keywords = {agroforestry, ecology}, isbn = {90-247-3590-4}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/16352684}, editor = {Henry L. Gholz} } @article {731, title = {Annexe 3: Rainwater harvesting in Turkana}, year = {1987}, month = {February 1987}, abstract = {

The population of the Turkana District, northwest Kenya, is approximately 220,000, of which 165,000 are pastoralists. The remainder are centered around the settlements and Food-For-Work (FFW) camps. Pastoralism -- goats, sheep, cattle, camels, and donkeys -- remains; therefore, the primary economic activity, supplemented by fishing and agriculture in some areas. The FFW camps originated in 1980, following a severe famine in the north of the district, which lead to a total of 80,000 people receiving relief food aid through an EEC-funded project. This number has steadily declined, and figures for 1986 indicate that about 10,000 people were employed on FFW schemes in the District. Much of this FFW has been on large-scale water-harvesting related schemes. (author)

This paper includes sections on:

}, keywords = {Africa, animals, food, Kenya, OXFAM, pastoralism, rain, Turkana, women}, author = {Adrian Cullis} } @article {518, title = {Aquaculture in ancient Hawaii: Integrated farming systems included massive freshwater and seawater fish ponds}, journal = {BioScience}, volume = {37}, year = {1987}, month = {May 1987}, pages = {320-331}, abstract = {

A combination of food-producing technologies is required to support a large human population where there is a limited amount of arable land. Today integrated farming systems--combining agriculture, aquaculture, animal husbandry, and waste treatment technologies--are in use in South and Southern Asia and China, as well as in Eastern Europe and the Middle East. (author)

This paper includes a brief history of aquaculture as it developed throughout the world. It includes sections on: socio-cultural systems of ancient Hawaii in regard to the development of the expansive aquaculture-agriculture networks; integration of ancient fishponds and \"traps\" into taro agriculture; and the historical relevance of ancient Hawaiian aquaculture to aquaculture in other parts of the world.

}, keywords = {ancient agriculture, brackish, brackish-water, common carp, duck, fish, freshwater ponds, integrated farming, loko, loko kuapa, loko pu{\textquoteright}uone, makaha, marine, seawater ponds}, doi = {10.2307/1310688}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/1310688}, author = {Barry A. Costa-Pierce} } @article {532, title = {Clearcutting Brazilian Caatinga: Assessment of a traditional forest grazing management practice}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {5}, year = {1987}, month = {December 1987}, pages = {429-441}, abstract = {Clearcutting is a common practice for removing woody vegetation in the semiarid tropics of northeast Brazil. The prevalent belief is that clearing increases carrying capacity for livestock by increasing herbaceous vegetation, yet little empirical evidence exists to support or refute the contention. We investigated the implications to small ruminant nutrition of clearcutting in the semiarid tropics of northeast Brazil. We found that biomass of herbaceous species increased sixfold following cutting of trees, but much of this increase was in the form of poorly palatable stem. The large supply of leaf litter from woody species that was typical of uncleared areas during the dry season was replaced by persistent green foliage on coppicing trees the year following clearing. This green foliage may enhance the nutritional quality of the diets of sheep and goats foraging on cleared areas during the dry season.}, keywords = {agriculture, clearcutting, coppice, forestry, goat and sheep nutrition, herbage chemical composition, herbage production, leaf litter production, semiarid woodlands}, doi = {10.1007/BF00047177}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00047177}, author = {R. D. Kirmse and F. D. Provenza and J. C. Malechek} } @article {534, title = {Compound farms of southeastern Nigeria: A predominant agroforestry homegarden system with crops and small livestock}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {5}, year = {1987}, month = {June 1987}, pages = {153-168}, abstract = {Compound farms are a homegarden-type of agroforestry system involving the deliberate management of multipurpose trees and shrubs in a multistoried association with agricultural crops and small livestock within the compounds of individual houses. In addition to the advantages of diversified production, risk minimization, improved labour and nutrient use efficiences and soil conservation, compound farms represent germplasm banks containing many of the useful tree/shrub species currently disappearing due to indiscriminate clearing of forest and woodlands.}, keywords = {Africa, agriculture, agroforestry, compound farm, forestry, germplasm conservation, home gardens, Nigeria, tree improvement}, doi = {10.1007/BF00047519}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00047519}, author = {J. C. Okafor and E. C. M. Fernandes} } @inbook {476, title = {Desertification}, booktitle = {Sustainability issues in agricultural development: Proceedings of the Seventh Agriculture Sector Symposium}, year = {1987}, note = {See also: http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/686471468764390337/Sustainability-issues-in-agricultural-development-proceedings-of-the-seventh-agriculture-sector-symposium}, month = {1987}, pages = {229-238}, publisher = {World Bank}, organization = {World Bank}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {

This paper will examine eight issues, selected because they are controversial, four in the realm of the diagnosis of the desertification process, and four in the realm of possible remedies. These issues are:

}, keywords = {agricultural conservation, agroforestry, aquatic resources, biodiversity, natural resource management}, isbn = {0-8213-0909-9; 978-0-8213-0909-4}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/15791230}, author = {David R. Steeds}, editor = {Ted J. Davis and Isabelle A. Schirmer} } @article {542, title = {Development anthropology and natural resource management}, journal = {L{\textquoteright}Uomo Societa tradizione sviluppo}, volume = {11}, year = {1987}, month = {Summer 1987}, pages = {226-249}, abstract = {

This is an opportune time to attempt an overview of this topic, because anthropologists have, in recent years, made important contributions to development policies and projects that are concerned with natural resources. The author examines several domains, including agriculture, pastoralism and range management, and forestry, with passing attention to others (fisheries, water and irrigation, soil conservation and game). In all these domains, he cites specific examples of anthropologists who have played direct and useful roles in development, in collaboration with governmental and international agencies. These agencies are showing an increased awareness of the potential help that anthropologists can provide, thereby creating a generally open and favorable climate for these activities. The contributions of anthropologists to all of these domains are given more prominence in development and create sensitivity to social and environmental concerns.

Development anthropology is a term that has become accepted over the last two decades, referring to the involvement of social anthropologists in planned attempts to encourage social and economic development, particularly (but not exclusively) in the third world. Dealing with the Institute for Development Anthropology, the United States Agency for International Development, United Nations Development Programme, and others, this report gives consideration to the different roles of development anthropology, followed by an analysis of the sorts of skills and training that are required, paying attention particularly to three overlapping fields: local natural resource management, indigenous knowledge systems and local participation. Then a detailed examination of the natural resource domains is provided. Followed by a review of how anthropologists actually work in this field, and finally ending with some conclusions and recommendations for specific actions.

}, keywords = {Food and Agricultural Organisation (FAO), IDA, integrated pest management, International Union of Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN), local natural resource management, natural resource management, natural resources, UNDP, USAID}, author = {David W. Brokensha} } @article {547, title = {Ecological aspects of swidden cultivation among the Andoke and Witoto Indians of the Colombian Amazon}, journal = {Human Ecology}, volume = {15}, year = {1987}, month = {September 1987}, pages = {339-359}, doi = {10.1007/BF00888030}, author = {Michael J. Eden and Angela Andrade} } @article {550, title = {Editorial: International research in agroforestry}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {5}, year = {1987}, month = {September 1987}, pages = {193-195}, abstract = {This document looks at the scope of ICRAF{\textquoteright}s agroforestry research of the past and for the future. It highlights that: "It is ICRAF{\textquoteright}s prime objective to serve people in solving their problems and in exploring and upgrading hitherto underutilized potentials." It also looks at the fact that, "previous rural development schemes and programs have failed because they did not fully incorporate the people involved." Ways in which agroforestry can be incorporated into programs that work are also discussed.}, keywords = {International Council for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF)}, doi = {10.1007/BF00119122}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00119122}, author = {H. J. von Maydell} } @inbook {869, title = {Elements of success: Sustainable development in sub-Saharan Africa}, booktitle = {World Resources 1987: An assessment of the resource base that supports the global economy}, year = {1987}, note = {Chapter 14}, month = {April 1987}, pages = {221-238}, publisher = {Basic Books}, organization = {Basic Books}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {In recent years, Africa{\textquoteright}s farmers and herders, its soils and forests, have been chasing each other down a vicious spiral of environmental degradation and deepening poverty. Conventional development efforts by donors and governments have largely failed to halt the spiral, indeed in some cases have aggravated it. The need to find solutions is urgent. Africa not only must increase its energy and found output in line with rapidly expanding populations, but must do so in a way that preserves the resource base and enhances the welfare and income of the majority. Despite the general landscape of failure, a growing number of projects and programs -- governmental, intergovernmental, and nongovernmental -- have succeeded. This chapter examines some of those "success stories" and attempts to draw some more general lessons that can point to a "recipe for success" in sub-Saharan Africa.}, keywords = {agroforestry, alley cropping, Burkina Faso, cassava, charcoal , drought, fuelwood, green revolution, Kenya, maize, Niger, Nigeria, OXFAM, rainfall, reforestation, soil fertility, stoves, trypanosomiasis, water conservation, windbreaks, Zimbabwe}, isbn = {0-465-09239-X}, url = {https://www.wri.org/publication/world-resources-1987}, author = {International Institute for the Environment and Development (IIED) and World Resourses Institute (WRI)} } @article {838, title = {The exercise of traditional rights in Rawashda and Wad Kabo forest}, year = {1987}, month = {April 1987}, institution = {Government of the Republic of Sudan, Forests Administration}, address = {[Khartoum]}, abstract = {The adverse conditions which lead to the severe deterioration of natural resources which cause, besides serious desertification and desert encroachment, acute shortage in fuelwood energy, building and industrial materials dictate that a new outlook should be adopted to obtain participation in forest management in order to face these challenges.}, keywords = {fuelwood}, url = {http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?f=1994/XF/XF94030.xml;XF9327607}, author = {Abdelgadir Mohd Fadul} } @article {733, title = {Existencia, usos, y preferencias de especies lenosas en Saraguro, Loja: Resultados de una encuesta}, year = {1987}, month = {Marzo 1987}, address = {Ecuador}, abstract = {In September of 1986 a survey of 185 families was performed in twenty communities of the canton Saraguro, province of Loja, Ecuador. The objective was to gain a better understanding of the woody species existing in the zone, their frequency, uses, and the preferences of the small-farm indigenous landholders toward them. The goal was to use this data as an aid in the programming of agroforestry activities for the existing CARE-MAG-HCPL-CTCVE Community forestry Systems Project, in integration with the CARE-MAG Community Land Use Management Project. A brief description of the zone, including location, climate, soils, and land use, is given. Following this is a brief description of the survey, presentation and discussion of results, and recommendations for promotion and implementation of agroforestry activities in the zone.}, author = {Dennis Desmond} } @book {322, title = {Family profiles of selected functional groups in Palawan}, year = {1987}, month = {March-April 1987}, pages = {102}, publisher = {University of the Phillipines}, organization = {University of the Phillipines}, address = {Los Banos, Philippines}, abstract = {Undertaken as part of FAO/TCP/PHI project no.6652: Training to integrate nutrition considerations into agriculture and rural development projects. This study is an attempt to use simple ethnographic methods to study the coping mechanisms of families belonging to different occupational groups in Palawan. Thirty families representing six main occupational groups -- swidden horticulturalists, stewards, small rainfed farmers, small irrigated farmers, fishermen and landless laborers -- served as the informants in this study. Within each occupational groups, differnt family types were also represented, i.e. young vs. old families, recent migrant vs. old migrant, and ethnic minorities in the particular locality.}, keywords = {aquatic resources}, author = {Virginia N. Sandoval and Ferdinand Larona and Grace Puerto} } @inbook {477, title = {Farm forestry}, booktitle = {Sustainability issues in agricultural development: Proceedings of the Seventh Agriculture Sector Symposium}, year = {1987}, note = {See also: http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/686471468764390337/Sustainability-issues-in-agricultural-development-proceedings-of-the-seventh-agriculture-sector-symposium}, month = {1987}, pages = {211-222}, publisher = {World Bank}, organization = {World Bank}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {

The focus of this paper is on managed tree resources outside the forest. It is principally concerned with trees grown on-farm by individuals and with woodlots managed by user groups as a common property resource. It excludes those situations where tree products are still harvested from unmanaged open access resources.

A feature of most systems covered by this definition, which distinguishes them from conventional forestry, is the integration of the trees into predominantly agricultural land use patterns. Other distinguishing features are the small scale, the orientation to meeting local needs and the involvement of the users in the management of the resource.

Until recently, the issues relating to management of such tree resources received remarkably little attention. The mandate of most forest services and forestry research organizations confined their attention to forest areas, and agricultural services were concerned only with those tree species which had been domesticated and adopted as agricultural crops. During the past ten to twenty years, the importance of tree products in the rural economy, and of local tree resources to supply those products, has become widely recognized with the growing attention to the place of the rural sector in the development process, environmental issues, and rising energy costs.

The management of farm and communal resources is as yet only imperfectly understood because it has attracted attention only recently. By comparison with other aspects of developing country agriculture, a severe shortage of quantitative information exists. However, experience is accumulating rapidly, and now allows us to formulate a number of propositions about some of the issues involved.

}, keywords = {agricultural conservation, agroforestry, aquatic resources, biodiversity, natural resource management}, isbn = {0-8213-0909-9}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/15791230}, author = {J. E. M. Arnold}, editor = {Ted J. Davis and Isabelle A. Schirmer} } @article {561, title = {Farming, fishing, and fire in the history of the upper R{\'\i}o Negro region of Venezuela}, journal = {Human Ecology}, volume = {15}, year = {1987}, month = {March 1987}, pages = {1-26}, abstract = {Studies of R{\'\i}o Negro subsistence farming and fishing activities are used to estimate the human carrying capacity for the region and the likely pattern of human land-use during prehistory. Ceramic evidence suggests human presence in the region more than 3,000 years ago. Traditional farming is labor intensive and relatively unproductive. Nevertheless, farmers achieve an energy return of 15.2:1, and produce 2,600 kcal per work hour. Fish are the major protein source, but fish catch per unit of effort and fish yield per hectare of floodplain are very low; fishermen are probably exploiting local fish resources very close to their limit. The low human population density would suggest that the R{\'\i}o Negro forest has been relatively undisturbed. Nevertheless, charcoal is widespread and abundant in forest soils. This charcoal is probably from anthropogenic or natural wildfires. These results suggest a much more complex history for Amazonia than previously thought. (author)}, keywords = {agriculture, Amazon, energetics, fire, fishing, subsistence agriculture, Venezuela, wildfires}, doi = {10.1007/BF00891369}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/4602829}, author = {Kathleen Clark and Christopher Uhl} } @book {326, title = {Feasibility study on tissue culture for multipurpose forest tree species}, series = {Multipurpose Tree Species Network Research Series Paper no. 1}, year = {1987}, month = {July 1987}, pages = {78}, publisher = {Winrock International-F/FRED}, organization = {Winrock International-F/FRED}, address = {Bangkok, Thailand}, abstract = {This report is a feasibility study on the tissue culture of multipurpose forest tree species. It covers the present status of tissue culture of F/FRED priority species, prospects of tissue culture in research and development and offers specific recommendations for the use of tissue culture. Other important and at times viable aspects such as breeding programs, provenance trials, etc., are generally not touched upon except when they tie in with the tissue culture programs.}, keywords = {agroforestry, multipurpose trees}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/23175968}, author = {Paiboolya Gavinlertvatana and A. C. Matheson and Eng Peng Sim} } @article {735, title = {Fuelwood, agroforestry and rural women: An overview with African emphasis}, year = {1987}, month = {April 6, 1987}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {Fuelwood and rural women should be closely tied to agroforestry in the Third World. Fuelwood scarcity poses problems for rural women. Time lost in gathering wood, rising wood costs, poorer soils, food shortage for small farm animals, less fuel for market industries, and shorter cooking time result. Diminishing natural forests mean fewer important non-wood products from the forests. Some recommendations are made.}, keywords = {agroforestry, fuelwood}, author = {Hallie Dozier} } @inbook {875, title = {Genetic conservation and the role of botanic gardens}, booktitle = {Botanic gardens and the world conservation strategy: Proceedings of an international conference, 26-30 November 1985 held at Las Palmas de Gran Canaria}, year = {1987}, month = {1987}, pages = {161-173}, publisher = {Academic Press Inc.}, organization = {Academic Press Inc.}, address = {London}, abstract = {

Botanic gardens -- although historically of great importance in the introduction of exotic materials often linked to cash crop development -- were part of the plant introduction systems out of which developed the genetic resource programs in the past few decades. But they have been less than successful in conserving plant materials. With the rapid growth in the nature conservation movement and the economic recession limiting funds, many have realized they have changing roles. Much of this has been sparked by dramatic appeals from botanic gardens in developed countries to help in conservation of the rapidly eroding tropical rain forest.

Current compartmentalized action needs to be coordinated, not from the viewpoint of assuming roles and responsibilities which will only exacerbate the inactivities of many organizations over the past couple of decades, but to produce fruitful liaison based on good science and not emotional or financial considerations.

To this end the authors outline a number of scientific imperatives which could lead to positive action and enable all organizations at this conference to assume their moral and evolutionary responsibilities. They may require radical changes in thinking (but after all evolution is based on genetic change in relation to environment). The manipulation of plants by man has led to a wealth of diversity for food, fiber, shelter and medicine. Now we have the chance to manipulate at the molecular level. We must stand ready with our material available, well documented and with clear priorities for future action.

}, keywords = {botanical gardens, conservation, rainforests}, isbn = {0-12-125462-3}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/16718888}, author = {J. T. Williams and J. L. Creech}, editor = {D. Bramwell and O. Hamann and V. H. Heywood and H. Synge} } @article {839, title = {The half-hidden economic roles of rural Nigerian women and national development}, year = {1987}, note = {Research monograph prepared for the World Bank}, month = {October 1987}, abstract = {As Nigerian oil exports flourished, its agricultural production floundered from 45 percent of the Gross Domestic Product in 1970 to 25 percent in 1987. However, in order to understand the full measure of the Nigerian agricultural stiuation, and assess its impacts on hindering or facilitating national development, one must understand just how women fit in the various farming systems of the country. This manuscript starts with an overview of Nigeria{\textquoteright}s recent oil and agricultural situation. Next, the paper presents a glimpse of Nigeria{\textquoteright}s major variance in ethnicity, ecology, and the division of agricultural labor and resources by gender. Then, the manual examines the gender division of labor and resources in the agricultural sector, and looks at recent changes. In section four, the paper draws links from micro to macro levels, and identifies the gaps in our knowledge of gender and agricultural systems in Nigeria. Finally, the text concludes with a summary of the major findings and a series of policy recommendations.}, keywords = {Africa, agriculture, animal by-products, animal husbandry, crop by-products, economics, farm forestry, female agriculture, harvesting, marketing, national development, Nigeria, oil, processing, rural people, soils, sowing, storage, tending, transporting, weeding, women}, author = {Rae Lesser Blumberg and Lorna Lueker} } @article {576, title = {Homestead agroforestry in Bangladesh}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {5}, year = {1987}, month = {June 1987}, pages = {139-151}, abstract = {

The Homestead agroforestry system is very important in the economy of Bangladesh. The many woody species grown in the homesteads are a significant source of fuelwood; they also provide fodder, building materials and other forms of wood. In the context of the prevailing shortage of fuelwood and excessive deforestation in Bangladesh, this homestead agroforestry system needs to be strengthened. A field survey was undertaken to assess the prospects and feasibility of initiating a programme for the improvement of homestead agroforestry systems. It showed that the prospects for improving homestead agroforestry systems are good because most respondents own their homesteads and believe there is room for more trees on them. Although they know that raising trees is relatively difficult and requires special practices, they are familiar with the government nurseries and local agricultural extension officers, and are confident about the success of the programme. Results also indicate that multipurpose trees and specific modules for involving women in the farm operations are likely to enhance success of the programme.

}, keywords = {agriculture, Bangladesh, farmer opinion, forestry, fruit trees, homestead agroforestry}, doi = {10.1007/BF00047518}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00047518}, author = {William A. Leuschner and Kibriaul Khaleque} } @article {578, title = {Household economy and tree growing in upland Central Java}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {5}, year = {1987}, month = {June 1987}, pages = {169-184}, abstract = {This article tries to identify the key variables that determine land use patterns and the strategies of households towards tree growing in two upland regions in Central Java. A household{\textquoteright}s access to land and market opportunities appear to be such key variables. Households with little land use their land more intensively with respect to crop, livestock and tree production. So do households with access to market opportunities. Based on this type of diagnostic research more appropriate tree-based designs could be developed to contribute to the solution of land use problems in the uplands of Java.}, keywords = {agroforestry, farming systems research , Indonesia, Java, land use, social forestry, upland farming}, doi = {10.1007/BF00047520}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00047520}, author = {P. van der Poel and H. van Dijk} } @article {580, title = {IITA: Sustainable systems}, journal = {African Farming}, year = {1987}, month = {Sept/Oct 1987}, pages = {50-51}, abstract = {Bede Nwoye Okigbo, Deputy Director General of International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) for the last ten years, is one of those rare human beings who has a rich professional life perfectly integrated with his own personality. Several societies and academies have enrolled his talents. His field of specialization is crop ecology and production, but it is hard to find any area of agriculture or botany where Okigbo{\textquoteright}s profound insight or experience in not equally valid. In this interview, Dr. Okigbo explains how research being carried out at IITA is helping Africa to feed itself.}, keywords = {agricultural extension, agroforestry, alley cropping, barley, cassava, cereal food imports, cereals, cowpeas, farming systems research , food aid, green revolution, indigenous crops, maize, millet, plantains, rice, seed yam, seeds, soils, sorghum, strategic planning study, sustainable agriculture, wheat, yams}, author = {Anonymous} } @inbook {889, title = {Introduction: The Bora agroforestry project}, booktitle = {Swidden-fallow agroforestry in the Peruvian Amazon}, series = {Advances in economic botany no. 5}, year = {1987}, note = {Also see 91-01916}, month = {January 1988}, pages = {1-7}, publisher = {New York Botanical Garden}, organization = {New York Botanical Garden}, address = {Bronx, NY}, abstract = {The Bora Agroforestry Project carried out research on swidden-fallow management in the Bora Indian Village of Brillo Nuevo in the northeast Peruvian Amazon. Young fallow fields (up to ten years old) and old fallow fields (from 10-35 years old) were examined in terms of composition, structure, and utility.}, keywords = {ethnobotany, shifting cultivation}, isbn = {0-89327-325-2; 978-0-89327-325-5}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/17106758}, author = {William M. Denevan and Christine Padoch}, editor = {William M. Denevan and Christine Padoch} } @article {599, title = {Kandyan gardens of Sri Lanka}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {5}, year = {1987}, month = {June 1987}, pages = {123-137}, abstract = {Kandyan Gardens (KG) or Kandyan Forest Gardens (KFG) of Sri Lanka represent a traditional system of perennial cropping which has been in practice for several centuries. It is esseentially a system of mixed cropping with a variety of economically valuable groups of tree crops such as spices, fruits, medicinal plants and timber species. However, these systems are usually in small homestead holdings and are practiced in only a few districts. KFG is different from other homegarden systems mostly in terms of the variety of plants grown. Moreover the farmers who practice this system enjoy a {\textquoteright}relatively better{\textquoteright} level of living by virtue of returns from both the economic cash crops and the subsistence products. Presumably, with improved management, the system has the potential for increased production and better returns. This paper examines the situation with respect to the KG system and endeavours to identify the directions of research for the improvement of the system. (author)}, keywords = {coffee, intercropping, labor, land use patterns, mixed cropping, pepper}, doi = {10.1007/BF00047517}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00047517}, author = {V. J. Jacob and W. S. Alles} } @book {358, title = {Land and tree tenure in humid West Africa: A bibliography}, year = {1987}, month = {1987}, pages = {33}, publisher = {International Livestock Centre for Africa}, organization = {International Livestock Centre for Africa}, address = {Addis Abada, Ethiopia}, abstract = {This bibliography covers land and tree tenure systems in countries all or part of which are in the humid zone of West Africa. A national, rather than strictly ecological approach was chosen to reflect the focus of much of the literature, which frequently deals with countries as a whole. Within the region diverse customary systems and land use modes have been affected by national policies of different ideologies and degrees of effectiveness. References are listed alphabetically by author, and subject and geographical indexes are also provided. (author)}, keywords = {agroforestry, Benin, Cameroon, Cape Verde, chiefs, collateral, commons, communal tenure, customary law, forestry, fragmentation, Ghana, Guinea, inheritance, Ivory Coast, land ownership, land reform, legislation, Liberia, litigation, nationalization, Nigeria, property transfer, public ownership, security, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo, tree crops, West Africa, women{\textquoteright}s rights}, isbn = {92-9053-091-X}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/17341746}, author = {Paul Francis and Getachew Bulfeta} } @article {602, title = {Land or plants: Agricultural tenure in agroforestry systems}, journal = {Economic Botany}, volume = {41}, year = {1987}, month = {April-June 1987}, pages = {312-322}, abstract = {The distinction between the rights to land and rights to plants is often overlooked when viewing agricultural tenure in developing countries. This distinction is crucial to understanding traditional agricultural systems, especially where agroforestry is practiced or its introduction has been proposed. Rights to land versus rights to plants are viewed in two Asia-Pacific agroforestry systems: one in Indonesian Borneo and the other in Papua New Guinea. Conflicts are discussed between the traditional dichotomy of land and plant rights and government policy. The success of an indigenous agroforestry system based on plant rights is contrasted to the failure of a proposed agroforestry system for similar reasons. It is concluded that the perceptual separation of land and plant rights needs to be explored if agroforestry practices are not only to be ecologically and economically feasible but also culturally acceptable.}, keywords = {Borneo, Indonesia, land tenure, Melanesia, Papua New Guinea}, doi = {10.1007/BF02858978}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/4254970}, author = {J. A. Weinstock and N. T. Vergara} } @article {606, title = {Letting the piper call the tune: Experimenting with different forestry extension methods in the northern Sudan}, journal = {ODI Social Forestry Network Paper 4a}, year = {1987}, month = {June 1987}, pages = {1-3}, abstract = {

This paper is excerpted from a doctoral thesis entitled Innovation, User Participation and Forest Energy Development, completed at the Science Policy Research Unit, University of Sussex in December 1986.

This paper presents examples of the outcome of some of the grants made by the Energy Council (ERC) and, within it, the Government of Sudan/USAID sponsored Sudan Renewable Energy Project (SREP), examining the impact of institutional innovations upon social forestry development. The examples date from the period 1982 to 1985, while the writer was working with SREP. The Sudan experience demonstrates that people\&$\#$39;s participation in the design and administration of forestry projects is an important component of project success. Moreover, the most remote, poorest communities tend to have the greatest resources of organisation and enthusiasm to bring to forestry, and produces the best results when given maximum resopnsibility for project development and management. This is contrary to the way in which most social forestry is performed, in which poorer people have less direct access to and control over project planning and facilities. (author)

}, keywords = {agroforestry, community forestry}, url = {https://www.odi.org/publications/630-letting-piper-call-tune-experimenting-different-forestry-extension-methods-northern-sudan}, author = {Matthew S. Gamser} } @inbook {891, title = {Living fences in tropical America: A widespread agroforestry practice}, booktitle = {Agroforestry: Realities, Possibilities and Potentials}, year = {1987}, month = {1987}, pages = {169-178}, publisher = {Martin Nijhoff Publishers in cooperation with ICRAF; distributors for the U.S. and Canada, Kluwer Academic Publishers}, organization = {Martin Nijhoff Publishers in cooperation with ICRAF; distributors for the U.S. and Canada, Kluwer Academic Publishers}, address = {Dordrecht, Netherlands}, abstract = {The practice of using living fence posts to attach rows of barbed wire is widespread in tropical America although related scientific knowledge is relatively scarce. Besides holding wire, live fences produce fuelwood, fodder, and food, and act as windbreaks and protection for wildlife, but the greatest benefit is derived from the use of branches to establish more fences or to "fill in" old fences. Many trees are used, depending on ecological zones, availability of large cuttings for planting, and special needs dictated by preferences and beliefs of the farmers. Planting practices, studied in detail in Costa Rica, also vary. Advantages and drawbacks of living compared to non-living wood fences are discussed. Some speculations of future prospects and the possible involvement of scientists are advanced. (author)}, keywords = {agroforestry, Costa Rica, live fences}, isbn = {90-247-3590-4, 978-90-247-3590-7, 90-247-3591-2, 978-90-247-3591-4}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/16352684}, author = {Gerardo Budowski}, editor = {Henry L. Gholz} } @inbook {782, title = {Managing natural resources for sustainability}, booktitle = {Sustainability Issues in Agricultural Development: Proceedings of the Seventh Agriculture Sector Symposium}, year = {1987}, month = {1987}, pages = {167-181}, publisher = {World Bank}, organization = {World Bank}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {I believe that sustainability with respect to natural resource management has a solid economic underpinning. It implies maintaining the productivity of the resource base. In fact, it implies more. In precisely those countries where populations are rising more rapidly, the poorest, the relative importance of natural resources in total productive capital is greatest. If those larger populations are to be enabled to improve their standards of consumption, the productivity of the asset base must increase. Yet, in these same countries and others, a wide range of natural resources are becoming less productive through depletion and deterioration. There is an issue of intergenerational equity. I do not propose to plunge into the arcane subject of social rates of time discount--one I gladly leave to more sophisticated theorists. But I raise the question: Is it fair to leave for a population that will inevitably be much larger (whatever to be much better off) a natural resource base that has been depleted and rendered significantly less productive than it is today? (author)}, keywords = {agricultural conservation, agriculture, agriculture and state, biodiversity, biological diversity, congresses, desertification, development, economics, forestry, irrigation, management, natural resources, salinization, soil erosion, sustainability, Third World countries, tropical, waterlogging, watersheds}, isbn = {0-8213-0909-9}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/925356016}, author = {Robert Repetto}, editor = {Ted J. Davis and Isabelle A. Schirmer} } @book {365, title = {Manual for multipurpose trees species}, series = {Multipurpose Tree Species Network Research Series}, volume = {2}, year = {1987}, month = {[1987?]}, pages = {56 pp.}, publisher = {Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development and Forestry/Fuelwood Research and Development Project (F/FRED)}, organization = {Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development and Forestry/Fuelwood Research and Development Project (F/FRED)}, address = {Morrilton, AR}, abstract = {This manual describes the collective work of dozens of agricultural and forestry researchers with interests in multipurpose tree species research. The manual, and the multi- location experiment it describes, are a major step in encouraging coordinated network research on the priority MPTS species. However, this guide is at present only intended as a manual for a single multi-location trial now being conducted in Indonesia, Malaysia, Pakistan, the Philippines, the Republic of China and Thailand.}, keywords = {agroforestry}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/49557087}, editor = {Kirtland M. Barker} } @article {625, title = {Natural forest management in C{\^o}te d{\textquoteright}Ivoire}, journal = {Unasylva}, volume = {39}, year = {1987}, month = {1987}, pages = {53-60}, abstract = {

The reaction of the tropical rain forest to different silvicultural operations\—logging and thinning\—was studied in three forest reserves in C{\^o}te d\&$\#$39;Ivoire. Measurement taken over a span of four years made it possible to follow the diameter growth of more than 50 commercially valuable species, providing information hitherto unavailable about the requirements and behaviors of these species. Taking into account the growth, mortality and regeneration of an entire stand, the results clearly indicated the value of silvicultural operations, which frequently resulted in a doubling of production, and also forested the establishment of the most valuable species.

}, keywords = {forestry, rainforests}, url = {http://www.fao.org/docrep/s4550e/s4550e08.htm}, author = {H. F. Maitre} } @conference {785, title = {Notes and reflections on the workshop on farmers and agricultural research: Complementary methods}, booktitle = {Paper presented at IDS Workshop on Farmers and Agricultural Research: Complementary Methods, July 26-31, 1987, University of Sussex}, year = {1987}, note = {IDS (Institute of Development Studies)}, month = {July 1987}, publisher = {Brighton, UK}, organization = {Brighton, UK}, address = {University of Sussex}, abstract = {The workshop, Farmers and Agricultural Research: Complementary Methods, was held at the Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK, from 26 to 31 July 1987. The objective was to take stock of new methods and approaches that scientists have been developing, to share experience, to assess potential, and to identify what steps should be taken next. The 42 notes and papers and the five days of the discussion at the workshop were designed for the exchange and exploration rather than to generate an agreed statement. What follows are therefore personal notes and reflections, and responsibility for the views expressed is mine and not of anyone else. All the same, I am trying to present views expressed, and there was a degree of consensus which suggests that few participants would probably wish to dissent substantially from much of what follows. (author)}, keywords = {agricultural research, agricultural science, agroforestry, agronomy, Bangladesh, bio-economic, Botswana, Brazil, Bungoma, Colombia, cropping systems, cropping systems research, crops, development, dry farming, dryland agriculture, East India, farmer experimentation, farmers, Farming Systems Development Project-Eastern Visayas (FSDP-EV), food, India, indigenous genetic resources, indigenous technical knowledge , Indore, Kenya, land classification, livestock, Luapula, Luapula Province, Nepal, on-farm varietal, Peru, Pokot, regular research field hearings (RRFH), research and development , resource-poor, rice, scientized packages, soil classification, Sub-Saharan Africa, topsoil, tree planting, trees, Turkana, watersheds, Zambia}, author = {Robert Chambers} } @article {634, title = {Peasant agriculture and the conservation of crop and wild plant resources}, journal = {Conservation Biology}, volume = {1}, year = {1987}, month = {May 1987}, pages = {49-58}, abstract = {

Peasant agroecosystems are seen as a continuum of integrated farming units and natural ecosystems where plant gathering and crop production are actively practiced Many of these traditional agroecosystems still found throughout developing countries constitute major in situ repositories of both crop and wild plant germplasm. These plant resources are directly dependent upon management by human groups; thus, they have evolved in part under the influence of farming practices shaped by particular cultures.

Because genetic conservation programs are more effective when preserving the ecosystems in which the resources occur, maintenance of traditional farming systems and adjacent natural ecosystems is proposed as a sensible strategy for in situ preservation of crop and wild plant genetic resources. It is here argued that preservation efforts should be linked to rural development projects that take into account the ethnobotanical knowledge of rural people and that emphasize both food self-sufficiency as well as local resource conservation. Preservation of these traditional agroecosystems cannot be achieved when isolated from maintenance of the culture of the local people. Therefore, projects should also emphasize maintenance of cultural diversity.

}, keywords = {agroecosystems, biodiversity}, doi = {10.1111/j.1523-1739.1987.tb00008.x}, url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1523-1739.1987.tb00008.x/abstract}, author = {Miguel A. Altieri and M. Kat Anderson and Laura C. Merrick} } @book {371, title = {People and the tropical forest: A research report from the United States Man and the Biosphere Program}, series = {Man and the Biosphere Program Project}, year = {1987}, note = {U.S. National Committee for Man and the Biosphere Tropical and Subtropical Forests Directorate}, month = {1987}, pages = {75}, publisher = {U.S. Department of State, U.S. Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Program, Tropical and Subtropical Forests Directorate}, organization = {U.S. Department of State, U.S. Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Program, Tropical and Subtropical Forests Directorate}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {

Contents:

}, keywords = {agroforestry, forest management, rainforests}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/721051055}, editor = {Ariel E. Lugo and John J. Ewel and Susanna B. Hecht and Peter G. Murphy and Christine Padoch and Marianne C. Schmink and Donald Stone} } @mastersthesis {445, title = {Philippine rural cultivators in transition: Operational reality and cognized models in agricultural decision making}, year = {1987}, month = {1987}, school = {University of Kentucky}, address = {Lexington, Kentucky}, abstract = {

A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctorate of Philosophy at The University of Kentucky.

This study investigates the agricultural decision making processes and patterns of different categories of individuals and households in a rural Philippine community. The variability of adaptive responses to changing social, economic, and ecological conditions is analyzed in relation to indigenous knowledge systems and the decision maker\&$\#$39;s position in the internal differentiation of society.

Cognized models are conceptualized as personal and cultural constructs in the mind of the decision maker while operational reality is defined as the objective, material referent which provides the context, opportunities, and constraints in agricultural decision making. Examination and comparison of graphic mental maps and local criteria of major land use options revealed a patterning in the social distribution of indigenous knowledge that is influenced by the individual\&$\#$39;s socioeconomic status and gender.

Sexual division of labor has sensitized males and females to different aspects of their environment as evidenced by the difference in relative salience of community infrastructure, services, and resources to males and females. Likewise, in terms of socioeconomic standing, differences were observed among informants in their cognizance of various alternative or innovative options. It appears that high socioeconomic status individuals are the most knowledgeable about various features in their environment and also possess the most compact and general models for causes, consequences, and relationships obtaining in both agriculture and aquaculture.

It is argued that access to resources and access to knowledge are mutually reinforcing\—a property that would tend to accelerate polarization and asymmetric relations. Social knowledge appeared to be differentially distributed due to the socialization each individual receives in his or her niche. Such socialization imbues the individual with different selective filters\—or pre-attentive patterns\—which make him or her unconsciously regard some options as non-feasible or undesirable. Choices regarding time allocation, food consumption, and land use are constrained, leading to behavioral outcomes that may not be logical from the point of view of maximization. However, those below, whose latitude for decision making appears to be the most narrow still have some leeway for \"working the system.\" The operational reality seems to be wide enough to admit the possibility of social mobility for those endowed with resourcefulness and entrepreneurial skills.

}, keywords = {farmer experimentation, innovation, rice-fish culture, social structure decision-making, women}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/19564885}, author = {Virginia D. Nazarea-Sandoval} } @book {377, title = {Planning self-help forestry projects in Asia}, year = {1987}, note = {Based on the Workshop on Planning Self-Help Fuelwood Projects in Asia 1987 February 2-13 Chiang Mai and Khon Kaen, Thailand}, month = {[1987?]}, pages = {84}, publisher = {Swedish International Development Authority and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}, organization = {Swedish International Development Authority and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}, address = {[Rome]; [unidentified]}, abstract = {The purpose of the Workshop was to introduce participants to concepts and methods of self-help forestry planning. The Workshop content was primarily developed through the process of participatory learning, relying heavily on direct inputs and involvement by the participants and less on formal papers. A great deal of time was spent on field trips and group discussions, covering both the field exercises and the participants{\textquoteright} analyses of their own countries{\textquoteright} conditions. This report is designed both to review theoretical concepts and to provide practical guidelines to facilitate self-help forestry planning. The report reflects the stated emphasis of the Self-Help Workshop, which covers three main points: 1) the role of trees in farming systems, with particular emphasis on indigenous knowledge and traditional resource management in Asia; 2) the importance of local participation; factors affecting participation, and means of facilitating participation; and 3) the integrated approach to project planning which addresses the needs, attitudes and constraints of the local population.}, keywords = {agroforestry, farmer participatory research, fuelwood, on-farm research, tree planting}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/19318420}, author = {SIDA (Swedish International Development Authority/Styrelsen f{\"o}r internationell utveckling) and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)} } @inbook {481, title = {The preservation of germplasm}, booktitle = {Sustainability issues in agricultural development: Proceedings of the Seventh Agriculture Sector Symposium}, year = {1987}, note = {See also: http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/15791230}, month = {1987}, pages = {252-269}, publisher = {World Bank}, organization = {World Bank}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {Some people consider germplasm to be the world{\textquoteright}s most valuable natural resource, yet its great value remains largely unrecognized. Long before people had any knowledge of the basis of heredity they applied selection pressures in propagating the plants and animals they domesticated. It is the manipulation of germplasm that has led to the development of agriculture and, thus, of human society. (author)}, keywords = {agricultural conservation, agroforestry, aquatic resources, biodiversity, natural resource management}, isbn = {0-8213-0909-9}, url = {http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/686471468764390337/Sustainability-issues-in-agricultural-development-proceedings-of-the-seventh-agriculture-sector-symposium}, author = {John A. Pino and Michael S. Strauss}, editor = {Ted J. Davis and Isabelle A. Schirmer} } @article {643, title = {Research opportunities to improve the production of homegardens}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {5}, year = {1987}, month = {March 1987}, pages = {57-67}, abstract = {The management of home gardens on a widescale basis is reviewed and examples of specific systems are presented. Opportunities for improvement are presented and recommendations for research are given. Because of the contribution to supply food and goods to millions of people, the home gardens should play a more important role in development programs and more organized and directed research should be provided. This should contribute greatly to the yield from these land use systems.}, keywords = {home gardens, research }, doi = {10.1007/BF00046413}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00046413}, author = {Fran{\c c}ois Mergen} } @book {383, title = {Restoring the balance: Women and forest resources}, year = {1987}, month = {1987}, pages = {32}, publisher = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; Swedish International Development Authority}, organization = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; Swedish International Development Authority}, address = {[Rome]; [Stockholm]}, abstract = {Trees are important in rural economies largely as a result of the uses to which they are put by women. The fact that a special relationship exists between women, the family, and trees has been ignored by past development programs.}, keywords = {agroforestry, fuelwood, reforestation}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/19792443}, author = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and SIDA (Swedish International Development Authority/Styrelsen f{\"o}r internationell utveckling)} } @article {501, title = {A second look at the economics of natural management systems in tropical mixed forests}, journal = {Unasylva}, volume = {155}, year = {1987}, note = {A.J. Leslie is a former Director of FAO{\textquoteright}s Forest Industries Division}, month = {March-April 1987}, pages = {46-58}, abstract = {A.J. Leslie states that the reason for national management{\textquoteright}s failure was that it was not given a good enough chance. National management was all too easily dismissed and the greed of timber production was one of the biggest reasons for its downfall. Leslie is trying to outline the deeper aspects of economic analysis. The author says that conservation of the forest is possible through management. He lists the case and its weaknesses against national management. He also states the problem of generalities of forest management includes a timeline, approximating the rate that a cycle could last. He inserts 3 tables illustrating cost estimates. He also includes a glossary of terms.}, keywords = {benefit cost ratio, discount rate, Faustmann formula, India, rainforests, shadow prices}, url = {http://www.fao.org/docrep/s1930e/s1930e06.htm}, author = {A. J. Leslie} } @conference {796, title = {Seeing the forest for the trees}, booktitle = {Paper presented at Farming Systems Research Symposium: How Systems Work, October 18-21, 1987}, year = {1987}, month = {October 1987}, address = {University of Arkansas}, abstract = {A grassroots approach to implementing alley farming is described in this paper. The approach emphasizes the participation and cooperation of Nigerian farm households in farming systems research. Strategies were developed to present the critical concepts of alley farming in a culturally acceptable, sustainable, and self-perpetuating manner. Findings are based on three years of field work with the International Livestock Center of Africa and the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture.}, keywords = {Africa, agroforestry, alley farming, cassia, Cassia siamea, farming, farming systems research , fertilizer, FSR\&D, grassroots organizations, IITA, ILCA, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, International Livestock Center for Africa, legume, luecaena, Nigeria, OFR, on-farm research}, author = {Kristin Cashman} } @inbook {480, title = {Some thoughts on economic development, sustainability, and the environment}, booktitle = {Sustainability issues in agricultural development: Proceedings of the Seventh Agriculture Sector Symposium}, year = {1987}, note = {See also: http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/686471468764390337/Sustainability-issues-in-agricultural-development-proceedings-of-the-seventh-agriculture-sector-symposium}, month = {1987}, pages = {371-382}, publisher = {World Bank}, organization = {World Bank}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {This paper addresses issues having to do with economic development and its relationship to environmental and sustainability problems. This set of issues is important for a number of reasons. First, it appears to be widely perceived by many that economic development is the cause of environmental damage and reduction in sustainability. Proponents of this view tend to have an anti-development perspective in their rhetoric. Secondly, this set of issues is important because of its relevance to the World Bank{\textquoteright}s lending program.}, keywords = {agricultural conservation, agroforestry, aquatic resources, biodiversity, natural resource management}, isbn = {0-8213-0909-9; 978-0-8213-0909-4}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/15791230}, author = {G. Edward Schuh}, editor = {Ted J. Davis and Isabelle A. Schirmer} } @article {657, title = {Spatio-temporal variations of soil properties under cocoa interplanted with kola in a part of the Nigerian cocoa belt}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {5}, year = {1987}, month = {December 1987}, pages = {419-428}, abstract = {Spatio-temporal variations in soil properties under cocoa interplanted with kola in 15- and 40- ear-old plots were considered in a part of the Nigerian Cocoa Belt. The study shows that no significant variations occur in soil properties when both cocoa and kola are 15 years old. However, significant variations in many soil properties are recorded when cocoa and kola are 40 years old. At that time, soil conditions from sample points directly under kola and between kola and cocoa were similar while soil from the sample point directly under cocoa differed significantly, in most respects, from the other two points. Soil properties appear to improve under kola over time while the converse is the case under cocoa. It is adduced that these differences result from apparent differences in growth habit and nutrient extraction of kola and cocoa over time.}, keywords = {agriculture, forestry}, doi = {10.1007/BF00047176}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00047176}, author = {Olusegun Ekanade} } @book {388, title = {Special Report: The environment: Managing natural resources for sustainable development}, series = {Special report (United States Agency for International Development)}, year = {1987}, month = {[1987]}, pages = {48}, publisher = {U.S. Agency for International Development}, organization = {U.S. Agency for International Development}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {

This report covers the following topics:

}, keywords = {agroforestry, developing countries, environmental policy, natural resources}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/23690519}, author = {Nyle C. Brady and United States Agency for International Development (USAID)} } @book {389, title = {Sustainability issues in agricultural development: Proceedings of the Seventh Agriculture Sector Symposium}, year = {1987}, note = {See also: http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/686471468764390337/Sustainability-issues-in-agricultural-development-proceedings-of-the-seventh-agriculture-sector-symposium}, month = {1987}, pages = {viii, 383}, publisher = {World Bank}, organization = {World Bank}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {

Contains following papers:

}, keywords = {agricultural conservation, agroforestry, aquatic resources, biodiversity, natural resource management}, isbn = {0-8213-0909-9; 978-0-8213-0909-4}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/15791230}, editor = {Ted J. Davis and Isabelle A. Schirmer} } @inbook {928, title = {Traditional agroforestry practices of native and Ribereno farmers in the lowland Peruvian Amazon}, booktitle = {Agroforestry: Realities, possibilities and potentials}, year = {1987}, month = {1987}, pages = {179-195}, publisher = {Martin Nijhoff Publishers in cooperation with ICRAF; distributors for the U.S. and Canada, Kluwer Academic Publishers}, organization = {Martin Nijhoff Publishers in cooperation with ICRAF; distributors for the U.S. and Canada, Kluwer Academic Publishers}, address = {Dordrecht, Netherlands}, abstract = {Recent research on traditional agriculture in the Peruvian Amazon indicates that agroforestry practices are widespread and extremely varied. This article describes five agroforestry systems found in the vicinity of Iquitos, Peru. Although all begin as shifting cultivation fields, they differ greatly in species composition and richness, in intensity and length of management, in economic orientation, and in adaptation to particular ecological conditions. Four of the five systems are found in mestizo communities of the region. The information presented shows that basic traditional swidden-fallow agroforestry practices are adaptable to varying environmental and economic situations (author).}, keywords = {barbasco, Bora Indians, caimito, cashews, charcoal , coca, corn, economics, fiber, mamey, manioc, medicine, palms, papayas, Peru, pichirina, pineapple, plantains, pomarosa, Riberenos, rifari, toronja, tropical cedar, umair, uvilla, zapote}, isbn = {90-247-3590-4}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/16352684}, author = {Christine Padoch and Wil de Jong}, editor = {Henry L. Gholz} } @article {714, title = {Tropical rain forest management: A status report}, journal = {Unasylva}, volume = {39}, year = {1987}, month = {February 1987}, pages = {2-17}, abstract = {The potential for sustained management of natural forests in the humid tropics continues to be a subject of concern and uncertainty among tropical foresters. In this article, adapted from a paper presented at the Unesco-IVIC International Workshop on Rain Forest Regeneration and Management, Guri, Venezuela, in November 1986, the author examines a series of recent FAO studies and projects reports that indicate that the productive management of many humid lowland forests is both technically feasible and economically viable.}, keywords = {rainforests, regeneration, sustainable management}, url = {http://www.fao.org/docrep/s2850e/s2850e02.htm$\#$tropical\%20rain\%20forest\%20management}, author = {R. Schmidt} } @article {487, title = {Unraveling another Mayan mystery}, year = {1987}, month = {June 1987}, pages = {40-49}, abstract = {It has been thought for some time that he inability of the Maya to feed themselves was the precursor of their downfall. However Arturo Gomez-Pompa, a botanist and conservationist at the University of California at Riverside, has found evidence of raised fields in Maya territory which would have had the ability to support the Maya at their height. This paper contrasts raised field technology with slash-and-burn technology and looks at the advantages of raised fields over both slash and burn and modern agriculture.}, keywords = {citrus, cocao, mahogany, mamey, Maya, pet kot, rainforests, raised fields, raman, sapodilla, sapote, slash and burn, Yucatan}, author = {Allan Chen} } @conference {808, title = {Use of ethnoecology in agroforestry systems research: An example of AF technology and pest management research in Kenya}, booktitle = {Paper presented at Annual Symposium on Farming Systems Research, October 18-21, 1987, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville}, year = {1987}, month = {Oct 18-21, 1987}, address = {University of Arkansas, Fayetteville}, abstract = {This paper looks at the benefits of combining ethnobotany (human ecology and ethnography) and agroecology (environmental systems science). This detailed look at an ICRAF agroforestry research project in Mbiuni, Kenya (Machakos District) provides a positive outlook on the role of indigenous participation in identifying and solving development problems. Through small group meetings and informant interviews, many potential research areas were discovered. The most important of these being domestication of indigenous plants and trees, pest control (termites), and off-farm flora collection. Included also in this paper are the results of some local experiments in the above research topics. Also contains ideas for further study.}, keywords = {Acacia, Africa, agroecology, agroforestry, conservation, ecology, ethnobotany, eucalyptus, indigenous technical knowledge , Kenya, pest management, resource management, soil conservation, sustainable development, termites, trees, women in development}, author = {Dianne E. Rocheleau and Luis Malaret} } @inbook {926, title = {The user perspective and the agroforestry research and action agenda}, booktitle = {Agroforestry: Realities, possibilities and potentials}, year = {1987}, note = {Chapter 6}, month = {July 26-31,1987}, pages = {59-87}, publisher = {Martin Nijhoff Publishers in cooperation with ICRAF, distributors for the U.S. and Canada, Kluwer Academic Publishers.}, organization = {Martin Nijhoff Publishers in cooperation with ICRAF, distributors for the U.S. and Canada, Kluwer Academic Publishers.}, address = {Dordrecht, Netherlands}, abstract = {

This paper focuses on the user perspective and the agroforestry research and action agenda. The main points are that tapping farmer expertise and experience can provide information and judgment and \"successful\" technologies can often have a negative effect on specific groups. (author)

This document looks at why there is a need for a user perspective in tropical research and development, especially for agroforestry projects. It also looks at what agroforestry is used for and for whom is serves. The design and practice in rural areas where the landscape presents a challenge to agroforestry is looked at. Indigenous knowledge and agroforestry is discussed along with the four foci of a user perspective in agroforestry. It provides the agroforestry research and action agenda and it answers the question of: How can institutions develop and apply a user perspective for projects?

}, keywords = {farmer participatory research, on-farm research, participatory research, watersheds, women}, isbn = {90-247-3590-4}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/16352684}, author = {Dianne E. Rocheleau}, editor = {Henry L. Gholz} } @article {720, title = {Weinstock{\textquoteright}s analogy}, journal = {Human Ecology}, volume = {15}, year = {1987}, month = {March 1987}, pages = {109-111}, abstract = {This article concerns the problem surrounding the comparison of South American and Southeast Asian swidden (slash and burn) systems. Topics discussed include the "apples and oranges" debate as well as root crop/seed crop cultivation, species diversity, and intent of production.}, keywords = {biodiversity, fallow, South America, southeast Asia}, doi = {10.1007/BF00891374}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/4602834}, author = {Stephen Beckerman} } @article {722, title = {When agroforests drive back natural forests: A socio-economic analysis of a rice-agroforest system in Sumatra}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {5}, year = {1987}, month = {March 1987}, pages = {27-55}, abstract = {

In the Krui arae, (South Sumatra, Indonesia), the damar agroforests (Shorea javanica, Dipterocarpaceae) are but one element of the farming systems which include several other cropping systems such as irrigated or rainfed rice cultivation, and coffee plantation.

Rainfed rice is cultivated in forest clearings, in order to meet rice requirements which cannot be met with irrigated rice crop only. In the forest clearings, coffee stands are established in rice crop, and later, Damar are planted among coffee plants. As a result of this cropping system, the damar agroforest spreads while the forest dwindles.

In one village, no more forest land is available for peasants\&$\#$39; clearings. The resulting high land pressure causes cropping systems and farming systems to change or to be exported to neighbouring areas where forest land is still available.

}, keywords = {Dipterocarpaceae, Indonesia, peasants{\textquoteright} control, rice-agroforestry farming system, socioeconomics, Sumatra, Taungya System}, doi = {10.1007/BF00046412}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00046412}, author = {Fabienne Mary and Genevi{\`e}ve Michon} } @conference {810, title = {Woody biomass production: Traditional methods for modern problems}, booktitle = {Paper presented at Alternative Energy in the Midwest: Research and Applications, March 19-20, 1987, Rosemont, Illinois}, series = {ILENR/AE-87/06}, year = {1987}, month = {March 1987}, pages = {408-417}, publisher = {Illinois Department of Energy and Natural Resources}, organization = {Illinois Department of Energy and Natural Resources}, address = {Springfield, IL}, abstract = {

Recent research on fuelwood production in North America has concentrated on the simple coppice method, a highly productive but capital-intensive method that provides few of the benefits desired by landowners. In contrast to the maximum-yield approach taken by advocates of the simple coppice method, the goal of this study was to design low-input woodland management methods that would provide benefits consistent with landowner objectives. In particular, the objective was to develop systems of fuelwood production that could also be used to control soil erosion on marginal farmland and to provide high-quality wildlife habitat. From an energy perspective, the strategy is to sacrifice high productivity for wider adoption, thereby compensating for lower yields.

A review of the historical and ecological literature suggested that some of the lesser-known methods of fuelwood production methods may be better suited to the objectives of current landowners than the simple coppice system. To test this idea, experimental woodlots based on two traditional European woodland management systems were established. One of the systems, coppice with standards, is related to the simple coppice method. Although the primary product of coppice with standards is fuelwood from the coppice component, some trees (the standards) are retained for multiple coppice rotations to provide timber, to sustain wildlife, and to provide aesthetic benefits. The other system, pasture with pollards, is a type of agroforestry in which fuelwood-producing trees (the pollards) form a broken canopy above an herbaceous pasture layer. Pollards are much like coppiced trees except that regeneration occurs from the top of permanent trunks 8-12 feet tall, thereby preventing livestock from damaging young sprouts. Preliminary growth and yield data indicate that native tree species respond well to these methods. Potential benefits and problems of the two methods are discussed. (author).

}, keywords = {soil conservation}, author = {Christopher D. Burnett} } @article {502, title = {Acacia albida and other multipurpose trees on the fur farmlands in the Jebel Marra highlands, western Darfur, Sudan}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {4}, year = {1986}, month = {06/1986}, pages = {89-119}, abstract = {

This paper describes the traditional agroforestry systems based on Acacia albida and other multipurpose trees as practiced by the sedentary Fur people on the lower slopes and highlands of the Jebel Marra massif, Sudan. The basic agrosilvopastoral system consists of terraced village fields, where semipermanent rainfed cropping of staple millet and other subsistence crops takes place under stands of multipurpose trees dominated by Acacia albida, Cordia abyssinica and Ziziphus spina-christi. Trees have been retained primarily for food, wood and fodder. Thorn from cut and browsed branches makes a good fencing material.

This system has been able to sustain self-sufficiency of a densely settled population over centuries. However, recent out-migration of people from the montane dry-farming areas has caused gradual return to shifting cultivation. As a consequence, the present-day subsistence farming in the region is characterized by a general level of carelessness and exploitative management and this is reflected in a successive decrease of the tree cover.

The evaluation of the AF practices described includes a discussion on their regional importance and extrapolability within the framework of similar situations, especially in Africa, emphasis being given to mountain and highland conditions. The outstanding potential for Acacia albida-based AF systems to be sustained and spread almost all over semiarid to semihumid Africa is highlighted by illustrating its ecologic and economic variability. Extrapolation of such examples, however, is not feasible, without thorough feasibility studies concerning the ecologic, ethnologic and socio- economic conditions in the respective project areas. Basic research needs for improving and extending the system are also indicated.

}, keywords = {Acacia albida, agroforestry, agrosilvopasture, Cordia abyssinica, fur practices, Jebel Marra, Sudan, tropical highlands, Ziziphus spina-christi}, doi = {10.1007/BF00141543}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00141543}, author = {S. Miehe} } @article {812, title = {African traditional ecological knowledge: A preliminary investigation of indigenous or traditional ecological knowledge and associated sustainable management practices in Africa and relevance to CIDA{\textquoteright}s environmental policy}, year = {1986}, note = {Includes a letter from lalonde to Gerard McKiernan dated May 1991. This may be the outline for a book chapter in "Traditional Ecological Knowledge: Concepts and Cases" edited by Julian T. Inglis.}, month = {1986}, institution = {Canadian International Development Agency}, address = {Wakefield, Quebec}, abstract = {

The Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA), reviewed and synthesized wide ranging literature on \"alternative\" systems of African indigenous peoples\&$\#$39; traditional ecological knowledge (TEK), as revealed by indigenous land-use and renewable resource management practices. International involvement in this area by the UN, the World Bank, and various NGO\&$\#$39;s (IUCN, IIED, etc.), was also investigated to help identify the present scope or practical interest of TEK and possible future directions.

Main traditional livelihoods and land-use practices which sustainably exploit the ecosystem include sedentary and shifting agriculture, nomadic pastoralism, hunting, fishing, food gathering, rainforest use and limited agro-forestry for food, materials and medicines, etc. This is demonstrated, where possible with case-studies involving the following regions of African tribal groups: Kenya - Maasai; Tanzania - Pare; Zaramo, Luguru; Niger - Fulani; and the San of the Kalahari, etc. The report also investigated the nature or ambiguity between indigenous and post-colonial \"traditional\" practices of rural Africa and the constraints or challenges this poses to the current transmission and respect for TEK among indigenous Africans and development planners alike.

}, keywords = {Africa, agroforestry, Canada, deforestation, desertification, education, ethnoconservation, ethnopharmacology}, author = {Andre Lalonde} } @inbook {849, title = {Agricultura en camellones en la cuena del lago Titicaca: aspectos tecnicos y su futuro}, booktitle = {Andenes y Camellones en el Peru Andino: historia presente y futuro}, year = {1986}, month = {1986}, pages = {331-350}, publisher = {Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Techologia, Oficina de Politica Cientifica y Technologica}, organization = {Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Techologia, Oficina de Politica Cientifica y Technologica}, address = {Lima, Peru}, abstract = {This article examines the past indigenous technology of raised field agriculture on the banks of Lake Titicaca in Peru and Bolivia. The author proposes that individual peasants and communal groups, without extraordinary foreign assistance, can reconstruct the abandoned raised fields and utilize them in new production. The article proposes that the plains of the altiplano, while they are of poor soil and unpredictable weather patterns, can be reclaimed by indigenous populations if the raised fields are cultivated with Andean plants indigenous to the area. The author proposes the principals to sustain this system. They are: the control of water, production, and recycling of nutrients, and managing the microclimate (fish and animals) of the raised fields. The author concludes by examining the future of raised field agriculture in Peru and Bolivia.}, keywords = {aquatic resources, Bolivia, furrow irrigation, hill farming, natural resource management, Peru, raised fields, terraces}, author = {Clark L. Erickson} } @article {505, title = {Agroforestry farming systems in the homesteads of Kerala, southern India}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {4}, year = {1986}, month = {December 1986}, pages = {339-363}, abstract = {

Kerala State on the southwestern coast of India in the tropical humid zone has a predominantly agricultural economy, a very high density of population and therefore high pressure on cultivable land. The farmers there undertake cultivation of an array of crops- tree crops, plantation crops, seasonals and biennials - all in intimate mixtures on the same piece of land around the homesteads. Farm animals and poultry and sometimes fisheries also are essential components of the system. The close association of agricultural crops, tree crops and animals in the homesteads represents an excellent example of sustainable and productive agroforestry homegardens. Optimum utilization of available resources of land, solar energy and technological inputs and an efficient recycling of farm wastes are important characteristics of the systems. This paper attempts to describe and evaluate the systems\&$\#$39; stability, productivity and sustainability, and identify its merits and constraints as well as research needs.

}, keywords = {agroclimatic zone, agroforestry, crop system, home gardens, homestead farming, Kerala, mixed farming}, doi = {10.1007/BF00048107}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00048107}, author = {M. Achuthan Nair and C. Sreedharan} } @article {507, title = {Agroforestry pathways for the intensification of shifting cultivation}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {4}, year = {1986}, month = {March 1986}, pages = {39-54}, abstract = {

As a system of land use which entails the deliberate association of trees with herbaceous field crops in time, shifting cultivation is one of the most ancient, widespread and, until recently, ecologically stable forms of agroforestry. However, under pressure of population and competing uses for land and labour, traditional swidden systems have been observed historically to undergo more or less predictable processes of intensification. Since shifting cultivation is an indigenous form of agroforestry, scientific agroforestry is not, strictly speaking, an \&$\#$39;alternative\&$\#$39; to shifting cultivation, but rather a systematic approach to the recombination of its basic elements into more intensive, sustainable and politically viable forms of land use, whenever pressures signal the need for change in traditional swidden systems.

Different agroforestry options open up from different stages of intensification in swidden systems. A review of evolutionary typologies of shifting cultivation gives rise to a framework for the identification of agroforestry interventions and development pathways appropriate to specific systems. technological proposals are limited to a short list of the most promising agroforestry interventions in \&$\#$39;main sequence\&$\#$39; swidden systems. These include \&$\#$39;integral taungya\&$\#$39;, economically and biologically enriched fallows, variations on the \"alley cropping\" theme, and various tree crop alternatives to annual cropping systems. Examples and quantitative data are cited to substantiate the main hypotheses behind the proposals.

}, keywords = {development pathway, field crops, land use, stable form}, doi = {10.1007/BF01834701}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01834701}, author = {J. B. Raintree and K. Warner} } @article {512, title = {Amazon ecology and adaptation}, journal = {Annual Review of Anthropology}, volume = {15}, year = {1986}, month = {October 1986}, pages = {67-97}, abstract = {This document looks at the ecology of Amazonia and relates how humans have adapted to this environment. It details both the primary abiotic (soils and water) and biotic (plants and animals) components of the ecosystem and the cultural systems that have arisen for use of these natural resources (hunting, fishing, gathering, agriculture). Significant changes - past, present and future - to these systems are discussed. Research (biological and anthropological) trends and needs in Amazonia are also discussed. (author)}, keywords = {Amazonia, culture, ecosystem, human ecology, rainforests, South America}, doi = {10.1146/annurev.an.15.100186.000435}, url = {http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.an.15.100186.000435}, author = {L. E. Sponsel} } @book {296, title = {Andenes y camellones en el Per{\'u} Andino: Historia, presente y futuro}, year = {1986}, month = {January 1986}, publisher = {Ministerio de la Presidencia, Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog{\'\i}a}, organization = {Ministerio de la Presidencia, Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog{\'\i}a}, address = {[Lima, Peru]}, keywords = {furrow irrigation, hill farming, terraces}, url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=BHpgAAAAMAAJ}, editor = {Carlos de la Torre Espinoza Torre and Manuel Burga and John Earls} } @book {306, title = {Community forestry: Lessons from case studies in Asia and the Pacific Region}, year = {1986}, month = {[1986]}, pages = {248}, publisher = {Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific of the FAO of the United Nations, Regional Forestry Office; East-West Environment and Policy Institute}, organization = {Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific of the FAO of the United Nations, Regional Forestry Office; East-West Environment and Policy Institute}, address = {Bangkok, Thailand; Honolulu, Hawaii}, abstract = {

Contains the following papers:

}, keywords = {agroforestry, Asia}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/19892574}, author = {Y. S. Rao and Marilyn W. Hoskins and Napoleon T. Vergara and Charles P. Castro} } @article {540, title = {Deforestation: Interdependency of fuelwood and agriculture}, journal = {OIKOS}, volume = {46}, year = {1986}, note = {Note that this bibliography record may have characters in non-English languages that are not displayed correctly.}, month = {May 1986}, pages = {404-412}, abstract = {

Forests, vital to maintaining environmental stability and the fuelwood and other wood needs of society, are disappearing at an alarming rate throughout the world. Agricultural expansion into about 10 million hectares of new land accounts for most of the 11.6 million hectares of forest land being lost each year. The most promising policy to reduce deforestation and increase food supplies is to double crop yields over the next 2 to 3 decades on the most productive agricultural lands. This would require successful control of soil erosion plus the increased use of fertilizers and other agricultural inputs that help increase crop yield.

Леса, способные поддерживать стабильность окружающей среды, потребности в древесине и другие потребности общества в том, что дает лес, исчезают во всем мире с тревожащей быстротой. Сепьскохозайственная экспансия почти на 10 млн га вновь освоенных земель шла за счет большей части лесной террито-рии в 11,6 млн га, ежегодно уничтожавшихся. Наиболее перспективная полити-ка замедления сведения лесов и увеличения лесных заласов - удвоение урожай-ности наиболее высокопродуктивных сельскохозаяственных земель в ближайшие 2-3 десятилетия. Это потребует эффективной борьбы с эрозией почв и увели-чения внесения удобрений и использования других сельскожозайственных ме-роприятий по повышению урожайности.

}, keywords = {agroforestry, deforestation, soil erosion}, doi = {10.2307/3565841}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/3565841}, author = {David Pimentel and Wen Dazhong and Sanford Eigenbrode and Helen Lang and David Emerson and Myra Karasik} } @article {677, title = {The ecological adaptation of the Lutfi herder-horticulturists of south Iran}, journal = {Human Ecology}, volume = {14}, year = {1986}, month = {September 1986}, pages = {355-360}, abstract = {This report describes the subsistence and settlement patterns of the Lutfi herder-horticulturists of south Iran. While specialized intensive agriculturists and nomadic pastoralists have been much studied in the Middle East, mountain dwelling populations who combine a number of extensive subsistence techniques including foraging and horticulture have not been described. These often entail, as is seen in this case, some amount of movement or nomadism. The general pattern reported here is likely to have been quite widespread in highland Iraq, Iran, and Turkey where wild stands of fruit tree were once common. (author)}, keywords = {anthropology/archaeometry, environmental management, Middle East, pastoralism, sociology}, doi = {10.1007/BF00889035}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00889035}, author = {Sekandar Amanolahi} } @inbook {919, title = {The ecology of traditional pest management in Southeast Asia}, booktitle = {Traditional agriculture in southeast Asia: A human ecology perspective}, year = {1986}, month = {1986}, pages = {241-272}, publisher = {Westview Press}, organization = {Westview Press}, address = {Boulder, CO}, abstract = {

This chapter reviews traditional pest management practices and provides ecological explanations for how they function. Four major sources of information are used:

  1. qualitative descriptions of pest problems and pest management practices in traditional agriculture;
  2. quantitative studies of pest dynamics in traditional agriculture;
  3. ecological studies of natural ecosystems; and
  4. agricultural field experiments. (author)
}, isbn = {0813370264; 978-0813370262}, url = {http://gerrymarten.com/traditional-agriculture/tableofcontents.html}, author = {Becky J. Brown and Gerald G. Marten}, editor = {Gerald G. Marten} } @article {514, title = {An evaluation of the Acacia albida-based agroforestry practices in the Hararghe highlands of Eastern Ethiopia}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {4}, year = {1986}, month = {June 1986}, pages = {129-143}, abstract = {

Growing Acacia albida as a permanent tree crop, on farmlands with cereals, vegetables and coffee underneath or in between, is an indigenous agroforestry system in the Hararghe highlands of Eastern Ethiopia. However, there is practically no systematic record or data on the merits and benefits of this practice.

The paper presents the results of an investigation into the effects of the presence of A. albida on farmlands on the yield of maize (Zea mays L.) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench). Twenty-seven plot pairs each consisting of one plot underneath the A. albida foliage cover and the other in the open, away from the tree - on farmers\&$\#$39; fields, in a 40 km radius around the Alemaya College of Agriculture - were sampled and the yield components analyzed. A statistically significant increase in crops yields by 56\% on average was found for the crops under the tree canopies compared to those away from the trees. This increase was caused by the improvement in 1,000 grain weight and number of grains of plants under the tree, indicating that the trees enhanced the fertility status of the soil and improved its physical conditions in terms of crop growth. Additional benefits from the A. albida trees include supply of fuelwood and fodder. Quantitative estimates of these outputs as well as their monetary values are presented in the paper. However, in order to realize these benefits to a discernible extent, higher stand densities of the tree than at present are required.

Based on an enquiry about the farmers attitude towards A. albida, the prospects for an extension of this promising agroforestry technique are discussed against the background of the state and trends of development of agriculture in the area. It is surmised that despite some shortcomings like the relatively slow and highly variable growth of A. albida and a conflict with the spreading cultivation of Ch\&$\#$39;at (Catha edulis Forsk.), the prospects of extension of this technique are good.

It is recommended that its propagation should be incorporated into the programmes of the extension agencies of the various governmental agencies concerned with land use.

}, keywords = {Acacia albida, agroforestry, Ch{\textquoteright}at, Ethiopia, fuelwood, Hararghe highlands, maize, sorghum}, doi = {10.1007/BF00141545}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00141545}, author = {Peter Poschen} } @proceedings {474, title = {Forestry networks}, year = {1986}, month = {September 1986}, publisher = {Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development}, address = {Morrillton, AR}, abstract = {Rapid depletion of forest reserves and the growing scarcity of wood for cooking and tree products for other household uses have emerged in recent years as a growing concern of development planners and specialists in most countries and development institutions. In recognition of this AID identified forestry research as one of its top four priorities for long-term commitment.}, keywords = {agroforestry, fuelwood}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/14412966}, author = {F/FRED Forestry Networks Workshop}, editor = {Adams, Norma and Robert K. Dixon} } @article {840, title = {The implications of farming systems analysis for land titling in the area of Quimistan, Santa Barbara, Honduras}, year = {1986}, note = {CIKARD copy is a draft}, month = {January 1986}, institution = {Institute for Environmental Studies, Land Tenure Center}, address = {University of Wisconsin-Madison}, abstract = {

This document summarizes a farming systems analysis carried out in the region of Quimistan, Department of Santa Barbara, Honduras, during January 1986. The work was done as a part of the Land Tenure Center\&$\#$39;s evaluation of the Honduran Land Titling Project. Our objectives were to characterize the agricultural systems and land use practices in the area, to identify problems and constraints related to land use, and to assess actual and potential impacts of the land titling project on agriculture in the region. The study is comprised of two parts:

  1. an agro-ecological characterization of the zone and
  2. detailed case studies of eight farming systems.
}, keywords = {agroforestry, crop rotation, fallow, fertilizer, firewood, fuelwood, herbicide, land tenure, manure, peasant community, pesticides, shifting cultivation, slash and burn, trees, tropical forests}, author = {Becky J. Brown and Alexander Coles} } @inbook {885, title = {Indigenous technology and farming systems research: Agroforestry in the Indian desert}, booktitle = {Social sciences and farming systems research: Methodological perspectives on agricultural development}, series = {Westview special studies in agriculture science and policy}, year = {1986}, note = {Chapter 11}, month = {1986}, pages = {221-244}, publisher = {Westview Press}, organization = {Westview Press}, address = {Boulder, CO}, abstract = {This case study describes a Farming Systems project directed by the author in India with the faculty of Mohan Lal Sukhadia Agricultural University, the agricultural school for the State of Rajasthan. The project dealt with an arid zone where grain is produced in association nitrogen fixing trees. The multiple benefits of this association make it unlikely that farmers will change this production system unless major climatic or infrastructural changes occur. The probable persistence of this pattern has major implications for agricultural research strategies.}, keywords = {agricultural systems, agroforestry, research , social sciences}, isbn = {0-8133-7136-8}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/13009091}, author = {Barry H Michie}, editor = {Jeffrey R Jones and Ben J. Wallace} } @article {826, title = {Integrated land use in forest reserves in Eastern region: Global diagnosis and the involvement of the people}, year = {1986}, month = {February 1986}, institution = {Government of the Republic of Sudan}, address = {Khartoum, Sudan}, abstract = {

Fuelwood Development for Energy in Sudan

This document was written as one of the studies required for the preparation of a \"model\" management plan for the Rawashda Forest Reserve in Kassala Province. The emphasis of the plan is on integrated resource management and its objective will be to prescribe actions that will benefit all users of the forest reserve in order to provide a sustained yield of products such as fuelwood, fodder and so on.

}, keywords = {fodder, fuelwood, integrated resource management}, url = {http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?f=1994/XF/XF94028.xml;XF9327553}, author = {A. G. Seif el Din} } @mastersthesis {444, title = {Land tenure and agroforestry in southeastern Nigeria}, year = {1986}, note = {See also: http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/14399406}, month = {1985}, school = {University of Wisconsin-Madison}, address = {Madison}, abstract = {

This document contains excerpts from the above titled thesis.

The thesis of this paper is that a multidimensional framework for understanding land tenure is needed; once this has been established, it will be argued that communal land tenure does not inherently inhibit agricultural production in general, or agroforestry in particular. The study will focus on two Igbo villages, Ndubia and Umuokele, in southeastern Nigeria. It will illustrate that indigenous land tenure is not only plastic and complex, but that it is not an independent variable dictating land use. This is evidenced in the fact that in Ndubia, communal tenure dominates, while in Umuokele, individual land holding arrangements are most common; nonetheless, farming systems between the two villages are relatively homogenous. (author)

}, keywords = {common property, commons, land tenure, Nigeria}, url = {http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/005714109}, author = {Jill Ann Cantor} } @article {615, title = {Management of Algarrobo (Prosopis alba, P. chilensis, P. flexuosa, and P. nigra) in the semiarid regions of Argentina}, journal = {Forest Ecology and Management}, volume = {16}, year = {1986}, month = {October 1986}, pages = {33-40}, abstract = {Prosopis alba, P. chilensis, P. flexuosa, and P. nigra are collectively known as {\textquoteright}algarrobo{\textquoteright} and are deep-rooted, nitrogen-fixing trees that produce sweet pods that are still eaten by humans and rapidly eaten by livestock in the semiarid regions of Argentina. These trees are the essential component of the agroforestry land use system in these parts of Argentina. However, existing algarrobo stands need to be thinned to 30 to 50 adult trees per hectare and undesirable trees eliminated to provide a more favorable water supply for the algarrobo. New plantings need to be established in Argentina and this paper reports planting techniques which can be used by farmers with little equipment. To overcome dormancy the seeds are soaked in room temperature water for 72-96 h, which yields 75\% germination. Field establishment of containerized transplants in polyethylene bags gave 50\% survival six months after transplant, bare root transplants of P. chilensis and P. caldenia gave 65\% and 75\% survival respectively two months after transplant, and manual direct seeding gave 50\% survival three months after seeding. Seedlings were also established by feeding intact pods to cattle. When 0.5 kg of pods are fed per day, at least one germinated seedling per feces occurs in periods when soil moisture is favorable.}, keywords = {Argentina, nitogen-fixing trees, Prosopis, seedlings, survival rates, transplants}, doi = {10.1016/0378-1127(86)90005-8}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0378112786900058}, author = {Enrique Marmillon} } @inbook {897, title = {Mountain people in the Philippines: Ethnographic contributions to upland development}, booktitle = {Man, agriculture and the tropical forest: Change and development in the Philippine uplands}, year = {1986}, note = {Chapter 3}, month = {1986}, pages = {49-51 and 76-85 [43-85]}, publisher = {Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development}, organization = {Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development}, address = {Bangkok, Thailand}, abstract = {A crisis of deforestation and consequent soil erosion looms in many southeast Asian upland ecosystems. Blame for this problem has been attributed to both slash and burn agriculturalists or timber extraction industries. To the extent that the actions of uplanders rather than legal and illegal logging are seen as being responsible for diminishing forest reserves, a growing demand exists among policy-makers and foresters for a more holistic, interdisciplinary approach to appropriate intervention strategies. Anthropologists are now frequently incorporated into technical programs and are given a growing recognition that economic change cannot be understood adequately in isolation from the social institutional framework. Recent efforts in social forestry, for example, suggest that anthropological perspectives have direct practical applicability to development programs.}, keywords = {agroforestry, animal feed, community forestry, fallow, fuelwood, medicine, rice, swiddens}, isbn = {0933595123; 9780933595125}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/18193024}, author = {Susan D. Russell}, editor = {Sam Fujisaka and Percy E. Sajise and Romulo del Castillo} } @book {367, title = {Multipurpose tree species networks for the Forestry/Fuelwood Research and Development Project: Recommendations}, series = {Multipurpose Tree Species Network Research Series Report no. 1}, year = {1986}, month = {July 1986}, pages = {118}, publisher = {Winrock International}, organization = {Winrock International}, address = {Morrillton, AR}, abstract = {F/FRED usage of "multipurpose" tree species implies the use of trees for fuelwood or charcoal, fodder for domesticated animals, fruit for human food, green manure, etc. on a single tree in small farm management. This definition might exclude species which produce more than one important timber product which cannot be economically grown or processed on the small farm. Fuel and fodder uses appear to be the most important end-products to consider.}, keywords = {agroforestry}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/25890506}, author = {Kenneth G. MacDicken and Michael R. Dove and James L. Brewbaker and William F. Hyde} } @article {622, title = {Multipurpose trees and shrubs on farmlands in Tamil Nadu State (India)}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {4}, year = {1986}, month = {March 1986}, pages = {17-32}, abstract = {

Farmers in Tamil Nadu State integrate numerous species of multipurpose trees and shrubs on their farmlands in close association with agricultural crops and/or livestock. The dominant among them are Borassus flabellifer, Tamarindus indica, Ceiba pentandra, Acacia leucophloea and A. nilotica.

These woody perennials are better able to cope with poor growing conditions. Their increasing integration on farmlands represents a strategy to minimise risk of crop failure. Some species (e.g., Prosopis juliflora and Delonix elata) are deliberately used to ameliorate infertile or saline soils in order to permit the growing of annual crops. In addition to producing fuelwood, charcoal, fruit and fodder and providing many service functions, these species require only fewer inputs and give the farmer a choice of management options in the event of poor crop growth. The productivity of these traditionally managed and little-studied agroforestry systems can considerably be improved by scientific interventions.

}, keywords = {agroforestry, agrosilvopasture, economic fallow, green manure, multipurpose trees, waste reclamation}, doi = {10.1007/BF01834699}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01834699}, author = {R. Jambulingam and E. C. M. Fernandes} } @article {623, title = {Multistoried agroforestry garden system in West Sumatra, Indonesia}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {4}, year = {1986}, month = {December 1986}, pages = {315-338}, abstract = {The agroforestry garden system in Maninjau in West Sumatra is characterized by an intensive integration of forest species and commercial crops, forming a forest-like system. The intimate association of different species provides both subsistence and commercial products which supplement rice production. This complex agroforest is managed by the combination between cultural practices and respect of natural processes of vegetation production and reproduction. It represents a profitable production system and constitutes an efficient buffer between villages and protected forest. It is a good model of association between integration of forest resources and cultivation of cash crops in the form of a sustainable and flexible system.}, keywords = {buffer zone, commercial agroforestry, forest resource management, fruit trees, multistoried agroforest, Sumatra}, doi = {10.1007/BF00048106}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00048106}, author = {G. Michon and F. Mary and J. Bompard} } @inbook {905, title = {People and resources in Nepal: Customary resource management systems of the Upper Kali Gandaki}, booktitle = {Common property resource management}, year = {1986}, note = {Chapter 21}, month = {December 1987}, pages = {455-480}, publisher = {National Academy Press}, organization = {National Academy Press}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {This document looks at common property resource management in general and numerous case studies. Case studies cover topics in the resources of fish and wildlife; water; range and pastureland; agricultural land; and forest and bushland.}, keywords = {aquatic resources, common property, Nepal, resource management}, isbn = {0-309-04258-5}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/255773087}, author = {Donald A. Messerschmidt}, editor = {Daniel W. Bromley} } @article {638, title = {Potential of the neem tree (Azadirachta indica) for pest control and rural development}, journal = {Economic Botany}, volume = {40}, year = {1986}, month = {April-June 1986}, pages = {201-209}, abstract = {The neem tree (Azadirachta indica) contains promising pest-control substances found effective against many economically important pests. These materials are easy to process by village-level industries and easy to use by limited-resource farmers, thereby offering potential for crop protection and off-farm income generation. The tree{\textquoteright}s numerous pharmacological and other complementary uses make it doubly attractive for incorporation in large-scale rural development efforts. (author)}, keywords = {insects, medicinal plants, pest management}, doi = {10.1007/BF02859144}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/4254854}, author = {Saleem Ahmed and Michael Grainge} } @article {829, title = {Prospects for agroforestry research in India{\textquoteright}s semi-arid tropics and at ICRISAT}, year = {1986}, note = {Consultancy Report}, month = {August 25, 1986}, institution = {Economics Group, Resource Management Program, ICRISAT}, address = {Andhra Pradesh, India}, abstract = {Agroforestry research centered on woody perennial and field crop combinations is in its infancy in India{\textquoteright}s SAT. Any proposed agroforestry research at ICRISAT should have an explicit link with crops in order to justify such research within ICRISAT{\textquoteright}s mandate. The development of an agroforestry program at ICRISAT should follow a farming systems research strategy based on strong links with target systems. And selection of species for research should be done carefully and purposefully with the target system in mind.}, keywords = {crop combinations, field crops, research , woody crops}, author = {Barry H. Michie} } @inbook {921, title = {The question of hunter-gatherer territoriality: The case of the Batek of Malaysia}, booktitle = {The past and future of !Kung ethnography: Critical reflections and symbolic perspectives: Essays in honour of Lorna Marshall}, series = {Quellen zur Khoisan-Forschung no. 4}, year = {1986}, month = {1987}, pages = {137-162}, publisher = {Helmut Buske Verlag}, organization = {Helmut Buske Verlag}, address = {Hamburg}, abstract = {In this paper we hope to make a small additional contribution to the understanding of hunter-gatherer territoriality by describing the social organization, economic activities, and rights to land and resources among the Batek of peninsular Malaysia. The Batek provide an interesting complementary case to the !Kung because they live in a tropical rain forest, where food and water resources are relatively abundant, and because, unlike the !Kung, exchange with outsiders is an important part of their economy. The most striking contrast, however, is that the Batek are not territorial in any of the usual senses of the term.}, keywords = {Batek, gatherer, hunter-gatherer, Kung, Malaysia, rainforests, rattan, territoriality, tropical, wild fruit}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/16967559}, author = {Kirk Endicott and Karen Lampell Endicott}, editor = {Megan Biesele and Robert Gordon and Richard Lee} } @conference {790, title = {Relationships between Shipibo and western soil classification: Changes in land use patterns with cash cropping}, booktitle = {Paper presented at 85th Annual Meeting of the American Anthropological Association, 5 December 1986, Philidelphia}, year = {1986}, month = {December 1986}, abstract = {Since the Shipibo began cash cropping rice, their land use patterns have changed with less utilization of sandy soils, best for staple Mosa production, and greater use of harder soils, more suitable for rice and root crops. Statistical analysis of soil samples reveals the physical-chemical basis for Shipibo soil categories and indicates the effect of swidden agriculture on levels of important soil characteristics. While cultural prescriptions for planting have summarized these ecological relationships in the past, they are often violated with increasing rice production. This paper examines the greater labor costs associated with the adoption of cash cropping by Shipibo farmers. (author)}, keywords = {cultural ecology, human adaptation, Shipibo, soil classification, swiddens}, author = {Clifford A. Behrens} } @article {694, title = {The role of agroforestry in the farming systems in Rwanda with special reference to the Bugesera-Gisaka-Migongo (BGM) region}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {4}, year = {1986}, month = {December 1986}, pages = {271-289}, abstract = {The Rwandan farmers, faced with a perpetual land shortage, have evolved certain intensive systems of organic agriculture. These systems, particularly the homestead (compound) farming, involve the combination of food, fodder and tree crops. to a certain extent these systems can satisfy the multiple needs of the subsistence farmers living under several risks and constraints. However, they cannot cope with the expanding food demand of the rapidly increasing population. Some multipurpose, low-input technologies and agroforestry approaches have been designed to improve the productivity of these traditional systems; these include inter/mixed cropping systems and rotations, alley cropping with leguminous trees and shrubs, use of planted {\textquoteright}fallow{\textquoteright}, planting tree legumes on anti-erosive lines, mixed farming,community forestry and woodlots, and tree planting on farm/field boundaries. The essential aspects of these technologies are briefly discussed. (author)}, keywords = {agriculture, agroforestry, forestry, homestead farming, intercropping, land tenure, low-input technologies, organic agriculture}, doi = {10.1007/BF00048104}, url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00048104}, author = {V. Balasubramanian and A. Egli} } @inbook {912, title = {Seeing the forest while planting the trees: An anthropological approach to agroforestry in rural Haiti}, booktitle = {Politics, projects, and people: Institutional development in Haiti}, year = {1986}, note = {Chapter 7}, month = {1986}, pages = {193-226}, publisher = {Praeger}, organization = {Praeger}, address = {New York}, abstract = {This chapter describes an anthropological approach to environmental restoration that is currently being implemented in rural Haiti, and that has stimulated an historically unprecedented level of voluntary tree planting by Haitian peasants. The overall design of the Agroforestry Project has been described elsewhere. In keeping with the theme of this volume, the discussion focuses upon the underlying design principles and institutional dimensions of the Project.}, keywords = {administrative agencies, economic development, economic development projects, Haiti, institution building, politics and government, social aspects}, isbn = {0-03-004532-0}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/12345132}, author = {Gerald F Murray}, editor = {Derick W. Brinkerhoff and Jean-Claude García-Zamor} } @article {649, title = {Seventeenth century organic agriculture in China: II. Energy flows through an agroecosystem in Jiaxing region}, journal = {Human Ecology}, volume = {14}, year = {1986}, month = {1986}, pages = {15-28}, abstract = {An examination of traditional agriculture of the Jiaxing region of eastern China in the seventeenth century. Use of statistical evidence on energy inputs and outputs to show the sustainable incorporation of silk, mulberry, livestock, fishing, and cereal crop production with little or no fossil fuel use.}, keywords = {agroecology, China, energy flow, fodder, labor, organic farming, rice, silkworm, wheat}, doi = {10.1007/BF00889208}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/4602798}, author = {Wen Dazhong and David Pimentel} } @book {385, title = {Socio-economic aspects of integrated resource management, with special reference to the forest resources of Kassala Province, Eastern Region: The case of Rawashda and Wad Kabu forests}, series = {Fuelwood Development for Energy in Sudan Field Document 13}, year = {1986}, month = {1986}, pages = {109}, publisher = {Govt. of the Democratic Republic of Sudan}, organization = {Govt. of the Democratic Republic of Sudan}, address = {Khartoum, Sudan}, abstract = {

Fuelwood Development for Energy in Sudan project is undertaking research to formulate management plans for Sudan ecologically marginal forests. Rawashda and Wad Kabu forests are taken as examples to initiate such plans. It is believed that the study of socio- economic parameters of forest users is an essential component to achieve such plans. This study is also fundamental for attaining an integrated land use system, as a prime option of natural resource use. This study is, consequently, aiming at:

  1. providing the base line information of the different communities identified in Table 1 and using the two forests;
  2. examine people\&$\#$39;s attitude, perception, participation options in maintenance and management of the two forests. Such parameters are also vital for adoption of an integrated land use strategy in the future, and
  3. based on 1 and 2 to outline broadly the most relevant plan of management land use strategy to be adopted, based on community self-generated options of institutions and objectives of use.

The main findings in this context can be summarized in the following:

  1. a complex pattern of economic activities ranging from pure pastoral nomadism to modern mechanized farming. Still characterized by combination of related activities of agriculture/livestock breeding, agriculture/forest resource use, etc. This diversity in activities, which is mostly dependent on the natural resource base, gives a sound base for any option of an integrated land use system;
  2. perception and attitude analysis have revealed a growing awareness of the role of the forest resources in the economy as source of grazing, domestic needs and source of income. This awareness is supported by willingness to participate in any integrated land use plan, yet from a different standpoint and objective. Preference of self-generated channels is quite evident, but with a specified role of the government; and
  3. the major finding is that, and among all communities, the situation is mature for action, although at different levels. (author)
}, keywords = {forest policy, Sudan}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/17919050}, author = {Mohamed El-Hadi Abu Sin and Mohammed Osman El Sammani} } @article {654, title = {Some aspects of dry land afforestation in the Sudan with special reference to Acacia tortilis (Forsk.) Hayne, A. senegal Willd. and Prosopis chilensis (Molina) stuntz}, journal = {Forest Ecology and Management}, volume = {16}, year = {1986}, month = {October 1986}, pages = {209-221}, abstract = {

Arid lands in the Sudan have been subjected to degradation manifested by loss of soil fertility, shortages of fodder and fuel, and moving sands. Acacia tortilis, (Forsk.) Hayne, A. senegal Willd. and Prosopis chilensis (Molina) Stuntz are valuable afforestation species to restore these lands and provide fodder, fuelwood and other products. Animals, particularly goats and sheep, are effective long-distance dispersers of seeds of A. tortilis and P. chilensis. The ingested seeds are preserved from further attacks of predators particularly bruchids, and their germination capabilities are enhanced by ingestion and pelleting. Because of the small mass of the droppings, the ingested seeds are transported by wind and water to low-lying places where run-off water collects (favourable sites). As rainfall fluctuations are common, natural regeneration, using seeds in animal droppings and using only favourable sites in the semidesert tract, is recommended. The trees established on such sites can form focal points from which the trees can further spread through animals feeding on their pods. Soil working in the form of saucer-pits, ridges and furrows was successful in establishing P. chilensis in arid lands.

Afforestation by seeding A. senegal using agricultural machinery in farms abandoned because of loss of soil fertility was successful in the central clay plains of the Sudan as weed growth was not intense and the seeds are cheap.

}, keywords = {afforestation, Sudan}, doi = {10.1016/0378-1127(86)90021-6}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0378112786900216}, author = {Ahmed El Houri Ahmed} } @inbook {927, title = {Traditional agroforestry in West Java: The pekarangan (homegarden) and kebun-talun (annual-perennial rotation) cropping systems}, booktitle = {Traditional agriculture in southeast Asia: A human ecology perspective}, year = {1986}, month = {1986}, pages = {132-157}, publisher = {Westview Press}, organization = {Westview Press}, address = {Boulder, CO}, abstract = {This chapter looks at the role of kebun-talun and pekarangan in the Javanese landscape. Kebun-talun (rotation system between mixed garden and tree plantation) is a traditional system that increases overall production and serves multiple functions by sequentially combining agricultural crops with tree crops. Pekarangan (homegarden intercropping system) is a traditional system located in the villages that provides both subsistence and commercial products and serves multiple functions by simultaneously combining agricultural crops with tree crops and animals.}, keywords = {agriculture, agroforestry, animals, crop rotation, ecology, farming, home gardens, Indonesia, intercropping, Java, Javanese, kebun-talun, pekarangan, rice, tree crops, trees, upland farming}, isbn = {0-8133-7026-4}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/12975293}, author = {Linda Christanty and Oekan S. Abdoellah and Gerald G. Marten and Johan Iskandar}, editor = {Gerald G. Marten} } @article {699, title = {The tree that purifies water: Cultivating multipurpose Moringaceae in the Sudan}, journal = {Unasylva (FAO)}, volume = {38}, year = {1986}, month = {February 1986}, pages = {23-28}, abstract = {Suspensions of seed powder from trees and shrubs of the Moringaceae family can effectively be used to clarify water, even turbid water from the River Nile. But species from this family have a variety of other uses as well. Although they show considerable promise for multipurpose use in the tropical belt, little is known about how to cultivate the various species. This article examines different methods of cultivation appropriate to different species -- often with surprising results.}, keywords = {agroforestry, fodder, fuelwood, medicinal plants, oil, ornamental trees, spices}, url = {http://www.fao.org/docrep/r7750e/r7750e04.htm$\#$the\%20tree\%20that\%20purifies\%20water:\%20cultivating\%20multipurpose\%20moringaceae\%20in\%20the\%20sudan}, author = {Samia Al Azharia Jahn and Hassan A. Musnad and Heinz Burgstaller} } @article {743, title = {The use of indigenous knowledge in analyzing resource allocation at the farm level: A new approach to economic analysis}, year = {1986}, month = {September 1986}, abstract = {Too often we hear of superior technology in the experiment station which farmers are either unable or unwilling to adopt. This research proposal takes a new approach to the problem. The first step will be to understand the production process from the perspective of the farmers. Then, this farmer-generated framework will be used to specify resource management domains, analyze efficiency in resource use, and identify potentials for development of new technology.}, keywords = {cognitive anthropology, economic analysis, economic anthropology, economics, ethnolinguistics, ethnoscience, ethnosemantics, Farming Systems Development Project-Eastern Visayas (FSDP-EV), indigenous knowledge, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Leyte, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries (MAF), Philippines, University of Philippines at Los Banos (UPLB), Visayas State College of Agriculture (ViSCA), World Bank}, author = {Randolph Barker and Thomas F. Weaver and Julie Leones and Daniele Perrot-Maitre} } @article {701, title = {The uses of mesquite (Prosopis spp.) in the highlands of San Luis Potosi, Mexico}, journal = {Forest Ecology and Management}, volume = {16}, year = {1986}, month = {October 1986}, pages = {49-56}, abstract = {An account is given of the uses of mesquite--Prosopis laevigata (Humb. and Bonpl. ex Willd.) M.C. Johnst. and P. glandulosa var. torreyana (L Benson) M.C. Johnst.--in the highlands of San Luis Potosi, Mexico. The products of mesquite are used as human food, folk medicine, forage, fuel and for construction. The plant communities where it is the most important element provide wildlife reguge, recreation, nectar and desertification control. The development of these species by cultivation and plant breeding should be directed towards supplying those products in high demand. (author)}, keywords = {ecology, medicinal plants, multi-use species, traditional medicine}, doi = {10.1016/0378-1127(86)90007-1}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0378112786900071}, author = {Sergio Galindo Almanza and Edmundo Garcia Moya} } @book {419, title = {Women and community forestry in Sudan}, year = {1986}, month = {[1986?]}, pages = {28}, publisher = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}, organization = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}, address = {[Rome]}, abstract = {Eighty percent of Sudan{\textquoteright}s population relies on trees to meet energy needs. High demands for firewood has led to the disappearance of about one-third of Sudan{\textquoteright}s forests. Reforestation has become a high priority with one goal hoping to convert wood consumers into tree producers. Special programs have been implemented to inform villagers about the need for trees and their capability to grow trees. Special women{\textquoteright}s committees are formed, and with the help of female extensionists, women begin small nurseries in the village or even in their own homes. Tree planting allows to plan for the future in order to meet the growing demand and to slow the effects of desert encroachment.}, keywords = {agroforestry, arid region, desertification, farmer participatory research, fuelwood, Sahel}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/34367596}, author = {Caroline Webb} } @inbook {748, title = {Agroforestry and swidden cultivators in Latin America}, booktitle = {Land, trees and tenure: Proceedings of an International Workshop on Tenure Issues in Agroforestry, Nairobi, May 27-31, 1985}, year = {1985}, month = {June 1987}, pages = {283-291}, publisher = {ICRAF and the University of Wisconsin Land Tenure Center}, organization = {ICRAF and the University of Wisconsin Land Tenure Center}, address = {Nairobi, Kenya and Madison, WI}, abstract = {

Agroforestry is a relatively new and integrative scientific discipline, struggling for recognition and application to real problems. Agroforestry has very old antecedents and agroforestry practitioners are considered by many as mere relics bound for extinction (i.e. tropical swidden cultivators). The scientific agroforesters and their native counterparts face an uphill battle for survival or for recognition. It is no small matter to postulate that field and forest should survive together and, better yet, be integrated into productive systems, when progress or modernity have decided that field and forest should be torn asunder. Peasants and particularly swidden cultivators appear as the natural target\ beneficiaries of agroforestry. The latter share with the scientific agroforester a community of aims and of subject matter. These days the paths that lead to technological adoption are very much like a maze and we normally detect the exit. The technical messages come from everywhere, the bombardment of advice and the sales pitch is unceasing-eventually reaching even peasants. In this surfeit of information the message of agroforestry is rarely heard. So researchers presume that for agroforestry it doesn\&$\#$39;t make sense to compete in this game. No doubt in ICRAF other means of communication are being thought out and tried. In this paper, the author suggests that certain situations should be taken into account in order for scientific agroforestry to reach peasants effectively. At least in Latin America, conventional agronomy and allied disciplines have mostly proven unable to foster the adoption of technical advances in agriculture or agroforestry among peasants; that is, advances that are really viable and suitable. At times, researchers have known the what but not how, and at others, knowing how, we didn\&$\#$39;t exactly know what. Agroforestry should learn from these experiences. But scientists also know that major forces were at play and there is no point in attributing blame to agronomists or to peasants. Researchers are quite aware that available technology will be eventually adopted, if perceived by peasants as suitable. One plausible way for scientific agroforestry to be diffused among swidden peasants is to work towards a built-in sort of strategy, one that is linked to its development as a scientific discipline. Scientists have at their disposal many contributions that could be used and integrated in designing such strategy. This position paper should be seen as a complement to both concerns: land tenure and the future of agroforestry, as a discipline that should find ways to become accessible to peasants. This workshop deals with the role of land tenure in agroforestry and this theme shows that the broad concern is with the future of agroforestry. The proper consideration of the institutional framework of access to and the use of land and trees and their products, and the arrangements between persons or groups in land use operations is paramount. They are properly identified and assessed from the position papers.

}, keywords = {agroforestry, Latin America, swiddens}, isbn = {0-934519-01-3; 978-0-934519-01-4}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/17247139}, author = {Rafael Baraona}, editor = {J. B. Raintree} } @book {395, title = {The agroforestry survey in Kakamega District: Final report}, series = {Kenya Woodfuel Development Program Working Paper 6}, year = {1985}, month = {May 1985}, pages = {38}, publisher = {[Beijer Institute]}, organization = {[Beijer Institute]}, address = {Nairobi, Kenya}, abstract = {This document includes the summary and conclusions of the survey mentioned above. It discusses activities of The Kenya Woodfuel Development Programme, and the main subjects of interest in the survey, which were: the present woody biomass situation on the farm, the activities undertaken by farmers to try to maintain present woody biomass and the present fuelwood supply situation within the households.}, keywords = {Africa, fuelwood}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/16875028}, author = {Berry Van Gelder and Paul Kerkhof and Kenya Woodfuel Development Programme} } @article {510, title = {Alternate cycle agroforestry}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {3}, year = {1985}, month = {December 1985}, pages = {387-397}, abstract = {Agroforestry research and design has heavily favored intergrated production of annuals and perennials, that is production of tree crops on the same parcel of land and at the same time as production of food crop annuals. For areas having high population densities and intensive modes of agricultural production, integral agroforestry may be appropriate, but for areas of sparse population where extensive agriculture is practiced or marginal hill lands, alternate cycle agroforestry may prove more suitable. Alternate cycle agroforestry, in the form of modified forest swidden systems, is discussed and compared to integral agroforestry systems. Advantages and disadvantages of each system are discussed relative to their use on marginal hill and forest lands.}, keywords = {agroforestry, alternate cycle production, integral production, intercropping, marginal lands, swiddens}, doi = {10.1007/BF00055720}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00055720}, author = {Joseph A. Weinstock} } @article {513, title = {Amazonian agroforestry: A market-oriented system in Peru}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {3}, year = {1985}, month = {March 1985}, pages = {47-58}, abstract = {Most reports on indigenous agroforestry systems of the Amazon region have described patterns employed by tribal groups almost exclusively for their own subsistence. This article discusses a market-oriented cyclic agroforestry system practiced by non-tribal {\textquoteright}Mestizo{\textquoteright} farmers in Tamshiyacu, Peru. The system produces charcoal, as well as annual, semi-perennial, and perennial crops for local consumption, and for a regional market. The sale of these products provides a substantial cash income for many farmers. The data presented demonstrate that Amazonian cyclic agroforestry systems are capable of being commercially successful enterprises and of serving as possible models for further agricultural development.}, keywords = {agroforestry, Amazonia, fruit, marketing, Peru}, doi = {10.1007/BF00045738}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00045738}, author = {C. Padoch and J. Chota Inuma and Wil de Jong and J. Unruh} } @article {520, title = {Babassu palm in the agroforestry systems in Brazil{\textquoteright}s mid-north region}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {3}, year = {1985}, month = {September 1985}, pages = {275-295}, abstract = {Babassu palms (Orbignya spp.) cover nearly 200,000 km2 in Brazil, providing cash income, fuel, fibre, edible oil and food to a large number of tenant farm households. Babassu is closely integrated within pastoral and shifting cultivation systems of Mid-North Brazil. In pastures, babassu provides shade for cattle, aids soil moisture retention, produces organic matter, generates supplementary farm income at little cost, and offers year-round employment. On the other hand, the persistence of juvenile palms reduces pasture grass productivity due to plant competition, and therefore there is a trend to eradicate babassu through clearcutting and understorey suppression. At moderate densities of less than 100 individuals per ha, mature babassu palms in cropland do not appear to harm crop productivity. In such cases, palms are thinned and leaves of the remaining ones are cut back, supplying fuel for the burn and nutrients to the soil. However, reduced fallow cycles due to pasture conversion threaten babassu as well as crop productivity.}, keywords = {Babassu palm, charcoal , land tenure, northeast Brazil, Orbignya, Palmae, pasture expansion, shifting cultivation, vegetable oil}, doi = {10.1007/BF00046960}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00046960}, author = {P. H. May and Anthony B. Anderson and J. M. F. Fraz{\~a}o and M. J. Balick} } @article {671, title = {The Chagga homegardens: A multistoried agroforestry cropping system on Mt. Kilimanjaro (Northern Tanzania)}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {2}, year = {1985}, month = {June 1984}, pages = {73-86}, abstract = {

The homegardens are characterised by an intensive integration of numerous multipurpose trees and shrubs with food crops and animals, simultaneously on the same unit of land.

The Chagga are skilled farmers with an intimate knowledge of the crops and their ecological requirements. They have a good idea of functions/uses of the plant species on their farms. The large species diversity provides both subsistence and cash crops. It enables the farmer to keep his management options open and provides insurance against drought, pest and economic risks.

}, keywords = {agroforestry, Chagga, home gardens, land tenure, livestock integration, multipurpose trees, multistoried cropping, Tanzania}, doi = {10.1007/BF00131267}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00131267}, author = {E. C. M. Fernandes and A. Oktingati and J. Maghembe} } @book {302, title = {Changes in shifting cultivation in Africa: Seven case studies}, series = {FAO Forestry Paper no. 50/1}, year = {1985}, month = {1985}, pages = {185}, publisher = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}, organization = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}, address = {Rome}, abstract = {Excerpts from following papers: The case of the CGOT Sector, Sedhiou (Casamance), Senegal: transformations of traditional agriculture after an unsuccessful large-scale operation for mechanized groundnut production in forest zones; Integrated Rural Development Project, Eastern Province, Sierra Leone; Development of ecological methods of upland farming in West Usambara Mountains, Tanzania; Smallholder plantation agriculture of immigrant Baoule farmers in southwestern Ivory Coast; Alternatives and improvements to shifting cultivation on the east coast of Madagascar; The modifications to traditional shifting cultivation brought about by the forest development project in the HADO area, Kondoa, Tanzania; Forestry and socio-economic aspects of modification of traditional shifting cultivation through the taungya system in the Subri area, Ghana.}, keywords = {agroforestry, shifting cultivation, traditional agriculture}, isbn = {92-5-102283-6 978-92-5-102283-2}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/13803278}, author = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Forestry Department} } @article {531, title = {Classification of agroforestry systems}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {3}, year = {1985}, month = {June 1984}, pages = {97-128}, abstract = {

Classification of agroforestry (AF) systems is necessary in order to provide a framework for evaluating systems and developing action plans for their improvement. The AF Systems Inventory (AFSI) being undertaken by ICRAF provides the background information for an approach to classification.

The words \&$\#$39;system\&$\#$39;, \&$\#$39;sub-system\&$\#$39; and \&$\#$39;practice\&$\#$39; are commonly used in AF literature. An AF system refers to a type of AF land-use that extends over a locality to the extent of forming a land utilization type of the locality. Sub-system and practice are lower-order terms in the hierarchy with lesser magnitudes of role, content and complexity. In common parlance, however, these terms are used loosely, and almost synonymously.

Several criteria can be used to classify and group AF systems (and practices). The most commonly used ones are the system\&$\#$39;s structure (composition and arrangement of components), its function, its socio-economic scale and level of management, and its ecological spread. Structurally, the system can be grouped as agrisilviculture (crops - including tree/shrub crops - and trees). silvopastoral (pasture/animals + trees), and agrosilvopastoral (crops + pasture/animals + trees). Other specialized AF systems such as apiculture with trees, aquaculture in mangrove areas, multipurpose tree lots, and so on, can also be specified. Arrangement of components can be in time (temporal) or space (spatial) and several terms are used to denote the various arrangements. Functional basis refers to the main output and role of components, especially the woody ones. These can be productive functions (production of \&$\#$39;basic needs\&$\#$39; such as food, fodder, fuelwood, other products, etc.) and protective roles (soilconservation, soil fertility improvement, protection offered by windbreaks and shelterbelts, and so on). On an ecological basis, systems can be grouped for any defined agro-ecological zone such as lowland humid tropics, arid and semi-arid tropics, tropical highlands, and so on. The socio-economic scale of production and level of management of the system can be used as the criteria to designate systems as commercial, \&$\#$39;intermediate\&$\#$39;, or subsistence. Each of these criteria has merits and applicability in specific situations, but they have limitations too so that no single classification scheme can be accepted as universally applicable. Classification will depend upon the purpose for which it is intended.

Nevertheless since there are only three basic sets of components that are managed by man in all AF Systems, viz. woody perennials, herbaceous plants and animals, a logical first step is to classify AF systems based on their component composition, into agrisilvicultural, silvopastoral and agrosilvopastoral (or any other specialized) systems. Subsequently the systems can be grouped according to any of the purpose-oriented criteria. The resulting system name can thus have any one of the three basic categories as a prefix; for example agrisilvicultural system for soil conservation.

Some of the major AF systems and practices of the tropics are grouped according to such a framework. The scheme appears a logical, simple, pragmatic and purpose-oriented approach to classification of AF systems.

}, keywords = {agroforestry systems, mangrove area, multipurpose tree, utilization type, woody perennial}, doi = {10.1007/BF00122638}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00122638}, author = {P. K. R. Nair} } @article {536, title = {Contributions of indigenous silviculture to forestry development in rural areas: Examples from Niger and Mali}, journal = {Rural Africana}, volume = {23-24}, year = {1985}, month = {Fall 85Winter 86}, pages = {61-65}, abstract = {The slogan "planting and maintaining trees" that was adopted by Niger for its 1984 national reforestation campaign is a significant example of the efforts presently being made by a Sahelian country in its aim to provide for a less desolate environment. An initial reaction to the diminishing forest cover due to the combined pressure exerted on it for years by man, animals, and climate consists of increasing the production. Man, consequently, will reforest in order to protect the soil, to have firewood, and to enjoy the fruits from his trees. We have come to learn, during our visits in the Sahel, that man has, for a long time, been carrying out reforestation activities often on an exclusively individual basis. Some examples from Niger and Mali are given. (author)}, keywords = {agroforestry, fuelwood}, author = {Pierre Montagne} } @article {676, title = {The Dinderesso Forestry School: Case study of extension forestry training in Burkina Faso}, journal = {Rural Africana}, volume = {23-24}, year = {1985}, month = {Fall 85-Win. 86}, pages = {107-114}, abstract = {This paper discusses the evolution of the training program at the National Forestry School of Burkina Faso and the development of a new curriculum with increased emphasis on practical training in extension forestry techniques. In retrospect, the experience gained at Dinderesso over these four years and that from other comparable forestry schools in the Sahel clearly justify a significant effort to upgrade and reorient the training of forest service field agents, in order better to prepare them to meet the challenges of environmental conservation and natural resource management in the Sahel. (author)}, keywords = {agroforestry, education, fuelwood, soils}, author = {Robert T. Winterbottom and Peter E. Linehan} } @article {545, title = {Dynamics of fallow successions and introduction of robusta coffee in shifting cultivation areas in the lowlands of Papua New Guinea}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {3}, year = {1985}, month = {September 1985}, pages = {227-238}, abstract = {The traditional shifting cultivation system in the lowlands of Papua New Guinea consists of mixed food crop gardens in which yams (Dioscorea spp.), bananas, taro (Colocasia esculenta) and sugarcane predominate. The cropping cycle is usually for 18 months, followed by a fallow cycle of up to 30 years. During the cropping cycle, two species of fruit trees, Pometia pinnata and Artocarpus altilis are also planted, the leaves of the former also being used as a mulch and green manure in yam cultivation. Fallow succession follows rather systematic patterns about which farmers have a thorough understanding. Robusta coffee, a cash-crop component, has been added to the system in some areas since the late 1950s. It is usually grown in permanent blocks, but is interplanted with Leucaena as shade. Food crops are planted in the establishment stage, bananas and Xantohosoma being retained even in mature coffee gardens. The system seems to be a potentially promising one. But very little quantitative information is available on the production and performance of the system and practically no systematic research has been undertaken. Since the Papua New Guinea fallow gardeners are willing to accept innovations, it will be appropriate and timely to undertake serious studies so that the system can be improved. A few items that merit immediate research attention are indicated. (author)}, keywords = {agroforestry, coffee, fallow successions, forestry, intercropping, Papua New Guinea, shifting cultivation}, doi = {10.1007/BF00046956}, url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00046956}, author = {Bryant J. Allen} } @book {320, title = {Environmentally sound small-scale energy projects: Guidelines for planning}, year = {1985}, month = {1985}, pages = {138}, publisher = {CODEL}, organization = {CODEL}, address = {New York}, abstract = {

The purpose of this manual is to help development workers and others to become aware of the environmental factors that should be considered in planning small-scale energy projects that are environmentally sound and therefore more likely to be sustained. Environmentally sound planning includes the physical environmental factors as well as the socioeconomic and cultural factors. This approach helps assure the protection of the renewable natural resources that supply most of the energy used in the Third World.

Traditional sources--dung, crop and forest residues, fuelwood, and human and animal energy-- make up a very significant amount of the energy used in developing countries. Estimates of how much traditional fuels are used vary, largely because of the difficulty in measuring non- commercial fuel use. Recent estimates indicate that in Asia these fuels account for about 65\% of total energy use, in Africa, about 85\%, and in Latin America, about 20\%. This masks the enormous variation both between and within countries. (author).

}, keywords = {renewable energy , small-scale energy, sustainable energy, traditional fuels}, isbn = {0-86619-171-2}, author = {Elizabeth Ann Bassan} } @book {319, title = {Environmentally sound small-scale energy projects: Guidelines for planning}, year = {1985}, month = {1985}, pages = {138}, publisher = {VITA Publications}, organization = {VITA Publications}, address = {Alexandria, VA}, abstract = {

This manual is the fourth volume in a series of publications that provide information for the planning of environmentally sound small-scale projects. Programs that aim to protect the renewable natural resources that supply most of the energy used in developing nations are suggested. Considerations are made for physical environmental factors as well as socioeconomic and cultural factors. Chapters focus on:

  1. uses and users (stating the purposes of this manual)
  2. ecology for sustainable energy development (discussing ecological concepts and processes)
  3. socioeconomic considerations of energy use (focusing attention on the role of women and the impact of social, cultural, and economic factors)
  4. energy planning for sustainable development (analyzing energy efficiency rations and suggesting energy output measuring techniques)
  5. Ulipur, Bangladesh: a case study (demonstrating how energy sources and uses are interrelated in a village setting)
  6. a process for planning energy projects (outlining planning procedures)
  7. energy sources and environmental considerations (including solar, wind, water, and biomass sources)
  8. matching energy sources with energy uses (considering household and agricultural applications)
  9. summary (identifying basic planning concepts). Appendices contain an energy conversion table, information on ecology and tropical climates, a 29-item bibliography, and sources of information.
}, keywords = {agroforestry, alternative energy sources, case studies, community development, community programs, conservation (environment), developing nations, ecological factors, energy, energy conservation, fuels, natural resources}, isbn = {0-86619-171-2}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/13093454}, author = {Elizabeth Ann Bassan}, editor = {Timothy S. Wood} } @article {565, title = {Food, coffee and Casuarina: An agroforestry system from the Papua New Guinea highlands}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {2}, year = {1985}, month = {December 1985}, pages = {273-279}, abstract = {An agroforestry farming system is described from the Papua New Guina highlands (1400 to 2100 m) that has been developed by village growers since about 1960 and has expanded rapidly since about 1970. Major components of the system are numerous species of annual and perennial food crops (especially bananas), arabica coffee and Casuarina oligodon. It provides food, a cash crop and timber for construction and fuel. It is likely that returns on labour inputs are very favourable, but no formal assessments have been made. Evaluation of the system as a whole, and research on certain key components (Casuarina ecology, banana cultivars, timing of operations) are suggested as high priority areas for systematic studies.}, keywords = {agriculture, Casuarina, coffee, food crops, forestry, highlands, Papua New Guinea}, doi = {10.1007/BF00147038}, url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00147038}, author = {R. Michael Bourke} } @article {683, title = {The fuelwood production of wooded savanna fallows in the Sudan zone of Mali}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {3}, year = {1985}, month = {March 1985}, pages = {15-23}, abstract = {The characteristics of a fallow farming system in the Sudan zone of Mali are outlined. Sorghum and bulrush millet are the staple crops (70\% of the cultivated area); groundnuts are the cash-crop (25\% of the cultivated area). On average 7 trees are kept per ha (crown cover 7\%), of which 60\% are sheabutter trees. Various productive and environmental functions of fallow periods are pointed out. Factors influencing the fallow vegetation are summarized. A concise description of a fallow vegetation succession is given. Data are presented on the shrub layer structure (mainly coppice) and wood production in relation to grazing intensity. It is calculated that 30-50\% of the fuelwood consumption of small-scale farmers can be supplied by their fallows.}, keywords = {fallow system, fallow vegetation, fuelwood production, Mali, Sudan zone, trees}, doi = {10.1007/BF00045735}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00045735}, author = {F. M. J. Ohler} } @article {684, title = {The Guesselbodi experiment: Bushland management in Niger}, journal = {Rural Africana}, volume = {23-24}, year = {1985}, month = {Fa 1985-Win 1986}, pages = {67-77}, abstract = {This article discusses the Guesselbodi forest management plan in Niger, in outline form. From the design through beginning of implementation the project is interested in long-term sustainability of the Sahelian land resource and with popular participation. The parceled national forest is being managed with many goals, both of the researchers and local villagers to maximize the restoration of degraded land and biospecies and to be viable in the long and short-term to the region are the main priorities. If this outline is not exaggerated, it is a rare example of a complementary interaction of outside scientists and local knowledge and concern. It deals with the issues of indigenous management, ineffectiveness and destruction of straight production-oriented development, the difficulties of popular participation as research cooperation. The project deals with soil erosion, restoration, fuelwood tree species, carrying capacity for rangeland and farmland, windbreaks, water harvest, agroforestry, among other enlightened development topics.}, keywords = {forest management, fuelwood, Sahel, soil conservation, soil erosion, water conservation}, author = {John G. Heermans} } @article {592, title = {Indigenous management of tropical forest ecosystems: The case of the Kayap{\'o} Indians of the Brazilian Amazon}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {3}, year = {1985}, month = {June 1985}, pages = {139-158}, abstract = {

The Kayap{\'o} Indians of Brazil\&$\#$39;s Amazon Basin are described as effective managers of tropical forest, utilizing an extensive inventory of useful native plants that are concertrated by human activity in special forest areas (resource islands, forest fields, forest openings, tuber gardens, agricultural plots, old fields, and trailsides). Long-term transplanting and selection of plants suggest semi-domestication of many species. The overall management strategies of forest also includes many manipulated animal species (birds, fish, bees, mammals) utilized as food and game. Forest patches (ap{\^e}t{\^e}) are created by Indians from campo/cerrado using planting zones made from termite and ants nests mized with mulch: formation and development of these is briefly discussed, including the implementations for new ideas concerning reforestation and campo management. Finally an intergrative cognitive model is presented showing the relationships between variants of forest and savanna recognized by the Kayap{\'o}. Indigenous knowledge of subtle similarities between conceptually distinct ecological units in the model allows for the interchange of botanical material between microclimates to increase biological diversity in managed areas. It is suggested that indigenous knowledge is extremely important in development of new strategies for forest and campo/cerrado conservation, while improving productiveness of these ecological systems. Such knowledge is not only applicable for Amaz{\^o}nian Indians, but also has far-reaching implications for human populations throughout the humid tropics.

}, keywords = {Amazon Basin, cognitive model, forest patch, horticulture, indigenous knowledge, tropical forests}, doi = {10.1007/BF00122640}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00122640}, author = {Darrell Addison Posey} } @article {614, title = {Man-made dipterocarp forest in Sumatra}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {2}, year = {1985}, note = {This paper is a slightly revised version of an internal report prepared for BIOTROP (SEAMEO - ASEAN Center for Tropical Biology). The project has been funded by BIOTROP, while the author is a French consultant to that organization.}, month = {June 1994}, pages = {103-127}, abstract = {

Traditional plantations of Shorea javanica in southern Sumatra deserve mention on three main points:

  1. it is a rare case in Indonesia of successful cultivation of an indigenous species. This species being a Dipterocarp is an even more attractive reason: Dipterocarps are in the paradoxical situation of being the largest family of timber trees in natural forests of tropical Asia but are almost never used for silvicultural purposes;
  2. the tree is grown in association with many other useful trees to constitute an agroforestry system of both cash and subsistence incomes; and
  3. such plantations represent a good potential for the production of natural resin in the humid tropics.
}, keywords = {agroforestry, Dipterocarpaceae, reforestation, resin, Sumatra}, doi = {10.1007/BF00131269}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00131269}, author = {E. Torquebiau} } @article {620, title = {Multipurpose leguminous trees and shrubs for agroforestry}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {2}, year = {1985}, note = {Adapted from a paper presented at the International Symposium on Nitrogen Fixing trees in the Tropics, 19-24 September, 1983 Rio-de-Janeiro, Brazil}, month = {September 1984}, pages = {145-163}, abstract = {There are various ways in which farmers deliberately incorporate trees and shrubs on farm production fields. Many of the species so incorporated are legumes. The role of such woody perennials in agroforestry systems can be productive and/or protective. Legumes offer by far the maximum range of choice of woody species for agroforestry in terms of their economic uses as well as ecological adaptibility. In addition to the several leguminous woody species that are well known in agroforestry, there are many more whose potentials have not yet been fully understood. An evaluation is presented of the agroforestry potentials of a few leguminous species from the point of view of their growth characteristics, ecological adaptability, combining ability with other species and uses/functions. The science of agroforestry is still in its infancy. There exists no research data on the various management aspects of these potentially promising group of plants. ICRAF, in its capacity as an international research council, has assembled several multipurpose leguminous trees and shrubs of agroforestry potential at the Council{\textquoteright}s recently-established Field Station in Machakos, Kenya, primarily for demonstration and training purposes. Initial results from these trials are presented in the paper.}, keywords = {Africa, agroforestry systems, coffee shade, ecological adaptability, Leucaena leucocephala, woody perennial}, doi = {10.1007/BF00147030}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00147030}, author = {P. K. R. Nair and E. C. M. Fernandes and P. N. Wambugu} } @inbook {899, title = {Native cultures and protected areas: Management options}, booktitle = {Culture and conservation: The human dimension in environmental planning}, year = {1985}, note = {Chapter 2}, month = {1985}, pages = {33-44}, publisher = {Croom Helm}, organization = {Croom Helm}, address = {London}, abstract = {On their own lands, the culturally native populations of Latin America protect large areas in natural ecosystems and achieve a renewable resource of a living environment. This relation can be reinforced by each of the four management options for the formal designation and organization or protected areas which are outlined in this paper: native owned lands, where the protection of the area is by native peoples; reserves, where a protected natural area corresponds with the territory of a particular native population; buffer zones, where a protected area serves as a physical or ecological barrier between native lands and the lands of others; and research stations, where certain areas under native management are organized as agricultural or ecological research stations.}, keywords = {common property, commons, community forestry, forest management, land tenure, land use, natural resource management}, author = {Leslie A. Brownrigg}, editor = {Jeffrey A. McNeely and David Pitt} } @article {640, title = {Promising agroforestry systems in Venezuela}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {3}, year = {1985}, month = {June 1985}, pages = {209-221}, abstract = {

The main agroforestry systems in Venezuela are the multispecies plant associations in integrated coffee production system and the silvopastoral system. This paper describes the functional and structural aspects of these systems. The multilayered coffee production systems are practised mainly in the premontane moist forest of the Andes region, but are also found in other areas of the country. Various tree species are used for shade and as fence in big coffee plantations, whereas in small units with traditional production pattern, coffee is planted along with many other species, often constituting a 3\–4 layer canopy. Available data are presented on the production as well as some socioeconomic aspects. The silvopastoral systems are found in the tropical dry forest (savannas) and in the very dry tropical forest of the semiarid zones of the country. A large number of trees and shrubs are found in these pastoral areas where they play both productive (fodder and feed) and service (shelter) roles.

Although both these systems are practised over large areas of the country, practically no research has been done to improve them. In order to strengthen national capability to undertake such research, international support of cash and as well as technical advice is needed. (author)

}, keywords = {agroforestry systems, browsing, coffee production, fodder trees, silvopastoral systems, Venezuela}, doi = {10.1007/BF00122644}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00122644}, author = {Eduardo E. Escalante} } @article {647, title = {Scientific forestry and social change in Uttarakhand}, journal = {Economic and Political Weekly}, volume = {20}, year = {1985}, month = {Novemebr 1985}, pages = {1939-1952}, abstract = {

This paper, a study of the development of forestry science in the hill districts of Uttar Pradesh collectively known as Uttarakhand, addresses itself to three sets of issues;

  1. the utilisation of forests in the indigenous social system;
  2. the specific forms of state intervention, and the interpretation of scientific techniques in terms of traditional patterns of resource use; and
  3. the social changes that were a consequence of scientific forestry.

In contradistinction to other studies, this paper focuses on the content of colonial forestry science, with a view to understanding its social and cultural underpinnings. It is argued that the structure of forestry science was predicated on its \"other\"-viz the cultural and social meaning traditionally ascribed to the forests in different parts of India. Having disrupted existing forms of resource utilisation, scientific forestry had to contend with recurrent and widespread protest. This led to the evolution of sophisticated techniques, described in this paper, that could meet the often conflicting aims of commercial timber production and the preemption of peasant protest. Not surprisingly, this lead to a major dislocation in agrarian relations in Uttarakhand.

}, keywords = {agroforestry}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/4375015}, author = {Ramachandra Guha} } @book {285, title = {A socio-economic study of the areas affected by the HADO-project, Tanzania}, series = {Report no. 11}, year = {1985}, month = {1985}, pages = {28}, publisher = {University of Stockholm (Development Study Unit, Department of Social Anthropology)}, organization = {University of Stockholm (Development Study Unit, Department of Social Anthropology)}, address = {Stockholm}, abstract = {

This project will:

}, keywords = {agroforestry, Tanzania}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/23123400}, author = {Wilhelm {\"O}stberg} } @article {652, title = {Soil and water conservation as a starting point for rural forestry: The OXFAM Project in Ouahigouya, Burkina Faso}, journal = {Rural Africana}, volume = {23-24}, year = {1985}, month = {Fall {\textquoteright}85-Win {\textquoteright}86}, pages = {79-85}, abstract = {This paper is a case study of the agroforestry program also known as the Microcatchment Project, funded by OXFAM in the Yatenga region of Burkina Faso. The area has a history of overuse of land resources leading to a decrease in the arable surface and severe degradation of the environment. Past efforts to improve the farmers{\textquoteright} situation have met largely with failure, while traditional methods of adapting were innovative but insufficient. The project, by relying on the farmers{\textquoteright} participation to develop techniques of water conservation, has shown that land degradation can be reversed and food production increased by the farmers themselves.}, keywords = {Burkina Faso, food production, microcatchment, OXFAM, water conservation}, author = {Peter Wright and Edouard G. Bonkoungou} } @inbook {915, title = {Some effects of the Dai people{\textquoteright}s cultural beliefs and practices upon the plant environment of Xishuangbanna, Yunnan Province, Southwest China}, booktitle = {Cultural values and human ecology in southeast Asia}, series = {Michigan papers on south and southeast Asia no. 27}, year = {1985}, note = {Chapter 13}, month = {1985}, pages = {321-339}, publisher = {University of Michigan Center for South and Southeast Asian Studies}, organization = {University of Michigan Center for South and Southeast Asian Studies}, address = {Ann Arbor, MI}, abstract = {This paper details the effects that several cultural practices of the Dai people (a national minority) of Southwest China (Yunnan Province) have on plant environment. Some of these are the introduction and distribution of locally cultivated plants and its link to Hinayana Buddhism; and the preservation of certain pristine forests due to a "Holy Hills" ideology. Also includes the economic and ecological significance of Dai fuelwood cultivation as it relates to conservation.}, keywords = {agroforestry, ethnobotany}, isbn = {0-89148-039-0}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/13134089}, author = {Pei Sheng-ji}, editor = {Karl L. Hutterer and A. Terry Rambo and George W. Lovelace} } @article {656, title = {Some socioeconomic and environmental aspects of forest use by lowland farmers in Leyte, Philippines and their implications for agricultural development and forest management}, journal = {Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society}, volume = {13}, year = {1985}, month = {December 1985}, pages = {282-296}, abstract = {Public forests in central Leyte, Philippines provide an important source of annual food crops, perennial cash crops, and rattan and timber to lowland farmers. Household economic dependence upon and uses made of forest resources are associated with relative access to lowland-based activities, especially production of irrigated rice. Households unable to procure sufficient food staples through on or off-farm labor in the lowlands utilize adjacent public forests to cultivate subsistence food crops and to collect forest products. Households able to procure a larger portion of their food staples from lowland-based enterprises depend less upon forests and utilize them primarily for supplementary food production and perennial cash cropping. Current forest farming and forest product collecting activities, especially in annual food-focussed farms, result in erosion, soil degradation and gradual destruction of the indigenous flora. The importance of understanding and incorporating variable household economic dependence on and uses made of forest resources is discussed in relation to the introduction of appropriate strata-specific soil conservation, agroforestry and forest management measures.}, keywords = {forest resources, lowlands, public forests, rattan work, social forestry, soil conservation, soil erosion, sustainable agriculture}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/29791868}, author = {Stephen F. Siebert and Jill M. Belsky} } @article {660, title = {Strategies for forestry development in the West African Sahel: An overview}, journal = {Rural Africana}, volume = {23-24}, year = {1985}, month = {Fall {\textquoteright}85-Win {\textquoteright}86}, pages = {5-19}, abstract = {A wide variety of forestry projects have been launched across the West African Sahel in recent years, part of the broader development assistance program established in response to the last Sahelian drought. Although many of these efforts are less than five years old, there are already important lessons to be learned, lessons that call for a profound review of strategies adopted thus far, lessons that point the way toward new approaches to forestry development across the region. Only a brief review of forestry strategy and experience to date will be possible in this overview. After defining the region and briefly outlining the multiple role of forests and forestry, the paper will review strategies used in forestry development in the Sahel, examine selected initial results, and outline elements of the reorientation that will be needed to place future sector development on a sounder footing. (author)}, keywords = {agroforestry, reforestation}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1764644}, author = {George F. Taylor II and Moustapha Soumare} } @article {704, title = {Traditional agroforestry, parcel management, and social forestry development in a pioneer agricultural community: The case of Jala-jala, Rizal, Philippines}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {3}, year = {1985}, month = {December 1985}, pages = {317-337}, abstract = {This paper overviews a variety of traditional agroforestry systems found in a small community of Filipino migrant farmers. Background information provides context, and then case studies of seven farmers are offered to illustrate the functions which their agroforestries fulfill in a situation of parcellization of farm-holdings into both level and sloping fields. The implications of the brief portraits presented for further research and development and for the acceptability of a social forestry program now going on in the community are suggested.}, keywords = {agroforestry, farm fragmentation, farm management, hillside agriculture, Philippines, rapid rural appraisal, social forestry}, doi = {10.1007/BF00055715}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00055715}, author = {Harold Olofson} } @proceedings {412, title = {Understanding tree use in farming systems: Based on the Workshop on Planning Fuelwood Projects with Participation of Rural People, Lilongwe, Malawi, 12-30 November 1984}, year = {1985}, month = {1985}, publisher = {FAO}, address = {Rome}, abstract = {The purpose of the Workshop was twofold: first, to provide the participants with relevant and practically useful information on farming systems--to show that planning for tree- planting in rural areas must take account of complex, established systems of food production, livestock management, and off-farm income, and that it must appreciate the major social relationships; second, to acquaint participants with the basic information on rural societies that was necessary for successful planning and the main methods of acquiring such information.}, keywords = {agroforestry, fuelwood}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/25636078}, author = {FAO Workshop on Planning Fuelwood Projects with Participation of Rural People} } @article {724, title = {Women and agroforestry: Four myths and three case studies}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {2}, year = {1985}, month = {December 1985}, pages = {253-272}, abstract = {Women are traditionally important participants in both the agricultural and forestry components of agroforestry production. Women are frequently ignored in the design of agroforestry projects because of commonly held myths about their participation in both production activities and in public life. The involvement of women in agroforestry projects and activities are examined in case studies from the Dominican Republic, India and Kenya. Considerations for including women in agroforestry projects are discussed. (author)}, keywords = {agriculture, forestry, women}, doi = {10.1007/BF00147037}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00147037}, author = {Louise Fortmann and Dianne E. Rocheleau} } @inbook {855, title = {Agroforestry in shifting cultivation control programmes in India}, booktitle = {Social, economic, and institutional aspects of agroforestry}, year = {1984}, month = {1984}, pages = {61-67}, publisher = {The United National University}, organization = {The United National University}, address = {Tokyo}, abstract = {About 7000 B.C., according to the archaeological evidence (Childe 1956) mankind began to change its mode of life from food gathering to food cultivation, by adopting shifting cultivation which is, historically, a transitional stage towards more permanent agriculture. As the years passed, the peoples living in river valleys advanced rapidly and brought about a number of institutional and technological changes; but meanwhile some of the people living in remote areas continued in the blind alley of shifting cultivation and failed to take part in the progress towards culture and civilization. However, in the development of a country all sections of society need to be involved, including the backward shifting cultivators, all are equally entitled to the benefits of civilization and development. For these reasons programmes for the control of shifting cultivation have become important, particularly in tropical countries, and agro-forestry has played a pivotal role in these programmes. (author)}, keywords = {agroforestry, India}, isbn = {92-808-0502-9}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/12640944}, author = {E. S. Thangam}, editor = {J. K. Jackson} } @article {511, title = {Alternative styles in living resources management: The case of James Bay}, journal = {Environments}, volume = {16}, year = {1984}, month = {1984}, pages = {114-123}, abstract = {This document looks at the impact of the James Bay hydroelectric development project on the Cree people, who are mainly hunters initially opposed to the project, but finally signed an agreement in 1975 with the government and developers. The fish and wildlife resource use practices of the Cree, the feasibility of the continuation of these practices in the light of the agreement they signed, and the development project are discussed.}, keywords = {Cree, hydroelectric, James Bay}, author = {Fikret Berkes} } @article {535, title = {Conservation and rural development: Towards an integrated approach}, journal = {The Environmentalist}, volume = {4}, year = {1984}, month = {July 1984}, pages = {60-67}, abstract = {

The overall goal of rural development programmes should be the reduction of poverty, unemployment, malnutrition and inequity, and an integral part of all these programmes is the introduction of a positive rural landuse strategy, which recognizes the prime importance of food production, but at the same time safeguards soil and representative areas of natural ecosystems. The goal of theWorld Conservation Strategy is the integration of conservation and development so that we may all have a way of life which is sustainable. However, it is becoming increasingly difficult to sustain legitimate human demands because high rates of human population growth, coupled with a high rate of world economic growth are threatening the four basic biological systems that support the global economy, the grasslands, fisheries, croplands and forests.

This paper gives an outline of how these systems are threatened, with emphasis on the relationship between rural development, as defined by theWorld Conservation Strategy, conservation and environmental degradation. The importance of determining felt needs and aspirations in designing both conservation and rural development activities is discussed, with particular reference to the advantages and disadvantages of traditional life-styles.

}, keywords = {development programme, ecology, economic growth, environmental management, human population, natural conservation, population growth}, doi = {10.1007/BF01907295}, url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF01907295}, author = {J. Hanks} } @inbook {862, title = {Contemporary Inuit exploitation of the sea-ice environment}, booktitle = {Sikumiut: People who use the sea-ice}, year = {1984}, note = {Chapter 8}, month = {1984}, pages = {73-95}, publisher = {Canadian Arctic Resources Committee}, organization = {Canadian Arctic Resources Committee}, address = {Ottawa, ON}, abstract = {To survive as hunters on arctic and subarctic coasts, Inuit have required expert knowledge of the demanding and dynamic sea-ice environment. This particular environment occurs through four of the six seasons of the Inuit year, namely ukia (late autumn), ukiu (winter), upingoaksak (early spring), and upingoa (spring). This paper presents certain aspects of contemporary Inuit use and knowledge of the sea-ice environment, an environment that continues to be of major importance, and of growing concern, to Inuit societies in Alaska, Canada, and Greenland.}, keywords = {American Indians, aquaculture, Eskimos, marine resources, Native Americans}, isbn = {0-919996-28-0}, author = {Milton M. R. Freeman}, editor = {Alan Cooke and Edie Van Alstine} } @inbook {864, title = {Cultural beliefs and management of agroecosystems}, booktitle = {An introduction to human ecology research on agricultural systems in southeast Asia}, year = {1984}, month = {December 1984}, publisher = {University of the Philippines at Los Ba{\~n}os and East-West Center.}, organization = {University of the Philippines at Los Ba{\~n}os and East-West Center.}, address = {Laguna, Phillippines and Honolulu, HI}, abstract = {This excerpt concerns the use of indigenous knowledge in ecological research and educational programs. It outlines ways in which incorporation of indigenous knowledge was and is useful (if not vital) to said projects. Also included is information about Orang Asli in the Malausian rainforest, particularly their implementation of weapons technology.}, keywords = {curriculum, Malaysia, rainforests}, isbn = {0866380620; 9780866380621}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/11290046}, author = {George W. Lovelace}, editor = {A. Terry Rambo and Percy E. Sajise} } @article {543, title = {Development policy, forests, and peasant farms: Reflections on Huastec-managed forests{\textquoteright} contributions to commercial production and resource conservation}, journal = {Economic Botany}, volume = {38}, year = {1984}, month = {Oct-Dec 1984}, pages = {389-406}, abstract = {The Huastec Indians of northeastern Mexico manage their forests in an indigenous system that integrates commercial and subsistence production. Elements of primary and secondary forest coexist with introduced species in this diverse silvi-cultural structure which complements the swidden and permanent agriculture fields of the Huastec farmstead. The forest{\textquoteright}s direct production of the food, timber, and fuel resources discussed here buffers the Huastec peasant family against market fluctuations and the failed harvest of a single crop. The Huastec system of forest management offers an alternative pattern to the agroforestry and plantation schemes now being suggested for development in the tropics. It is an alternative that provides protection for wild genetic resources while it contributes to the combination of commercial and subsistence agriculture so important for the successful modernization of peasant agriculture. The documentation of this system demonstrates that ethnobotanists and economic botanists have an important but unrealized role to play in the protection of biotic resources and in the development of sustained yield agroecosystems for peasants. The contributions of ethnobotanists are particularly valuable because they can find where and why useful wild species persist in agroecosystems. A greater effort to direct the attentions of policy makers to the value of ethnobotanical knowledge is needed. (author)}, keywords = {biogeography, ethnobotany, Huastec, life sciences, general, Mexico, plant ecology, plant sciences, plant systematics, taxonomy}, doi = {10.1007/BF02859077}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/4254676}, author = {Janis B. Alcorn} } @article {681, title = {The economy of the Batek of Malaysia: Annual and historical perspectives}, journal = {Research in Economic Anthropology}, volume = {6}, year = {1984}, month = {1984}, pages = {29-52}, abstract = {This paper describes and provides an analyses of the economy of one Semang group, the Batek De{\textquoteright} of Kelantan. The paper focuses on the variation in economic activity, both seasonally and historically (since 1875), and attempt to determine the principles that govern these variations. Also, an attempt to explain why the Batek follow a hunter-gather lifeway rather than another possible way of life (i.e., swidden) is made.}, keywords = {agriculture, aquatic resources, Batek, Batek De{\textquoteright}, economic anthropology, economics, fishing, gathering, hunter-gatherer, hunting, Kelantan, Lebir River, Malaysia, peasants, rattan trading, Semang, trading}, author = {Kirk Endicott} } @article {554, title = {Ethnoecology as applied anthropology in Amazonian development}, journal = {Human Organization}, volume = {43}, year = {1984}, month = {Summer 1984}, pages = {95-107}, abstract = {Social and ecological devastation in Amazonia necessitates alternative strategies for sustained, ecologically sound development. The study of indigenous ecological knowledge (ethnoecology) is shown to offer the bases for these new strategies. Six catagories of folk knowledge are explored: gathered products, game, aquaculture, agriculture, resource units and cosmology. A set of recommendations for systematic ethnoecological research is offered, the application of which will not only identify new categories of resources, but also offer alternative resource management strategies to bring the benefits of development to all residents of Amazonia. (author)}, keywords = {Amazonia, Amazonian development, economic development, ethnoecology, indigenous, indigenous perception, knowledge, subsistence strategies}, url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/44125834 }, author = {Darrell A. Posey and John Frechione and John Eddins and Luiz Francelino Da Silva and Debbie Myers and Diane Case and Peter MacBeath} } @book {323, title = {Farm and community forestry}, series = {Energy Information Programme Technical Report no. 3}, year = {1984}, month = {1984}, pages = {236}, publisher = {Earthscan, International Institute for Environment and Development}, organization = {Earthscan, International Institute for Environment and Development}, address = {London; Washington, DC}, abstract = {This is a portion (Chapters 2 through 6) of the book. Chapter 2, "Traditions of Tree Cultivation" discusses the old and widespread tradition of agroforestry. The use of trees to increase agricultural productivity and to enrich the soil is an ancient practice. Trees are often used for fodder, windbreaks, boundaries, etc. Trees also provide cash crops (coconuts, rubber, gum arabic, commercial firewood, etc.). Chapter 3, "The Causes of Tree Depletion" covers the causes of tree depletion. Trees are being cut down at accellerating rates in order to provide firewood and agricultural land. This can be constructively done under the proper circumstances, but often unsuitable land is being left open for erosion. The basic problem is that human and animal populations are growing at a faster rate than trees can match. Organized efforts to combat the problem have thus far succeeded only in revealing its magnitude. Chapter 4, "Constraints on Tree Growing" describes some constraints to tree planting in developing nations. Some farmers believe that trees harbor insects or harmful birds. In other localities, a shortage of trees is not yet apparent. Communal ownership of land may make people reluctant to take responsibility for trees. In semiarid areas (where trees might do the most good), trees are hardest to plant and care for. Chapter 5, "Farm Forestry" discusses the commercial growing of trees on private land. Wealthier farmers can afford large-scale operations with high start-up costs. Poorer farmers might raise a few trees for lumber or nuts, etc., if the cost is negligible. Cash incentives and credit plans might enable more farmers to grow more trees. A farm forestry plan must (1) provide support to all classes of farmers, (2) provide a clear social and environmental benefit, and (3) avoid harming the local job situation (trees can be less labor-intensive than other crops). Chapter 6, "Tree Growing for Family Uses" examines "family forestry" (tree-based subsistance farming). Such operations are generally simple to set up but must meet some locally perceived need. It may take years for trees to prove themselves as moneymakers.}, keywords = {coppicing, fuelwood, pollarding, traditional agroforestry, trees}, isbn = {0-905347-53-6; 978-0-905347-53-0}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/11877494}, author = {Gerald Foley and G.W. Barnard} } @article {734, title = {Fuelwood, agro-forestry, and natural resource management: The development significance of land tenure and other resource management/utilization systems}, year = {1984}, note = {Prepared for U.S. AID/PPC/PDPR under Purchase Order OTR-0000-0-00-3441-00, April 1984}, month = {April 1984}, publisher = {Institute for Development Anthropology}, address = {Binghamton, New York}, abstract = {

Traditions of tree planting vary. Some societies saw no need to plant any trees, others planted a few for fruit, shade or poles, a few others had elaborate agro-forestry systems, making effective use of many species. In nearly all societies, people knew a great deal about trees and their properties, as demonstrated by the many detailed ethnobotanical studies. (author)

Looked at in this paper are the topics of tree planting - who plants and why, factors in tree planting, seed supply, soil, rainfall, pests, etc., along with a list of trees planted in different parts of Africa.
This paper contains part (G)-Tree Planting-of the manuscript Fuelwood, Agro-Forestry, and Natural Resource Management: The Development Significance of Land Tenure and Other Resource Management/Utilization Systems. This paper also contains a working bibliography for the manuscript; however, one page is missing.

}, keywords = {Africa, agroforestry, ethnobotany, forestry, fuelwood, land administration, land tenure, natural resources, Tanzania, trees}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4433438576}, author = {David Brokensha and Alfonso H. Peter Castro and Manasendu Kundu and Barry Hewlett} } @article {685, title = {The Ikalahan experience: A forest-dwelling people{\textquoteright}s journey on the rugged terrain of development}, journal = {Tropical Forests}, volume = {1}, year = {1984}, month = {1984}, pages = {18-29}, abstract = {I shall describe the Ikalahan of Nueva Vizcaya, Philippines, a forest-dwelling society with whom I have had extensive experience and involvement. I shall make a brief description of their journey on the rugged terrain of forest development and then I will bring together some of the basic lessons and principles which are to be learned from their experience, which will make their experience applicable to other peoples in other places and the total concept replicable in other parts of Southeast Asia. (author)}, keywords = {ASEAN, common property, communal forest, fish, forest management, Philippines, women}, author = {Delbert Rice} } @book {342, title = {Improved production systems as an alternative to shifting cultivation}, series = {FAO Soils Bulletin no. 53}, year = {1984}, month = {1984}, pages = {201}, publisher = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}, organization = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}, address = {Rome}, abstract = {Shifting cultivation, under its diverse forms of slash and burn systems, is a traditional method of cultivating tropical upland soils, mostly for subsistence purposes. During the rest or fallow periods intervening between crops, the natural fertility of the soil is restored for renewed utilization in a subsequent period of crop growth. This traditional system of cultivation is in ecological balance with the environment and does not irreversibly degrade the soil resource, provided a sufficient length of fallow is allowed for soil restoration.}, keywords = {agricultural systems, agroecology, agroforestry, alley cropping, appropriate technology and intermediate technology, climate, farming systems, horticulture, livestock, rainfall, research , shifting cultivation, soil management, watersheds}, isbn = {92-5-102121-X}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/11418879}, author = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). Soil Resources, Management and Conservation Service} } @book {343, title = {Indigenous agroforestry in the northeast Peruvian Amazon: Report of the University of Wisconsin-Unversidad Nacional de la Amazonia Peruana Man and the biosphere program project, 1981-1983}, series = {Man and the Biosphere Program}, year = {1984}, month = {May 1, 1984}, pages = {281}, publisher = {Institute for Environmental Studies, Univeristy of Wisconsin, Madison}, organization = {Institute for Environmental Studies, Univeristy of Wisconsin, Madison}, address = {Madison [WI]}, abstract = {

A bibliography is provided for the titles included in the report, including Part III. The Marketing of Forest and Fallow Products: Christine Padoch, which is not represented in the CIKARD library. Titles included in the subsections of this document are:

It has been noted by the editor that: Material in this Report is not to be used without permission from the appropriate subsection authors.

}, keywords = {agroforestry, Peru}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/13142952}, editor = {William M. Denevan} } @article {582, title = {Indigenous agroforestry in the Peruvian Amazon: Bora Indian management of swidden fallows}, journal = {Interciencia}, volume = {9}, year = {1984}, month = {Nov.-Dec. 1984}, pages = {346-357}, abstract = {The purpose of this paper is to examine the swidden fallows of an Amazon native group, the Bora of eastern Peru, with the objective of demonstrating how fields are gradually abandoned. This contrasts with most studies of shifting cultivation which focus on why fields are abandoned, and which present a sharp distinction between the field (swidden) and the abandoned field (fallow). For the Bora there is no clear transition between swidden and fallow, but rather a continuum from a swidden dominated by cultivated plants to an old fallow composed entirely of natural vegetation. Thirty-five years or more may be required before the latter condition prevails. Abandonment is not a moment in time but rather a process over time. (author)}, keywords = {ethnobotany, fallow, multistory, Native Americans, Peru, swiddens}, author = {William M. Denevan and John M. Treacy and Janis B. Alcorn and Christine Padoch and Julie Sloan Denslow and Salvadore Flores Pait{\'a}n} } @conference {768, title = {Indigenous irrigated production in S E Ghana: Lessons for the design of small holder irrigation schemes}, booktitle = {African Regional Symposium on Small Holder Irrigation, 5-7 September 1984, Harare, Zimbabwe}, year = {1984}, month = {Sept. 5-7 1984}, pages = {427-437}, publisher = {University of Zimbabwe}, organization = {University of Zimbabwe}, address = {Harare, Zimbabwe}, abstract = {This paper describes a system of indigenous irrigated production in S.E. Ghana and, more briefly, two irrigation schemes. It draws attention to the adaptation of cultivation practices to local ecological and climatic conditions in the indigenous system. The variety of tenure and other community arrangements providing access to land, labor and financial resources are also described. The ability of this system to adjust to deteriorating national economic conditions, and forms of adjustment are noted. Aspects of organization of the two development schemes are described, particularly to examine extent of farmer involvement. This is found to be constrained, leading to doubts on the viability of these projects or their benefit to small holders and government. (author)}, keywords = {smallholders, water }, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/19403156}, author = {N. G. Chisholm}, editor = {M. J. Blackie} } @article {616, title = {Marine conservation in relation to traditional life-styles of tropical artisanal fishermen}, journal = {The Environmentalist}, volume = {4}, year = {1984}, month = {July 1984}, pages = {30-35}, abstract = {

Managing a resource involves regulating the behaviour of the people whose activities affect that resource. In order to do so effectively, therefore, it is necessary to study not only the resource itself, but also the local methods, traditions and knowledge associated with its use. Artisanal fishermen often act in ways that deliberately or inadvertently function as conservation measures. Such traditional practices include the observation of fishing rights (a form of limited entry), and self-imposed closed seasons, closed areas, and gear restrictions. Management and conservation laws that are compatible with such customs are more liable to achieve public acceptance than those that are perceived as alien. Such acceptance is especially important in developing tropical countries because money and personnel available for enforcement are generally minimal.

Scientific knowledge concerning natural resources in the tropics is often inadequate. Traditional users of these resources possess knowledge about them that can be of considerable value to conservationists and resource managers. Such knowledge includes information on fish migrations, the timing and location of spawning of various species and the locations of important fishing sites that should be protected from deleterious human activities such as pollution, dredging and filling.

}, keywords = {conservation measure, fishing, local method, resource manager, scientific knowledge}, doi = {10.1007/BF01907290}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01907290}, author = {R. E. Johannes} } @article {624, title = {Natural biological compounds traditionally used as pesticides and medicines}, journal = {The Environmentalist}, volume = {4}, year = {1984}, month = {July 1984}, pages = {11-14}, abstract = {Although a knowledge of bioactive substances found in plants and used traditionally as pesticides and medicines is important, the value of these traditions is difficult to assess without having further information on the preparation and production of the active ingredients. An overview is presented on the role of traditional medicines in national development, and the present status of these medicines. In addition, information is presented on the plants that are traditionally used in pest control, together with a review of the main bioactive compounds in plants used traditionally as pesticides and medicines.}, keywords = {bioactive compound, ecology, environmental management, ethnobotany, natural conservation}, doi = {10.1007/BF01907285}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01907285}, author = {Sasongko S. Adisewojo and Sidik Tjokronegoro and Rukmiati Tjokronegoro} } @article {635, title = {Plant species in the Kilimanjaro agroforestry system}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {2}, year = {1984}, month = {September 1984}, pages = {177-186}, abstract = {An inventory of plant species was conducted on farms, farm boundaries and homesteads in the Kilimanjaro agroforestry system. The survey covered 30 farms in 6 villages in Hai District on the slolpes of Mount Kilimanjaro, Tanzania. Over 100 plant species spread over 40 families were identified and their uses obtained through interviews with farmers. The species identified include 53 tree species, 29 food crop species, 21 non-woody plants of economic value and 8 weed species. The food crops, trees and other economically useful plants are carefully chosen by the local farmers and intimately intercropped on the same unit of land. In most cases, the plants had two or more uses of which food, fuelwood, medicine, poles, timber and fodder were the most important. (author)}, keywords = {agroforestry, biodiversity, Chagga home gardens, Kilimanjaro, multiple cropping, multipurpose plants}, doi = {10.1007/BF00147032}, url = {http://rd.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00147032$\#$}, author = {A. O{\textquoteright}kting{\textquoteright}ati and J. A. Maghembe and E. C. M. Fernandes and G. H. Weaver} } @conference {802, title = {The role of governments and international agencies in conservation and rural development}, booktitle = {The Environmentalist}, volume = {4}, year = {1984}, pages = {8-10}, abstract = {The role of intergovernmental and nongovernmental international agencies in conservation and rural development is contrasted with the role of governments. The inseparable relationship between conservation and development provides the only basis for the long-term success of either activity. Governments are advised to pay attention to the concept of ecodevelopment, in which provision is made for meeting basic needs, and achieving self-reliance within a context of ecological sustainability.}, keywords = {NonGovernmental Organizations (NGOs)}, author = {Raymond F. Dasmann} } @article {697, title = {The Talun-Kebun system, a modified shifting cultivation, in West Java}, journal = {The Environmentalist}, volume = {4, Supplement 7}, year = {1984}, month = {1984}, pages = {96-98}, abstract = {

The talun is a man-made forest consisting of a mixture of economic tree species, usually with an undergrowth of a mixture of annual plants. It has a multistorey structure and gives good protection to the soil against the erosive forces of rain, as well as being a genetic resource. The talun is privately owned and on the average a family has 1 to 2 hectares.

In the talun a shifting cultivation is practised by rotating a garden, called the kebun, which is planted with a mixture of cash crops. The cycle of the rotation is about 8 years. The opening for the kebun is created by harvesting the trees and bamboo by clear or selective cutting and heavy pruning. Hence, the talun-kebun system is essentially shifting cultivation in a man-made forest. Because of the high economic returns, it is capable of carrying a high population density on a sustainable basis.

}, keywords = {Java, shifting cultivation}, doi = {10.1016/S0251-1088(84)90466-2}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0251108884904662}, author = {Otto Soemarwoto} } @article {716, title = {Use of multipurpose trees in hill farming systems in Western Nepal}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {2}, year = {1984}, month = {September 1984}, pages = {187-197}, abstract = {

A large number of multipurpose trees and shrubs are deliberately retained or incorporated on farms in the subsistence farming systems on the steep slopes in parts of Nepal. Woody perennials are maintained in contour strips across the slopes and around the fields. The contribution of these trees is the production of foder and firewood and their protective function in reducing the erosion hazards and thereby making crop production possible in those steep slopes where profitable cropping would otherwise be extremely difficult. Based on a case study in two villages of the Western Development Region, this paper presents some data on basic farm management aspects, production of crops and other components, etc. of the system. The performance of the system is assessed and its merits and weakness highlighted.

Although the hill farming system extends over quite a large area and accounts for a large number of Nepal\&$\#$39;s population, it has not received any research attention nor benefitted by any scientific innovations. Improvement possibilities in terms of component technologies as well as farming systems including the incorporation of the several locally available medicinal plants are indicated. (author)

}, keywords = {agroforestry, erosion control, hill farming, medicinal plants, multipurpose trees, Nepal}, doi = {10.1007/BF00147033}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00147033}, author = {Peter F. Fonzen and Erich Oberholzer} } @article {726, title = {Women, wood and work in Kenya and beyond}, journal = {Unasylva}, volume = {36}, year = {1984}, month = {April 1984}, pages = {36-43}, abstract = {

The fuelwood crisis is discussed in the context of broader issues relating to poverty and land use, in which women are involved. Kenya is taken as a case study to illustrate the potential and limitations of tree-planting projects. The National Council of Women of Kenya is one of the major women\&$\#$39;s networks in a country with a strongly developed national network of women\&$\#$39;s organizations. It has developed a strong and active tree-planting programme with two major components \— the Green Belt movement and tree nursery development. The latter is a social forestry project; by 1982 there were over 50 nurseries and the project is expanding. A broader role is urged for women in decision-making and in wider political and economic influence.

[agroforestry, sustainabable Ag abstract] This article discusses the need for tree production in Kenya to meet growing fuelwood needs. Because of the role of women in society, projects have been directed specifically towards women. Women\&$\#$39;s clubs provide information and assistance for women to develop nurseries. The author notices weaknesses in the program which include:

  1. no participation among the poorest, most burdened women,
  2. over-centralized project management,
  3. project sustainability may depend on a single person, and
  4. socio-economic and political constraints.

Despite these barriers, women can gain valuable experience, resources, and income throughout developing countries with the introduction of these nurseries.

}, keywords = {Green Belt Movement, social forestry, tree nursery}, url = {http://www.fao.org/docrep/r0465e/r0465e06.htm$\#$women,\%20wood\%20and\%20work:\%20in\%20kenya\%20and\%20beyond}, author = {Lori-Ann Thrupp} } @book {287, title = {Adaptive responses of native Amazonians}, series = {Studies in anthropology}, year = {1983}, month = {1983}, pages = {516 pp.}, publisher = {Academic Press}, organization = {Academic Press}, address = {New York}, abstract = {The present description concerns shifting cultivation among the Machiguenga, Native American inhabitants of the tropical rainforest of the Upper Amazon, specifically, a community on the Kompiroshiato River, a tributary of the Urubamba River in the department of Cuzco, Peru. The language is of the Arawakan family, and is closely allied to that of the Amuesha, Campa, and Piro Indians, who also inhabit the montana of Southeastern Peru. As is typical of the montana region, Machiguenga settlements vary from single families to small hamlets of related families located on a stream that provides clean water for household needs, near a river suitable for fishing, and with abundant forest for hunting and from which gardens are cleared. Population density is 0.3 persons/km2. The Machiguenga spend nearly as much time procuring wild foods as they do cultivating their gardens, but it is from their gardens that the vast bulk of their food derives, including a great overproduction of starchy tubers for food security under isolated and vulnerable living conditions. (author)}, keywords = {Amazon River Valley, human ecology, Indians of South America, social conditions, social life and customs}, isbn = {0-12-321250-2}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/8827760}, editor = {Raymond B. Hames and William T. Vickers} } @book {394, title = {The agroforestry approach to land development: Potentials and constraints}, year = {1983}, month = {Feb. 5-12, 1983}, pages = {24 leaves}, publisher = {International Council for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF)}, organization = {International Council for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF)}, address = {Kigali, Rwanda; Nairobi, Kenya}, abstract = {Prepared for the Seminar on Agricultural Research in Rwanda: Assessment and Perspectives, Kigali, Rwanda, February 5-12, 1983 (International Seminar "Agricultural Research in Rwanda: Assessment and Perspectives"). Agroforestry is a collective name for a broad range of land use systems and technologies in which woody perennials are deliberately combined on the same land management unit with herbaceous crops and/or animals, either in some form of spatial arrangement or temporal sequence. In the Rwanda context there are many significant agroforestry potentials which could be developed. As a relatively new field of applied scientific activity, however, agroforestry presently labours under a number of social, scientific and institutional constraints. In order to fulfill its instututional role as a catalytic agent in the promotion of sound agroforestry approaches to land development, ICRAF is endeavoring to develop and disseminate methodological tools for overcoming these constraints and to identify secure institutional niches for agroforestry research and development activities. In the context of a broadly conceived "farming systems" approach to rural development, ICRAF{\textquoteright}s diagnostic and design methodology of "midstream" R\&D projects which integrate closely with improved extension methods emphasizing a two-way flow of information between responsible government agencies and their rural clients. Following a brief presentation of the main points of this methodology, a possible programme scenerio for agroforestry development in Rwanda is explored. (author)}, keywords = {agroforestry}, url = {http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNABC623.pdf}, author = {J. B. Raintree} } @proceedings {289, title = {Agroforestry in the Sahel: A concept paper based on the Niamey Agroforestry Seminar, 23 May-9 June 1983}, year = {1983}, month = {August 1983}, publisher = {Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Department of Sociology}, address = {Blacksburg, VA}, abstract = {

Contrary to many other parts of arid or semi-arid Africa throughout the entire Sahel the relatively recent term \"agroforestry\" fits well with the existing typical, savannah-park landscape. Farmers in a belt reaching from Senegal to Chad have always preserved selected trees in their fields and they continue to do so as long as changing circumstances and increasing land pressure permit. Across the Sahel the tree cover is disappearing at a continuously high rate. Comparison of older and more recent aerial photos provide proof of a significant loss of natural tree cover, For instance, in a forest reserve near Niamey losses range from 60\% to 10\% in 20 years. Local residents are forced to trim and cut individual branches from nearby trees more frequently as firewood from the open brush areas becomes increasingly scarce. It is very important to note, however, the only large scale, completely treeless farm areas found today in the cereal belts of the Sahel, are development projects sites where trees were removed because they were judged by \"experts\" to be superfluous or obstructing heavy modern farm equipment and machinery. (author)

}, keywords = {agroforestry, fuelwood}, url = {http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNAAY565.pdf}, author = {Fred R. Weber and Marilyn W. Hoskins} } @conference {858, title = {Agroforestry systems and some research problems}, booktitle = {Plant research and agroforestry: Proceedings of a consultative meeting held in Nairobi, 8 to 15 April 1981}, year = {1983}, month = {8-15 April 1981}, pages = {71-77}, publisher = {International Council for Research in Agroforestry}, organization = {International Council for Research in Agroforestry}, address = {Nairobi, Kenya}, abstract = {The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) has adopted a policy of incorporating agroforestry practices in all suitable forestry field projects. As of today there are 22 FAO/UNDP projects and 11 WFP-assisted projects which include agroforestry activities. A brief account is given of a selection of agroforestry systems which include the rice Sesbania aculeata system; Sesbania grandiflora fruit tree systems; shade trees in tea and pepper estates; systems of Theobroma cacao and forest trees; a case of a multipurpose forest plantation using Prosopis spp.; and a note on the cultivation of spices and medicinal plants under forest cover. Some research and development problems related to each case are mentioned.}, keywords = {agroforestry, forest cover, medicinal plants, spices, systems}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/11698847}, author = {Tran van Nao}, editor = {Peter A. Huxley} } @proceedings {473, title = {Agroforestry with coconuts and other tropical plantation crops}, year = {1983}, month = {1983}, pages = {79-102}, publisher = {International Council for Research in Agroforestry}, address = {Nairobi, Kenya}, abstract = {

The perennial plantation crops of the tropics occupy about 8 percent of the total arable area in developing countries and are very important, both economically and socially. Research has helped to increase substantially the yields of many in the recent past. Modern plantations maintain their traditional monocultural production strategy but smallholder farmers tend to adopt less well studied integrated and intensive land use practices, often combining perennial cash crops with the production of food crops and livestock in what are, essentially, subsistence production units. Some of these systems are noted.

The coconut palm is one of the most widely grown tree crops in the tropics with a total area of over 6 million hectares, mostly as smallholdings in densely populated areas. The growth habit of the palm is remarkably suited both to small-scale production and to combination with other crops. The age and stand density of the palms is an important factor in determining the type and form of crop association. Integrated mixed farming in smallholdings and grazing of cattle under extensive stands of palms are also common. Where the intercrop and the coconut crop are properly manured and well managed, a substantial number of additional crops can be produced without impairing long-term productivity. Commensal interactions in some such plant associations have been noted. Such intensified systems are well suited to smallholder situations.

The examples given of intensive coconut based systems are relevant to other smallholder plantation crops using some form of plant association or mixed farming technique that will result in higher income and land equivalent ratios per farm. As with the development of the coconut systems, their development will need to be supported by adequate research efforts (author).

}, keywords = {agroforestry, coconuts}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/11698847}, author = {P. K. R. Nair}, editor = {Peter A. Huxley} } @book {297, title = {Appropriate land use systems for smallholder farms: A survey of ecological and socio- economic conditions in the Machakos district (Kenya)}, year = {1983}, month = {1983}, pages = {48-63}, publisher = {Technical University of Berlin }, organization = {Technical University of Berlin }, address = {Berlin, Germany}, abstract = {This excerpt is from the book above. Sections in this excerpt include: slaughtering; tree farming and rural afforestation; fruit trees; non-fruit trees; tree planting; fuel; soil and water conservation; soil and water conservation on arable land; terracing; cut-off drains; cultivation methods; soil and water conservation on grazing land; gully control and rehabilitation; and economics of production.}, keywords = {agroforestry}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/14238317}, author = {Peter Neunh{\"a}user and Herbert Bayreuther and Albert Engel and Michael Friesenegger and Aziz Magelassa and Antonio Monteiro Neves and Verena Renneke and Walter Salzer} } @conference {756, title = {Aspects of traditional farming systems in relation to integrated pest management}, booktitle = {Paper presented at Africa Seminar on the Use and Handling of Agricultural and Other Pest Control Chemicals, 30 October-6 November 1983, Duduville, Nairobi, Kenya}, series = {Working Paper no. 21}, year = {1983}, month = {April 1984}, publisher = {International Council for Research in Agroforestry}, organization = {International Council for Research in Agroforestry}, address = {Duduville, Nairobi, Kenya}, abstract = {

Pest management is the domain of entomologists, ecologists, biologists, agriculturalists, toxologists and chemists. The subject is highly complex and a multidisciplinary approach seems necessary. Unfortunately, however, there has been a tendency for each specialist to only consider his/her own discipline, thereby ignoring the numerous interactions between the dynamics of pest populations, the environment, crops, etc.

It is therefore recommended that agricultural pest management is always viewed in its ecological context and that the whole farming system is studied before it is manipulated with external pest control measures, particularly toxic chemicals.

The usual approach to pest management is pest-oriented rather than crop-oriented. However, since crops are more important than pests, it is suggested that the subject should be approached through experimental variation of crop management rather than of pest control possibilities, and emphasis on data on cropping systems characteristics rather than on pest populations. (author)

}, keywords = {pesticides}, author = {Willem C. Beets} } @conference {859, title = {An attempt to quantify some current agroforestry practices in Costa Rica}, booktitle = {Plant research and agroforestry: Proceedings of a consultative meeting held 8-15 April 1981, Nairobi, Kenya}, year = {1983}, month = {8-15 April 1981}, pages = {43-62}, publisher = {International Council for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF)}, organization = {International Council for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF)}, address = {Nairobi, Kenya}, abstract = {Measurement data from most agroforestry systems are still either nonexistent or empirical. In Costa Rica some information on components of a number of agroforestry systems has been collected during the last twenty years. A brief account of the results is presented, together with comments on current agroforestry practices. (author)}, keywords = {agroforestry, Costa Rica}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/11698847}, author = {Gerardo Budowski}, editor = {Peter A. Huxley} } @article {528, title = {Change and indigenous agroforestry in East Kalimantan [Part I]}, journal = {Borneo Research Bulletin}, volume = {15}, year = {1983}, note = {Part II in Borneo Research Bulletin, 1983 15(2)
CIKARD 91-01773}, month = {April 1983}, pages = {3-21}, abstract = {

This paper discusses the move of some members of the Dayak tribe from their old homes in the Borneo highlands to a new area by the coast. Their shifting-cultivator style of agriculture has been modified due to the availability of outboard motors, machine-hulled rice, and chainsaws. These machines

  1. provide material advantages for the Dayak people,
  2. present more potential for environmental degradation if used indiscriminately, and
  3. tend to disempower women because of their weight (only men can easily handle them).
}, keywords = {environment, Indonesia, technology}, url = {http://www.borneoresearchcouncil.org/BRB\%20PDF\%20scans/BRB_1983_15_01.pdf}, author = {Carol J. Pierce Colfer} } @article {529, title = {Change and indigenous agroforestry in East Kalimantan [Part II]}, journal = {Borneo Research Bulletin}, volume = {15}, year = {1983}, note = {Part I in Borneo Research Bulletin, 1983 15(1)
CIKARD 91-01903}, month = {September 1983}, pages = {70-87}, abstract = {

This section is essentially an account of the differences that result when the third element, commerce, is introduced. To understand the changes and their impacts, we must first examine the system by which goods and food are produced and aquired in Long Ampung, in the virtual absence of commerce. The crux or core of the economic system is a form of agroforestry composed of at least two important components:

  1. a ricefield and its gradual transition back to (and including) primary forest, and
  2. a number of special purpose plots that for one reason or another do not appear to be involved in the \"normal\" forest succession process. (author)
}, keywords = {Apo Kayan, cash cropping, commercialism, gardening, lumber, marketing, primary forest, rainforests, rice, secondary forest, shopkeeping, tropical forests}, url = {http://www.borneoresearchcouncil.org/BRB\%20PDF\%20scans/BRB_1983_15_02.pdf}, author = {Carol J. Pierce Colfer} } @article {530, title = {Characterization and evaluation of agroforestry systems: The case of Acosta-Puriscal, Costa Rica}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {1}, year = {1983}, month = {June 1983}, pages = {101-115}, abstract = {

The characterization and evaluation of agroforestry systems is exemplified for the Acosta-Puriscal region in Costa Rica.

After the physio-biological and socio-economic description of the study region, it was stratified into two homogenous areas, and the prevailing agroforestry systems classified into the principal groups:

  1. coffee and trees,
  2. pasture and trees and,
  3. live fences.

The analysis of agroforestry production systems recognizes the following steps: Identification of farmers\&$\#$39; production objectives, identification of the elements in the system, study of relationships between elements, analysis of the performance of the system, and, finally, the analysis of production incentives of agroforestry systems.

Whereas classification of agroforestry systems has to be carried out according to the specific site conditions, the methodological approach used to analyse them can be applied generally.

First results of the analysis on coffee in combination with trees indicates that the coffee variety caturra has a high production potential also in combination with trees. With an increasing number of shade and fruit trees, costs of external inputs can be slightly decreased. With an increased density of trees, however, coffee yields were decreased. Incremental yields of other crops and reduced costs of external inputs off-sets the loss in coffee-production.

}, keywords = {agriculture, agroforestry systems, external input, forestry, homogeneous area, live fences, production objective}, doi = {10.1007/BF00596352}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00596352}, author = {J. Lagemann and J. Heuveldop} } @inbook {865, title = {Cultural ecology}, booktitle = {Y{\k a}nomam{\"o}: The fierce people}, year = {1983}, month = {1983}, pages = {64-77}, publisher = {Holt, Rinehart and Winston}, organization = {Holt, Rinehart and Winston}, edition = {3}, address = {New York}, abstract = {This excerpt looks at horticultural practices of the Yanomamo Indians in the rainforest of northern Brazil. Examines the importance of non-food cultigens on Yanomamo culture as well as subsistence farming techniques. Includes movement patterns as related to food production.}, keywords = {Latin America, Native Americans, Yanomamo}, isbn = {0-03-062328-6; 978-0-0-3062328-8}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/9557010}, author = {Napoleon A. Chagnon} } @article {541, title = {Developing sustainable agroecosystems}, journal = {BioScience}, volume = {33}, year = {1983}, month = {January 1983}, pages = {45-49}, abstract = {Yields in modern agricultural systems are sustained by investing costly external resources of uncertain future availability and with technologies that have prompted ecosystemic degradation. The ecological and socioeconomic aspects of developing alternative, self-sustained, energy efficient, less resource-intensive agroecosystems are analyzed. (author)}, keywords = {agronomy, biodiversity, ecosystem, energy use, food production, insects, land use, local knowledge, pest management, plant diseases, soils, sustainable agriculture, weeds}, doi = {10.2307/1309244}, url = {http://bioscience.oxfordjournals.org/content/33/1/45}, author = {Miguel A. Altieri and Deborah K. Letourneau and James R. Davis} } @article {818, title = {Development approaches: General conclusions, recommendations and summary of the seven thematic studies}, year = {1983}, month = {1983}, institution = {COTA}, address = {Brussels, Belgium}, abstract = {

The aim of this study is to describe the approaches which encourage or might encourage the development of rural societies in the Third World. The study brings out on the one hand the technologies at present used by these rural societies and their potential for improvement, and on the other hand the new technologies which they can integrate into their development process.

Using numerous examples of projects, often carried out by NGOs, we show how they act in developing old and new technologies, perfecting technical innovations and fitting them into the rural community. (author)

Summary of the seven thematic studies:

  1. reafforestation and fuelwood savings;
  2. wells and boreholds \— replenishment of groundwater resources in the Sahel region;
  3. grain storage;
  4. processing of oil-bearing crops;
  5. alternative building techniques;
  6. metalworking; and
  7. village savings and credit schemes.
}, keywords = {agroforestry, building techniques, fuelwood, grain storage, groundwater, oil- bearing crops, rural development, savings and credit, technical assistance}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/18967554}, author = {Moussa Ba and Michel Lens and Oscar Sarroca and Bintou Simpore and Bernard Van Doren} } @book {321, title = {Environmentally sound small-scale forestry projects: Guidelines for planning}, year = {1983}, month = {1983}, pages = {109}, publisher = {VITA Publications/CodeL}, organization = {VITA Publications/CodeL}, address = {Arlington, VA}, abstract = {This manual has been written for community development workers in Third World countries who are not technicians in the area of forestry, but who want some general guidelines for planning environmentally sound small-scale forestry projects.}, keywords = {agroforestry, small-scale forestry}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/9851928}, author = {Peter F. Ffolliott and John L. Thames} } @article {567, title = {Forest preference in swidden agriculture: Traditional knowledge and utilization of biotic diversity}, journal = {Tropical Ecology}, volume = {24}, year = {1983}, month = {January 1983}, pages = {122-142}, abstract = {This paper addresses the question of a preference for primary vs. secondary forest among swidden agriculturalists, using data gathered among the tribal Kantu{\textquoteright} of West Kalimantan, Indonesia. The Kantu{\textquoteright} have traditionally made a distinction between the two types of forest, based on the differing inputs, outputs and chronologies of swiddens that are cut from them. Historically this distinction was important to the Kantu{\textquoteright} because farming of primary forest bore decisive economic and military advantages within the then context of chronic intertribal warfare. This distinction has maintained its importance into the postwar, contemporary era, although for different reasons. Today the average Kantu{\textquoteright} household farms both primary and secondary forest, in part because the former has jural advantages whereas the latter has economic advantages, but largely so as to exploit the differences between the two. This is a major element in a strategy designed first, to minimize risk and stablize the return on labor, and second, to intensify utilization of this labor.}, keywords = {swiddens}, url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265601278_Forest_Preference_in_Swidden_Agriculture}, author = {Michael R. Dove} } @article {585, title = {Indigenous agroforestry systems}, journal = {Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society}, volume = {11}, year = {1983}, month = {June-Sept. 1983}, pages = {149-174}, abstract = {Indigenous agroforestry is agroforestry that has long been practiced by cultural communities within the context of their traditional agricultural systems. It historically precedes experimental agroforestry as it is practiced by research scientists working in a Westernized system. Whereas "modern" agroforestry is still largely limited to experimental fields, indigenous agroforestry is practiced in real-life, ongoing enterprises within or adjacent to farmers{\textquoteright} fields. In this paper I will review these indigenous arrangements. (author)}, keywords = {agri-silvipasture, agroforestry, api-silviculture, aqua-silviculture, farming, field-and-groove systems, forestry, Philippines, shifting cultivation, silvipasture, swiddens, trees}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/29791792}, author = {Harold Olofson} } @article {600, title = {Karen agro-forestry: Processes, functions, and implications for socio-economic, demographic, and environmental change in northern Thailand}, journal = {Mountain Research and Development}, volume = {3}, year = {1983}, month = {November 1983}, pages = {326-337}, abstract = {

Agro-forestry uses trees in combination with non-tree crops to intensify land use in forested areas. Optimal use of agro-forestry in a development programme requires a thorough knowledge of traditional land ownership and use if the area\&$\#$39;s inhabitants are to be integrated successfully into the plan.

The Karen people, the largest highland minority group in Thailand, have traditionally used a conservative short cultivation-long fallow swidden system. Land resources are loosely held by the community, which depends heavily on reciprocal exchange labour to cultivate family farms, and volunteer labour for the communal tasks necessary to protect village lands from fire and other hazards. The swidden system resembles agro-forestry in that the farmers encourage forest regeneration by allowing regrowth from stumps and coppiced trees in cultivated fields, and by controlling fire in fallow swiddens. Trees are used for construction and domestic fuel, and to bring nutrients where they can be used (as ash) to fertilize rice and a wide variety of non-tree crops. Swiddens are cultivated with minimal disturbance to the soil. With low population density the system sustained a subsistence economy for hundreds of years without major environmental deterioration.

In recent years the system has been destabilized. Most development projects have not been integrated into existing land-use systems.

Agro-forestry techniques have not generally been applied to increase swidden productivity. Extensive reforestation projects in swidden land areas have reduced the amount of land available to Karens at the same time as population has grown due to decline in mortality and migration into the hills. Commercialization of the subsistence economy has led to a decline in the availability of reciprocal exchange labour. Increased demand for forest resources has led to decrease in security of tenure for swiddens and other communally held land. Karens are now placing greater emphasis on irrigated fields, while the swidden system has tended to deteriorate, with more frequent cultivation and shorter fallow, and less adequate control of fire.

L\&$\#$39;agro-foresterie consid{\`e}re les arbres comme une ressource au m{\^e}me titre que d\&$\#$39;autres plantes cultiv{\'e}es, pour permettre d\&$\#$39;intensifier l\&$\#$39;exploitation du sol dans les r{\'e}gions foresti{\`e}res. L\&$\#$39;utilisation optimale de l\&$\#$39;agro-foresteire dans le cadre d\&$\#$39;un programme de d{\'e}veloppement n{\'e}c{\'e}ssite une connaissance profonde des modes traditionnels affectant la propri{\'e}t{\'e} et l\&$\#$39;utilisation des terres, si l\&$\#$39;on veut int{\'e}grer avec succ{\`e}s les habitants de la r{\'e}gion dans le plan g{\'e}n{\'e}ral. Les Karens constituent le groupement minoritaire le plus important dans les r{\'e}gions montagneuses de la Tha{\"\i}lande. Par tradition, ils utilisent un syst{\`e}me conservatif de culture sur br{\^u}lis caracteris{\'e} par de courtes p{\'e}riodes de culture et de longues p{\'e}riodes en friche. Les ressources agraires appartiennent plus ou moins\ {\`a} la collectivit{\'e} qui compte beaucoup sur l\&$\#$39;{\'e}change r{\'e}ciproque de la main-d\&$\#$39;oeuvre pour cultiver les terres familiales, et sur la main-d\&$\#$39;oeuvre volontaire pour effectuer les t{\^a}ches n{\'e}cessaires\ {\`a} la protection du village et des terres avoisinantes contre le feu et autres dangers. Le syst{\`e}me de culture sur br{\^u}lis ressemble {\`a} l\&$\#$39;agro-foresterie du fait que les fermiers encouragent la r{\'e}g{\'e}n{\'e}ration de la for{\^e}t, en permettant aux souches et aux taillis de repousser dans les champs cultiv{\'e}s, et en utilisant judicieusement le feu dans les br{\^u}lis en friche. Les arbres sont utilis{\'e}s pour la construction et pour le chauffage domestique, et sous forme de cendres pour fertilizer les champs de riz et d\&$\#$39;autres plantes cultiv{\'e}es. Les br{\^u}lis sont cultiv{\'e}s de mani{\`e}re\ {\`a} minimiser les perturbations du sols. Combin{\'e} {\`a} une faible densit{\'e} d{\'e}mographique, ce syst{\`e}me a pu supporter un r{\'e}gime d\&$\#$39;auto-consommation pendant des centaines d\&$\#$39;ann{\'e}es, sans d{\'e}t{\'e}rioration majeure de l\&$\#$39;environnement. Ce syst{\`e}me s\&$\#$39;est d{\'e}stabilis{\'e} au cours des derni{\`e}res ann{\'e}es, du fait que la plupart des projets de d{\'e}veloppement ne se sont pas integr{\'e}s dans les syst{\`e}mes existants d\&$\#$39;utilisation des terres. En g{\'e}n{\'e}ral, les techniques agro-foresti{\`e}res n\&$\#$39;ont pas {\'e}t{\'e} appliqu{\'e}es pour augmenter la productivit{\'e} des br{\^u}lis. Des projets intensifs de reboisement dans les zones de br{\^u}lis ont r{\'e}duit la superficie des terres disponibles aux Karens, alors que leur population s\&$\#$39;est accrue du fait d\&$\#$39;un moindre taux de mortalit{\'e} et d\&$\#$39;une migration vers les r{\'e}gions montagneuses. La commercialisation de leur r{\'e}gime d\&$\#$39;autoconsommation a men{\'e} {\`a} un declin de la main-d\&$\#$39;oeuvre disponible pour les {\'e}changes r{\'e}ciproques. Une demande plus importante pour les produits forestiers a diminu{\'e} la stabilit{\'e} de la structure agraire en ce qui concerne les br{\^u}llis et autres terres r{\'e}gies par la collectivit{\'e}. Les Karens accordent maintenant plus d\&$\#$39;importance aux terres irrigu{\'e}es, alors que la culture sur br{\^u}llis tend\ {\`a} se d{\'e}grader (p{\'e}riodes de culture plus longues compar{\'e}es aux p{\'e}riodes en friche, et utilisation moins judicieuse du feu).

Agro-Forstwirtschaft verwendet um die Landnutzung bewaldeter Fl{\"a}chen zu intensivieren, B{\"a}ume zusammen mit Feldfr{\"u}chten. Durch ein Entwicklungsprogramm optimierte Agro-Forstwirtschaft erfordert genaue Kenntnis der herk{\"o}mmlichen Landnutzung und Besitzverh{\"a}ltnisse, will man die Einwohner erfolgreich in die Planung einbeziehen. Die Karen Bev{\"o}lkerung, die gr{\"o}sste Minderheit der Hochlandbewohner Thailands, hat seit jeher ein System benutzt, bei dem nach einer kurzen Anbauzeit eine lange Brachperiode mit Roden und Brennen folgt. Landressourcen werden mehr oder weniger von der Gemeinde verwaltet, die, um Familienbesitzungen zu bestellen, stark von gegenseitigem Arbeitskr{\"a}fteaustausch abh{\"a}ngt. Daneben ist freiwillige Arbeit f{\"u}r Gemeindeaufgaben notwendig, um das kommunale Land vor Feuer und anderen Gefahren zu sch{\"u}tzen. Das System des Rodens und Brennens {\"a}hnelt der Agro-Forstwirtschaft darin, dass die Bauern auf bebauten Feldern neuen Baumwuchs aus St{\"u}mpfen und Unterholz zulassen, und das Feuer auf das Brachland beschr{\"a}nken. B{\"a}ume werden als Baumaterial und Brennholz benutzt, ausserdem liefern sie (in Form von Asche) N{\"a}hrstoffe, die Felder mit Reis und anderen Feldfr{\"u}chten d{\"u}ngen. Roden- und Brennfl{\"a}chen werden mit geringer Bodenbeeintr{\"a}chtigung bestellt. Bei niedriger Bev{\"o}lkerungsdichte konnte das System {\"u}ber Jahrhunderte ohne grosse Umweltverschlechterung eine gleichbleibende Selbstversorger{\"o}konomie aufrechterhalten. Unl{\"a}ngst jedoch wurde das System instabil. Die meisten Entwicklungsprojekte wurden nicht in bestehende Landnutzungssysteme integriert. Allgemein wurden agro-forstwirtschaftliche Techniken zur Ertragssteigerung beim Roden- und Brennsystem nicht angewendet. Der Landanteil, der den Karen zur Verf{\"u}gung steht, ist durch umfangreiche Aufforstungsprojekte zur{\"u}ckgegangen, w{\"a}hrend gleichzeitig die Bev{\"o}lkerungszahl durch Zur{\"u}ckgehen der Sterblichkeit und Umsiedelung in die Berge gestiegen ist. Kommerzialisierung der Selbstversorger{\"o}konomie f{\"u}hrte zu einem R{\"u}ckgang in der Verf{\"u}gbarkeit von Austauscharbeitskr{\"a}ften. Zunehmender Bedarf an Waldressourcen hat ausserdem zur Verunsicherung der Besitzverh{\"a}ltnisse des Roden- und Brennlandes und anderer kommunaler L{\"a}ndereien gef{\"u}hrt. Die Karen legen jetzt mehr Wert darauf, ihre Felder zu bew{\"a}ssern; dadurch werden sie h{\"a}ufiger bestellt, die Zeit der Brache ist k{\"u}rzer, aber die Feuergefahr ist h{\"o}her, w{\"a}hrend sich das System des Rodens und Brennens verschlechtert hat.

}, keywords = {agroforestry, land tenure, rice, shifting cultivation}, doi = {10.2307/3673036}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/3673036}, author = {Peter Kunstadter} } @article {611, title = {Loan financing of smallholder treefarming in Ilocos, a comment}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {1}, year = {1983}, month = {December 1983}, pages = {361-365}, abstract = {

This paper is a comment on a previous explanation for an unsuccessful treefarming project in the Philippines. The earlier explanation did not inquire deeply into the project and its problems, and simply stated that \"a development model that is successful in one area may not be successful somewhere else.\"

Further investigation revealed some problems in the Ilocos project. The responsible people underestimated the effectiveness of locally-owned woodlots in meeting local demand, and underestimated the woodlots\&$\#$39; potential for meeting future demand increases. In this case, lack of local input was doubly ignored, both by the project leaders and by those who were attempting to explain the project\&$\#$39;s failure. (author)

}, keywords = {agroforestry, Ilocos, indigenous knowledge, loan financing, Philippines, smallholders, tree farm}, doi = {10.1007/BF00155942}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00155942}, author = {K. F. Wiersum and C. P. Veer} } @inbook {895, title = {Machiguenga Gardens}, booktitle = {Adaptive responses of native Amazonians}, year = {1983}, note = {Chapter 2}, month = {1983}, pages = {29-63}, publisher = {Academic Press}, organization = {Academic Press}, address = {New York}, abstract = {The present description concerns shifting cultivation among the Machiguenga, Native American inhabitants of the tropical rainforest of the Upper Amazon, specifically, a community on the Kompiroshiato River, a tributary of the Urubamba River in the department of Cuzco, Peru. The language is of the Arawakan family, and is closely allied to that of the Amuesha, Campa, and Piro Indians, who also inhabit the montana of Southeastern Peru. As is typical of the montana region, Machiguenga settlements vary from single families to small hamlets of related families located on a stream that provides clean water for household needs, near a river suitable for fishing, and with abundant forest for hunting and from which gardens are cleared. Population density is 0.3 persons/km2. The Machiguenga spend nearly as much time procuring wild foods as they do cultivating their gardens, but it is from their gardens that the vast bulk of their food derives, including a great overproduction of starchy tubers for food security under isolated and vulnerable living conditions. (author)}, keywords = {cacao, coffee, forest dwellers, horticulture, hunter-gatherer, labor, maize, manioc, Native Americans, rainforests, shifting cultivation, slash and burn, soils, South America, weeds, women, yams}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/8827760}, author = {Allen Johnson}, editor = {Raymond B. Hames and William T. Vickers} } @inbook {903, title = {Patterns of resource use and human settlement in tropical forests}, booktitle = {Tropical rain forest ecosystems: Structure and function}, series = {Ecosystems of the world no. 14A}, year = {1983}, month = {1983}, pages = {301-313}, publisher = {Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company}, organization = {Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company}, address = {New York}, abstract = {

Criticisms of traditional resource use patterns in the tropics as wasteful and inefficient predominated in the literature in the past, but has given way in recent years to praise of the stability and conservativeness of these technologies. Such revised views are not surprising and are at least partially justified. They reflect the realization that traditional resource users usually allowed tropical forests to survive or at least to largely regenerate, whereas modern, fossil fuel-using man is expected to destroy these forests within the next century. However, in stressing the long-term persistence of traditional patterns, the: necessity\" and universality of some techniques and the self-sufficience and integrity of pre-modern resource use systems, commentators have done justice neither to the complexity nor the variability -- temporal, spatial, and technological -- of traditional human accommodations to tropical forests.

In this chapter, the authors review some of the conventional ways of viewing and classifying traditional resource use patterns, then point out some of the limitations of these familiar typologies, and finally discuss actual subsistence and settlement patterns in tropical forests, and comment on prospects for development of these areas.

In most broad discussions of indigenous resource use, some typology of food-getting technologies and/or of crops, crop types or crop assemblages, is meant to subsume the basic patterns of livelihood of all traditional groups. The division of technologies into hunting-gathering, shifting, cultivation, and permanent-field cropping is probably most familiar and commonly employed. These three very broad divisions of the spectrum of traditional subsistence, often erroneously assumed to be a necessary evolutionary sequence, are used by anthropologists and geographers to designate different levels of intensity of land resource use, as well as to differentiate levels of control and modification of forest environments. Observers have generally considered the following practices and patterns, technological and social, to be characteristic of these three very general types.

}, keywords = {rainforests}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/7576493}, author = {Christine Padoch and Andrew P. Vayda}, editor = {F. B. Golley} } @article {642, title = {Rattan: Ecological balance in a Borneo rainforest swidden}, journal = {Economic Botany}, volume = {37}, year = {1983}, month = {Jan.-March 1983}, pages = {58-68}, abstract = {Various agricultural startegies have been tried in swidden areas of tropical rainforest. Some have focused on food production, others on cash crops. Certain strategies have disrupted the ecological balance of the rainforest, while others developed with ecological stability in mind, but rarely have food production and cash cropping been coterminous and maintained ecological stability. Rattan in tropical rainforest swidden of southeastern Boreno is an indigenous system of producing both food and a cash crop without ecological disruption.}, keywords = {Borneo, economic botany, food crop production, rattan, split rattan, swiddens}, doi = {10.1007/BF02859305}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/4254455}, author = {Joseph A. Weinstock} } @conference {923, title = {The role of trees in agroforestry: Some comments}, booktitle = {Plant research and agroforestry: Proceedings of a consultative meeting held in Nairobi, 8 to 15 April 1981}, year = {1983}, note = {

Proceedings of a Consultative Meeting held in Nairobi, 8 to 15 April 1981

Chapter 18

}, month = {1983}, pages = {257-270}, publisher = {International Council for Research in Agroforestry}, organization = {International Council for Research in Agroforestry}, address = {Nairobi, Kenya}, abstract = {

In agroforestry land use systems, the woody perennial components (\&$\#$39;trees\&$\#$39;) play a role in both productivity and sustainability. Some general characteristics of woody perennials are outlined and the need to consider the possible advantages or disadvantages of these in relation to specific agroforestry systems is emphasized. In deciding about introducing trees on farm land the challenge is to answer the questions: What trees? How many? How are they best arranged? Answers to the first of these will arise from the many existing and planned trials with multipurpose trees now being established worldwide. This paper addresses mainly the second question: How many trees?

Three-dimensional diagrams are used to illustrate the effects of a replacement series (tree-crop, crop-tree) on changes in total productivity and soil status with time. The types of response surfaces produced are discussed and various \&$\#$39;scenarios\&$\#$39; shown to illustrate the value of this approach. Such diagrams are less a predictive tool than a means of comprehending the plant and environment changes involved.

The final section briefly discusses tree/shrub arrangement, which will depend on management considerations, soil/water conservation needs, and biological aspects of optimizing productivity. (author)

}, keywords = {agriculture, agroforestry, botany, community woodlots, crops, fuelwood, rainforests, tree crops}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/11698847}, author = {P. A. Huxley}, editor = {P. A. Huxley} } @article {655, title = {Some observations on the ethnobotany of the tribes of Totopara and adjoining areas in Jalpaiguri district, West Bengal}, journal = {Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany}, volume = {4}, year = {1983}, month = {1983}, pages = {453-474}, abstract = {The paper deals with 84 species of angiosperms predominantly used by the tribes inhabiting areas like Totos, Mech, Modesia, Nepalese, etc., for food, for poisoning fish, as medicine, fodder for cattle, etc. In the enumeration, the various species have been listed in alphabetical order according to their botanical names. Under each botanical name has been given details such as local name, short description, etc. Detail on herbarium specimens to authenticate the report of the species in the area have also been provided under each species. (author)}, keywords = {Bengal, taxonomy}, author = {S. N. Das and K. P. Janardhanan and S. C. Roy} } @article {659, title = {Strategies for enhancing the adoptability of agroforestry innovations}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {1}, year = {1983}, month = {September 1983}, pages = {173-187}, abstract = {Agroforestry has been given a broad and hopeful mandate to assist in devising productive and sustainable systems of land management to meet the demographic and ecological challenges of mankind{\textquoteright}s somewhat uncertain future. As a new and explicity interdisciplinary field of applied scientific research and technological synthesis, agroforestry is in a unique position to benefit from recent advances in our understanding of the rural development process which, if properly integrated into the emerging paradigm for agroforestry research and development, will greatly enhance its chances of fulfilling its potential as a source of solutions to many interrelated problems of tropical land use. Drawing on lessons from the literature on the adoption and diffusion of innovations, a number of research strategies and design tactics are proposed by which agroforestry R \& D teams may improve on their ability to generate relevant and adoptable technologies and, thus, stand a better chance of having the kind of practical impact on land use systems which is expected of agroforestry.}, keywords = {agroforestry, innovation, population pressure, rural development, technology design}, doi = {10.1007/BF00130606}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00130606}, author = {J. B. Raintree} } @article {713, title = {Tropical forest architectural analysis as applied to agroforests in the humid tropics: The example of traditional village-agroforests in West Java}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {1}, year = {1983}, note = {Online version is a shortened and revised version of Bompard J, Ducatillion C, Hecketsweiler P Michon G, (1980) A traditional agricultural system: Village-forest-gardens in West Java. University Sc. Montpellier, France. Rapp. DEA. 101 p. + annex.}, month = {June 1983}, pages = {117-129}, abstract = {

The features of the tropical forest are found in Sundanese village-gardens. They are rich in plant species, a layered structure of the vegetation, existing patchwork and succession of sylvigenetic phases (from pioneer to homeostatic phase). These traditional agroforests reflect the surrounding forest ecosystem, simplifying the features.

The architectural method of tropical forest analysis is applied to Sundanese agroforests, but here each plant is both a structural element of the ecosystem and a producing element of the agricultural landscape. Such structural analysis could represent one aspect of an integral analysis of complex agroforestry systems.

}, keywords = {architectural analysis, Java, traditional agroforestry, tropical forests}, doi = {10.1007/BF00596353}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00596353}, author = {G. Michon and J. Bompard and P. Hecketsweiler and C. Ducatillion} } @conference {932, title = {Village-forest-gardens in West Java}, booktitle = {Plant research and agroforestry: Proceedings of a consultative meeting held in Nairobi, 8 to 15 April 1981}, year = {1983}, month = {1983}, pages = {13-24}, publisher = {International Council for Research in Agroforestry}, organization = {International Council for Research in Agroforestry}, address = {Nairobi, Kenya}, abstract = {Indonesian village-forest-gardens are distinctive types of agroforestry land use. They are species rich and possess sophisticated spatial structures and dynamics. Although mainly centered on subsistence production surplus products can provide a valuable cash income. Sustained yields are achieved under the present system of home-gardens and village-forest-gardens without any significant input of fertilizers or pesticides. They represent, for the mass of the rural population, the only asset for survival and material autonomy. Until recently, they have been studied only cursorily but these systems, which are far from "primitive," have many lessons to teach, and they are still susceptible to improvement if we learn enough about them. The two types of gardens are described in some detail and their importance to the farmer is discussed. (author)}, keywords = {agriculture, agroforestry, botany, congresses, crops, research , tree crops}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/11698847}, author = {G Michon}, editor = {Peter A. Huxley} } @inbook {852, title = {Agriculture in the humid tropics}, booktitle = {Ecological aspects of development in the humid tropics}, year = {1982}, note = {Chapter 5}, month = {1982}, pages = {93-156}, publisher = {National Academy Press}, organization = {National Academy Press}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {

Focused on ecological considerations in tropical areas, this chapter covers the following topics:

}, keywords = {agroforestry, soil conservation}, isbn = {0-309-03235-0}, url = {https://doi.org/10.17226/19533}, author = {U.S. National Research Council, Committee on Selected Biological Problems in the Humid Tropics} } @inbook {856, title = {Agroforestry in the Amazon basin: Practice, theory and limits of a promising land use}, booktitle = {Amazonia: Agriculture and land use research}, series = {CIAT series no. 03E-3(82)}, year = {1982}, note = {

Papers presented at the International Conference on Amazonian Agriculture and Land Use Research, Cali, Colombia, April 16-18, 1980 (1st: 1980: Centro Internacional de Agricultural Tropical)

Sponsored by the Rockefeller Foundation [and others]

}, month = {[1982]}, pages = {339-351}, publisher = {Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical}, organization = {Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical}, address = {Cali, Colombia}, abstract = {This paper explores the potentials for agroforestry in the Amazon Basin. Agroforestry systems are "sustainable land management systems that combine the production of crops including tree crops, forest plants and/or animals simultaneously or sequentially on the same unit of land, applying management practices that are compatible with the cultural practices of the local population." Agroforestry is a term that covers an enormous range of land uses at all scales of tenure and investment, ranging from subsistence to plantation farming, and from dozens of species to only two or three. Agroforestry usually involves multiple canopies, either in space or time, and more than one harvestable stratum. (author)}, keywords = {agriculture, agroforestry, Amazon River Watershed, land tenure, land use, natural resources}, isbn = {84-89206-13-9}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/16754729}, author = {Susanna B. Hecht}, editor = {Susanna B. Hecht} } @article {523, title = {Bora Indian agroforestry: An alternative to deforestation}, journal = {Cultural Survival Quarterly Magazine}, volume = {6}, year = {1982}, month = {June 1982}, pages = {15-16}, abstract = {

Native cultivators in the Amazon have developed efficient and ecologically sound methods for making the tropical forest yield useful products. Their principal form of agriculture - shifting cultivation [swidden agriculture] - has evolved into a system of land management with features worthy of careful study. (author)

This document looks at how shifting cultivation is linked to agroforestry - another kind of system of land use which is currently recommended for the tropics. It also describes the methods the researchers used to collect data on a Bora swidden field.

}, keywords = {Amazon, Bora, deforestation, ecology, land management, methodology, Peru, tropical forests}, url = {http://www.culturalsurvival.org/ourpublications/csq/article/bora-indian-agroforestry-an-alternative-deforestation}, author = {John M. Treacy} } @inbook {866, title = {Current management concepts in forestry}, booktitle = {Socio-economic effects and constraints in tropical forest management: the results of an enquiry organized by the International Federation of Institutes for Advanced Study}, year = {1982}, note = {

Chapter 17

Papers presented at the Workshop on Socio-economic Effects and Constraints in Forest Management, held at Dehra Dun, India, 1981

}, month = {1982}, pages = {191-201}, publisher = {John Wiley \& Sons}, organization = {John Wiley \& Sons}, address = {New York}, abstract = {The basic objective of managing a forest resource is to meet society{\textquoteright}s needs. The yield has to be a function of society{\textquoteright}s preferences and the forests have to be managed to meet those needs and not for the aim of achieving a "normal forest." Forest management is not merely forestry, social sciences must be a part of the foresters{\textquoteright} training as well as technical forestry.}, keywords = {agroforestry}, isbn = {0-471-10375-6; 978-0-471-10375-2}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/8221698}, author = {D. N. Misra}, editor = {E. G. Hallsworth} } @inbook {868, title = {Ecological and management considerations for forest lands}, booktitle = {Ecological aspects of development in the humid tropics}, year = {1982}, note = {Chapter 6}, month = {1982}, pages = {93-156}, publisher = {National Academy Press}, organization = {National Academy Press}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {

Focused on ecological considerations in tropical areas, Chapter 6 covers the following topics:

}, keywords = {agroforestry, soil conservation}, isbn = {0-309-03235-0}, url = {https://doi.org/10.17226/19533}, author = {U.S. National Research Council, Committee on Selected Biological Problems in the Humid Tropics} } @inbook {871, title = {Exploitation in southeast Asia}, booktitle = {Tropical rain forest ecosystems: Biogeographical and ecological studies}, series = {Ecosystems of the world no. 14B}, year = {1982}, note = {Chapter 34}, month = {1982}, pages = {591-610}, publisher = {Elsevier}, organization = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, abstract = {

The area we cover is insular Southeast Asia, or Melanesia, comprising the Philippines, Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei, Indonesia, and Papua New Guinea. The countries of mainland Southeast Asia are excluded, as they contain little tropical rain forest. Our own research experience leads us to focus mainly on Indonesia.

We consider three categories of exploitation: logging, rattan collection, and shifting cultivation. All are economically important in Southeast Asia and all have had increasingly widespread and deleterious effects in the last few decades. We first describe an example of \"traditional\" (that is, non-mechanized) logging, from the remote Apo Kayan region of the Indonesian province of East Kalimantan on the island of Borneo. Timber cutting in the Apo Kayan is still largely for local use, and employs means that must have been more widespread in Borneo in pre-industrial times. It is far less environmentally destructive than modern commercial logging in lowland dipterocarp forests, which is a subject we also consider. We then turn to rattan collection, drawing especially on the work of Dransfield, who has considered the relation of rattan biology to methods of management and conservation. The last section is a discussion of some aspects of shifting cultivation. (author)

}, keywords = {rainforests, southeast Asia}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/21303776}, author = {K. Kartawinata and T. C. Jessup and Andrew P. Vayda}, editor = {H. Leith and M. J. A. Werger} } @conference {767, title = {Fuelwood production in traditional farming systems}, booktitle = {Paper presented at ESCAP/FAO/UNEP Expert Group Meeting on Fuelwood and Charcoal 1981, Nairobi, Kenya}, series = {Energy Resources Development Series no. 24}, year = {1982}, month = {May 5-11, 1981}, pages = {53-59}, publisher = {United Nations}, organization = {United Nations}, address = {New York}, abstract = {The purpose of this paper is to present and discuss some examples of rural forestry and provide a general framework for its improvement and intensification with fuelwood production as a major aim.}, keywords = {agroforestry, fuelwood}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/11582957}, author = {Ben Salem and Tran van Nao} } @article {586, title = {Indigenous forest and fish management in the Uaupes basin of Brazil}, journal = {Cultural Survival Quaterly}, volume = {6}, year = {1982}, month = {1982}, pages = {17-18}, abstract = {The Uanano Indians of the Uapes River Basin in the northwest portion of the Brazilian Amazon rainforest practice an important strategy of river management. By reserving the natural vegetation of riparian forest for fisheries maintenance rather than deforesting the margin for agriculture as is common elsewhere. This strategy demonstrates an unusual awareness of the interdependence of terrestrial and aquatic systems only recently documented by Western scientist and not yet fully recognized by economic developers. It is presented here as an example of rational ecosystem management with long-term economic benefits. (author)}, keywords = {aquaculture, Brazil, fishery management}, url = {http://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/brazil/indigenous-forest-and-fish-management-uaupes-basin-b}, author = {Janet M. Chernela} } @article {690, title = {The mulberry dike-fish pond complex: A Chinese ecosystem of land-water interaction on the Pearl River Delta}, journal = {Human Ecology}, volume = {10}, year = {1982}, month = {June 1982}, pages = {191-202}, abstract = {The Pearl River Delta offers humans a variety of land-use alternatives. A complex ecosystem which has been in existence in the Delta for centuries has greatly contributed to the region{\textquoteright}s agricultural productivity. The principal components are mulberry trees, silkworms, pond fish, and humans, interrelated in a harmonious and mutually beneficial way. The system is not only highly efficient and soundly balanced ecologically, but provides much higher economic returns than do other agrarian practices in the Delta.}, keywords = {anthropology/archaeometry, aquaculture, China, ecosystem, environmental management, fish, human ecology, mulberry, silkworm, sociology}, doi = {10.1007/BF01531240}, url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF01531240}, author = {Zhong Gongfu} } @book {382, title = {Reforestation and community development in the Sudan}, series = {Derap Publication}, volume = {150}, year = {1982}, month = {1982}, pages = {72}, publisher = {The Chr. Michelsen Institute}, organization = {The Chr. Michelsen Institute}, address = {Bergen, Norway}, abstract = {This paper looks at the importance of gum arabic production in North Kordofan Province (Sudan), including the traditional cultivation of Acacia Senegal to maintain soil fertility, erosion control, and use as a fuelwood. Also the concept of traditional agro-forestry as an appropriate economic and ecological use is discussed.}, keywords = {agroforestry, gum arabic}, author = {Turi Hammer} } @article {712, title = {Tree gardening and taungya on Java: Examples of agroforestry techniques in the humid tropics}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {1}, year = {1982}, month = {March 1982}, pages = {53-70}, abstract = {Agroforestry is a general concept for a land management system combining trees and agricultural crops. For application, various specific techniques can be chosen. Each of these techniques is adjusted to a specific set of environmental as well as socio-economic factors. Agroforestry cultivators or managers belonging to varying social strata and institutional groupings may practice different forms of agroforestry, even within the same general region. This is demonstrated on the basis of two contrasting types of agroforestry which are found on the Indonesian island of Java. Tree gardening or the cultivation of a wide variety of crops in a multiple-storeyed agroforestry system is an indegenous practice on private lands, while taungya or the intercropping of young tree plantations with staple crops is practiced on state forest lands. Both systems are described as to their management characteristics, past development as well as possibilities and constraints for further development. These two practices are then compared as to various attributes, like producer group, production purpose, area of cultivation, land ownership situation, structural organization of crop combinations, possibilities for improved cultivation techniques, and suitability for application in rural development for specific target groups.}, keywords = {agroforestry systems, gardening, Indonesia, Java, land ownership, private land, state forest, young tree}, doi = {10.1007/BF00044329}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00044329}, author = {K. F. Wiersum} } @article {718, title = {Use of the "non-weed" concept in traditional tropical agroecosystems of south-eastern Mexico}, journal = {Agro-Ecosystems}, volume = {8}, year = {1982}, month = {May 1982}, pages = {1-11}, abstract = {The use of a "non-weed" concept by traditional agriculturalists in a tropical lowland environment is discussed. Interviews demonstrated that the non-crop components of cropping systems are classified according to use potential on one hand, and effects on soil and crops on the other. A detailed vocabulary for the management of these plants is presented. Such a classification indicates that local farmers understand the intricate role of non-crop plants in their agricultural activities, in direct contrast with modern day agriculture which considers all weeds as noxious, and thus to be eliminated. The ecological importance of this concept, and its potential contribution to a design for overall agroecosystem management is discussed. (author)}, keywords = {taxonomy}, doi = {10.1016/0304-3746(82)90010-5}, author = {J. C. Chac{\'o}n and S. R. Gliessman} } @article {745, title = {Why do people grow trees?}, year = {1982}, month = {1982}, abstract = {This paper examines the reasons behind the shift from not planting trees to planting trees in the last few decades. The author opens the paper with a series of questions concerning and gives the answers to the questions in the paper citing case studies of tree planting practices in Zanzibar, Malawi, Kenya, Mali, and Sudan.}, keywords = {Africa, agroforestry, fuelwood}, author = {Noronha Raymond} } @book {418, title = {Wild fruits of the sub-Himalayan region}, year = {1982}, month = {1982}, pages = {xii, 136}, publisher = {Kalyani Publishers [PARMAR]}, organization = {Kalyani Publishers [PARMAR]}, address = {New Delhi}, abstract = {In the present work, the authors have endeavoured to bring out detailed information on various characteristics of morphological, taxonomical, economical and horticultural importance. This information was collected during the course of investigation carried out by them on 26 plants found growing wild in the sub-Himalayan tract yielding edible fruits in an attempt to evaluate these wild fruits from economic and commercial standpoints. To make the work more comprehensive and useful, the authors also consult various other sources including the translations of ancient Sanskrit texts on Ayurveda for compiling all the available information on the medicinal properties and other uses of these plants. The treatise, therefore, carries a detailed information on the phenology, flowering and fruiting seasons, chemical composition, medicinal properties, yield, utilization, scope, etc., in respect of each fruit.}, keywords = {agroforestry, ethnobotany, fruit, Himalayan region, horticulture, India, taxonomy, tree crops}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/9422206}, author = {Chiranjit Parmar and Mitlesh Kumar Kaushal} } @conference {751, title = {Agroforestry practices in high potential areas of Kenya}, booktitle = {Proceedings from Kenya National Seminar on Agroforestry, Nairobi, Kenya, 12-22 November 1980}, year = {1981}, month = {October 1981}, pages = {287-308}, publisher = {International Council for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF)}, organization = {International Council for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF)}, address = {Nairobi, Kenya}, abstract = {

This document looks at the Shamba system of reafforestation and afforestation in Kenya. This system employs the traditional African method of farming known as shifting cultivation, which combines both forest and agricultural land use. This document provides a description and an historical summary of the Shamba system. It includes sections on: silvicultural applications; the economic importance of the Shamba system; and, social, political and administrative considerations in agroforestry projects.

}, keywords = {Africa, agroforestry, eucalyptus, Kenya, wattle}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/10924821}, author = {F. H. M. Wanyeki} } @conference {747, title = {Agro-forestry systems for drylands of arid and semi-arid regions of India}, booktitle = {Paper presented at Agro-forestry in Arid and Semi-Arid Zones, June 15-July 18, 1981; Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur, India}, year = {1981}, month = {06/15-07/18/1981}, address = {Jodhpur, India}, abstract = {This document contains information about how agroforestry is affected by climate in the semi-arid to arid regions of the earth. It also provides a list of suitable species of trees and crops for an agroforestry system. Other sections included are: Species of firewood crops suited to varying environments of arid and semi-arid regions of India; and, dryland crops suited to arid and semi-arid regions of India.}, keywords = {environment, field crops, firewood, forestry, fuelwood, India, trees}, author = {R. P. Singh} } @book {299, title = {Bibliography on tropical agroforestry}, series = {Serie bibliotecolog{\'\i}a y documentaci{\'o}n, English version, bibliograf{\'\i}a no. 6}, year = {1981}, month = {1981}, pages = {67}, publisher = {Centro Agron{\'o}mico Tropical de Investigaci{\'o}n y Ense{\~n}anza (CATIE)}, organization = {Centro Agron{\'o}mico Tropical de Investigaci{\'o}n y Ense{\~n}anza (CATIE)}, address = {Turrialba, Costa Rica}, abstract = {This bibliography includes 680 references of documents on tropical agroforestry. Most of the documents deal with the American tropics, but there are also documents from Africa, Asia and Oceania. Two indices are presented, one by authors, and the other combining subjects, species and countries, including 363 authors, 94 subject keywords, 57 geographical terms and 71 botanical genera. Instructions are given on the use of the bibliography, how to consult the documents and how to obtain (by mail) copies of these papers. (author)}, keywords = {agroforestry}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/8353810}, author = {Jean Combe and Humberto Jim{\'e}nez Saa and Claudia Monge} } @article {837, title = {The dynamics of traditional systems of forest management in Nepal: Implications for the community forestry development and training project}, year = {1981}, note = {Report to the World Bank/International Finance Corporation}, month = {1981}, institution = {World Bank}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {

The Nepal Community Forestry Development and Training Project, which is now in its first year of implementation, aims to increase supplies of fuelwood, fodder, grass, and timber by allocating greater responsibility for forest management and protection to local communities. As such it depends largely for its success upon generation of local motivation, cooperation, and involvement. This report investigates the dynamics of the traditional systems of forest management in a number of communities in Nepal to assess the potential for local participation, the existing constraints on the active involvement of local farmers in forest plantation, rehabilitation, and preservation, and the type of changes in strategy needed to ensure better project implementation. There is no single formula for local participation in preservation or maintenance of existing forest resources; rather, the individual adaptation of a panchayat/community management system to local conditions and needs is the main criteria for success. Some of the key factors contributing to success of a traditional system are:

}, keywords = {benefits, community relationship, cultivation, economic inequality, fodder, forest products, fuelwood, incentives, leaders, Nepal, ownership, sanctions, women}, author = {Augusta Molnar} } @inbook {874, title = {From grain crops to tree crops in the Cuyunon swidden system}, booktitle = {Adaptive strategies and change in Philippine swidden-based societies}, year = {1981}, month = {1981}, pages = {91-104}, publisher = {Forest Research Institute College}, organization = {Forest Research Institute College}, address = {Laguna, Philippines}, abstract = {This paper concerns one possible answer to the question: What else can shifting cultivators do for a living that will allow them to exploit their environments on an ecologically-sound, sustained-yield basis, and yet satisfy both their subsistence needs and their market wants? The answer is arboriculture, or tree-crop farming -- cultivation of coconuts, bananas, fruit trees, and the like.}, keywords = {agroforestry, Philippines, swiddens}, url = {https://www.worldcat.org/title/10341908}, author = {James F. Eder}, editor = {Harold Olofson} } @article {579, title = {Huastec noncrop resource management: Implications for prehistoric rain forest management}, journal = {Human Ecology}, volume = {9}, year = {1981}, month = {December 1981}, pages = {395-417}, abstract = {The Huastec have interacted with elements of a diverse flora in northeastern Mexico for 30 centuries. A Huastec plant-management model is derived from patterns reflected in all anthropogenic vegetation zones, from the dooryard to the forest, and used to discuss the possible effects of human activities upon the prehistoric rain forest. Huastec plant management is discussed from an analytical perspective which views plant management as resulting from the integration of two types of plant manipulation: the manipulation of vegetation en masse and the manipulation of individual plants. Decisions about plant manipulation reflect a concern for minimal labor investment to place the resource at hand. Noncrop plant manipulation practices potentially influence the evolution of individual plants and plant communities primarily by affecting species{\textquoteright} distribution and population parameters. Since the impact of plant-management practices clearly goes beyond domestication, ways of evaluating such practices in order to expand our understanding of ethnobotanical interactions and their impact are suggested.}, keywords = {anthropology/archaeometry, domestication, ecology, environmental management, Huastec, rainforests, resource management, sociology, tropical agroecosystem}, doi = {10.1007/BF01418729}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01418729}, author = {Janis B. Alcorn} } @article {686, title = {The importance of women to agroforestry in Borneo}, journal = {Pacific Health}, volume = {14}, year = {1981}, month = {1981}, pages = {10-13}, abstract = {In Borneo, a group of mountain people of the Dayak tribe recently moved from their old villages in the mountains to a new home by the coast. Though the Dayaks{\textquoteright} lives have imprioved in many ways, the children are suffering from the great amount of machine-hulled rice in their new diet (machine-hulled rice is less nutricious than hand-hulled rice). One reason for this is the new availability of outside jobs; there is less time to plant and maintain vegetable gardens. Another is the important part played by women in food production; women are often overlooked in agricultural extension projects.
The specific solution here seems to be a strengthening of agroforestry enterprises involving Dayak women. In general, extension efforts should focus on the important food providers in any group, regardless of what gender they might be. (author)}, keywords = {agroforestry, Borneo, Indonesia, nutrition, women}, author = {Carol J. Pierce Colfer} } @mastersthesis {443, title = {Indigenous technology transfer and the MAB biosphere reserve program}, year = {1981}, month = {1981}, school = {The University of Michigan}, abstract = {

A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science (Natural Resource Management) in The University of Michigan.

This document looks at the effectiveness of the Man and Biosphere Reserve Program in humid tropical forest ecosystems in Latin America. It also evaluates indigenous technology transfer in relation to the AB program and specifically looks at the Rio Platano Biosphere Reserve in Honduras. Recommendations are made for many organizations and individuals concerned with the MAB program.

}, keywords = {deforestation, medicinal plants, rainforests}, doi = {http://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/106355}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/68792144}, author = {Dennis Allen Glick} } @conference {781, title = {Management of agroforestry systems in Kenya}, booktitle = {Proceedings from Kenya National Seminar on Agroforestry, Nairobi, Kenya, 12-22 November 1980}, year = {1981}, note = {Organized jointly by the University of Nairobi and ICRAF}, month = {October 1981}, publisher = {University of Nairobi and International Council for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF)}, organization = {University of Nairobi and International Council for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF)}, address = {Nairobi, Kenya}, abstract = {

The key factor in forest management and agricultural practice is suitable land. That is what Kenya is short of; about two thirds of the country being semi-arid or arid. Forests in some areas of Kenya occupy prime land. Although Kenya has relatively little forest, the future may see some of this converted to agroforestry, a land use system that combines production of food and forest products, preferably on the same unit of land and on a sustainable yield basis. (author)

This document, on agroforestry management in Kenya, looks at aspects of agroforestry in terms of: soil fertility, animal feed, human needs, microclimate amelioration, the provision of nitrogen in soil, soil structure improvements, a domestic energy supply, and as a potential supply which can be maintained on a sustained yield basis. It also looks at: management concepts in agroforestry; land tenure and agroforestry; and the selection of appropriate species for agroforestry projects in regard to altitude and soil type.

}, keywords = {Africa, agroforestry, East Africa, Kenya}, url = {http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?f=2013/US/US2013014353410006998.xml;US201301435398}, author = {D. M. Kamweti}, editor = {Louise Buck} } @proceedings {380, title = {Proceedings of the Kenya National Seminar on Agroforestry, Nairobi, Kenya, 12-22 November 1980}, year = {1981}, note = { organized jointly by the University of Nairobi and International Council for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF); CIKARD collection has only the table of contents (6 pp.)}, month = {October 1981}, publisher = {International Council for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF)}, address = {[Nairobi, Kenya]}, abstract = {

This document contains a list of papers presented at the above seminar. Papers were presented under the following headings:

}, keywords = {germplasm}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/10924821}, author = {International Council for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF) and University of Nairobi}, editor = {Louise Buck} } @inbook {911, title = {Research on traditional water coagulation}, booktitle = {Traditional water purification in tropical developing countries: Existing methods and potential application}, series = {GTZ-publications}, year = {1981}, note = {Chapter 6}, month = {December 1981}, pages = {137-198}, publisher = {German Agency for Technical Cooperation (GTZ)}, organization = {German Agency for Technical Cooperation (GTZ)}, address = {Eschborn, Federal Republic of Germany}, abstract = {

This chapter, Research On Traditional Water Coagulation, contains five sections on natural water coagulants. The sections included are:

References are also provided.

}, keywords = {bacteria, chitosan, fish scales, flocculants, marine algae, microbiology, non-bacterial pathogens, plant powder, treated water, virus, water quality}, isbn = {3-88085-116-6; 978-3-88085-116-0}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1080074497}, author = {Samia Al Azharia Jahn} } @conference {804, title = {Traditional agro-forestry practices in arid zone of Rajasthan}, booktitle = {Paper presented at the Summer Institute on Agro-Forestry in Arid and Semi-Arid Zones, 15th June to 14th July, 1981}, year = {1981}, month = {June-July 1981}, publisher = {Central Arid Zone Research Institute}, organization = {Central Arid Zone Research Institute}, address = {Jodhpur, India}, abstract = {

In this paper the author discusses the agroforestry practices in different agro-climatic zones in Rajashthan. Six benefits were listed for the reason agroforestry techniques were needed:

  1. meeting fuel requirements,
  2. fencing materials,
  3. construction of lodging,
  4. fodder,
  5. food for human consumption, and
  6. protection against soil erosion and green manure.

The author then discusses in detail the types of trees used to meet the communities specific needs, in particular the Bordi and Khehri species.

}, keywords = {Bordi, community forestry, fuelwood, Khejri}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/10369344}, author = {S. P. Malhotra} } @conference {806, title = {Tree and shrub species for agroforestry systems in arid and semi arid regions}, booktitle = {Summer Institute on Agro-forestry in Arid and Semi-arid Zones}, volume = {1}, year = {1981}, note = {Lecture delivered at Agroforestry in Arid and Semi-arid Zones June 15{\textendash}July 14, 1981}, month = {06/15-07/14/1981}, publisher = {Central Arid Zone Research Institute}, organization = {Central Arid Zone Research Institute}, address = {Jodhpur, India}, abstract = {

Lists of trees, where they grow and what they are used for.

In the tropics, uncertain supplies and increasing costs of feed, fertilizer and food coupled with projected population increases are giving the leguminous trees, whose foliage is browsed by animals, a status they have never enjoyed previously.

Trees and shrubs play a dual role in the forage supply, serving both as shade for grass and as forage themselves. In dry tropics, in particular, shrubs and trees are precious for without them stock raising would probably be impossible as pasture grasses die when upper soil layers lose their moisture, but tree roots exploit deep underground moisture and they continue to flourish. (author)

}, keywords = {agroforestry, fuelwood}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/10369344}, author = {H. S. Mann} } @article {723, title = {Why do Apo Kayan shifting cultivators move?}, journal = {Borneo Research Bulletin}, volume = {13}, year = {1981}, month = {April 1981}, pages = {16-32}, abstract = {This paper examines shifting cultivation patterns in Apo Kayan on the island of Borner (East Kalimantan). Includes reasons for moving from fields not related to food productions and discards the idea that shifting cultivators cannot adjust to a cash economy. Another "myth" this is discarded is that shifting cultivators are destroyers of primary forests. Also includes suggestions for resettlement program planning as well as expediting economic growth.}, keywords = {Indonesia, rainforests, rice, trade}, url = {http://www.borneoresearchcouncil.org/BRB\%20PDF\%20scans/BRB_1981_13_01.pdf}, author = {Timothy C. Jessup} } @article {729, title = {Agroforestry practices in the dry regions}, year = {1980}, month = {October 1981}, pages = {419-434}, publisher = {ICRAF}, address = {Nairobi, Kenya}, abstract = {

Several diagrams are included which relate to the items listed below.

This document looks at agroforestry practices in regions characterized by prolonged dry seasons of eight to ten months, low summer rainfall of 200 to 600 mm, exhibiting high yearly fluctuations and high temperatures which often exceed 40C. In this region evaporation, which is accelerated by high temperatures and dry wind currents, is very high, possibly reaching over 20 mm/day during the hotest months. (author)

Sections in this document include: land use practices in Kenya; and, examples of agroforestry practices--Gum Gardens in the Sudan, the Bougag{\'e} Land Rotation System in Niger, and, the use of multi-purpose farm trees.

}, keywords = {Africa, crop rotation, fallow, fuelwood, multipurpose tree species, shifting cultivation}, author = {A. G. Seif el Din}, editor = {Louise Buck} } @conference {762, title = {Effect of culture on home garden structure}, booktitle = {Tropical ecology and development: Proceedings of the Vth International Symposium of Tropical Ecology, 16-21 April 1979, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia}, year = {1980}, month = {04/16-21/1979}, pages = {447-451}, publisher = {International Society of Tropical Ecology}, organization = {International Society of Tropical Ecology}, address = {Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia}, abstract = {The village of Bantar Kalong Pananjung is situated in the transition region of West Java and Central Java. The people of Bantar Kalong consist of Sundanese and Javanese who are living and assimilated together. But they still maintain their customs based on their respective culture. This study is to compare the Sundanese and Javanese home garden structure, and to understand how far the Javanese culture affects Sundanese home garden structure.}, keywords = {culture, ecology, home gardens}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/7942294}, author = {Oekan S. Abdoellah and H. H. Isnawan}, editor = {José I. Furtado} } @article {682, title = {The evolutionary potential of Lacandon Maya sustained-yield tropical forest agriculture}, journal = {Journal of Anthropological Research}, volume = {36}, year = {1980}, month = {Spring 1980}, pages = {1-30}, abstract = {As centuries-long residents of the southern Maya lowlands, the Lacandon Maya of Chiapas, Mexico, have developed and preserved ecologically sound strategies for sustained-yield food production in the tropical forest biome. Their traditional system of agriculture and food extraction emphasizes successful exploitation of the rain forest environment in a manner compatible with forest regeneration and preservation. The authors describe the Lacandon systems of agricultural production, wildlife management, and forest maintenance, then explore the potential these strategies hold for investigation of ancient Maya food production systems and the development of modern resource utilization schemes in the humid tropics.}, keywords = {Maya, Mexico, Milpas, montane forests, old growth forests, fruits, corn, rainforests, sustainable agriculture, tropical forests}, doi = {10.1086/jar.36.1.3629550}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/3629550}, author = {James D. Nations and Ronald B. Nigh} } @conference {872, title = {Forest conversation practices in Papua New Guinea}, booktitle = {Traditional conservation in Papua New Guinea: Implications for today. Proceedings of a Conference Organized by the Office of Environment and Conservation and the Institute of Applied Social and Economic Research in Port Moresby [Papua New Guinea], 27-31 October, 1980}, series = {Monograph no. 16}, year = {1980}, month = {Oct. 27-31, 1980}, pages = {203-216}, publisher = {Institute of Applied Social and Economic Research}, organization = {Institute of Applied Social and Economic Research}, address = {Boroko, Papua New Guinea}, abstract = {This document looks at the forest conservation practices of native Papua New Guineans. It describes past practices of forest product harvesting (including: timber, wildlife, fish, other food products, and assorted other resources) and swidden agriculture and compares them to current practices. It discusses the implications of these past practices on today{\textquoteright}s system of resource management.}, keywords = {aquatic resources, forest conservation, Papua New Guinea}, url = {https://www.worldcat.org/title/10090361}, author = {Colin De{\textquoteright}A th}, editor = {Louise Morauta and John Pernetta and William Heaney} } @inbook {879, title = {Indigenous and colonial land-use systems in Indo-Oceanian savannas: The case of New Caledonia}, booktitle = {Human ecology in savanna environments}, year = {1980}, note = {

original notation:

Bibliography. The entire book has information on indigenous knowledge

(table of contents included).

ISU $\#$GF 895 H84

}, month = {1980}, pages = {253-265}, publisher = {Academic Press}, organization = {Academic Press}, address = {London; New York}, abstract = {In this chapter, I focus on Melanesian land-use systems and in particular on the southwestern Pacific island of New Caledonia, where the historical contrast and conflict that developed in many parts of the tropics between indigenous and colonial systems can be demonstrated with great clarity. (author)}, keywords = {colonialism, land tenure}, isbn = {0-12-326550-9; 978-0-12-326550-0}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/6423546}, author = {Jacques Barrau}, editor = {David R. Harris} } @conference {800, title = {The law in relation to land practices in Kenya}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the Kenya National Seminars on Agroforestry, 12-22 November 1980, Nairobi, Kenya}, year = {1980}, month = {Nov. 12-22, 1980}, pages = {171-173}, publisher = {KRAF}, organization = {KRAF}, address = {Nairobi, Kenya}, abstract = {This document looks at how the law affects agroforestry in Kenya. It points out that there are two basic types of choice which influence the structure of laws: private choice and public interest level choice. It describes the prevailing conceptions in agroforestry in relation to current laws and it gives a prescription for the future in regard to changes in legislation which will better serve to practice of agroforestry.}, keywords = {Africa, agroforestry}, author = {H. W. O. Okoth-Ogendo} } @inbook {901, title = {Oceania}, booktitle = {World systems of traditional resource management}, year = {1980}, month = {1980}, pages = {245-281}, publisher = {John Wiley \& Sons}, organization = {John Wiley \& Sons}, address = {New York}, abstract = {Many South Pacific islanders possessed and continue to possess a wealth of environmental knowledge, including traditional systems of resource management. Taboos, bans, seasons, wildlife preserves, marine preserves, land and lagoon tenure systems, systems of time reckoning, social stratification, religion, and population control (overseas voyaging, suicidal voyages, celibacy, prevention of conception, abortion, and infanticide) undoubtedly function in conserving island resources. Several of these inadvertent or recognized conservation practices were distinctly effective in terms of conserving resources, and, if those appropriate were supported or adapted to modern conditions, they could continue to be so. Yet, little time remains to identify, record, and possibly preserve some of these traditional systems of conservation management. (author)}, keywords = {Australia, Melanesia, Micronesia, New Guinea, New Zealand, Polynesia}, author = {Gary A. Klee}, editor = {Gary A. Klee} } @conference {793, title = {Resource use in the tidal swamps of central Kalimantan: A case study of Kanjarese and Javanese rice and coconut producers}, booktitle = {Tropical ecology and development: Proceedings of the Vth International Symposium of Tropical Ecology, 16-21 April 1979, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia}, year = {1980}, month = {April 16-21 1979}, publisher = {International Society of Tropical Ecology}, organization = {International Society of Tropical Ecology}, address = {Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia}, abstract = {

In Indonesia, tidal swamplands are a major resource. The Indonesian Government has initiated major land development schemes in tidal swamplands for transmigration. Transmigrants in four projects, the Purwosari project (established in 1937), the Tamban Luar project (established in 1972), and the Tamban Lupak project (established in 1977), have been interviewed. The Purosari project is a success because the transmigrants have planted coconuts using the Banjarese system (planting rice, followed by coconuts) described in this paper. The Tamban Luar project appears to be fairly successful, though rice yields are low, their incomes are higher than when they were in Java. They have not adopted the Banjarese increasing weed problems, and no income from coconuts. The Tamban Lupak project is experiencing pest and disease problems and it is not yet clear if it will be successful. The transmigrants here have also not adopted the Banjarese system.

Comparing the Banjarese and Javanese spontaneous migrants and their system of agriculture with the official government transmigrants in the large land development systems, it seems clear the rice/coconut system provides higher returns than the only rice system of the transmigrants. Besides this, it is evident that Javanese will migrate without any assistance from the government if there are opportunities for jobs as hired labourers, access to forests land at a low cost, and good sea transport between Java and Kalimantan. Government should encourage spontaneous migration to the tidal swamp lands of Kalimantan while still continuing its massive transmigration schemes. They should further encourage the farmers to adopt the Bajarese system of rice and coconuts. (author)

}, keywords = {displacement, Indonesia, outmigration, relocation}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/7942294}, author = {William L. Collier}, editor = {José I. Furtado} } @article {833, title = {Species and part of tree collected}, year = {1980}, note = {Devers, Inc. has also been a credited author.}, month = {August 1980}, institution = {Bureau for Program and Policy Coordination, U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID)}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {

People everywhere have a precise evaluation of firewood, knowing which species and parts of trees are the best for specific purposes \— for roasting, simmering, brewing, quick heat, a fire to warm oneself, etc. There is extensive technical knowledge among the local collectors and users concerning the species indigenous to the region and their cooking, heating, medicinal and other qualities, passed down from one generation of users to another. (author)

}, keywords = {firewood, fuelwood, taboos}, url = {https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015064769352}, author = {Dennis H. Wood and David Brokensha and Alphonso Peter Castro and Matthew S. Gamser and Beth A. Jackson and Bernard W. Riley} } @conference {746, title = {A traditional agro-system in the Amazon region of Colombia}, booktitle = {Tropical Ecology and Development: Proceedings of the Vth International Symposium of Tropical Ecology}, year = {1980}, month = {April 1979}, pages = {509-514}, publisher = {International Society of Tropical Ecology}, organization = {International Society of Tropical Ecology}, address = {Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia}, abstract = {A study has been made in Rain forest shifting cultivation, as practiced by Andoke and Witoto Indians in the Caqueta basin of the Colombian Amazonia. Ecological aspects of cultivation have been investigated at both the individual field level and in terms of field/forest relationships. In general, the indigenous cultivation system functions in a stable manner. At the individual field level, this is achieved through a relatively specialized response to adverse environmental conditions. A particular feature of the system is its agri-silvicultural status. Field/forest relationships are equally critical to the stability of the system. Lengthy forest fallowing is practiced between cultivations, reflecting the dispersed nature of indigenous settlements. This contrasts with the more damaging impact of equally small-scale, but more concentrated, colonist agriculture in adjacent areas. The development implications of indigenous farming methods are considered.}, keywords = {Columbia, rainforests}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/7942294}, author = {Michael J. Eden} } @conference {755, title = {Aspects of agroforestry systems used in Mayombe and Lower Congo (Zaire)}, booktitle = {Agroforestry Systems in Latin America. Proceedings of a workshop held in Turrialba, Costa Rica. 26-30 March 1979}, year = {1979}, month = {March 1979}, pages = {84-90}, publisher = {CATIE}, organization = {CATIE}, address = {Turrialba, Costa Rica}, abstract = {

This paper discusses the Mayombe and Bakongo agroforestry systems. The paper focuses on:

  1. The \"nkunku\" system of the Bakongo people. This is a centuries-old practice among the Bakongo. It has the dual objective of regeneration of the fertility of agricultural soils and producing foodstuffs.
  2. The issue of the traditional \"mafufu\" system among the Bakongo in forestry extension programmes of the Taungya type.
  3. The silvo-banana system, a specific variation of the Taungya system. It is practiced on a large scale in Mayombe for establishing man-made stands of Terminalia superba. (author)
}, author = {Jean Dubois}, editor = {Gonzalo De las Salas} } @article {537, title = {Cultural ecology of Amazonian palms}, journal = {Reports of Investigations}, year = {1979}, month = {June 1979}, abstract = {The land requirements for subsistence shifting cultivation have long been documented, but there has been little attention paid to the wild plants that are fully as important to the needs of local communities. Throughout the Amazon, palms are one of the most conspicuous of such wild plant resources. They supply materials for housing, weapons, household articles, and food, and are heavily used by all the inhabitatnts of the region, yet the information that planners require regarding the actual rates at which the palms are utilized, their availability in the forest, or the impact of cultural practices on the future supply of this critical resource, has seldom been recorded. The present study attempts to provide such information for a modern community of Shipibo Indians in eastern Peru with the hope that it will contribute to wise resource planning, and that it will stimulate further investigation of these problems. (author)}, author = {John H. Bodley and Foley C. Benson} } @article {618, title = {Market structure and social organization in a Ghanaian marketing system}, journal = {American Ethnologist}, volume = {6}, year = {1979}, month = {November 1979}, pages = {682-701}, abstract = {

Models of market structure, borrowed from industrial organization economists, are employed to analyze the relationship between social organization and economic conditions in a Ghanaian marketing system. Comparative analysis of vegetable, fish, and yam marketing identifies three distinct modes of social organization\ \— pure competition, ethnic monopolization, and associational monopolization \— and explains differences in social patterns in terms of underlying supply and distribution structures.

}, keywords = {Africa, associational monopolization, economics, ethnic monopolization, fish, Ghana, market system, marketing, pure competition, social organization, social patterns, vegetables, yams}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/643564}, author = {Brian Schwimmer} } @conference {801, title = {The processing of rotan, a minor forest product from the tropical rain forest}, booktitle = {Paper prepared for Eighth World Forestry Congress - Forests for People, October 1978, Jakarta, Indonesia}, series = {Mitteilungen der Bundesforschungsanstalt f{\"u}r Forst- und Holzwirtschaft Reinbek bei Hamburg, no. 124}, year = {1979}, note = {World Forestry Congress, Jakarta, Indonesia Hamburg-Reinbek Federal Research Centre for Forestry and Forest Products Jan 1979. 2pp.}, month = {October 1978}, pages = {158-178}, publisher = {Kommissionsverlag Buchh. Max Wiedebusch}, organization = {Kommissionsverlag Buchh. Max Wiedebusch}, address = {Hamburg-Reinbek}, abstract = {This is one page from an incomplete paper. It includes research about the cultivation of rotan. It talks of ladang shifting) cultivation and how it can become secondary jungle because other forms of forest are not useful. Sega rotan (Calamis caesius) should be planted at certain intervals and from east to west. The rest of the page tells how the fertilization process proceeds and how they attend to the growth and care of the plants.}, keywords = {rainforests, rotan, shifting cultivation}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/13455115}, author = {H. M. Simatupang} } @article {517, title = {Appropriate technology in rural Mexico: Antecedents and consequences of an indigenous peasant innovation}, journal = {Technology and Culture}, volume = {19}, year = {1978}, month = {January 1978}, pages = {32-52}, abstract = {

This paper describes some of the social, ecological, and economic conditions that led to the development of the seed plow in the Valley of Temascalcingo. It briefly examines the history of the plow, documents the socioeconomic changes its use has engendered, and concludes with an exploration of the theoretical and pragmatic implications of this case of modernization.

}, keywords = {corn, edijos, innovation, maize, Mexico, seeder plows}, doi = {10.2307/3103307}, url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/3103307}, author = {Billie R. DeWalt} } @mastersthesis {441, title = {Banana-manioc farming systems of the tropical forest: A case study in Zaire}, year = {1978}, month = {1978}, school = {Stanford University}, address = {Palo Alto, CA}, abstract = {

A dissertation submitted to the Food Research Institute and the committee on graduate studies of Stanford University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy.

The author discusses the production system that the villagers use to grow their crops. He included a graph that tells how they mixed crops with bananas and what the results were. He writes about the plantain system in West Africa as well. He lists crops used in his area on page 57. He describes the practice of clearing land and how it is used, with which he includes a graph showing comparisons of land area and what they do with it. The last thing, except for the bibliography, is the technique of planting.

}, keywords = {Bana Kanoke, bananas, crop association, perennial, Yambela, Yelenge}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/8949207}, author = {Paul Thomas Perrault} } @article {527, title = {Cattle, cash, food and forest: The destruction of the American tropics and the Lacandon Maya alternative}, journal = {Culture \& Agriculture}, volume = {16}, year = {1978}, month = {August 1978}, pages = {1-6}, abstract = {This paper discusses food production techniques developed by the Lacandon Maya of Chiapas, Mexico and examines the feasibility of expanding the use of those techniques to other groups in the Chiapas jungle. The topic of special interest for three reasons: first,because the Lacandon food production systems can produce a nutritious diet in an area inhabited by 50,000 undernourished people; second, because it van produce this food without destroying the tropical forest these people live in; and third because the Lacondon system presents a rational alternative to the present situation in Chiapas - a situation that is leading to the rapid and total destruction of Mexico{\textquoteright}s last tropical forest.}, keywords = {Chiapas, Latin America, Maya, rainforests}, doi = {10.1525/cuag.1978.16.6.1}, url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1525/cuag.1978.16.6.1}, author = {James D. Nations and Ronald B. Nigh} } @book {364, title = {Man and tree in tropical Africa: Three essays on the role of trees in the African environment}, year = {1978}, month = {1978}, pages = {31}, publisher = {International Development Research Centre}, organization = {International Development Research Centre}, address = {Ottawa, ON, Canada}, abstract = {

Contains following essays:

The first paper examines, in general, the role of the tree in tropical Africa. Highlighted are the variety of products that can be obtained from the forests, the vital role of trees in nutrient cycling and in soil and water conservation, and their influence on both micro and macroclimate. The second essay addresses the ever important question of wood-fuel supplies. With increasing petroleum prices, greater demands than ever before are being placed on wood, and with decreasing supplies prices are rising. Wood-fuel shortages have led to a switch to other fuel sources such as manure and crop residues, which has in turn started a vicious circle of decreasing crop yields and environmental degradation. The final essay examines the age-old practice of shifting cultivation. Suggestions advanced here for tailoring new ideas to this traditional practice may well make it possible to modify or improve the system to meet modern realities. Methods involving zero tillage and the use of trees as \&$\#$39;nutrient pumps\&$\#$39; seem to offer particular promise in this regard.

}, keywords = {agroforestry, erosion control, fuelwood, soil erosion, soil fertility}, isbn = {0-88936-154-1; 978-0-88936-154-6}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5510947}, author = {Gunnar Poulsen} } @inbook {907, title = {Plant dispersal by Native North Americans in the Canadian subarctic}, booktitle = {The nature and status of ethnobotany}, series = {Anthropological Papers Series no. 67}, year = {1978}, month = {December 1987}, pages = {255-262}, publisher = {University of Michigan, Museum of Anthropology}, organization = {University of Michigan, Museum of Anthropology}, address = {Ann Arbor, Michigan}, abstract = {The reciprocal nature of the relationships between humans and plants is recognized today as integral to the study of ecological anthropology, cultural ecology, and ethnobotany. It is so central to our thinking that its importance cannot be overstated. Students who came into contact with Volney Jones during their formative years were fortunate to have been exposed to this basic assumption of ecology before it was widely recognized. One area of plant and man relations in which Jones has had some interest is that of the role played by native American Indian populations as agents of plant dispersal. This question not only touches upon his interests in the ecological nature of the relationships but it also reflects his conception of ethnobotany as both relying upon and contributing to our knowledge of botany and of anthropology. In this paper some examples of American Indian influence on native flora and some suggestions concerning the nature of this influence are offered, with speculations about its influence on our own scientific, botanical traditions. The reciprocal relationships involve certain species of plants, some Native Americans in the Canadian subarctic, and contemporary Euro-American and Euro-Canadian botanists. (author)}, keywords = {American Indians, First Peoples, Native Americans}, isbn = {0932206794; 9780932206794}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/464534850}, author = {M. Jean Black}, editor = {Richard I. Ford} } @mastersthesis {446, title = {Saami ethnoecology: Resource management in Norwegian Lapland}, year = {1978}, note = {CIKARD collection only includes the abstract and draft table of contents. See also: https://ehrafworldcultures.yale.edu/document?id=ep04-018}, month = {1978}, school = {Yale University}, address = {New Haven, CT}, abstract = {

The social organization, folk knowledge, and physiographic factors shaping Saami transactions with the natural environment are systematized for various ethnoecologic domains and examined for patterns underlying the structure, persistence, and change in the classification of knowledge involved in resource management. The study is an outgrowth of nearly five years of fieldwork among reindeer-breeding and sedentary population segments in the region comprising western Finnmark and northern Troms counties. This study emphasizes the dynamic nature of sociocultural, linguistic, cognitive, and ecological processes articulating a system of resource management in space and through time.

}, keywords = {cognition, ecology, ethnoecology, Lapland, linguistics, Norway, reindeer, resource, resource management, sociocultural}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/8329793}, author = {Myrdene Anderson} } @article {708, title = {Traditional marine conservation methods in Oceania and their demise}, journal = {Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics}, volume = {9}, year = {1978}, month = {January 1978}, pages = {349-364}, abstract = {This paper is an account of the rise and decline of a millenia-old system of controlled exploitation of marine resources that incorporates a wisdom Westerners are only now beginning to appreciate after having brought about its widespread decay. (author)}, keywords = {aquaculture, aquatic resources, fish, Melanesia}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/2096753}, author = {R. E. Johannes} } @book {409, title = {Tree crops: A permanent agriculture}, series = {Harper Colophon books; CN 610}, year = {1978}, month = {1978}, pages = {408}, publisher = {Island Press; Harper \& Row}, organization = {Island Press; Harper \& Row}, address = {Wasington, DC; New York}, abstract = {Introduction only: "A Practical Visionary". This is an introduction to J. Russell Smith{\textquoteright}s "Tree Crops." In it Wendell Berry describes his love of Smith{\textquoteright}s vision. The idea of perennial vs. annual crops and two-story agriculture are included in the plan. Berry sees Smith{\textquoteright}s plan as a way to reduce erosion and increase productivity while maintaining small-scale farming.}, keywords = {agroforestry, nuts, tree crops}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/300615}, author = {J. Russell Smith} } @inbook {925, title = {The types of utilization}, booktitle = {Tropical forest ecosystems: A state-of-knowledge report prepared by UNESCO/UNEP/FAO}, series = {Natural Resources Research no. 14}, year = {1978}, month = {1978}, pages = {453-487}, publisher = {UNESCO}, organization = {UNESCO}, address = {Paris}, abstract = {The purpose of this chapter is to examine different types of utilization of the forest ecosystems of the humid tropics, but excluding complete transformation to agro-ecosystems. Improved grassland will be discussed chiefly to demonstrate that it is possible to simplify the forest ecosystem to a certain degree, frequently in connection with tree crops, but without the intention of suggesting a research program. The farming or cropping of large wild mammals will not be discussed but will be mentioned in connection with wildlife management. Harvesting and product transport and the socio-economic aspects of development schemes (though their direct or indirect influence on utilization is considerable) will not be considered except for the necessity of research.}, keywords = {agroforestry, logging, shifting cultivation}, isbn = {92-3-101507-9}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4745455}, author = {UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) and UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme) and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)} } @inbook {851, title = {Agricultural technology and labor}, booktitle = {Mountain, field, and family: The economy and human ecology of an Andean valley}, year = {1977}, note = {Chapter 6}, month = {1977}, pages = {91-103}, publisher = {University of Pennsylvania Press}, organization = {University of Pennsylvania Press}, address = {Philadelphia}, abstract = {This paper examines the subsistence system of the Uchucmarquinos in the Andean valleys of Peru. Includes a look at tools, farming procedure, erosion control, and fallow time, as well as the calendar as it relates to the agricultural cycle. Also looks at redistribution of resources and reciprocal labor exchange.}, keywords = {subsistence agriculture}, author = {Stephen B. Brush} } @article {552, title = {El manejo de las selvas por los Mayas: Sus implicaciones silv{\'\i}colas y agr{\'\i}colas}, journal = {Bi{\'o}tica}, volume = {2}, year = {1977}, month = {1977}, pages = {47-61}, abstract = {

The Maya culture is one of the very few outstanding cultures that flourished in a tropical rain forest area. Their land use strategies, as a part of the great Middle America civilization, for agriculture, horticulture and forestry remain up to date scattered among the Maya communities that have conserved their Indian heritage. They are based in a diversity of crops and land uses that are adopted to the different climatic regions of the Maya area. They used the space in the past in a magnificent way using horizontal and vertical strategies. They had channels, terraces and drained fields for intensive agriculture. They used shifting agriculture in soils where no other alternative seemed to be better. They used their wild plant resources and developed forest practices to enrich their forest with desirable species composition. The present floristic composition of many rain forests of the Maya area is a result of ancient silviculture practices. All of these practices were part of a single land use strategy. For these reasons we cannot blame the fall of the Maya culture to an \"ecological collapse\" as has been proposed.

We feel that the answer can be found in economic, political and social reasons. There is a lot to learn from the Mayans to solve some of the present day problems for the management of biotic resources of the tropics. (author)

}, keywords = {ecology, fallow, Mexico, Native Americans, tropical forests}, url = {http://www.reservaeleden.org/agp/libro/lec/Cap23_manejo_selvas.pdf}, author = {A. Barrera and A. Gomez-Pompa and C. Vazquez-Yans} } @article {563, title = {Fishery resource use in a subarctic Indian community}, journal = {Human Ecology}, volume = {5}, year = {1977}, month = {1977}, pages = {289-307}, abstract = {Cree Indians of Fort George, James Bay, northern Canada, maintain a large and successful subsistence fishery. Methods used in the fishery, seasons and locations of catch, and yield levels were studied, together with the population biology two sea-run Coregonus species, cisco and whitefish, that dominate the catch. The fishery was characterized by a high degree of order, social regulation of the fishing effort and the gillnet mesh size, and practices that were identified as adaptations to the subarctic ecosystem. Fishing methods used permit the Cree to control the magnitude of the harvest and the species and size composition of the catch. There is evidence that fishers can alter the scarcity-abundance patterns of the fish stocks, and have a biologically measurable effect on the populations.}, keywords = {American Indians, Cree Indians, fishery management, Native Americans, subsistence resources}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/4602422}, author = {Fikret Berkes} } @book {362, title = {Leucaena: Promising forage and tree crop for the tropics}, year = {1977}, note = {PB268 124; also credited as National Academy of the Sciences}, month = {July 1977}, pages = {4}, publisher = {National Technical Information Service}, organization = {National Technical Information Service}, address = {Springfield, VA}, abstract = {This is an excerpt from a book about the leucaena tree (L. pulverulenta \& L. leucocephala). This tree can grow in many types of soil and compliments other crops (corn, bananas, etc.) with its production of soil nutrients. Leucaena trees are very good at fixing nitrogen in temporarily farmed-out land.}, keywords = {agroforestry}, isbn = {0-89499-075-6, 978-0-89499-075-5}, doi = {10.17226/21315}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/163566301}, author = {National Research Council} } @article {613, title = {Maintenance of agriculture and human habitats within the tropical forest ecosystem}, journal = {Human Ecology}, volume = {4}, year = {1976}, month = {July 1976}, pages = {247-259}, abstract = {The tactics of shifting cultivation are reviewed with particular reference given to techniques of forest regeneration. The desirability of a forest-fallow system of agriculture is explained. Also discussed are the causes, indicators, and consequences of a breakdown of forest-fallow cultivation. In conclusion, the future of tropical forests for agriculture and habitats for man is considered (author).}, keywords = {shifting cultivation, tropical agriculture, tropical forests}, doi = {10.1007/BF01534289}, author = {William C. Clarke} } @inbook {898, title = {Multiple cropping in tropical Asia}, booktitle = {Multiple cropping}, series = {ASA special publication no. 27}, year = {1976}, note = {

Symposium sponsored by Divisions A-6, S-4, S-6, A-3, A-4, and C-3 of the American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, and Soil Science Society of America.
Available for purchase online from ACSESS Digital Library.

See also:https://dl.sciencesocieties.org/publications/books/pdfs/asaspecialpubli/multiplecroppin/frontmatter

}, month = {1976}, pages = {11-40}, publisher = {ASA [American Society of Agronomy]}, organization = {ASA [American Society of Agronomy]}, address = {Madison, WI}, abstract = {

Proceedings of a symposium. The papers were presented during the annual meetings of the American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, and Soil Science Society of America in Knoxville, Tennessee, August 1975.

Present and potential multiple cropping patterns are determined by a wide range of physical and socio-economic conditions against a background of available technology. We have therefore chosen to present multiple cropping in tropical Asia in several parts which describe first the economic and physical factors which influence multiple cropping, then the present farming systems within which multiple cropping is practiced and their direction of change, and finally, the major multiple cropping patterns. Relevant research needs are summarized.

Tropical Asia includes the area between the Himalayan mountains and the equator from Pakistan and India to Indonesia, New Guinea, the Philippines, southern Taiwan, the southeastern portion of the People\&$\#$39;s Republic of China and mainland southeast Asia. The dominant crops in the region are mainly determined by water supply. Cropping systems in the drier regions of India and Pakistan are based on corn, sorghum, millet, and wheat, while the wetter areas of these same countries are nearly all of east Asia, having high rainfall, are rice based. (author)

}, keywords = {agroforestry, homestead, irrigation, multiple cropping, shifting cultivation, soils, Thailand, tree intercropping, vegetables}, isbn = {0-89118-045-1}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/842231973}, author = {R. R. Harwood and E. C. Price}, editor = {R. I. Papendick and P. A. Sanchez and G. B. Triplett} } @inbook {870, title = {Experience with individual species}, booktitle = {Tree planting practices in African savannas}, series = {Forestry Development Paper no. 19}, year = {1974}, note = {Chapter 7}, month = {1974}, pages = {42-44}, publisher = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations [sold by Unipub]}, organization = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations [sold by Unipub]}, address = {Rome; New York}, abstract = {

This excerpt deals with specific native trees that can be found in the subdesert zones and their traditional environmental value. The specific species discussed are: Acacia albia, Acacia nilotica, Acacia senegal, Azadicachta indica and Conocarpus lancifolius. All, except for the Acacia senegal, rely on extraneous water supplies for adequate growth. The Acacia senegal relies on rainfall alone for its moisture.

Uses of these trees vary from conservers of soil to economic sources. One example of this is the Acacia albia, it is used mainly for fodder and refertilization of the soil. The Acacia nilotica is the most important species in the Sudan, because of is drought resistance. Gum extraction and fuel use are the economic functions of the Acacia senegal. This is one of the only trees that can be grown for economic purposes in subdesert zones. Each one fulfills a specific purpose in the Sahel.

}, keywords = {Acacia albida, Acacia nilotica, Acacia senegal, Africa, agroforestry, Azadirachta indica, Conacarpus lancifolius, economics, ethnoconservation, planting}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/2931603}, author = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)} } @article {607, title = {Living fences in Costa Rican agriculture}, journal = {Turrialba}, volume = {29}, year = {1974}, month = {1974}, pages = {255-261}, abstract = {The use of living trees and shrubs as posts for fences has become a widely diffused technique in various ecological zones of Costa Rica. Many agricultural crops are protected by living fences, though the majority of them may be seen along the edges of coffee plantations, pastures and sugar cane fields. The number of species used for live fence posts is impressive: during a six month of field survey 57 species were identified as being regularly planted as components of fences. Of these the 26 most important are described individually in systematic order. An analyisis of the evolution of the fencing patterns shows clearly that the species diversity has been reduced during the last four years, mainly through road-widening projects and because posts treated with preservatives are being used as a substitute to this traditional technique. (author)}, keywords = {agroforestry, Costa Rica, living fences}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1695176}, author = {Jonathan D. Sauer} } @article {646, title = {Sago production in a New Guinea economy}, journal = {Human Ecology}, volume = {2}, year = {1974}, month = {July 1974}, pages = {217-236}, abstract = {The techniques used by the Sanio-Hiowe of Papua New Guinea to produce edible starch from the sago palm (Metroxylon sp.) are described. Input-output analysis demonstrates that this is a highly productive subsistence technology; nevertheless, the Sanio-Hiowe economy is characterized by an absence of intensification. This is ascribed to functional consequences of dependence on hunting and gathering in the interior. In coastal and riverine habitats, other societies using sago supplemented by fishing or horticulture can more fully exploit the potential of sago as a basis for economic intensification and a more sedentary life.}, keywords = {agricultural productivity, hunter-gatherer, labor productivity, Melanesia, palms, Papua New Guinea, pith, sago palm, starches, swamps, swine}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/4602300}, author = {Patricia K. Townsend} } @article {637, title = {Portulacaria afra Jacq.: A potential browse plant}, journal = {Economic Botany}, volume = {27}, year = {1973}, month = {Oct.-Dec. 1973}, pages = {413-416}, abstract = {One of the most valuable South African fodder trees is Portulacaria afra Jacq. It should be further evaluated in the United States because of its various uses. The author outlines the description, distribution and utilization of this species.}, keywords = {agroforestry, ethnobotany, fodder trees, livestock, oak trees, shrubs, vascular plants}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/4253450}, author = {A. J. Oakes} } @article {700, title = {The tropical rain forest}, journal = {Scientific American}, volume = {229}, year = {1973}, month = {December 1973}, pages = {58-67}, abstract = {

This paper addresses the scarcity of nutrients. This effects the food crops, rainforest, and the rest if the ecosystem. The recycling of the minerals is very rapid. Fungi and the decomposition of rocks help in adding nutrients to the ground. The primary rainforest is surviving, but barely.

The idea of a substitute or secondary forest is what is to replace the primary forest. These are phases to the growth of the secondary forest. These are grasses, including herbaceous dicotyledons, vines, shrubs, etc. Next is trees, soft-wooded, fast-growing, and short lived. After that is a cycle, the primary forest begins to form. In order for the primary forest to take shape, the secondary forest must be undistributed.

}, keywords = {Amazon, Borneo, homeostatic mechanisms, mineral-transport system, rainforests, swiddens, tropical forests}, doi = {10.1038/scientificamerican1273-58}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican1273-58}, author = {Paul W. Richards} } @article {679, title = {The ecology of Swidden cultivation in the Upper Orinoco rain forest, Venezuela}, journal = {The Geographical Review}, volume = {61}, year = {1971}, month = {October 1971}, pages = {475-495}, abstract = {

Swidden, a word created by Harold C. Conklin, is defined as as systematic study of shifting cultivation. A survey on Swidden cultivation agreed on two principles themes, \" a manmade ecosystem,\" and the way it relates to population and patterns of settlement. Scientist in Africa are working on the biological and pediological aspects of this technique. The upper Orinoco area of Venezuela is where most of the research is headed. The amount of time needed for research is the biggest obstacle to the study.

Along the Upper Orinoco rivers were ten conucos \"plots in active cultivation,\" ten rastrojos, \"fallow plots in the early stages of forest regeneration.\" In conucos, bananas and manioc were planted and flourished. The rastrojo was harder to pinpoint the growth because of the time and the regeneration process of the forest. It was not possible to tell the length of time that was to be studied.
The study of swidden revealed a change in soil nutrients. The nutrients that were changed were: organic carbon, phosphorus, exchangeable cellium and magnesium, all increased potassium and sodium decreased, as well as a change in pH.

Swidden had made a great contribution to the process of understanding ecology and evolution.

}, keywords = {arrowroot, bitter manioc, bottle gourd, cecropia trees, forest regeneration, Indian arrowleaf, mapuey yam, pejibaye, pijiaguao, rainforests, Rio Ocamo, sugar cane, tobacco, totuma, Waika Indians}, doi = {10.2307/213388}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/213388}, author = {David R. Harris} } @book {376, title = {Place and people: An ecology of a New Guinean community}, year = {1971}, note = {This book was published by ANU Press between 1965{\textendash}1991.This republication is part of the digitisation project being carried out by Scholarly Information Services/Library and ANU Press.This project aims to make past scholarly works published by The Australian National University available to a global audience under its open-access policy.}, month = {1971}, pages = {xii, 265 pp.}, publisher = {Australian National University Press and University of California Press}, organization = {Australian National University Press and University of California Press}, address = {Canberra and Berkeley}, abstract = {This book provides a detailed look at Bomagai-Angoiang horticultural/agricultural production systems in New Guinea. Included are breakdowns of crop occurrence ratios, women{\textquoteright}s tasks, men{\textquoteright}s tasks, land distribution, village set-up, food preparation, population density, and shifting cultivation. Through a chronological approach this book shows the cycle of Bomagai-Angoiang production and the advantages and disadvantages swidden agriculture brings with it.}, keywords = {slash and burn, taxonomy}, isbn = {0-7081-0129-1}, url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1885/114753}, author = {William C. Clarke} } @inbook {900, title = {Notes on Amerindian agriculture}, booktitle = {Ethnographic notes on Amerindian agriculture}, series = {Savanna Research Series no. 9}, year = {1968}, month = {February 1968}, pages = {21}, publisher = {McGill University, Department of Geography}, organization = {McGill University, Department of Geography}, address = {Montreal}, abstract = {

The purposes of this paper are to examine the techniques of subsistence agriculture as carried out by the Amerindians living in the Rupununi district of southern Guyana, and to suggest possible considerations to be taken into account when attempts are made to impose methods of food production. The pressure of population on available resources is increasing to a serious extent, and it is desirable that some sedentary form of agriculture be developed, together with improved methods of transportation and the opening up of markets for the produce. It is obvious, however, that it is not possible to find one solution only to the problem of improving agriculture in this area. Different solutions must be found to the different situations that exits.

At present, the products of the bitter cassava are the staple of the Amerindian and, as a crop, it is remarkable in many respects. Some of its attributes are: high caloric yield per acre (approximately 4 million calories), drought tolerance, can remain in the ground and be reaped over a period of a year when mature, and will grow in relatively poor soil. Until the Amerindian attempts to produce a variety of crops or tries to develop some more permanent form of agriculture where soil, and possibly, water for irrigation become important, differences in the physical conditions have little effect on the success of cassava as a crop and may possibly have led to an impression that one solution can be found. (author)

}, keywords = {agroforestry, American Indians, Native Americans, nutrition}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/3145451}, author = {M. J. Dummett}, editor = {R. F. Salisbury and J. Dummett and T. L. Hills and D. Cook} } @article {650, title = {Shifting cultivation, fire, and pine forest in the Cordillera Central, Luzon, Philippines}, journal = {Ecological Monographs}, volume = {36}, year = {1966}, note = {See also: https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.2307/1942374}, month = {Autumn 1966}, pages = {389-419}, abstract = {This paper looks at the importance of montane forest on soil erosion where the Kaingin peoples of the Philippines practice swidden agriculture. Also details floral succession from primary montane to secondary pine forests. Includes the effects of modernization of Kaingin agriculture on soil erosion.}, keywords = {agroforestry, Philippines, swiddens}, doi = {10.2307/1942374}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/1942374}, author = {Norman Edward Kowal} } @article {608, title = {Living fences in the Fond-des-N{\`e}gres Region, Haiti}, journal = {Economic Botany}, volume = {16}, year = {1962}, month = {April 1962}, pages = {101-105}, abstract = {This article discusses the economic, social and agricultural uses of "living fences" in the Fond-des-N{\`e}gres region, Haiti. These living fences are actually plants that form borders between families and fields. Field work was carried on in the Fond-des-N{\`e}gres region during October, 1958, and from January through March, 1959.}, keywords = {Bromelia, Croton, Jatropha, living fences, Plant Anatomy/Development, plant ecology, plant physiology, plant sciences, Plant Systematics/Taxonomy/Biogeography, thatch, world market price}, doi = {10.1007/BF02985297}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02985297}, author = {Sidney W. Mintz} } @book {384, title = {Shifting cultivation in Africa: The Zande system of agriculture}, year = {1956}, month = {1956}, pages = {xxxi, 304 pp.}, publisher = {Routledge \& Kegan Paul}, organization = {Routledge \& Kegan Paul}, address = {London, England}, abstract = {The excerpts from this book talk about the Zande ecological conceptions concerning swidden farming, rock and stone formations. The second part of this excerpt looks at Zande Crops: millet, Maize, sorghum, rice, cowpeas, green gram. The excerpt finishes with a discussion of overcultivation.}, keywords = {cowpeas, crop rotation, ecology, green gram, maize, millet, overcultivation, rice, rock formations, slash and burn, sorghum, swiddens, taxonomy, Zande}, url = {https://ehrafworldcultures-beta.its.yale.edu/cultures/fo07/documents/060}, author = {Pierre de Schlippe} } @article {754, title = {An ethnoecological approach to shifting agriculture}, journal = {Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences}, volume = {17}, year = {1954}, note = {Available at Wiley Online Library}, month = {December 1954}, pages = {133-142}, abstract = {To dispel some of the commonly held beliefs that swidden agriculture is a wasteful, gluttonous, simple/uncomplicated, and destructive endeavor, this paper looks at shifting cultivation in the Philippines. Looking at the Yagaw Hanunoo of southeastern Mindanoa Island and their practice of swidden agriculture is the primary focus of this paper. The author includes evidence of complex labor intense fields, use of secondary forest, controlled burning, multi-cropping, and highly efficient yield to labor outputs.}, keywords = {shifting cultivation, upland farming}, doi = {10.1111/j.2164-0947.1954.tb00402.x}, url = {https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?\&author=H.\%20Conklin\&journal=An\%20ethnoecological\%20approach\%20to\%20shifting\%20agriculture\&volume=17\&pages=133-142\&publication_year=1954}, author = {Harold C. Conklin} } @article {689, title = {The mango: Its botany, cultivation, uses and future improvement, especially as observed in India}, journal = {Economic Botany}, volume = {7}, year = {1953}, month = {April 1953}, pages = {130-162}, abstract = {

This article is about the botany, cultivation, uses, and future improvement of the mango in India. The author gives an outline of the origin, distribution, and environmental requirements of mangoes, as well.

This delicious tropical fruit has been under cultivation for about 4,000 years and today it is grown on about two million acres in India, its original home. Nearly 1,000 cultivated varieties are known throughout the tropics of the world. The fruits are rich in vitamins A and C, and have better food value than apple.

}, keywords = {agroforestry, bisexual flower, cold storage, ethnobotany, fruit, India, mango, stock plant}, doi = {10.1007/BF02863059}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/4287767}, author = {S. K. Mukherjee} } @book {403, title = {The Turkuna [sic Tukuna]}, series = {University of California publications; American archaeology and ethnology 45}, year = {1952}, note = {This record is for pages 21-24 "Subsistence" which discusses agriculture and fishing}, month = {1952}, pages = {21-24; 209 pp.}, publisher = {University of California Press}, organization = {University of California Press}, address = {Berkeley, CA}, abstract = {Agriculture and fishing are the principle sources of Turkuna economy. The slash and burn faming is usually done by a communal work party of men. The four crops of major importance are bitter manioc, sweet manioc, maize, and yam. Fishing is the principal occupation of the men, who are taught to fish at an early age. Most boys can provide the household with the fish required at age 9 or 10.}, keywords = {aquatic resources, subsistence agriculture, Ticuna, Tucuna Indians, Tuk{\'u}na, Turkana}, author = {Curt Nimuendaj{\'u}} } @article {673, title = {The date palm: "Tree of life" in the subtropical deserts}, journal = {Economic Botany}, volume = {5}, year = {1951}, month = {July-Sept 1951}, pages = {274-301}, abstract = {Dates, staple food in the valleys of the Tigris, Euphrates and Nile rivers since the dawn of history, have been established on nearly 6,000 acres in southern California and Arizona.}, keywords = {agroforestry, date palm, Phoenix dactylifera, ritual}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/4252037}, author = {Roy W. Nixon} } @book {396, title = {The Aymara Indians of the Lake Titicaca Plateau, Bolivia}, series = {American Anthropologist Association: Memoirs}, volume = {50; 1, Part 2}, year = {1948}, month = {January 1948}, pages = {250 pp.; 13 p of plates; 70-77, 204-205}, publisher = {American Anthropological Association}, organization = {American Anthropological Association}, address = {Menasha, WI}, abstract = {This paper focuses on the Aymara Indians of Bolivia. The areas discussed are animal husbandry, fishing, hunting, and ethnobotany. All of these are discussed as a major topic of Aymara culture and economy.}, keywords = {animal husbandry, Aymara Indians, culture, economics, ethnobotany, fishing, hunting}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/610259267}, author = {Raoul Weston La Barre} } @article {562, title = {Fence and barrier plants in warm climates}, journal = {Kew Bulletin}, volume = {1}, year = {1946}, month = {1946}, pages = {51-87}, abstract = {A comprehensive listing of plants best used for hedges in various regions and climates.}, keywords = {agroforestry, Dutch polders, hedge plants, Populus, veneer fruit boxes}, doi = {10.2307/4109287}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/4109287}, author = {F. N. Howes} }