@book {398, title = {The cultural dimension of development: Indigenous knowledge systems}, series = {IT Studies in Indigenous Knowledge and Development Series}, year = {1995}, note = {

Wim H.J.C. Dechering, Technical Editor

}, month = {December 1995}, pages = {xviii, 582 pp.}, publisher = {Intermediate Technology Publications Ltd [Practical Action Publishing]}, organization = {Intermediate Technology Publications Ltd [Practical Action Publishing]}, address = {London}, abstract = {This book presents evidence from many countries and sources of the validity and usefulness of indigenous knowledge in the success of development projects. Part I consists of chapters with a focus on indigenous knowledge systems including: Ethnobotanical knowledge systems, Taman Obat Keluarga: Indigenous Indonesian medicine, Neem in Niger, The Lari Soils project in Peru, indigenous soil classificaton in Northern Zambia, Agroforestry in the Central Hills of Nepal, indigenous communication, and International rice research. The chapters in Part II show how indigenous knowledge is used in decision making: Raised Beds and Plant Disease Management, Famine relief in the Horn of Africa, Gender and socioeconomic status in the Philippines as a reflection of decision making in agriculture, Forest Gardens of Highland Sri Lanka, Indigenous decision-making in American agriculture, Indigenous Taxonomies and decision-making of Rice Farmers in South India, Crop Varietal Selection, and Patterns of medical choice among working-class families of Oaxaca, Mexico. Part III focuses on the role that indigenous organizations play in the decision making process in the following examples: Community Forestry Management in Nepal, Natural Resource Management among Pastoralists of Arid and Semi-arid Africa, Balinese Water Temples, Kpelle Farming, and the Niger River Fisheries project. Part IV deals with indigenous experimentation and innovation including: Indigenous horticultural approaches in tropical regions, Farmer Know-how and Communicaton for Technology Transfer in Niger, Duck Farming in Indonesia, Technology off the farm, Design of on- farm experiments in the Philippines, Soil and Water Conservation in Djenne, Mali, Kpelle steelmaking, and Protection of the Agricultural Environment in Eastern Africa. The chapters in Part V describe how different development institutions such as: CIKARD, LEAD, CIRAN, IUCN, IIED, ILEIA, CLADES, UNESCO, NISER, and REPPIKA, are using indigenous knowledge to facilitate the development process. Part VI consists of bibliographical essays on the attention given to indigenous knowledge in the literature of the past decade in the areas of agriculture and rural development and resource management.}, keywords = {Africa, agroforestry, Bali, ethnobotany, ethnoveterinary medicine, Horn of Africa, India, indigenous decision-making systems, indigenous development, indigenous experimentation, indigenous knowledge, indigenous organizations, Indonesia, Kpelle, Mali, Mexico, Nepal, Niger, Nigeria, Peru, Philippines, Sudan, Zambia}, isbn = {1-85339-264-2; 978-1-85339-251-1; eISBN 978-1-78044-473-4}, url = {https://www.worldcat.org/title/257046951}, editor = {D. Michael Warren and L. Jan Slikkerveer and David Brokensha} } @article {581, title = {IK for socioeconomic development and biodiversity conservation: The Kolli hills}, journal = {Indigenous Knowledge and Development Monitor}, volume = {2}, year = {1994}, note = {

Version published in IKDM. Publication of the IKDM has ceased as of December 2001. The Indigenous Knowledge and Development Monitor was a journal that served the international development community and all scientists who share a professional interest in indigenous knowledge systems and practices (IKSP). The Monitor, produced by Nuffic-CIRAN in cooperation with the indigenous knowledge resource centres in various parts of the world, has two sections: articles and communications.

}, month = {Sept 1994 [Aug]}, pages = {13-17}, abstract = {For generations local people have been the custodians of biodiversity. Unfortunately, their basic requirements somtimes force them into activities that lead to a loss of biodiversity. Therefore, it is essential that programmes aimed at conserving biodiversity should take into account the basic livelihood systems of local people. Moreover, indigenous knowledge can be used to fulfil socioeconomic needs and conserve biodiversity at one and the same time. This article explores the diversity of the indigenous agroforestry systems practised by the people of the Kolli Hills, identifies the factors which force local people to engage in activities that erode those systems, and formulates policy interventions designed to make effective use of indigenous knowledge, not only to meet socioeconomic needs but also to conserve biodiversity.}, keywords = {bench terraces, deforestation, forest gardens, India, Kolli Hills, terraces, tree species}, url = {http://www.ciesin.org/kiosk/ebs/Newsletter/IKNEWS/5art5.txt}, author = {B. Rajasekaran and D. Michael Warren} } @article {845, title = {Using indigenous knowledge as a tool for socioeconomic development and biodiversity conservation in the hilly regions of India: The case of Kolli Hills}, year = {1994}, note = {See also: IK for socioeconomic development and biodiversity conservation: The Kolli hills}, month = {May 1994}, abstract = {

Report submitted to the Center for Global and Regional Environmental Research (CGRER).

The specific objectives of this paper are:

  1. to explore the diversity of indigenous knowledge systems of indigenous peoples of the Kolli Hills with respect to agroforestry systems;
  2. to identify the factors forcing indigenous peoples to engage in activities that erode agroforestry systems; and
  3. to formulate policy interventions for effectively using indigenous knowledge for meeting socioeconomic needs and conserving biodiversity. (author)
}, keywords = {bench terraces, deforestation, forest gardens, India, Kolli Hills, terraces, tree species}, author = {B. Rajasekaran and D. Michael Warren} } @book {405, title = {The wealth of communities: Stories of success in local environmental management}, year = {1994}, month = {1994}, pages = {213}, publisher = {Kumarian Press}, organization = {Kumarian Press}, address = {West Hartford, CT}, abstract = {So much written about the environment conveys unremitting doom and the sense that time is running out. The problems, are, indeed, serious, yet there are grounds for optimism, and communities all over the world are making intelligent use of the resources on which they depend. This book tells the stories of 10 such communities, from the Philippines to Poland, from Los Angeles to Zimbabwe, whether reviving depleted fisheries, finding novel ways of waste disposal, or controlling industrial pollution for their own needs while at the same time protecting the environment -- often in the face of hardship and opposition.}, keywords = {Calcutta, case studies, community organization, community participation, Costa Rica, developing countries, economic development, Ecuador, environmental aspects, environmental conditions, environmental management, environmental protection, human ecology, India, Krakow, Los Angeles, management, Mauritania, natural resources, Nepal, Philippines, sustainable development, Uganda, United States, Zimbabwe}, isbn = {978-1-56549-038-3}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/30567089}, author = {Charlie Pye-Smith} } @article {824, title = {Indigenous knowledge and drought in the arid zone of Rajasthan [India]: Weather prediction as a means to cope with a hazardous climate}, year = {1993}, month = {March 1993}, institution = {Zurich Departement Wald-Und Holzforschung}, address = {Z{\"u}rich}, abstract = {This paper is the result of a first step of a cooperation between two sociologists as members of scientific research units in which the consideration of socio-cultural aspects of environment gains momentum. They emphasize the importance of the consideration of indigenous knowledge in the development process of areas with precarious environmental conditions. In their contribution they highlight the immense value of autochthonous perceptions of particularly rural surroundings to face future challenges and to safeguard the sustainable physical, social and cultural persistence of the semi-arid area of Rajasthan. (author)}, keywords = {agroforestry, drought, India, local knowledge, Rajasthan}, author = {L. P. Bharara and Klaus Seeland} } @article {730, title = {An indigenous duck-fish production system in South India: Impact on nutritional security}, year = {1992}, month = {1992}, abstract = {Indigenous food production systems involve complex processes of producing food from diversified agro-ecological environments to meet the nutritional requirements of the local people. Women laborers form a loosely structured, informal organization to rear ducks in common property resources, such as communal tanks in south India. Droppings of ducks in the communal tank increase the fish population. The favorable environment for the growth of fish encourages men laborers to spend their leisure time catching fish in the tank. Duck-fish production system contributes significantly to nutritional intake of participant households. Sociocultural and economic constraints on the duck-fish production system are identified. Policy options to sustain the autochthonous duck-fish production system are suggested. (author)}, keywords = {duck-fish ecology, food cooperatives, food policies, gender roles, India, local food production, rapid rural appraisal, women{\textquoteright}s organization}, url = {http://www.ciesin.org/docs/004-200/004-200.html}, author = {B. Rajasekaran} } @article {509, title = {Agroforestry, attitude towards risk and nutrient availability: A case study of south Indian farming systems}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {15}, year = {1991}, month = {July 1991}, pages = {1-15}, abstract = {Introduction of two systems of agroforestry to the farmers portfolio is evaluated for their changes in cropping pattern, input use, income generation, farmers attitude towards risk and nutrient availability. Two different types of farmers are studied under both irrigated and dryland farming systems. Farm survey data collected from south Indian villages have been used with a mean-variance framework to identify the risk aversion levels of farmers. The results indicate that the risk-taking preferences of farmers should be given consideration in evaluating the impact of agroforestry systems. Among the two agroforestry systems analyzed, the one with drumstick is shown to increase the risk of crop production while the one with leucaena reduces the risk and enables farmers to invest in more risky cash crops. The impact of agroforestry on crop allocation, input use and income differs due to the differences in resource availability of farmers. The influence of agroforestry on nutrient availability of the farm households also differs based on the components of agroforestry, orientation of farming and the nature of farming systems. It is argued that design of agroforestry systems should consider differences in resource constraints in farming systems and risk attitudes of farmers towards their allocation decisions and that such considerations would largely enhance the successful adoption of agroforestry in developing countries.}, keywords = {agriculture, economics, farming systems, forestry, India, mathematical programming, mean-variance analysis, nutritional availability, portfolio theory, quadratic programming, risk attitudes}, doi = {10.1007/BF00046275}, url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00046275}, author = {S. C. Babu and B. Rajasekaran} } @book {305, title = {Community forestry: Herders{\textquoteright} decision-making in natural resources management in arid and semi-arid Africa}, series = {Community Forestry Note no. 4}, year = {1990}, note = {See also: http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/22831781}, month = {1990}, pages = {viii, 126 pp.}, publisher = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}, organization = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}, address = {Rome}, abstract = {This report fits into an overall objective of helping the FAO analyze the role that local knowlege and management systems (LKMS) of natural resources can play in FAO{\textquoteright}s development projects and programs. The approach of this report centers on a literature review of existing information on arid and semi-arid Africa. This includes North Africa, the Sahara, the Sahel, the semi-arid parts of the Sudan zone, and the arid zones of southern Africa. A few pertinent examples from other areas are also provided. The main emphasis is placed on the use and management of natural resources, primarily vegetation, but also water and wildlife. The majority of production systems in these arid zones in one way or another rely on livestock (ranging from settled agropastoralists to continuously mobile nomads). Thus, pastoral systems, defined as any production system that relies for more than 10\% of its output on livestock, is the main focus of the report, but other production systems that rely on resources in their natural state, such as hunting, gathering, fishing and wood collecting, will also be considered. (author) In 1986, within its Forestry for Community Development Programme, the FAO Forestry Department published a Forestry Paper entitled Tree Growing by Rural People. It presented various facets of the state of knowledge about tree-growing as it relates to community forestry, i.e. forestry designed to benefit the rural tree growers/managers. However, although some of the most interesting future opportunities for community forestry lie in improving management of existing trees rather than in creating new resources, this document covered only partially the topic of tree and woodland management by rural people. It did not fully explore how rural people manage single trees or communal woodlands and how they manage their other resources in relation to trees and woodlands. Further effort was necessary to broaden and deepen the knowledge base on local management issues. In order to improve the success of management projects, more complete data and analysis was also needed on what knowledge rural people have already developed and the dynamics of their tree resource management strategies in response to changing policies, pressures and opportunities. Finally, more thorough understanding was to be developed of the results and impacts of various attempts to support rural people in the efforts to manage these resources. Dr. Maryam Niamir, a range management specialist, has undertaken the first step in the process of filling this information gap as it relates to arid and semi-arid areas of Africa. (author)}, keywords = {afforestation, agroforestry, agropastoral systems, citizen participation, climate, community forestry, deforestation, Ethiopia, ethnoveterinary medicine, forest management, Fulani, geomorphology, grazing, herders, India, land tenure, livestock, Madagascar, Mali, natural resources, Niger, Nigeria, North Africa, plants, reforestation, soils, Somalia, Sub-Saharan Africa, Sudan, Uganda, vegetation, water , wildlife , Wodaabe, Zambia}, url = {http://www.fao.org/3/t6260e/t6260e00.htm}, author = {Maryam Niamir} } @book {355, title = {Joint management for forest lands: Experiences from South Asia}, year = {1990}, month = {January 1990}, pages = {49}, publisher = {Ford Foundation}, organization = {Ford Foundation}, address = {New Delhi, India}, abstract = {This paper briefly examines three regions within South Asia where poor land management is causing environmental degradation and social and economic problems for rural communities. Within each setting, an example is given of a government agency which is attempting to improve land management through partnerships with community groups. The experiences of each program are discussed and assesed in terms of the productivity, equity, and sustainability of emerging joint management systems. The paper concludes by describing Foundation efforts to support forest agencies developing new approaches to participatory management. (author)}, keywords = {agroforestry, Bengal, common property, community forestry, India, land tenure, land use, Nepal, participatory research, social forestry}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/24551289}, author = {Mark Poffenberger} } @article {705, title = {Traditional crop sparks new interest as a multipurpose tree}, journal = {Agroforestry Today (Kenya)}, volume = {2}, year = {1990}, month = {April-June 1990}, pages = {4-7}, abstract = {

In tropical regions, fast growing short-lived woody species such as pigeon pea are attracting considerable interest for agroforestry systems. Pigeon pea provides food, fuelwood, forage, and shelter to subsistence farmers. Pigeon pea, although a perennial plant, is most often grown as an annual, because it is highly susceptible to Fusarium wilt and mosaic disease. Nowadays resistant perennial lines are available, which can be grown for 3-4 years. The many uses of pigeon pea are summarized. Annual wood production of long-duration pigeon pea ranged from 2.5 to 12.5 t/ha, and grain yield was between 0.8 to 1.8 t/ha. Spacing, fertilizer requirement, crop combinations and management, weed and pest control measures and harvesting methods are discussed. KEYWORDS:

[CIKARD COPY] If farmers in the semi-arid tropics are to adopt agroforestry on a wide scale, researchers must address two major problems. One is the possibility of competition between trees and field crops in environments where moisture and soil fertility are likely to be limited. The second problem is the often considerable delay before farmers can expect any economic return from trees. (author)

This document looks at two short-lived woody species \— pigeonpea and sesbania \— as an answer to these two problems. It looks at the products which can be derived from the two species, how the two help to improve soil quality, what kinds of yields they produce, spacing and fertilizer requirements, crop combinations and management, and weed and pest control.

}, keywords = {agroforestry, ICRISAT, IITA, India, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Nigeria, pigeonpea, sesbania, soils, trees}, author = {C. K. Ong and Joshus N. Daniel} } @book {301, title = {Case studies of farm forestry and wasteland development in Gujarat, India}, year = {1988}, month = {1989}, pages = {62 pp.}, publisher = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}, organization = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}, address = {Bangkok, Thailand}, abstract = {This paper discusses the costs and benefits of farm forestry from the standpoint of its practitioners. It also examines the adoption of farm forestry by both large and small-scale farmers and by landless agricultural laborers including marginal farmers owning unproductive land.}, keywords = {agroforestry, farmer participatory research, India}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/19318376}, author = {Kathleen Rorison} } @inbook {857, title = {Agroforestry practices and research in India}, booktitle = {Agroforestry: Realities, possibilities and potentials}, year = {1987}, month = {1987}, pages = {109-137}, publisher = {Martin Nijhoff Publishers in cooperation with ICRAF; distributors for the U.S. and Canada, Kluwer Academic Publishers}, organization = {Martin Nijhoff Publishers in cooperation with ICRAF; distributors for the U.S. and Canada, Kluwer Academic Publishers}, address = {Dordrecht, Netherlands}, abstract = {

Many agroforestry practices in India are old and traditional. Some systems have been researched since the late 19th century, and there has been research on fodder-fuel plantations since the 1950s. A wide variety of practices in India are described here with research results incorporated wherever available. It is concluded that:

  1. there are many systems and practices that are yet to be adequately described;
  2. even though some systems are well-described, there is need of greater research on practice;
  3. the research endeavor so far, apart from indicating possibilities for increased production in fodder-fuel plantations has not really improved the components of agroforestry systems and their management. The challenges and opportunities for improvement are vast.
}, keywords = {India}, isbn = {90-247-3590-4}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/16352684}, author = {K. G. Tejwani}, editor = {Henry L. Gholz} } @conference {785, title = {Notes and reflections on the workshop on farmers and agricultural research: Complementary methods}, booktitle = {Paper presented at IDS Workshop on Farmers and Agricultural Research: Complementary Methods, July 26-31, 1987, University of Sussex}, year = {1987}, note = {IDS (Institute of Development Studies)}, month = {July 1987}, publisher = {Brighton, UK}, organization = {Brighton, UK}, address = {University of Sussex}, abstract = {The workshop, Farmers and Agricultural Research: Complementary Methods, was held at the Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK, from 26 to 31 July 1987. The objective was to take stock of new methods and approaches that scientists have been developing, to share experience, to assess potential, and to identify what steps should be taken next. The 42 notes and papers and the five days of the discussion at the workshop were designed for the exchange and exploration rather than to generate an agreed statement. What follows are therefore personal notes and reflections, and responsibility for the views expressed is mine and not of anyone else. All the same, I am trying to present views expressed, and there was a degree of consensus which suggests that few participants would probably wish to dissent substantially from much of what follows. (author)}, keywords = {agricultural research, agricultural science, agroforestry, agronomy, Bangladesh, bio-economic, Botswana, Brazil, Bungoma, Colombia, cropping systems, cropping systems research, crops, development, dry farming, dryland agriculture, East India, farmer experimentation, farmers, Farming Systems Development Project-Eastern Visayas (FSDP-EV), food, India, indigenous genetic resources, indigenous technical knowledge , Indore, Kenya, land classification, livestock, Luapula, Luapula Province, Nepal, on-farm varietal, Peru, Pokot, regular research field hearings (RRFH), research and development , resource-poor, rice, scientized packages, soil classification, Sub-Saharan Africa, topsoil, tree planting, trees, Turkana, watersheds, Zambia}, author = {Robert Chambers} } @article {501, title = {A second look at the economics of natural management systems in tropical mixed forests}, journal = {Unasylva}, volume = {155}, year = {1987}, note = {A.J. Leslie is a former Director of FAO{\textquoteright}s Forest Industries Division}, month = {March-April 1987}, pages = {46-58}, abstract = {A.J. Leslie states that the reason for national management{\textquoteright}s failure was that it was not given a good enough chance. National management was all too easily dismissed and the greed of timber production was one of the biggest reasons for its downfall. Leslie is trying to outline the deeper aspects of economic analysis. The author says that conservation of the forest is possible through management. He lists the case and its weaknesses against national management. He also states the problem of generalities of forest management includes a timeline, approximating the rate that a cycle could last. He inserts 3 tables illustrating cost estimates. He also includes a glossary of terms.}, keywords = {benefit cost ratio, discount rate, Faustmann formula, India, rainforests, shadow prices}, url = {http://www.fao.org/docrep/s1930e/s1930e06.htm}, author = {A. J. Leslie} } @inbook {855, title = {Agroforestry in shifting cultivation control programmes in India}, booktitle = {Social, economic, and institutional aspects of agroforestry}, year = {1984}, month = {1984}, pages = {61-67}, publisher = {The United National University}, organization = {The United National University}, address = {Tokyo}, abstract = {About 7000 B.C., according to the archaeological evidence (Childe 1956) mankind began to change its mode of life from food gathering to food cultivation, by adopting shifting cultivation which is, historically, a transitional stage towards more permanent agriculture. As the years passed, the peoples living in river valleys advanced rapidly and brought about a number of institutional and technological changes; but meanwhile some of the people living in remote areas continued in the blind alley of shifting cultivation and failed to take part in the progress towards culture and civilization. However, in the development of a country all sections of society need to be involved, including the backward shifting cultivators, all are equally entitled to the benefits of civilization and development. For these reasons programmes for the control of shifting cultivation have become important, particularly in tropical countries, and agro-forestry has played a pivotal role in these programmes. (author)}, keywords = {agroforestry, India}, isbn = {92-808-0502-9}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/12640944}, author = {E. S. Thangam}, editor = {J. K. Jackson} } @book {418, title = {Wild fruits of the sub-Himalayan region}, year = {1982}, month = {1982}, pages = {xii, 136}, publisher = {Kalyani Publishers [PARMAR]}, organization = {Kalyani Publishers [PARMAR]}, address = {New Delhi}, abstract = {In the present work, the authors have endeavoured to bring out detailed information on various characteristics of morphological, taxonomical, economical and horticultural importance. This information was collected during the course of investigation carried out by them on 26 plants found growing wild in the sub-Himalayan tract yielding edible fruits in an attempt to evaluate these wild fruits from economic and commercial standpoints. To make the work more comprehensive and useful, the authors also consult various other sources including the translations of ancient Sanskrit texts on Ayurveda for compiling all the available information on the medicinal properties and other uses of these plants. The treatise, therefore, carries a detailed information on the phenology, flowering and fruiting seasons, chemical composition, medicinal properties, yield, utilization, scope, etc., in respect of each fruit.}, keywords = {agroforestry, ethnobotany, fruit, Himalayan region, horticulture, India, taxonomy, tree crops}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/9422206}, author = {Chiranjit Parmar and Mitlesh Kumar Kaushal} } @conference {747, title = {Agro-forestry systems for drylands of arid and semi-arid regions of India}, booktitle = {Paper presented at Agro-forestry in Arid and Semi-Arid Zones, June 15-July 18, 1981; Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur, India}, year = {1981}, month = {06/15-07/18/1981}, address = {Jodhpur, India}, abstract = {This document contains information about how agroforestry is affected by climate in the semi-arid to arid regions of the earth. It also provides a list of suitable species of trees and crops for an agroforestry system. Other sections included are: Species of firewood crops suited to varying environments of arid and semi-arid regions of India; and, dryland crops suited to arid and semi-arid regions of India.}, keywords = {environment, field crops, firewood, forestry, fuelwood, India, trees}, author = {R. P. Singh} } @article {689, title = {The mango: Its botany, cultivation, uses and future improvement, especially as observed in India}, journal = {Economic Botany}, volume = {7}, year = {1953}, month = {April 1953}, pages = {130-162}, abstract = {

This article is about the botany, cultivation, uses, and future improvement of the mango in India. The author gives an outline of the origin, distribution, and environmental requirements of mangoes, as well.

This delicious tropical fruit has been under cultivation for about 4,000 years and today it is grown on about two million acres in India, its original home. Nearly 1,000 cultivated varieties are known throughout the tropics of the world. The fruits are rich in vitamins A and C, and have better food value than apple.

}, keywords = {agroforestry, bisexual flower, cold storage, ethnobotany, fruit, India, mango, stock plant}, doi = {10.1007/BF02863059}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/4287767}, author = {S. K. Mukherjee} }