@article {507, title = {Agroforestry pathways for the intensification of shifting cultivation}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {4}, year = {1986}, month = {March 1986}, pages = {39-54}, abstract = {

As a system of land use which entails the deliberate association of trees with herbaceous field crops in time, shifting cultivation is one of the most ancient, widespread and, until recently, ecologically stable forms of agroforestry. However, under pressure of population and competing uses for land and labour, traditional swidden systems have been observed historically to undergo more or less predictable processes of intensification. Since shifting cultivation is an indigenous form of agroforestry, scientific agroforestry is not, strictly speaking, an \&$\#$39;alternative\&$\#$39; to shifting cultivation, but rather a systematic approach to the recombination of its basic elements into more intensive, sustainable and politically viable forms of land use, whenever pressures signal the need for change in traditional swidden systems.

Different agroforestry options open up from different stages of intensification in swidden systems. A review of evolutionary typologies of shifting cultivation gives rise to a framework for the identification of agroforestry interventions and development pathways appropriate to specific systems. technological proposals are limited to a short list of the most promising agroforestry interventions in \&$\#$39;main sequence\&$\#$39; swidden systems. These include \&$\#$39;integral taungya\&$\#$39;, economically and biologically enriched fallows, variations on the \"alley cropping\" theme, and various tree crop alternatives to annual cropping systems. Examples and quantitative data are cited to substantiate the main hypotheses behind the proposals.

}, keywords = {development pathway, field crops, land use, stable form}, doi = {10.1007/BF01834701}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01834701}, author = {J. B. Raintree and K. Warner} } @article {829, title = {Prospects for agroforestry research in India{\textquoteright}s semi-arid tropics and at ICRISAT}, year = {1986}, note = {Consultancy Report}, month = {August 25, 1986}, institution = {Economics Group, Resource Management Program, ICRISAT}, address = {Andhra Pradesh, India}, abstract = {Agroforestry research centered on woody perennial and field crop combinations is in its infancy in India{\textquoteright}s SAT. Any proposed agroforestry research at ICRISAT should have an explicit link with crops in order to justify such research within ICRISAT{\textquoteright}s mandate. The development of an agroforestry program at ICRISAT should follow a farming systems research strategy based on strong links with target systems. And selection of species for research should be done carefully and purposefully with the target system in mind.}, keywords = {crop combinations, field crops, research , woody crops}, author = {Barry H. Michie} } @conference {747, title = {Agro-forestry systems for drylands of arid and semi-arid regions of India}, booktitle = {Paper presented at Agro-forestry in Arid and Semi-Arid Zones, June 15-July 18, 1981; Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur, India}, year = {1981}, month = {06/15-07/18/1981}, address = {Jodhpur, India}, abstract = {This document contains information about how agroforestry is affected by climate in the semi-arid to arid regions of the earth. It also provides a list of suitable species of trees and crops for an agroforestry system. Other sections included are: Species of firewood crops suited to varying environments of arid and semi-arid regions of India; and, dryland crops suited to arid and semi-arid regions of India.}, keywords = {environment, field crops, firewood, forestry, fuelwood, India, trees}, author = {R. P. Singh} }