@article {732, title = {Can commercial tree planting ensure ecological recovery?}, year = {n.d.}, abstract = {

The problem of deforestation had generated many projects to help this situation. The most controversial project is afforestation. This has been backed by the World Bank Watershed which has funded this cause with over US $190 million.

The locals are seriously against the afforestation projects for fear of depletion of their groundwater and fodder resources. In India they are planting pine; in Ethiopia they are planting eucalyptus. Specifying what gets planted where is destroying the diversity of the rainforest. The World Bank does not usually work with agroforestry or afforestation. The locals are afraid that they will profit from the planting of specific types of trees and the trees will be of no use to the agriculture. The tree-planting that the World Bank is doing is not rebuilding, but it may end up changing the environment that the people are used to.

}, keywords = {afforestation, agroforestry, deforestation, environment, rainforests}, author = {Khor Kok Peng} } @book {305, title = {Community forestry: Herders{\textquoteright} decision-making in natural resources management in arid and semi-arid Africa}, series = {Community Forestry Note no. 4}, year = {1990}, note = {See also: http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/22831781}, month = {1990}, pages = {viii, 126 pp.}, publisher = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}, organization = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}, address = {Rome}, abstract = {This report fits into an overall objective of helping the FAO analyze the role that local knowlege and management systems (LKMS) of natural resources can play in FAO{\textquoteright}s development projects and programs. The approach of this report centers on a literature review of existing information on arid and semi-arid Africa. This includes North Africa, the Sahara, the Sahel, the semi-arid parts of the Sudan zone, and the arid zones of southern Africa. A few pertinent examples from other areas are also provided. The main emphasis is placed on the use and management of natural resources, primarily vegetation, but also water and wildlife. The majority of production systems in these arid zones in one way or another rely on livestock (ranging from settled agropastoralists to continuously mobile nomads). Thus, pastoral systems, defined as any production system that relies for more than 10\% of its output on livestock, is the main focus of the report, but other production systems that rely on resources in their natural state, such as hunting, gathering, fishing and wood collecting, will also be considered. (author) In 1986, within its Forestry for Community Development Programme, the FAO Forestry Department published a Forestry Paper entitled Tree Growing by Rural People. It presented various facets of the state of knowledge about tree-growing as it relates to community forestry, i.e. forestry designed to benefit the rural tree growers/managers. However, although some of the most interesting future opportunities for community forestry lie in improving management of existing trees rather than in creating new resources, this document covered only partially the topic of tree and woodland management by rural people. It did not fully explore how rural people manage single trees or communal woodlands and how they manage their other resources in relation to trees and woodlands. Further effort was necessary to broaden and deepen the knowledge base on local management issues. In order to improve the success of management projects, more complete data and analysis was also needed on what knowledge rural people have already developed and the dynamics of their tree resource management strategies in response to changing policies, pressures and opportunities. Finally, more thorough understanding was to be developed of the results and impacts of various attempts to support rural people in the efforts to manage these resources. Dr. Maryam Niamir, a range management specialist, has undertaken the first step in the process of filling this information gap as it relates to arid and semi-arid areas of Africa. (author)}, keywords = {afforestation, agroforestry, agropastoral systems, citizen participation, climate, community forestry, deforestation, Ethiopia, ethnoveterinary medicine, forest management, Fulani, geomorphology, grazing, herders, India, land tenure, livestock, Madagascar, Mali, natural resources, Niger, Nigeria, North Africa, plants, reforestation, soils, Somalia, Sub-Saharan Africa, Sudan, Uganda, vegetation, water , wildlife , Wodaabe, Zambia}, url = {http://www.fao.org/3/t6260e/t6260e00.htm}, author = {Maryam Niamir} } @book {416, title = {We eat trees: Tree planting and land rehabilitation in West Pokot District, Kenya: a baseline study (Working Paper)}, series = {Forest, Trees and People Working Paper np. 82}, year = {1988}, month = {1988}, pages = {123}, publisher = {Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, International Rural Development Centre}, organization = {Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, International Rural Development Centre}, address = {Uppsala [Sweden]}, abstract = {During early discussion with the management of the VI Tree Planting Project, it appeared to the author that there were three lodestars to guide the project{\textquoteright}s activities. First, by enclosing waste lands and planting trees in the semi-arid parts of West Pokot district, a rapid improvement of the environment is brought about. Grass invades the enclosed areas, soil erosion is arrested, and the productivity of the land is improved. This impresses the farmers of the area, who become interested in land rehabilitation. Secondly, in the higher potential areas of West Pokot district and in Trans Nzoia district, the project concentrates on producing and distributing seedlings of rapidly growing leguminous species. These will improve soil fertility and provide fuelwood in these densely populated and treeless areas. Thirdly, through cooperation with the many women groups on the settlement schemes in Trans Nzoia, the project hopes to reach a large number of families and encourage them to plant trees. (author)}, keywords = {afforestation, agroforestry, erosion, extension, farmer participatory research, fodder, fuelwood, grazing, herding, Kenya, land use, livestock, pastoralism, reclamation of land, reforestation, soil conservation, subsistence agriculture, tree planting, women}, isbn = {978-91-576-3510-5}, issn = {0280-4301}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/610964356}, author = {Wilhelm {\"O}stberg and Sveriges Lantbruksuniversitet, Uppsala (Sweden) and International Rural Development Centre} } @article {654, title = {Some aspects of dry land afforestation in the Sudan with special reference to Acacia tortilis (Forsk.) Hayne, A. senegal Willd. and Prosopis chilensis (Molina) stuntz}, journal = {Forest Ecology and Management}, volume = {16}, year = {1986}, month = {October 1986}, pages = {209-221}, abstract = {

Arid lands in the Sudan have been subjected to degradation manifested by loss of soil fertility, shortages of fodder and fuel, and moving sands. Acacia tortilis, (Forsk.) Hayne, A. senegal Willd. and Prosopis chilensis (Molina) Stuntz are valuable afforestation species to restore these lands and provide fodder, fuelwood and other products. Animals, particularly goats and sheep, are effective long-distance dispersers of seeds of A. tortilis and P. chilensis. The ingested seeds are preserved from further attacks of predators particularly bruchids, and their germination capabilities are enhanced by ingestion and pelleting. Because of the small mass of the droppings, the ingested seeds are transported by wind and water to low-lying places where run-off water collects (favourable sites). As rainfall fluctuations are common, natural regeneration, using seeds in animal droppings and using only favourable sites in the semidesert tract, is recommended. The trees established on such sites can form focal points from which the trees can further spread through animals feeding on their pods. Soil working in the form of saucer-pits, ridges and furrows was successful in establishing P. chilensis in arid lands.

Afforestation by seeding A. senegal using agricultural machinery in farms abandoned because of loss of soil fertility was successful in the central clay plains of the Sudan as weed growth was not intense and the seeds are cheap.

}, keywords = {afforestation, Sudan}, doi = {10.1016/0378-1127(86)90021-6}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0378112786900216}, author = {Ahmed El Houri Ahmed} }