@inbook {904, title = {P{\'a}tzcuaro{\textquoteright}s lesson: Nature, production, and culture in an indigenous region of Mexico}, booktitle = {Biodiversity: Culture, conservation, and ecodevelopment}, year = {1991}, month = {1991}, pages = {147-171}, publisher = {Westview Press}, organization = {Westview Press}, address = {Boulder, CO}, abstract = {This document looks at the ecosystem and cultural history in the region of Lake P{\'a}tzcuaro, Mexico. The production activities and use of natural resources (plant and animal, both wild and cultivated) of and by the local indigenous communities are detailed. Activities and knowledge of the Purh{\'e}pecha people are focused upon.}, keywords = {agricultural conservation, agricultural ecology, biodiversity conservation, ecosystem, fish, forestry, germplasm resources, household, land redistribution, land tenure, landscapes, maize morphology, Mesoamerica, mestizo, mushroom, Native Americans, natural resource management, pasture, peasants, population, Pur{\'e}pecha, settlements, smallholders, soil classification, subsistence patterns, Tarascans, taxonomy, transect, woodland management}, isbn = {0-8133-7680-7; 978-0-8133-7680-6}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/24467584}, author = {Victor M. Toledo}, editor = {Margery L. Oldfield and Janis B. Alcorn} } @article {680, title = {The economics of traditional rattan cultivation}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {12}, year = {1990}, month = {November 1990}, pages = {163-172}, abstract = {

In this paper the author:

}, keywords = {cane cultivation, irit, non-timber forest products, rattan, smallholders}, doi = {10.1007/BF00123471}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00123471}, author = {R. Godoy} } @book {290, title = {Agroforestry in Tonga: A traditional source for development of sustainable farming systems}, series = {South Pacific Smallholder Project Occasional Paper no. 12}, year = {1989}, month = {1989}, pages = {58}, publisher = {University of New England; South Pacific Smallholder Project}, organization = {University of New England; South Pacific Smallholder Project}, address = {Armidale, NSW}, abstract = {Tongan agriculture is based on the intercropping of a number of annual and perennial crops. A lower stratum which is characterised by mixed and staggered planting is tightly integrated with a dense stand of trees, bananas and coconuts. Ecological stability and the production of a wide variety of outputs are both secured by such an agroforestry system. Mechanisation, cash cropping and the beginning of a land shortage have started to change traditional land-use patterns in negative ways. A growing number of farmers see their tree crops as obstacles to intensive cash cropping. Regard for ecologically sound farming practices, which were followed by custom rather than by understanding, is falling away. A combination of modern and traditional farming practices could lead to higher returns with sustainable environmental stability. The natural, organisational and educational infrastructures for the evolution of such farming systems in Tonga are excellent. This report examines some of the factors which support and inhibit agroforestry in Tonga, and makes recommendations for further improvements. (author) This paper is based on an agroforestry survey carried out in Tonga in adjoining villages. Different species were discussed, based on their function and distribution within the communities. Land ownership, ecological effects of agroforestry and tree mangement options were also discussed. }, keywords = {Aeurites moluccana, Artocarpus altilis, Atocarpus altilis, Bischofia javanica, Bishogia javanica, Carica papaya, Citrus fagifer, Citrus sinensis, coconuts, Incoarpus fagifer, Magfera indica, Mangifera indica, mechanization, Morinda citrifolia, pandanus spp., Ponetia pinnata, smallholders, South Pacific}, isbn = {0-85834-823-3; 978-0-85834-823-3}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/20746333}, author = {Wieland K{\"u}nzel} } @book {372, title = {People of the tropical rain forest}, year = {1988}, month = {1988}, pages = {231}, publisher = {University of California Press}, organization = {University of California Press}, address = {Berkeley, CA}, abstract = {A compilation of writings some of which are incomplete. Beginning with chapter five this is an incomplete book about the specific people of the rain forest. It starts with the Indian National Resource management, Hill People of Northern Thailand, Hunters and Farmers of the African Forest, and people of the floodplain and forest. Not only does this excerpt discuss the Indians of Amazonia, but also discusses the regions. It also discusses the way each of the tribes make their living and how they use the resources around them. The last thing the chapter talks of is the ribere{\~n}os{\textquoteright} lives beyond the village. The excerpt includes many pictures and a few graphs.}, keywords = {Amazon, boats, Brazil, canoes, Central America, fallow, Native Americans, rainforests, slash and burn, smallholders, South America, swiddens, tribal peoples, tropical forests}, isbn = {0-520-06295-7; 0-520-06351-1}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/59892476}, editor = {Julie Sloan Denslow and Christine Padoch} } @conference {768, title = {Indigenous irrigated production in S E Ghana: Lessons for the design of small holder irrigation schemes}, booktitle = {African Regional Symposium on Small Holder Irrigation, 5-7 September 1984, Harare, Zimbabwe}, year = {1984}, month = {Sept. 5-7 1984}, pages = {427-437}, publisher = {University of Zimbabwe}, organization = {University of Zimbabwe}, address = {Harare, Zimbabwe}, abstract = {This paper describes a system of indigenous irrigated production in S.E. Ghana and, more briefly, two irrigation schemes. It draws attention to the adaptation of cultivation practices to local ecological and climatic conditions in the indigenous system. The variety of tenure and other community arrangements providing access to land, labor and financial resources are also described. The ability of this system to adjust to deteriorating national economic conditions, and forms of adjustment are noted. Aspects of organization of the two development schemes are described, particularly to examine extent of farmer involvement. This is found to be constrained, leading to doubts on the viability of these projects or their benefit to small holders and government. (author)}, keywords = {smallholders, water }, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/19403156}, author = {N. G. Chisholm}, editor = {M. J. Blackie} } @article {611, title = {Loan financing of smallholder treefarming in Ilocos, a comment}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {1}, year = {1983}, month = {December 1983}, pages = {361-365}, abstract = {

This paper is a comment on a previous explanation for an unsuccessful treefarming project in the Philippines. The earlier explanation did not inquire deeply into the project and its problems, and simply stated that \"a development model that is successful in one area may not be successful somewhere else.\"

Further investigation revealed some problems in the Ilocos project. The responsible people underestimated the effectiveness of locally-owned woodlots in meeting local demand, and underestimated the woodlots\&$\#$39; potential for meeting future demand increases. In this case, lack of local input was doubly ignored, both by the project leaders and by those who were attempting to explain the project\&$\#$39;s failure. (author)

}, keywords = {agroforestry, Ilocos, indigenous knowledge, loan financing, Philippines, smallholders, tree farm}, doi = {10.1007/BF00155942}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00155942}, author = {K. F. Wiersum and C. P. Veer} }