@article {571,
	title = {Gender, ecology, and the science of survival: Stories and lessons from Kenya},
	journal = {Agriculture and Human Values},
	volume = {8},
	year = {1991},
	note = {Paper initially presented at Association of Women in Development Conference: The Global Empowerment of Women, 17-19 November 1989, Washington, DC (18 pp.)},
	month = {December 1991},
	pages = {156-165},
	abstract = {<p>Sustainable development and biodiversity initiatives increasingly include ethnoscience, yet the gendered nature of rural people\&$\#$39;s knowledge goes largely unrecognized. This paper notes the current resurgence of ethnoscience research and states the case for including gendered knowledge and skills, supported by a brief review of relevant cultural ecology and ecofeminist field studies. The author argues the case from the point of view of better, more complete science as well as from the ethical imperative to serve women\&$\#$39;s interests as the \&quot;daily managers of the living environment.\&quot; In the interests of both objectives the paper advocates an ethnoscience research approach based on empowerment of rural people, rather than simple extraction of their knowledge. The Kenyan case study of women\&$\#$39;s agroforestry work follows their response to the drought and famine of 1985 and chronicles the unfolding discovery of women\&$\#$39;s ecological, political and social science as gendered survival skills. The case is re-counted as a story, in keeping with an explicit choice to learn through participation and to report through storytelling. The experience of rural women and researchers during the drought provides several lessons for both groups about their respective knowledge systems, their agroforestry work and the relationship of both to local and national political economy. (author)</p><p>The author states her concern over loss of culture and genetic diversity, realizing the importance of this diversity to the livelihoods of the poor people. If this knowledge is to survive, women must be included in literature pertaining to sustainability and indigenous knowledge. By including women in research it may provide an opportunity for them to redefine their roles in their households, communities and nations, as well as providing important information pertaining to diversity.</p>},
	keywords = {agroforestry, alley cropping, biodiversity, community forestry, cultural ecology, drought, East Africa, ecofeminist, ethnobotany, ethnoscience, famine, fodder trees, gendered knowledge, knowledge system, land rights, land tenure, on-farm trials, pastoralism, rural people, simple extraction, survival skills, sustainable development},
	doi = {10.1007/BF01579669},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007\%2FBF01579669},
	author = {Dianne E. Rocheleau}
}
@book {337,
	title = {Glossary of selected terms in sustainable agriculture},
	series = {Gatekeeper Series no. SA6},
	year = {1988},
	month = {August 1988},
	pages = {19},
	publisher = {International Institute for Environment and Development, Sustainable Agriculture Programme},
	organization = {International Institute for Environment and Development, Sustainable Agriculture Programme},
	address = {London; Washington, DC},
	abstract = {A glossary of selected terms in sustainable agriculture},
	keywords = {agroecological zoning, agroecosystem zoning, agroecosystems, agroforestry, alley cropping, appropriate technology and intermediate technology, bioenergy, biomass, carrying capacity, cash crops, common property resources, community forestry, conservation farming, desertification, export crops, farmer participatory research, farming systems research , food crops, genetic preservation, integrated pest management, integrated rural development, land degradation, minimum tillage, multiple cropping, multipurpose trees, open access resources, pastoralism, range management, rapid rural appraisal, regenerative farming, remote sensing, share cropping, shifting cultivation, social forestry, subsistence agriculture, sustainable development, tragedy of the commons, transhumance},
	url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/19531919},
	author = {Jennifer A. McCracken and Jules N. Pretty}
}
@inbook {869,
	title = {Elements of success: Sustainable development in sub-Saharan Africa},
	booktitle = {World Resources 1987: An assessment of the resource base that supports the global economy},
	year = {1987},
	note = {Chapter 14},
	month = {April 1987},
	pages = {221-238},
	publisher = {Basic Books},
	organization = {Basic Books},
	address = {Washington, DC},
	abstract = {In recent years, Africa{\textquoteright}s farmers and herders, its soils and forests, have been chasing each other down a vicious spiral of environmental degradation and deepening poverty. Conventional development efforts by donors and governments have largely failed to halt the spiral, indeed in some cases have aggravated it. The need to find solutions is urgent. Africa not only must increase its energy and found output in line with rapidly expanding populations, but must do so in a way that preserves the resource base and enhances the welfare and income of the majority. Despite the general landscape of failure, a growing number of projects and programs -- governmental, intergovernmental, and nongovernmental -- have succeeded. This chapter examines some of those "success stories" and attempts to draw some more general lessons that can point to a "recipe for success" in sub-Saharan Africa.},
	keywords = {agroforestry, alley cropping, Burkina Faso, cassava, charcoal , drought, fuelwood, green revolution, Kenya, maize, Niger, Nigeria, OXFAM, rainfall, reforestation, soil fertility, stoves, trypanosomiasis, water conservation, windbreaks, Zimbabwe},
	isbn = {0-465-09239-X},
	url = {https://www.wri.org/publication/world-resources-1987},
	author = {International Institute for the Environment and Development (IIED) and World Resourses Institute (WRI)}
}
@article {580,
	title = {IITA: Sustainable systems},
	journal = {African Farming},
	year = {1987},
	month = {Sept/Oct 1987},
	pages = {50-51},
	abstract = {Bede Nwoye Okigbo, Deputy Director General of International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) for the last ten years, is one of those rare human beings who has a rich professional life perfectly integrated with his own personality. Several societies and academies have enrolled his talents. His field of specialization is crop ecology and production, but it is hard to find any area of agriculture or botany where Okigbo{\textquoteright}s profound insight or experience in not equally valid. In this interview, Dr. Okigbo explains how research being carried out at IITA is helping Africa to feed itself.},
	keywords = {agricultural extension, agroforestry, alley cropping, barley, cassava, cereal food imports, cereals, cowpeas, farming systems research , food aid, green revolution, indigenous crops, maize, millet, plantains, rice, seed yam, seeds, soils, sorghum, strategic planning study, sustainable agriculture, wheat, yams},
	author = {Anonymous}
}
@book {342,
	title = {Improved production systems as an alternative to shifting cultivation},
	series = {FAO Soils Bulletin no. 53},
	year = {1984},
	month = {1984},
	pages = {201},
	publisher = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations},
	organization = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations},
	address = {Rome},
	abstract = {Shifting cultivation, under its diverse forms of slash and burn systems, is a traditional method of cultivating tropical upland soils, mostly for subsistence purposes. During the rest or fallow periods intervening between crops, the natural fertility of the soil is restored for renewed utilization in a subsequent period of crop growth. This traditional system of cultivation is in ecological balance with the environment and does not irreversibly degrade the soil resource, provided a sufficient length of fallow is allowed for soil restoration.},
	keywords = {agricultural systems, agroecology, agroforestry, alley cropping, appropriate technology and intermediate technology, climate, farming systems, horticulture, livestock, rainfall, research , shifting cultivation, soil management, watersheds},
	isbn = {92-5-102121-X},
	url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/11418879},
	author = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). Soil Resources, Management and Conservation Service}
}
