@article {571, title = {Gender, ecology, and the science of survival: Stories and lessons from Kenya}, journal = {Agriculture and Human Values}, volume = {8}, year = {1991}, note = {Paper initially presented at Association of Women in Development Conference: The Global Empowerment of Women, 17-19 November 1989, Washington, DC (18 pp.)}, month = {December 1991}, pages = {156-165}, abstract = {

Sustainable development and biodiversity initiatives increasingly include ethnoscience, yet the gendered nature of rural people\&$\#$39;s knowledge goes largely unrecognized. This paper notes the current resurgence of ethnoscience research and states the case for including gendered knowledge and skills, supported by a brief review of relevant cultural ecology and ecofeminist field studies. The author argues the case from the point of view of better, more complete science as well as from the ethical imperative to serve women\&$\#$39;s interests as the \"daily managers of the living environment.\" In the interests of both objectives the paper advocates an ethnoscience research approach based on empowerment of rural people, rather than simple extraction of their knowledge. The Kenyan case study of women\&$\#$39;s agroforestry work follows their response to the drought and famine of 1985 and chronicles the unfolding discovery of women\&$\#$39;s ecological, political and social science as gendered survival skills. The case is re-counted as a story, in keeping with an explicit choice to learn through participation and to report through storytelling. The experience of rural women and researchers during the drought provides several lessons for both groups about their respective knowledge systems, their agroforestry work and the relationship of both to local and national political economy. (author)

The author states her concern over loss of culture and genetic diversity, realizing the importance of this diversity to the livelihoods of the poor people. If this knowledge is to survive, women must be included in literature pertaining to sustainability and indigenous knowledge. By including women in research it may provide an opportunity for them to redefine their roles in their households, communities and nations, as well as providing important information pertaining to diversity.

}, keywords = {agroforestry, alley cropping, biodiversity, community forestry, cultural ecology, drought, East Africa, ecofeminist, ethnobotany, ethnoscience, famine, fodder trees, gendered knowledge, knowledge system, land rights, land tenure, on-farm trials, pastoralism, rural people, simple extraction, survival skills, sustainable development}, doi = {10.1007/BF01579669}, url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007\%2FBF01579669}, author = {Dianne E. Rocheleau} } @article {702, title = {Traditional agroforestry practices in Zimbabwe}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {14}, year = {1991}, month = {May 1991}, pages = {99-111}, abstract = {Traditional agroforestry systems in the communal areas of Zimbabwe are described. There are systems centered on main fields, on home gardens, on homesites and on grazing areas. In the main fields, the major tree-related management practice is the conservation of preferred indigenous fruit trees. Fruit trees are also the focus of forestry activities around the gardens and the homesite; but here it is the planting of exotic species. In a localized area of Zimbabwe Acacia albida is important in fields. There is almost no use of tree fallows in Zimbabwe. Trees in grazing areas have numerous roles, but at present there is little knowledge about traditional management practices in these areas. In the development of agroforestry systems in Zimbabwe it is suggested that those systems designed to improve fodder production will make a significant contribution to farm productivity because of the importance of cattle in the farming system and the present fodder shortage. Interventions involving the planting of fruit trees are likely to be very successful, as there is much interest in such planting. Another area that needs to be developed is that of tree plantings to improve soil fertility.}, keywords = {agriculture, fodder trees, forestry, fruit trees, gardening, grazing lands, species composition, traditional agroforestry, Zimbabwe}, doi = {10.1007/BF00045726}, url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00045726}, author = {B. M. Campbell and J. M. Clarke and D. J. Gumbo} } @article {640, title = {Promising agroforestry systems in Venezuela}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {3}, year = {1985}, month = {June 1985}, pages = {209-221}, abstract = {

The main agroforestry systems in Venezuela are the multispecies plant associations in integrated coffee production system and the silvopastoral system. This paper describes the functional and structural aspects of these systems. The multilayered coffee production systems are practised mainly in the premontane moist forest of the Andes region, but are also found in other areas of the country. Various tree species are used for shade and as fence in big coffee plantations, whereas in small units with traditional production pattern, coffee is planted along with many other species, often constituting a 3\–4 layer canopy. Available data are presented on the production as well as some socioeconomic aspects. The silvopastoral systems are found in the tropical dry forest (savannas) and in the very dry tropical forest of the semiarid zones of the country. A large number of trees and shrubs are found in these pastoral areas where they play both productive (fodder and feed) and service (shelter) roles.

Although both these systems are practised over large areas of the country, practically no research has been done to improve them. In order to strengthen national capability to undertake such research, international support of cash and as well as technical advice is needed. (author)

}, keywords = {agroforestry systems, browsing, coffee production, fodder trees, silvopastoral systems, Venezuela}, doi = {10.1007/BF00122644}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00122644}, author = {Eduardo E. Escalante} } @article {637, title = {Portulacaria afra Jacq.: A potential browse plant}, journal = {Economic Botany}, volume = {27}, year = {1973}, month = {Oct.-Dec. 1973}, pages = {413-416}, abstract = {One of the most valuable South African fodder trees is Portulacaria afra Jacq. It should be further evaluated in the United States because of its various uses. The author outlines the description, distribution and utilization of this species.}, keywords = {agroforestry, ethnobotany, fodder trees, livestock, oak trees, shrubs, vascular plants}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/4253450}, author = {A. J. Oakes} }