@article {670,
	title = {The banana (Musa spp.) Coffee robusta: Traditional agroforestry system of Uganda},
	journal = {Agroforestry Systems},
	volume = {11},
	year = {1990},
	month = {September 1990},
	pages = {213-226},
	abstract = {Banana (Musa spp.) with Coffee robusta, a traditional agroforestry system in Uganda, is a purely mixed cropping system managed on a sustained production basis. The basic primary production is banana as a main food crop and Coffee robusta as the main cash crop. The variety of trees deliberately retained, managed and planted, animals and crops in the system are managed by the farmers to maximize production by supplying timber, fruits, fuelwood, fodder, food, medicinal and other miscellaneous uses.},
	keywords = {agroforestry, bananas, coffee, home gardens, medicinal plants, mixed cropping, multipurpose trees, traditional agroforestry, Uganda},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00045900},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00045900},
	author = {Peter A. Oduol and J. R. W. Aluma}
}
@article {703,
	title = {Traditional agroforestry system in the Cordilleras (Ifugao)},
	journal = {Likasyaman (Technology Series)},
	year = {1988},
	month = {April-June 1988},
	abstract = {This short summary of a traditional agroforestry setup in Ifugao, Philippines, discusses qualitatively the advantages of using an indigenous shade tree with coffee for enhanced production. Coffee, introduced during Spanish occupation, is grown under raintree (Samanea caman) along with rattan vines (Calamus merrillii) which is in demand locally for the cottage industry. There is little to no exogenous technological influence in this system (except the introduction of coffee) because there is no pruning, fertilization or improved plant varieties of coffee. The author considers the system sustainable based on nutrient and water cycling advantages of raintree (a nitrogen fixer) particularly soil nutrient additions of litter fall. A brief ecological and socioeconomic descriptions of the region are included.},
	keywords = {Acacia, coffee, traditional agroforestry},
	author = {Guillermo Felipe}
}
@article {599,
	title = {Kandyan gardens of Sri Lanka},
	journal = {Agroforestry Systems},
	volume = {5},
	year = {1987},
	month = {June 1987},
	pages = {123-137},
	abstract = {Kandyan Gardens (KG) or Kandyan Forest Gardens (KFG) of Sri Lanka represent a traditional system of perennial cropping which has been in practice for several centuries. It is esseentially a system of mixed cropping with a variety of economically valuable groups of tree crops such as spices, fruits, medicinal plants and timber species. However, these systems are usually in small homestead holdings and are practiced in only a few districts. KFG is different from other homegarden systems mostly in terms of the variety of plants grown. Moreover the farmers who practice this system enjoy a {\textquoteright}relatively better{\textquoteright} level of living by virtue of returns from both the economic cash crops and the subsistence products. Presumably, with improved management, the system has the potential for increased production and better returns. This paper examines the situation with respect to the KG system and endeavours to identify the directions of research for the improvement of the system. (author)},
	keywords = {coffee, intercropping, labor, land use patterns, mixed cropping, pepper},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00047517},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00047517},
	author = {V. J. Jacob and W. S. Alles}
}
@article {545,
	title = {Dynamics of fallow successions and introduction of robusta coffee in shifting cultivation areas in the lowlands of Papua New Guinea},
	journal = {Agroforestry Systems},
	volume = {3},
	year = {1985},
	month = {September 1985},
	pages = {227-238},
	abstract = {The traditional shifting cultivation system in the lowlands of Papua New Guinea consists of mixed food crop gardens in which yams (Dioscorea spp.), bananas, taro (Colocasia esculenta) and sugarcane predominate. The cropping cycle is usually for 18 months, followed by a fallow cycle of up to 30 years. During the cropping cycle, two species of fruit trees, Pometia pinnata and Artocarpus altilis are also planted, the leaves of the former also being used as a mulch and green manure in yam cultivation. Fallow succession follows rather systematic patterns about which farmers have a thorough understanding. Robusta coffee, a cash-crop component, has been added to the system in some areas since the late 1950s. It is usually grown in permanent blocks, but is interplanted with Leucaena as shade. Food crops are planted in the establishment stage, bananas and Xantohosoma being retained even in mature coffee gardens. The system seems to be a potentially promising one. But very little quantitative information is available on the production and performance of the system and practically no systematic research has been undertaken. Since the Papua New Guinea fallow gardeners are willing to accept innovations, it will be appropriate and timely to undertake serious studies so that the system can be improved. A few items that merit immediate research attention are indicated. (author)},
	keywords = {agroforestry, coffee, fallow successions, forestry, intercropping, Papua New Guinea, shifting cultivation},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00046956},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00046956},
	author = {Bryant J. Allen}
}
@article {565,
	title = {Food, coffee and Casuarina: An agroforestry system from the Papua New Guinea highlands},
	journal = {Agroforestry Systems},
	volume = {2},
	year = {1985},
	month = {December 1985},
	pages = {273-279},
	abstract = {An agroforestry farming system is described from the Papua New Guina highlands (1400 to 2100 m) that has been developed by village growers since about 1960 and has expanded rapidly since about 1970. Major components of the system are numerous species of annual and perennial food crops (especially bananas), arabica coffee and Casuarina oligodon. It provides food, a cash crop and timber for construction and fuel. It is likely that returns on labour inputs are very favourable, but no formal assessments have been made. Evaluation of the system as a whole, and research on certain key components (Casuarina ecology, banana cultivars, timing of operations) are suggested as high priority areas for systematic studies.},
	keywords = {agriculture, Casuarina, coffee, food crops, forestry, highlands, Papua New Guinea},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00147038},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00147038},
	author = {R. Michael Bourke}
}
@inbook {895,
	title = {Machiguenga Gardens},
	booktitle = {Adaptive responses of native Amazonians},
	year = {1983},
	note = {Chapter 2},
	month = {1983},
	pages = {29-63},
	publisher = {Academic Press},
	organization = {Academic Press},
	address = {New York},
	abstract = {The present description concerns shifting cultivation among the Machiguenga, Native American inhabitants of the tropical rainforest of the Upper Amazon, specifically, a community on the Kompiroshiato River, a tributary of the Urubamba River in the department of Cuzco, Peru. The language is of the Arawakan family, and is closely allied to that of the Amuesha, Campa, and Piro Indians, who also inhabit the montana of Southeastern Peru. As is typical of the montana region, Machiguenga settlements vary from single families to small hamlets of related families located on a stream that provides clean water for household needs, near a river suitable for fishing, and with abundant forest for hunting and from which gardens are cleared. Population density is 0.3 persons/km2. The Machiguenga spend nearly as much time procuring wild foods as they do cultivating their gardens, but it is from their gardens that the vast bulk of their food derives, including a great overproduction of starchy tubers for food security under isolated and vulnerable living conditions. (author)},
	keywords = {cacao, coffee, forest dwellers, horticulture, hunter-gatherer, labor, maize, manioc, Native Americans, rainforests, shifting cultivation, slash and burn, soils, South America, weeds, women, yams},
	url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/8827760},
	author = {Allen Johnson},
	editor = {Raymond B. Hames and William T. Vickers}
}
