@article {732, title = {Can commercial tree planting ensure ecological recovery?}, year = {n.d.}, abstract = {

The problem of deforestation had generated many projects to help this situation. The most controversial project is afforestation. This has been backed by the World Bank Watershed which has funded this cause with over US $190 million.

The locals are seriously against the afforestation projects for fear of depletion of their groundwater and fodder resources. In India they are planting pine; in Ethiopia they are planting eucalyptus. Specifying what gets planted where is destroying the diversity of the rainforest. The World Bank does not usually work with agroforestry or afforestation. The locals are afraid that they will profit from the planting of specific types of trees and the trees will be of no use to the agriculture. The tree-planting that the World Bank is doing is not rebuilding, but it may end up changing the environment that the people are used to.

}, keywords = {afforestation, agroforestry, deforestation, environment, rainforests}, author = {Khor Kok Peng} } @booklet {495, title = {The possibility of introducing trees (amenity) and agro-sylvo-pastoral tree management systems into tribal society: A case study at Jebel Bura{\textquoteright}s Forest, Yemen}, year = {n.d.}, abstract = {

There is a great demand for firewood in Yemen, and the local supply is very limited. The establishment of a tree-farming industry would seem like an excellent idea, but is is not clear whether the local people would be receptive to such a plan. Rural Yemenites tend to be rather self-reliant, cynical people who distrust outsiders and their own government.

The authors instituted a three-phase investigation of the potential for agroforestry in Yemen. Phase I involved conducting an ecological study of the area and winning the cooperation of the local people. Phase II involved the construction of a statistical model of the region\&$\#$39;s ecology and the formation of a community-based agroforestry program. Phase III is currently ongoing, and involves the establishment of specific projects (erosion control, dune stabilizing, fuelwood plantations, etc.).

}, keywords = {agroforestry, forestry, rapid rural appraisal, Yemen}, author = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)} } @inbook {877, title = {Indigenous African resource management of a tropical rain forest ecosystem: A case study of the Yoruba of Ara, Nigeria}, booktitle = {Linking social and ecological systems: management practices and social mechanisms for building resilience}, year = {1998}, note = {

Paper originally presented by D. Michael Warren at Property Rights and the Performance of Natural Resource Systems: Social and Ecological Systems for Resilience and Sustainability August 29-30, 1994. The Beijier International Institute of Ecological Economics, The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm Sweden

}, month = {March 1998}, pages = {158-189}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, organization = {Cambridge University Press}, address = {New York}, abstract = {In his introduction, Dr. Warren defines the term "indigenous knowledge." He says that indigenous knowledge is a type of decision-making system. He calls for understanding and conserving natural resources. He states that "every community has the capacity to deal with its problems." He bases his study on a Yoruba state in the tropical rainforest in southwest Nigeria. The study also shows the way the community uses indigenous knowledge for decision-making processes and the utilization of the resources. There is a description of Ara, the changing land use, and the indigenous knowledge of biodiversity in Ara followed by his conclusions.}, keywords = {aafin Alara, agroforestry, cola acuminata, cola nitida, cultural diversity, ecosystem management, gari, Ghaga River, human ecology, ICRAF, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, molebi, Odo-Igbo River, rainforests, social ecology, social systems, sustainable development, USAID, West Africa Multipurpose Tree Project}, isbn = {0-521-59140-6; 978-0-521-59140-9}, url = {https://www.worldcat.org/title/36470157}, author = {D. Michael Warren and Jennifer Pinkston}, editor = {Fikret Berkes and Carl Folke} } @book {398, title = {The cultural dimension of development: Indigenous knowledge systems}, series = {IT Studies in Indigenous Knowledge and Development Series}, year = {1995}, note = {

Wim H.J.C. Dechering, Technical Editor

}, month = {December 1995}, pages = {xviii, 582 pp.}, publisher = {Intermediate Technology Publications Ltd [Practical Action Publishing]}, organization = {Intermediate Technology Publications Ltd [Practical Action Publishing]}, address = {London}, abstract = {This book presents evidence from many countries and sources of the validity and usefulness of indigenous knowledge in the success of development projects. Part I consists of chapters with a focus on indigenous knowledge systems including: Ethnobotanical knowledge systems, Taman Obat Keluarga: Indigenous Indonesian medicine, Neem in Niger, The Lari Soils project in Peru, indigenous soil classificaton in Northern Zambia, Agroforestry in the Central Hills of Nepal, indigenous communication, and International rice research. The chapters in Part II show how indigenous knowledge is used in decision making: Raised Beds and Plant Disease Management, Famine relief in the Horn of Africa, Gender and socioeconomic status in the Philippines as a reflection of decision making in agriculture, Forest Gardens of Highland Sri Lanka, Indigenous decision-making in American agriculture, Indigenous Taxonomies and decision-making of Rice Farmers in South India, Crop Varietal Selection, and Patterns of medical choice among working-class families of Oaxaca, Mexico. Part III focuses on the role that indigenous organizations play in the decision making process in the following examples: Community Forestry Management in Nepal, Natural Resource Management among Pastoralists of Arid and Semi-arid Africa, Balinese Water Temples, Kpelle Farming, and the Niger River Fisheries project. Part IV deals with indigenous experimentation and innovation including: Indigenous horticultural approaches in tropical regions, Farmer Know-how and Communicaton for Technology Transfer in Niger, Duck Farming in Indonesia, Technology off the farm, Design of on- farm experiments in the Philippines, Soil and Water Conservation in Djenne, Mali, Kpelle steelmaking, and Protection of the Agricultural Environment in Eastern Africa. The chapters in Part V describe how different development institutions such as: CIKARD, LEAD, CIRAN, IUCN, IIED, ILEIA, CLADES, UNESCO, NISER, and REPPIKA, are using indigenous knowledge to facilitate the development process. Part VI consists of bibliographical essays on the attention given to indigenous knowledge in the literature of the past decade in the areas of agriculture and rural development and resource management.}, keywords = {Africa, agroforestry, Bali, ethnobotany, ethnoveterinary medicine, Horn of Africa, India, indigenous decision-making systems, indigenous development, indigenous experimentation, indigenous knowledge, indigenous organizations, Indonesia, Kpelle, Mali, Mexico, Nepal, Niger, Nigeria, Peru, Philippines, Sudan, Zambia}, isbn = {1-85339-264-2; 978-1-85339-251-1; eISBN 978-1-78044-473-4}, url = {https://www.worldcat.org/title/257046951}, editor = {D. Michael Warren and L. Jan Slikkerveer and David Brokensha} } @inbook {873, title = {Forest gardens of highland Sri Lanka: An indigenous system for reclaiming forest land}, booktitle = {The cultural dimension of development: Indigenous knowledge systems}, year = {1995}, month = {1995}, pages = {174-184}, publisher = {Intermediate Technology Publications Ltd [Practical Action Publishing]}, organization = {Intermediate Technology Publications Ltd [Practical Action Publishing]}, address = {London}, abstract = {

This paper describes initial efforts made to understand farmers\&$\#$39; ecological theory and management of forest garden systems located immediately around owner\&$\#$39;s homes, in a village in highland Sri Lanka. These were studied by the author for 13 months in 1985-86, during which time the structure and composition of the gardens were documented. The gardens are part of a larger farming system which may also include rice paddies, vegetable fields and/or plantation crops (such as tea). The research undertaken was multidisciplinary, and employed a combination of methods from landscape and vegetation ecology and ethnoscience. Different sections of the paper discuss the relevance of forest garden research, the process of understanding the principles of garden management, and ethnoscientific exploration of the farmers\&$\#$39; approach. The results show that the farmers\&$\#$39; classification of compatible and incompatible species in the gardens was commensurate with the pattern predicted by forest successional theory, and that the patchy structure of the gardens could be interpreted as a successional pattern, like gap phase succession, but understood and managed by the farmers, in part, on the basis of compatibility. An appendix lists the perennial species found in the gardens: on average the gardens contained 250 individual woody perennials of 29 species.

[EVERETT from agroforestry, ecology, sustainable agriculture]

Existing agroforestry systems in the tropics may provide valuable insight for sustainable tropical forest management. The basis for understanding such land use lies in the accumulated knowledge of generations of farmers as expressed in the design of their agroforestry systems. The forest gardens of highland Sri Lanka are dense, species-diverse systems. These analogs of natural forests provide their owners with food, fuel, fodder, timber and cash crops, and the native flora and fauna with habitat. The forest gardens have persisted through centuries of socio-political upheaval and economic change, while the natural forests surrounding them have been felled for timber and to make way for large scale plantation agriculture. Natural forest regeneration on abandoned plantations land is hindered by recurring fires during the dry season. Today, in the largely deforested highlands, the villages with their gardens resemble forest islands in a sea of degraded grasslands. The farmers in the traditional villages hold the key to reforestation encoded in the management of forest gardens which are planted in the grassland as villages expand. Principles from the farmers\&$\#$39; knowledge, particularly patterns of vegetation change over time, may also provide insight for reforesting marginal lands with ecologically and economically viable agroforestry systems elsewhere in the highlands of the tropics and for buffer zone management of forest reserves.

}, keywords = {agroforestry, Sri Lanka}, isbn = {1-85339-264-2; 978-1-85339-264-1; eISBN 978-1-78044-473-4}, url = {https://www.worldcat.org/title/59818080}, author = {Yvonne Everett}, editor = {D. Michael Warren and L. Jan Slikkerveer and David Brokensha} } @article {503, title = {Adapting forestry institutions to encourage people{\textquoteright}s participation in Senegal}, journal = {Unasylva (FAO)}, volume = {45}, year = {1994}, month = {March 1994}, pages = {3-10}, abstract = {Forestry issues, and especially desertification control, are now at the heart of the environmental debate in Senegal. This is therefore an appropriate moment to examine the process that has led to the present official commitment to people{\textquoteright}s participation in the rational management of Senegal{\textquoteright}s forestry resources which, it is increasingly acknowledged, have major production and protection implications for the future.}, keywords = {agroforestry, farmer participatory research}, url = {http://www.fao.org/docrep/t3350e/t3350e03.htm$\#$adapting\%20forestry\%20institutions\%20to\%20encourage\%20people\%27s\%20participation\%20in\%20senegal}, author = {Ibrahima Gu{\`e}ye and Abdoulaye Kan{\'e} and Oumy Ndlaye Kon{\'e}} } @mastersthesis {442, title = {Farmer knowledge and experimentation with trees and tree cultivation in agroforestry systems in Rwanda}, year = {1994}, month = {1994}, school = {Michigan State University, Department of Forestry}, address = {East Lansing, MI}, abstract = {

A dissertation submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Department of Forestry.

Although Rwandan farmers have used trees for numerous purposes for centuries, the active planting and management of woody vegetation on-farm has been a relatively recent innovation. The goal of this research was to determine and understand the processes of agroforestry knowledge generation by farmers underlying these changes in resource management and usage. In particular, the study focused on farmer experimental methods related to the integration of trees on the farm. As agriculture is both a social and technico-economic endeavor, and as knowledge generation is embedded within productive processes, a social-constructivist perspective of science and technology was used as a framework for this study.

The research focused on a group of 44 locally identified tree experts, chosen in a two stage process using a ranking game and community interviews. A comparison group of 71 farmers was chosen randomly from those identified in the game as less-knowledgeable about agroforestry. In-depth methods used to study knowledge/technology generation included biographical case studies of tree experts, tree inventories, a socio-economic survey, participant observation and focus group interviews.

Ranking game informants identified tree experts as farmers cultivation a diversity of trees on their farm in accordance with the philosophical meaning of knowledge: knowing a plurality of objects or notions. Ranking game and socioeconomic survey results showed agreement on key variables used to distinguish farmers. Tree experts had more land, trees and tree species, but the tree density on comparison farms was more than two times higher. This points to a differentiation in knowledge between expert and comparison farms which was more than two times higher. This points to a differentiation in knowledge between expert and comparison farmers. Consultants identified the lack of local communication and information exchange networks as the major draw back to advancing endogenous agroforestry knowledge.

The study concludes that collaboration between knowledge systems may be beneficial for both. A synthesis between systems will increase the effectiveness of ongoing scientific agroforestry research and development but, more importantly, it will empower, legitimize and enhance the existing endogenous capacities for identifying problems and developing solutions, which will be an important step towards enabling rural people themselves to alleviate their poverty. (author)

}, keywords = {agroforestry, development, Rwanda, trees}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/33975106}, author = {Christoffel Johannes Petrus Antonius Maria Den Biggelaar} } @book {410, title = {Tropical forest conservation and development: A bibliography}, year = {1994}, month = {1994}, publisher = {Forestry Library, University of Minnesota}, organization = {Forestry Library, University of Minnesota}, address = {St Paul, MN}, abstract = {This book is a bibliography containing citations on forest resources, deforestation, conservation and sustainable development, indigenous peoples, management, policy, and planning, trade and industrial development, nontimber forest products, research, education, training, and history.}, keywords = {agroforestry, fuelwood, trees}, author = {Jean Albrecht} } @conference {753, title = {Agronomic and socio-economic aspects of windbreaks in Southwest-Niger}, booktitle = {Paper presented at 4th International Symposium on Windbreaks and Agroforestry, July 26-30, 1993, Viborg, Denmark}, year = {1993}, month = {July 1993}, address = {Viborg, Denmark}, abstract = {The integration of socio-economic and cultural survey into agroforestry experiments and development projects already in the planning stage can assist in the choice of tree species and the planting system. In 1992, an on-station windbreak/millet experiment in Niger was combined with a survey of farmers and their wives from an adjacent village in order to evaluate local knowledge, perception and the attributed value of trees and shrubs. Millet yield were reduced by Acacia holosericea and Acacia nilotica up to a 2 and 8 m distance from the hedge, respectively, while Faidherbia albida showed no competition to millet. The survey showed that farmers appreciation of tree species was strongly related to agricultural issues; they considered F. albida as the most preferred tree because of its soil enrichment. Their wives, however, concentrated on household needs and ranked Combretum glutinosum first. Farmers were aware of wind erosion and crop competition effects of different species. This study provided evidence that long term studies on the technical aspects of windbreaks and agroforestry systems could gain substantially from the indigenous knowledge of rural people.}, keywords = {agroforestry, Niger, windbreaks}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/768076539}, author = {J. P. A. Lamers and K. Michels and B.E Allison and R. J. Vanderbeldt} } @article {533, title = {Community-based use of mangrove resources in St. Lucia}, journal = {International Journal of Environmental Studies}, volume = {43}, year = {1993}, month = {1993}, pages = {123-131}, abstract = {The sustainable use of mangrove forests can effectively contribute to their conservation. The experience with an integrated conservation-development project in St. Lucia showed that charcoal producers using mangrove fuelwood resources in a Marine Reserve Area have successfully changed their harvesting practices, reversing a trend of mangrove destruction. The conditions under which this change occurred included strengthening the organization of local users and their resource-use rights, and building a community-based management system, leading to the avoidance of open-access conditions. Surveys of the mangrove, undertaken before and after management intervention, showed that while the mean stand diameter of the fuelwood trees did not change significantly, there was an increase in the density of stems and in total basal area of timber.}, keywords = {agroforestry, Caribbean, charcoal , common property resources, fuelwood, mangrove swamps, renewable energy , rural development, St. Lucia}, doi = {10.1080/00207239308710819}, url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00207239308710819}, author = {Allan H. Smith and Fikret Berkes} } @article {824, title = {Indigenous knowledge and drought in the arid zone of Rajasthan [India]: Weather prediction as a means to cope with a hazardous climate}, year = {1993}, month = {March 1993}, institution = {Zurich Departement Wald-Und Holzforschung}, address = {Z{\"u}rich}, abstract = {This paper is the result of a first step of a cooperation between two sociologists as members of scientific research units in which the consideration of socio-cultural aspects of environment gains momentum. They emphasize the importance of the consideration of indigenous knowledge in the development process of areas with precarious environmental conditions. In their contribution they highlight the immense value of autochthonous perceptions of particularly rural surroundings to face future challenges and to safeguard the sustainable physical, social and cultural persistence of the semi-arid area of Rajasthan. (author)}, keywords = {agroforestry, drought, India, local knowledge, Rajasthan}, author = {L. P. Bharara and Klaus Seeland} } @article {594, title = {Inga edulis: A tree for acid soils in the humid tropics}, journal = {NFT Highlights}, volume = {93-04}, year = {1993}, note = {A publication of the Forest, Farm, and Community Tree Network (FACT Net)}, month = {September 1993}, abstract = {A quick guide to useful nitrogen-fixing trees from around the world. Inga is a large genus of leguminous trees native to the American humid tropics. Inga edulis, the best known of the Inga species, is popular with agroforesters for its rapid growth, tolerance of acid soils and high production of leafy biomass to control weeds and erosion.}, keywords = {agroforestry, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, forest genetics, forestry, genetic resources, Inga, Panama, Peru, trees, tropical forests, tropical trees}, url = {https://www.winrock.org/factnet-a-lasting-impact/fact-sheets/inga-edulis-a-tree-for-acid-soils-in-the-humid-tropics/}, author = {Anna Lawrence} } @article {612, title = {Los huertos familiares mayas en X-uilub, Yucat{\'a}n, M{\'e}xico. Aspectos generales y estudio comparativo entre la flora de los huertos familiares y la selva}, journal = {Biotica}, volume = {nueva epoca}, year = {1993}, month = {1993}, pages = {19-36}, abstract = {Within the general framework of forest management by the Maya, some general aspects of homgardens in X-uilub are presented such as their floristic compostition and structure as well as the factors that determine these characteristics. X-uilub is located in the western region of Yucatan and it is a good example of traditional management in this zone. Taking into consideration the similarity of species in both the homegardens and the forest, a comparative statistical analysis of all species present in the areas of intensive and extensive use as well as in the forest was carried out. Using mean values derived from number of individuals present per unit of analysis, eight different patterns of distribution of species were identified. The results suggest that there is a mosaic made up of different succession stages, and those species that belong to each stage are utilized, obtaining in this fashion greater benefits due to an expanded plant richness. (author)}, keywords = {agroforestry, home gardens, Mexico, Yucatan}, author = {Natividad Herrera Castro} } @book {370, title = {Peasant participation in community reforestation: Four communities in the Department of Cuzco, Peru}, series = {Community Forestry Case Study Series no. 7}, year = {1993}, month = {1993}, pages = {58}, publisher = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}, organization = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}, address = {Rome}, abstract = {This case study examines the history of government-sponsored communal afforestation efforts in four communities of the Cuzco Region of Peru. The monograph conveys the village perspective on three decades of afforestation, analyzing the differential impact of tree planting efforts on various sub-groups within the village. In this manner the study examines the incentives and disincentives to tree planting for distinct groups of community members. The study also assesses the constraints to reforestation and the costs and benefits distribution problems these communities have faced. Finally, the book provides some general guidance as to factors that encourage or discourage participation in tree planting activities. (author)}, keywords = {agroforestry, reforestation}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/39193387}, author = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)} } @book {411, title = {Tropical forest conservation and development: A bibliography}, series = {Manual (Environmental and Natural Resources Policy and Training Project) no. 1}, year = {1993}, month = {[1993]}, pages = {250}, publisher = {EPAT/MUCIA-Research \& Training, University of Wisconsin{\textemdash}Madison}, organization = {EPAT/MUCIA-Research \& Training, University of Wisconsin{\textemdash}Madison}, address = {Madison, WI}, abstract = {This book is a bibliography containing citations on forest resources, deforestation, conservation and sustainable development, indigenous peoples, management, policy, and planning, trade and industrial development, nontimber forest products, research, education, training, and history.}, keywords = {agroforestry, fuelwood, trees}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/28478635}, author = {Jean Albrecht} } @article {846, title = {Using rapid rural appraisal techniques of Dache Gofara Peasant Association in Boloso Sorie Wereda: Report of diagnostic survey}, year = {1993}, month = {April 1993}, institution = {FARM Africa}, address = {Addis Ababa, Ethiopia}, abstract = {

This is a report of a Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA) survey which was carried out in the area of the Dache Gofara Peasant Association (PA) of Boloso Sorie (Areka) Werenda in the North Omo zone, South Ethiopia. The objectives of the survey include: to identify crop production contraints and their effects on specific crops produced; to assess ways and means of maximising production and utilising the available limited resources in the PA; to survey natural and socio-economic conditions that influence production systems in the area with the view to identify farmers\&$\#$39; priorities or solutions for the constraints and their \"best bets\" development options; and, to identify the needs of women, and ways in which they themselves could actively participate in their specific development activities. (author)

The farmers identified three types of soils in the PA area. Perennial crops, eucalyptus trees, and a variety of other tree species cover the area throughout the year.

}, keywords = {agriculture, agroforestry, Ethiopia, livestock, social structure, water resources }, url = {https://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=ET19940094237}, author = {Simon Adebo} } @article {847, title = {Using rapid rural appraisal techniques of Gersale Village in Duraite Peasants Association in Konso Wereda: Report of diagnostic survey}, year = {1993}, month = {May 1993}, institution = {FARM Africa}, address = {Addis Ababa, Ethiopia}, abstract = {

This is a report of a diagnostic study, using Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA) techniques. The main objective of the field work was to give trainees practice in the RRA approach and only secondary was the objectives to do RRA diagnostic study that could guide further development efforts by the community in collaboration with government and non-government organisations in Konso. (author)

Sections of this report include:

}, keywords = {agroforestry, cropping patterns, land use, livestock, social structure, trees, water resources }, url = {https://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=ET9300195}, author = {Simon Adebo} } @article {568, title = {Foresters{\textquoteright} beliefs about farmers: A priority for social science research in social forestry}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {17}, year = {1992}, month = {January 1992}, pages = {13-41}, abstract = {

This study suggests that one of the most productive (and most neglected) uses of social science research in forestry development projects is to examine foresters\&$\#$39; beliefs regarding rural peoples. This suggestion is illustrated with data from the Forestry Planning and Development Project, Pakistan\&$\#$39;s first nation-wide social forestry project.

The operational component of this project, intended to assist small farmers to cultivate trees on their farmlands, ran into immediate difficulties. Many of the foresters involved insisted that small farmers were simply not interested in tree cultivation. A comprehensive base-line study subsequently was carried out to examine the validity of this belief. The results of this study (confirmed by the subsequent experience with the project in the field) varied markedly from the foresters\&$\#$39; beliefs.

While many of the foresters believed small farmers were opposed to having trees on their farms and would not agree to plant trees under the project, most farmers already had trees on their farms and expressed interest in planting more; while many foresters believed farmers would only be interested in planting large blocks of market-oriented exotics, most farmers requested small plantings of multi-purpose native trees; while many foresters believed farmers would plant trees only for market sale, most farmers requested trees to meet household needs for fuel and timber; and while many foresters did not think that increasing supplies of fuelwood could reduce the burning of dung, all of the evidence provided by the farmers suggested that it would.

The disparity between farmer reality and forester belief is attributed to failures on the part of both foresters and social scientists - failure by foresters to distinguish their non-empirical beliefs about farmers from their empirically-based knowledge of trees, and failure by social scientists to recognize the belief systems of foresters as a legitimate and important object of study. Their study comprises three parts: finding out what the foresters think the farmers want, finding out from the farmers what they actually want, and then analyzing and explaining the differences.

}, keywords = {agroforestry, farm, forester beliefs, fuelwood, institutional factors, Pakistan, social sciences, socioeconomics}, doi = {10.1007/BF00122925}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00122925}, author = {Michael R. Dove} } @proceedings {357, title = {Lab to land: Biotechnology for sustainable agriculture in Asia (Proceedings of the first ANSAB Workshop)}, year = {1992}, note = {ANSAB Workshop (1st : March 29-April 1, 1992 : Kathmandu, Nepal)}, month = {3/29-4/1/1992}, publisher = {Appropriate Technology International and New Era (Firm)}, address = {Washington, DC and Kathmandu, Nepal}, abstract = {

Papers include:

}, keywords = {agricultural biotechnology, agroforestry, Asia}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/29788291}, editor = {John D. Ferchak and Sharmila Ribeiro} } @inbook {893, title = {Local organizations in community forestry}, booktitle = {Local organizations in community forestry extension in Asia}, series = {Field document no. 34}, year = {1992}, note = {Regional Wood Energy Development Programme in Asia; Asia-Pacific Agroforestry Network}, month = {1992}, publisher = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)}, organization = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)}, address = {Bangkok, Thailand}, abstract = {

This paper examines the nature and potential of local organizations in community forestry, with the following questions in mind:

  1. What types of local organizations are appropriate for community forestry in particular situations, and
  2. What makes some local organizations effective?
}, keywords = {agroforestry, Asia, forestry, forestry extension, Nepal}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/36405987}, author = {R. J. Fisher}, editor = {Cor Veer and Jim Chamberlain} } @conference {786, title = {Owning knowledge: The factors influencing the possession of indigenous forest knowledge}, booktitle = {Paper presented at Peoples, Problems and Processes, September 1992, Kathmandu, Nepal}, year = {1992}, month = {Sept. 1992}, address = {Kathmandu, Nepal}, abstract = {What I am particularly interested in is indigenous forest knowledge and the factors that influence who the knowledge holders in a community are. On the most basic level, people know the most about the activities that they do the most. For instance, foresters and development specialists recognize that village women in Nepal have much knowledge about forest resources {\textemdash} such as fuelwood, fodder, and medicinal herbs {\textemdash} because women are the main collectors of these products. Gender-based division of labor is one of the variables that influences indigenous knowledge. (author)}, keywords = {agroforestry, intellectual property rights}, author = {Rebecca Leigh Saul} } @book {386, title = {Soil and water conservation in sub-Saharan Africa: Towards sustainable production by the rural poor: A report}, year = {1992}, note = {Prepared for the International Fund for Agricultural Development by the Centre for Development Cooperation Services, Free University, Amsterdam}, month = {1992}, pages = {110}, publisher = {International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD)}, organization = {International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD)}, address = {Amsterdam}, abstract = {This book deals with the links between environmental degradation and poverty in sub-Saharan Africa. Considering the length of this paper, the authors have chosen to restrict themselves to making broad generalizations, which are sometimes supported by examples of specific local soil and water conservation experiments. As is pointed out in this paper, a first step in the design of soil and water conservation policy for a given country or area must be the detailed investigation of the conditions and issues which are outlined here.}, keywords = {agroforestry, degradation, ethno-engineering, resource management, Sahel, soil conservation, soil erosion, Sub-Saharan Africa, sustainable agriculture, water conservation, West Africa}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/30624582}, author = {International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD)} } @article {721, title = {Wheat cultivation in association with Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd ex. Del. field bund plantation {\textemdash} a case study}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {17}, year = {1992}, month = {January 1992}, pages = {43-51}, abstract = {The paper presents the results of a case study conducted to find out the influence of single row bund plantation of Acacia nilotica var. juquemontii on the growth and yield of associated wheat crop under irrigated conditions in Haryana, India. The indications are that the tree line does affect all crop parameters like height growth, shoot numbers, ear length, grain number and grain yield in the vicinity of trees upto 4 m distance from the tree line and establishes that as the distance from the tree line increases the growth and yield of wheat crop also improves. The effect on wheat crop was found more pronounced in the plots laid out towards the middle of the tree line as compared to plots towards the outer border.}, keywords = {Acacia nilotica var. jaquemontii, agroforestry, bund plantation, crop yield, wheat}, doi = {10.1007/BF00122926}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00122926}, author = {K. K. Sharma} } @article {566, title = {For a determined farmer, agroforestry brings an unexpected reward}, journal = {Agroforestry Today (Kenya)}, volume = {3}, year = {1991}, month = {July-Sept. 1991}, pages = {4-5}, abstract = {This document looks at the agroforestry efforts of George Nti{\textquoteright}Gitonga, a farmer in Kenya{\textquoteright}s Meru District. Since 1967, Mr. Nti{\textquoteright}Gitonga has established over 25,000 trees on his farm which he uses as fodder, food, fuelwood, timber, windbreaks, boundary plantings, erosion control, and maintenance of soil fertility. Also included in this document are Mr. Nti{\textquoteright}Gitonga{\textquoteright}s method for growing his trees in the semi-arid environment, and how he plans on harvesting water for the trees.}, keywords = {agroforestry, fodder, fuelwood, KEFRI, Kenya Forestry Research Institute, soil fertility, timber , trees, water }, author = {Sidney B. Westley and Alice Kaudia} } @article {571, title = {Gender, ecology, and the science of survival: Stories and lessons from Kenya}, journal = {Agriculture and Human Values}, volume = {8}, year = {1991}, note = {Paper initially presented at Association of Women in Development Conference: The Global Empowerment of Women, 17-19 November 1989, Washington, DC (18 pp.)}, month = {December 1991}, pages = {156-165}, abstract = {

Sustainable development and biodiversity initiatives increasingly include ethnoscience, yet the gendered nature of rural people\&$\#$39;s knowledge goes largely unrecognized. This paper notes the current resurgence of ethnoscience research and states the case for including gendered knowledge and skills, supported by a brief review of relevant cultural ecology and ecofeminist field studies. The author argues the case from the point of view of better, more complete science as well as from the ethical imperative to serve women\&$\#$39;s interests as the \"daily managers of the living environment.\" In the interests of both objectives the paper advocates an ethnoscience research approach based on empowerment of rural people, rather than simple extraction of their knowledge. The Kenyan case study of women\&$\#$39;s agroforestry work follows their response to the drought and famine of 1985 and chronicles the unfolding discovery of women\&$\#$39;s ecological, political and social science as gendered survival skills. The case is re-counted as a story, in keeping with an explicit choice to learn through participation and to report through storytelling. The experience of rural women and researchers during the drought provides several lessons for both groups about their respective knowledge systems, their agroforestry work and the relationship of both to local and national political economy. (author)

The author states her concern over loss of culture and genetic diversity, realizing the importance of this diversity to the livelihoods of the poor people. If this knowledge is to survive, women must be included in literature pertaining to sustainability and indigenous knowledge. By including women in research it may provide an opportunity for them to redefine their roles in their households, communities and nations, as well as providing important information pertaining to diversity.

}, keywords = {agroforestry, alley cropping, biodiversity, community forestry, cultural ecology, drought, East Africa, ecofeminist, ethnobotany, ethnoscience, famine, fodder trees, gendered knowledge, knowledge system, land rights, land tenure, on-farm trials, pastoralism, rural people, simple extraction, survival skills, sustainable development}, doi = {10.1007/BF01579669}, url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007\%2FBF01579669}, author = {Dianne E. Rocheleau} } @article {583, title = {Indigenous agroforestry of Pohnpei: 1. Plant species and cultivars}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {16}, year = {1991}, month = {November 1991}, pages = {139-157}, abstract = {Plant species and cultivars of the indigenous agroforestry system of Pohnpei were surveyed in transects through 54 randomly-selected farms. The agroforestry system was characterized by extensive cultivation of yams (Dioscorea), aroids (Alocasia), and Piper methysticum under a permanent overstory of breadfruit, coconut, and forest remnant trees and a middle canopy of Hibiscus tiliaceus, Musa spp., and Morinda citrifolia. In the 10 ha of survey plots, 161 species were found, of which 102 were trees, shrubs, and crops and 59 were uncultivated herbaceous plants. Numbers of tree, shrub, and crop species per farm ranged from 16 to 37 with an average of 26. Twenty-eight breadfruit and 38 yam cultivars were found in the survey plots, showing that cultivar diversity is an important component of the biological diversity maintained and utilized in Pohnpeian agroforests.}, keywords = {agroforestry, cultivars, indigenous agriculture, low-input agriculture, Micronesia, Pacific islands, species diversity}, doi = {10.1007/BF00129745}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00129745}, author = {W. C. Raynor and J. H. Fownes} } @article {584, title = {Indigenous agroforestry of Pohnpei: 2. Spatial and successional vegetation patterns}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {16}, year = {1991}, month = {November 1991}, pages = {159-165}, abstract = {A vegetation survey of 54 randomly-selected Pohnpeian land holdings quantified agroforest vegetation patterns in terms of horizontal distribution in the landscape and changes over time. Spatial distribution of species, expressed as distance from the main household, varied greatly with successional stages to produce the characteristic pattern of the Pohnpeian agroforest. Food crops, bananas, and Piper methysticum were planted around the house compound first, then gradually planted further away over time. Upland forest and secondary successional trees were removed by girdling, and gradually replaced by annual and perennial crops and breadfruit and other trees. A fallow or reduced management stage was discerned, characterized by low densities of early successional crops and higher densities of weedy secondary successional species; this stage resulted from a reduction in management intensity, mainly due to a variety of socioeconomic factors. Although the indigenous Pohnpeian agroforestry system is permanent and thought to be sustainable, it is dynamic in space and time.}, keywords = {agroforestry, low-input agriculture, Micronesia, Pacific islands, spatial pattern, succession, traditional agriculture}, doi = {10.1007/BF00129746}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00129746}, author = {W. C. Raynor and J. H. Fownes} } @article {587, title = {Indigenous Kikuyu agroforestry: A case study of Kirinyaga, Kenya}, journal = {Human Ecology}, volume = {19}, year = {1991}, month = {1991}, pages = {1-18}, abstract = {

This article analyzes agroforestry practices among the Ndia and Gichugu Kikuyu of Kirinyaga, Kenya, at the turn of the century, before the onset of colonial rule. It describes ways in which people adapted to competing pressures for retaining and removing tree cover. It shows how religious beliefs, tenure relations based on a communal property-rights regime, and farm forestry practices contributed to the conservation of trees.

Such strategies were not aimed at reversing deforestation, but mitigating its impact by incorporating valued trees into local sociocultural and household production systems. The article points out that indigenous agroforestry practices need to be viewed in the context of local socioeconomic and ecological differences. It also considers the impact of the caravan trade on land use during the late 1800s. Tree scarcity in the late precolonial era is briefly contrasted with the area\&$\#$39;s \"woodfuel crisis\" of the 1980s.

}, keywords = {agroforestry, common property, conservation, firewood, forestry, fuelwood, indigenous technical knowledge , Kenya, Kikuyu}, doi = {10.2307/4602996}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/4602996}, author = {Alfonso H. Peter Castro} } @conference {769, title = {Indigenous knowledge and development (revised version)}, year = {1991}, note = {Background paper for seminar series on "Sociology and Natural Resource Management", Agriculture Department, The World Bank, December 3, 1990}, month = {Feb. 20, 1991}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {There are now hundreds of studies which have recorded indigenous knowledge in many countries. A review of these documents reveals useful insights in how indigenous knowledge and scientific research can benefit from one another. Despite improvements in crop and livestock production technologies, many farmers do not adopt these innovations. Research indicates that the farmers{\textquoteright} decisions to reject an innovation are often rational when viewed through the indigenous system. Many farming systems are based on intimate knowledge of soils, vegetation, climate, and pests. They also reflect strategies that allow the farmer to avoid perceived input, output and marketing risks or uncertainties. Understanding these perceived risks and ways of avoiding them can be an important first step towards fruitful partnerships between development professionals and farmers. Several examples of types of indigenous knowledge useful for development are outlined in this paper.}, keywords = {agroforestry, aquatic resources, ethnoveterinary medicine, fisheries, forest gardens, mixed cropping, pest management, rice, traditional medicine, trees}, author = {D. Michael Warren} } @article {687, title = {The indigenous knowledge of ecological processes among peasants in the People{\textquoteright}s Republic of China}, journal = {Agriculture and Human Values}, volume = {8}, year = {1991}, note = {This paper was also presented at the Second International Ethnobiology Program, October 22-26, 1990 in Kunming, China.}, month = {Win-Spr 1991}, pages = {59-66}, abstract = {

A decision-tree model of an indigenous forest management system centered around shamu (Cunninghamia lanceolata),an important timber species in China, was constructed from extensive interviews with peasants in two villages in Fujian Province, China. From this model additional interviews were conducted to elicit from these peasants their reasons for selecting among decision alternatives. Those reasons that were of an ecological nature were discussed in detail with the peasants to elicit indigenous interpretations of ecological processes in order to test an hypothesis that a strong analogy exists between traditional indigenous and scientific knowledge of ecological processes.

Three cases are presented that test this hypothesis. These three cases concern the effect of intercrops on the growth of shamu, the relative merits of seedlings and root collar sprout cuttings for forest regeneration, and the effects of repeated plantings of shamuon soil chemistry. All three cases provide strong support for the research hypothesis and suggest that, even in the absence of a formalized scientific method, humans exercise mental processes typical of scientific thinking. This phenomenon is called proto-science.

}, keywords = {agroforestry, Cunninghamia lanceolata, ethnoecology, evolutionary biology, indigenous knowledge, proto-science, shamu}, doi = {10.1007/BF01579657}, url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF01579657}, author = {Paul M. Chandler} } @proceedings {478, title = {NFU{\textquoteright}s Annual Conference 1991}, year = {1991}, month = {23-24 May 1991}, publisher = {Norwegian Centre for International Agricultural Development, Agricultural University of Norway; Norwegian Association for Development Research}, address = {Aas [{\r A}s], Norway; Oslo, Norway}, abstract = {

Can researchers from different disciplines, especially the natural and social sciences, work effectively together? Can they complement each other, or are they mutually incompatible, speaking contradictory, or simply different, languages? What can the various disciplines--together or separately--offer to the decision maker? Are the imperatives of research and policy so different that they cannot, and should not, be directly linked? (author)

These issues were addressed at the seventh annual conference of the Norwegian Association for Development Research (NFU). This book contains the papers presented at the conference. Papers presented at the conference covered topics such as:

}, keywords = {Africa, agriculture, agroforestry, agroforestry development, environment, farmer research, farmers, food security, gene resources, interdisciplinary, interdisciplinary research, multidisciplinary teams, natural resources, Norsk forening for utviklingsforskning (NFU), Norwegian Association for Development Research, nutrition, participatory research, property rights, social justice, social sciences, Soil Productivity Research Program (SPRP), sustainable development, Zambia}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/29625062}, author = {NORAGRIC} } @article {695, title = {The southern Mount Kenya forest since independence: A social analysis of resource competition}, journal = {World Development}, volume = {19}, year = {1991}, month = {February 1990}, pages = {1695-1704}, abstract = {

CIKARD file:
This paper investigates conflicts between small- and large-scale forest users, as well as between forestry and non-forestry uses of land, in the Mount Kenya Reserve in Kirinyaga District, Kenya. It questions the prevalent belief that local households and small-scale forest enterprises posed the most serious threat to sustained-yield management of the reserve. Instead, the paper argues that widespread forest destruction was associated with large-scale industrial and commercial development: the use of fuelwood by tea factories, the expansion of plantation forests, and the establishment of government tea revenue farms.

Science Direct Abstract:
Large forest reserves represent a long-standing state response to tropical forest destruction. There are, however, growing doubts about their effectiveness as sustainable resource management regimes. This case study uses a social and historical perspective to examine conflicts about the use and management of the Mount Kenya Reserve in Kirinyaga District, Kenya since independence in 1963. Official policies and practices have treated local households and small-scale forest enterprises as the most serious threat to the reserve. In contrast, the paper argues that forest degradation has long been associated with official mismanagement and government-sanctioned development activities. In addition, it suggests that planned and spontaneous conversion of woodlands accelerated in the mid-1980s largely because of the implementation of government plans to establish extensive forest plantations. The paper also discusses proposals by the local and national government to convert forest reserves into tea revenue farms.

}, keywords = {agroforestry, Kenya}, doi = {10.1016/0305-750X(91)90013-8}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0305750X91900138}, author = {Alfonso H. Peter Castro} } @book {408, title = {Tree and land tenure in the eastern Nepal terai: A case study by rapid appraisal}, year = {1991}, note = {A research report prepared for the Forests, Trees, and People Programme funded by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the Swedish International Development Authority (SIDA)}, month = {1991}, pages = {91}, publisher = {IOF (Institute of Forestry)/ YALE/IRG/USAID Institute of Forestry Project and FAO/SIDA Forests, Trees and People Programme}, organization = {IOF (Institute of Forestry)/ YALE/IRG/USAID Institute of Forestry Project and FAO/SIDA Forests, Trees and People Programme}, address = {Pokhara, Nepal [Kathmandu, Nepal]}, abstract = {This is a case study of tree and land tenure in the eastern Nepal terai. The work includes an explanation of local terms and spelling conventions as well as extensive tables and maps.}, keywords = {agroforestry, ethnobotany, forestry, medicinal plants, taxonomy}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/28676224}, author = {Bhishma P. Subedi and Chintamani L. Das and Donald A. Messerschmidt and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and Sweden. Styrelsen f{\"o}r internationell utveckling} } @book {294, title = {Alternatives to deforestation: Steps towards sustainable use of the Amazon rain forest}, year = {1990}, month = {July 1990}, pages = {281 pp.}, publisher = {Columbia University Press}, organization = {Columbia University Press}, address = {New York}, abstract = {Alternatives to Deforestation explores some of the possible sustainable uses of the world{\textquoteright}s largest rain forest, the Amazon. The collection by scientists, policy makers, and foundations presents innovative approaches and technologies that will permit simultaneous use and conservation of the rain forest, and will benefit the population of Amazonia as a whole, rather than just a small rural minority. By presenting sustainable land-use alternatives that are both economically viable and ecologically sound, this book represents a valuable contribution in the effort to end the tragic consequences of tropical deforestation. (author)}, keywords = {agroforestry, Amazon, deforestation, ecology}, isbn = {0-231-06892-1; 978-0-231-06892-5}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/803206060}, editor = {Anthony B. Anderson} } @article {670, title = {The banana (Musa spp.) Coffee robusta: Traditional agroforestry system of Uganda}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {11}, year = {1990}, month = {September 1990}, pages = {213-226}, abstract = {Banana (Musa spp.) with Coffee robusta, a traditional agroforestry system in Uganda, is a purely mixed cropping system managed on a sustained production basis. The basic primary production is banana as a main food crop and Coffee robusta as the main cash crop. The variety of trees deliberately retained, managed and planted, animals and crops in the system are managed by the farmers to maximize production by supplying timber, fruits, fuelwood, fodder, food, medicinal and other miscellaneous uses.}, keywords = {agroforestry, bananas, coffee, home gardens, medicinal plants, mixed cropping, multipurpose trees, traditional agroforestry, Uganda}, doi = {10.1007/BF00045900}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00045900}, author = {Peter A. Oduol and J. R. W. Aluma} } @book {397, title = {The challenges of ethnobiology in the 21st century: Second International Congress of Ethnobiology (abstracts)}, year = {1990}, note = {Proceedings of the conference have been published. Penn State has abstracts of the plenary sessions GN476.7.I57 1990, 2nd floor Paterno Library}, month = {Oct. 22-26, 1990}, pages = {225 pp.}, address = {Kunming, Yunnan, China}, abstract = {This document is a compilation of abstracts of plenary, symposium sessions and posters presented at the Second International Congress of Ethnobiology. It covers many topics, such as, botany, forestry, ecology, resource management, agriculture, and medicine.}, keywords = {agroforestry, ethnobotany}, editor = {Su Yong-ge and Douglas Milne} } @book {305, title = {Community forestry: Herders{\textquoteright} decision-making in natural resources management in arid and semi-arid Africa}, series = {Community Forestry Note no. 4}, year = {1990}, note = {See also: http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/22831781}, month = {1990}, pages = {viii, 126 pp.}, publisher = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}, organization = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}, address = {Rome}, abstract = {This report fits into an overall objective of helping the FAO analyze the role that local knowlege and management systems (LKMS) of natural resources can play in FAO{\textquoteright}s development projects and programs. The approach of this report centers on a literature review of existing information on arid and semi-arid Africa. This includes North Africa, the Sahara, the Sahel, the semi-arid parts of the Sudan zone, and the arid zones of southern Africa. A few pertinent examples from other areas are also provided. The main emphasis is placed on the use and management of natural resources, primarily vegetation, but also water and wildlife. The majority of production systems in these arid zones in one way or another rely on livestock (ranging from settled agropastoralists to continuously mobile nomads). Thus, pastoral systems, defined as any production system that relies for more than 10\% of its output on livestock, is the main focus of the report, but other production systems that rely on resources in their natural state, such as hunting, gathering, fishing and wood collecting, will also be considered. (author) In 1986, within its Forestry for Community Development Programme, the FAO Forestry Department published a Forestry Paper entitled Tree Growing by Rural People. It presented various facets of the state of knowledge about tree-growing as it relates to community forestry, i.e. forestry designed to benefit the rural tree growers/managers. However, although some of the most interesting future opportunities for community forestry lie in improving management of existing trees rather than in creating new resources, this document covered only partially the topic of tree and woodland management by rural people. It did not fully explore how rural people manage single trees or communal woodlands and how they manage their other resources in relation to trees and woodlands. Further effort was necessary to broaden and deepen the knowledge base on local management issues. In order to improve the success of management projects, more complete data and analysis was also needed on what knowledge rural people have already developed and the dynamics of their tree resource management strategies in response to changing policies, pressures and opportunities. Finally, more thorough understanding was to be developed of the results and impacts of various attempts to support rural people in the efforts to manage these resources. Dr. Maryam Niamir, a range management specialist, has undertaken the first step in the process of filling this information gap as it relates to arid and semi-arid areas of Africa. (author)}, keywords = {afforestation, agroforestry, agropastoral systems, citizen participation, climate, community forestry, deforestation, Ethiopia, ethnoveterinary medicine, forest management, Fulani, geomorphology, grazing, herders, India, land tenure, livestock, Madagascar, Mali, natural resources, Niger, Nigeria, North Africa, plants, reforestation, soils, Somalia, Sub-Saharan Africa, Sudan, Uganda, vegetation, water , wildlife , Wodaabe, Zambia}, url = {http://www.fao.org/3/t6260e/t6260e00.htm}, author = {Maryam Niamir} } @conference {765, title = {Forest resource management and local knowledge: An overview of community forestry research in Nepal}, booktitle = {Paper presented at Second International Congress on Ethnobiology, October 21{\textendash}26, 1990, Kunming, Yunnan, China}, year = {1990}, month = {Oct. 21-26, 1990}, publisher = {Institute of Forestry}, organization = {Institute of Forestry}, address = {Pokhara, Nepal}, abstract = {

Community forestry research and training have become major foci at the Institute of Forestry (IOF) in Nepal. This reflects the nation\&$\#$39;s emphasis on linking biophysical and social forestry policy and practice, a recognition of the important role of villagers in forest resource management and the IOF\&$\#$39;s goal of becoming a national and regional center of excellence in community forestry training and research.

Recent trends in community forestry research are examined, both at the IOF and more widely within the Ministry of Forests and by private researchers and donor agencies. The knowledge of forest and tree resources among villagers is considerable, and is being looked to for guidance and recommendations by policy makers and development planners. Implications for forestry training, future research and policy are discussed.

}, keywords = {agroforestry, ethnobiology}, author = {Donald A. Messerschmidt} } @mastersthesis {440, title = {A grounded theory describing factors in the adoption process of the alley farming technology by Yoruba women in Nigeria}, year = {1990}, note = {See also: http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/29251187}, month = {1990}, school = {Iowa State University}, address = {Ames}, abstract = {

Dissertation

This study aimed to discover a theory from data on rural Yoruba women in southwestern Nigeria. The theory deals with farmers exposed to an agroforestry technology called \"alley farming.\" A theory of agricultural change was developed to provide a framework for alley farming research and extension. Grounded theory is an inductive system for generating theory from empirical data. The constant comparative method, which alternates between data collection and data analysis, was used during fieldwork in 1984-86. Before propositions and hypotheses were defined, data were collected, coded, and analyzed to develop concepts or premises. According to Reynolds\&$\#$39; description of theory construction, the axiomatic theory of farming women and agricultural innovation consists of four basic premises, each independent of the others, from which the propositions of the theory were logically derived.

Several major factors that inhibit or facilitate the diffusion of alley farming were identified, including

Examples, grounded empirically, demonstrate that the theoretical framework provided both a diagnosis of farmers\&$\#$39; needs and a prescription for further action. (author)

}, keywords = {agroforestry, Nigeria, women, Yoruba}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.31274/rtd-180813-10310}, url = {https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=12247\&context=rtd}, author = {Kristin Cashman} } @article {822, title = {Haiti agroforestry outreach project extension 1987-1989: Final report}, year = {1990}, month = {April 1990}, institution = {Pan American Development Foundation}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {This report covers both agroforestry activities and the social and institutional aspects of the project. The agroforestry activities of the project include choices of species and agroforestry systems; site selection; nursery technology and experience; and applied research experience. The social and institutional aspects of the project include the participation of private voluntary organizations (PVOs) and farmers; extension and training; social and economic benefits; and links with the public sector, funders and other agencies.}, keywords = {agroforestry, Haiti}, author = {Frederick J. Conway and Jon L. Jickling} } @article {577, title = {Homestead tree planting in two rural Swazi communities}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {11}, year = {1990}, month = {May 1990}, pages = {11-22}, abstract = {Tree planting practices were investigated on a total of 95 homesteads in two communities in rural Swaziland. Information was also collected on socioeconomic characteristics of the homesteads. In both the study areas, Sigombeni and Bhekinkhosi, there was considerable variation amongst individual homesteads in size, relative wealth (as indicated by cattle and motor vehicle ownership), and amount and types of trees planted. Eighty-five percent of all homesteads in Sigombeni and 73 percent in Bhekinkhosi had planted at least one tree. Common forms of planting included small woodlots, fruit trees, and ornamentals. Virtually all the woodlots consisted of two introduced wattle species (Acacia mearnsii and A. decurrens). The most commonly planted fruit trees were avocadoes, bananas, and peaches. No complex or labor-intensive agroforestry practices (such as maize/leucaena intercropping) were observed. There was some evidence that the poorest and newest homesteads were the least likely to have planted any trees and that the richest homesteads were the most likely to have planted woodlots. The results indicate that forestry research and extension efforts should take into account homestead characteristics, and strive to offer a range of tree planting options that vary in input requirements, labor needs, and complexity.}, keywords = {agroforestry, fruit trees, social forestry, Swaziland, woodlots}, doi = {10.1007/BF00122809}, url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00122809}, author = {James A. Allen} } @inbook {878, title = {Indigenous agroforestry strategies meeting farmers{\textquoteright} needs}, booktitle = {Alternatives to deforestation: Steps towards sustainable use of the Amazon rain forest.}, year = {1990}, note = {Author Affiliation: Biology Department, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA}, month = {1990}, pages = {141-151}, publisher = {Columbia University Press}, organization = {Columbia University Press}, address = {New York}, abstract = {Seven characteristics of indigenous agroforestry strategies are discussed: they incorporate native trees and communities; they rely on natural succession; they use natural environmental variation; they incorporate numerous crop and native species; they are flexible; they spread risks by retaining diversity; and they work to ensure independent survival using backup resources available to the community. Specific examples from the sequential agroforestry and forest grove systems of Mexican Huastec and Peruvian Bora farmers show the ways in which indigenous strategies are used.}, keywords = {agroforestry, Bora, deforestation, ecology, Huastec, Mexico, Peru}, isbn = {0-231-06892-1; 978-0-231-06892-5}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/803206060}, author = {Janis B. Alcorn}, editor = {Anthony B. Anderson} } @book {353, title = {Indigenous technical knowledge on private tree management: Final draft}, year = {1990}, note = {Published in 1992 in Bibiographies in technology and social change series no. 7 CIKARD copy indicates "Draft 2"}, month = {May 1990}, pages = {142 pp.}, publisher = {Iowa State University}, organization = {Iowa State University}, address = {Ames, IA}, abstract = {Bibliographic study prepared under contract with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome This report gives an overview of indigenous technical knowledge on private tree management and discusses how it might be applied in development programs. It focuses on practices in developing countries.}, keywords = {agroforestry}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/30260806}, author = {Evelyn Mathias-Munday and Olivia Muchena and Gerard McKiernan and Paul Mundy} } @article {738, title = {Innovative practices of the farmers in Gujarat}, year = {1990}, month = {May 1990}, abstract = {

Handwritten, for circulation to the members of network of local technical knowledge.

The document is a draft about innovative practices of the farmers in Gujarat. The practices discussed include: planting techniques for castor, potatoes (both field and riverbed cultivation), fennel, cabbage, and agroforestry in terms of Eucalyptus trees; harvesting techniques; and pest control on cumin and several other crops. This report mentions areas in which some research has been done and other areas where research must be done.

}, keywords = {agroforestry, Gujarat}, author = {Dr. N. K. Kalyanasundaram} } @inbook {886, title = {Institutional incompatibility in community forestry: The case of Nepal}, booktitle = {Community organizations and government bureaucracies in social forestry}, series = {Working paper no. 22}, year = {1990}, month = {May 1990}, pages = {11-25}, publisher = {Environment and Policy Institute, East-West Center}, organization = {Environment and Policy Institute, East-West Center}, address = {Honolulu, Hawaii}, abstract = {This paper examines a number of problems which have slowed progress considerably. The major areas of conflict include the tendency of bureaucrats to assume that there is a vacuum of knowledge and institutional capacity in rural communities, over-emphasis on committees as a form of organization, and over-emphasis on panchayats in organizing community forestry.}, keywords = {agroforestry}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/23804282}, author = {R. J. Fisher}, editor = {Jefferson Fox and R. J. Fisher} } @inbook {888, title = {Introduction to agroforestry}, booktitle = {Agroforestry: Classification and management}, year = {1990}, month = {1990}, pages = {1-30}, publisher = {Wiley}, organization = {Wiley}, address = {New York}, abstract = {Agroforestry is an age-old land use that has been practiced for thousands of years by farmers the world over. Although in recent years it has also been developed as a science that promises to help farmers increase the productivity, profitability, and sustainability of production on their land, the science of agroforestry lags far behind the art of existing agroforestry practices. However, scientific efforts to understand, classify, and improve agroforestry systems are on the increase.}, keywords = {agroforestry, classification}, isbn = {0-471-83781-4}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/19222486}, author = {Kenneth G. MacDicken and Napoleon T. Vergara}, editor = {Kenneth G. MacDicken and Napoleon T. Vergara} } @article {598, title = {Iterative increase of economic tree species in managed swidden-fallows of the Amazon}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {11}, year = {1990}, month = {June 1990}, pages = {175-197}, abstract = {

Fallow utilization schemes are becoming increasingly popular in agroforestry designs. However little attention has been given to the fate of valuable fallow plants after the end of the initial fallow cycle, and over successive fallow cycles on a regional or inter-fallow level. Evidence is presented here for the spontaneous long-term community enrichment of an area with valuable plants in a cyclic or iterative fashion, in the context of an existing fallow utilization scheme in the Amazon. Review of the ecological processes which operate at microsite, field and community levels indicate that:

}, keywords = {agriculture, agroforestry, Amazon, fallow utilization, fruit trees, frugivores, spontaneous community enrichment}, doi = {10.1007/BF00838727}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00838727}, author = {Jon D. Unruh} } @book {355, title = {Joint management for forest lands: Experiences from South Asia}, year = {1990}, month = {January 1990}, pages = {49}, publisher = {Ford Foundation}, organization = {Ford Foundation}, address = {New Delhi, India}, abstract = {This paper briefly examines three regions within South Asia where poor land management is causing environmental degradation and social and economic problems for rural communities. Within each setting, an example is given of a government agency which is attempting to improve land management through partnerships with community groups. The experiences of each program are discussed and assesed in terms of the productivity, equity, and sustainability of emerging joint management systems. The paper concludes by describing Foundation efforts to support forest agencies developing new approaches to participatory management. (author)}, keywords = {agroforestry, Bengal, common property, community forestry, India, land tenure, land use, Nepal, participatory research, social forestry}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/24551289}, author = {Mark Poffenberger} } @book {356, title = {Keepers of the forest: Land management alternatives in southeast Asia}, series = {Kumarian Press library of management for development}, year = {1990}, month = {December 1990}, pages = {289}, publisher = {Ateneo De Manila University Press; Kumarian Press}, organization = {Ateneo De Manila University Press; Kumarian Press}, address = {Manilia, Philipinnes; West Hartford, CT}, abstract = {

Contains following chapters:

  1. The evolution of forest management systems in southeast Asia (Mark Poffenberger);
  2. A history of state forest management in Java (Nancy Lee Peluso);
  3. The changing upland landscape of the northern Philippines (Percy E. Sajise and Elizabeth A. Omegan);
  4. Forces and policy issues affecting forest use in northeast Thailand (James A. Hafner);
  5. Facilitating change in forestry bureaucracies (Mark Poffenberger);
  6. Diagnostic tools for social forestry; (Jefferson Fox)
  7. Communal forest leases as a tenurial option in the Philippine uplands (Luzviminda B. Cornista and Eva F. Escue);
  8. Identifying appropriate agroforestry technologies in Java (Carol Stoney and Mulyadi Bratamihardj);
  9. Evolving management systems in Thailand (Kamon Pragtong and David E. Thoma);
  10. Migrant farmers and the shrinking forests of northeast Thailand (James A. Hafner and Yaoxvalak Apichatvullop);
  11. Reorienting forest management on Java (Nancy Lee Peluso, Mark Poffenberger and Frances Seymour);
  12. Community participation for conservation area management in the Cyclops Mountains, Irian Jaya, Indonesia (Arthur Mitchell, Yance de Fretes, and Mark Poffenberger);
  13. The growth of the Philippine social forest program (Christopher Gibbs, Edwin Payuan, and Romulo del Castill);
  14. Social forestry in Cebu (Salve B. Borlagdan); and
  15. Steps towards establishing collaborative management (Mark Poffenberger).
}, keywords = {agroforestry, common property, commons, community forestry, cooperatives, deforestation, empowerment, forest management, forestry, land tenure, land use, land use, rural, participatory research, social aspects, southeast Asia, trees}, isbn = {971-550-010-2; 9789715500104}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/20263005}, editor = {Mark Poffenberger} } @article {610, title = {Living stakes: Kenyan farmers introduce an agroforestry technology}, journal = {Agroforestry Today}, volume = {2}, year = {1990}, month = {1990 April-June}, pages = {8}, abstract = {

Farmers in the Kenya highlands are using living stakes of Commiphora zimmermanni to support yam (Dioscorea minutiflora) and passion fruit (Passiflora edulis) vines.

The species is drought resistant and can be planted as green sticks which root readily, and grow slowly without developing large lateral roots which would compete with other crops, or canopies that would provide too much shade. The stakes thrive under frequent pollarding and are not killed by heavy plants climbing them.

}, keywords = {agroforestry, Kenya}, author = {Amare Getahun and Anthony Njenga} } @conference {789, title = {Promoting the fertilizer bush in agroforestry on-farm research: A participatory approach}, booktitle = {Paper presented at American Society of Agronomy Conference, October 21-26, 1990, San Antonio, Texas}, year = {1990}, month = {October 1990}, address = {San Antonio, TX}, abstract = {

Alley farming is an ecologically stabilizing process designed for tropical farmers to increase and sustain crop production. Rows of nutrient-rich trees form 5 meter alleys. If farmers regularly use prunings from these trees as mulch for crops grown in the alleys, the trees function as \"fertilizer bushes.\" Farmers can defer fallow on fragile soils, extend and diversify cropping, and increase yields. As an innovation bundle, alley cropping supplies useful by-products: animal fodder, crop staking material, firewood, and mulch for erosion control and moisture retention. Yet on-farm research demonstrates that if the technical aspects of alley cropping outpace essential human components, the practice becomes dysfunctional, and the benefits farmers derive are negligible. This paper examines what socio-cultural/economic and organizational components can make alley cropping an appealing and sustainable practice by tropical farmers. A framework was developed and tested in collaboration with 270 rural Nigerians to describe and measure the process where farmers become aware of alley cropping, adopt and modify or reject it, integrate and use the practice in their farming system and disseminate it to others, or discontinue the practice.

Interviews with 50 female and 97 male adopters were tape-recorded during fieldwork in 1988. Each alley farm of this 147 sample was visited. Nonadopters (123) were canvased to determine their understanding of, and feelings towards, alley farming. The projects\&$\#$39; field personnel and scientists were also interviewed to further the development of the framework. (author)

}, keywords = {agroforestry, alley farming}, author = {Kristin Cashman} } @article {439, title = {Traditional agriculture and plant pathology (TAPP) database [ASCII format for the Macintosh]}, year = {1990}, month = {1990}, publisher = {Cornell University Department of Plant Pathology}, address = {Ithaca, NY}, abstract = {The authors{\textquoteright} goal in developing this resource was to bring together as many as possible of the published materials on practices used by traditional farmers to manage plant diseases. The database in its present form is far from an exhaustive collection, and is an attempt to bring together the collective knowledge of several heretofore diverse disciplines. The authors hope that in doing so they have laid the groundwork for further collaboration among plant pathologists, social scientists, and othes with an interest in enhancing the vitality and viability of traditional farmers around the world.}, keywords = {agroforestry, biological control, crop density, diversity, fallow, fire, flooding, habitat selection, heat, hilling, minimum tillage, mixed gardens, mulching, multiple cropping, multistorey cropping, organic matter, pesticides, planting date, pruning, resistance, roguing, rotations, sanitation, seed treatment, selection, shade, sowing depth, storage, terraces, tillage, weeds}, author = {H. David Thurston and Neil R. Miller} } @article {705, title = {Traditional crop sparks new interest as a multipurpose tree}, journal = {Agroforestry Today (Kenya)}, volume = {2}, year = {1990}, month = {April-June 1990}, pages = {4-7}, abstract = {

In tropical regions, fast growing short-lived woody species such as pigeon pea are attracting considerable interest for agroforestry systems. Pigeon pea provides food, fuelwood, forage, and shelter to subsistence farmers. Pigeon pea, although a perennial plant, is most often grown as an annual, because it is highly susceptible to Fusarium wilt and mosaic disease. Nowadays resistant perennial lines are available, which can be grown for 3-4 years. The many uses of pigeon pea are summarized. Annual wood production of long-duration pigeon pea ranged from 2.5 to 12.5 t/ha, and grain yield was between 0.8 to 1.8 t/ha. Spacing, fertilizer requirement, crop combinations and management, weed and pest control measures and harvesting methods are discussed. KEYWORDS:

[CIKARD COPY] If farmers in the semi-arid tropics are to adopt agroforestry on a wide scale, researchers must address two major problems. One is the possibility of competition between trees and field crops in environments where moisture and soil fertility are likely to be limited. The second problem is the often considerable delay before farmers can expect any economic return from trees. (author)

This document looks at two short-lived woody species \— pigeonpea and sesbania \— as an answer to these two problems. It looks at the products which can be derived from the two species, how the two help to improve soil quality, what kinds of yields they produce, spacing and fertilizer requirements, crop combinations and management, and weed and pest control.

}, keywords = {agroforestry, ICRISAT, IITA, India, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Nigeria, pigeonpea, sesbania, soils, trees}, author = {C. K. Ong and Joshus N. Daniel} } @article {710, title = {Traditional woodland management techniques of African pastoralists}, journal = {Unasylva}, volume = {160}, year = {1990}, month = {December 1990}, pages = {49-58}, abstract = {

Over thousands of years, pastoralists in arid and semi-arid Africa have developed a set of principles and strategies that have enabled them to meet their physical and social needs in a harsh and variable environment. Under conditions of relatively low population density \— pastoralist societies are generally characterized by very low fertility rates and high infant mortality \— these strategies also resulted in the sustained management of key natural resources, particularly range and woodlands. Recently, however, rapid population growth and an associated series of external pressures including crop expansion into rangelands, nationalization of land by governments, forced sedentarization, expanding urban and rural demand for fuelwood, and indiscriminate water development, have combined to upset the delicate balance between the herders and their fragile environment.

}, keywords = {agroforestry, fodder, grazing, pastoralism, seedlings, woodland management}, url = {http://www.fao.org/3/t7750e/t7750e08.htm$\#$traditional\%20woodland\%20management\%20techniques\%20of\%20african\%20pastoralists}, author = {Maryam Niamir} } @article {711, title = {Tree crop based agroforestry in Nigeria: A checklist of crops intercropped with cocoa}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {11}, year = {1990}, month = {September 1990}, pages = {227-241}, abstract = {A survey of cocoa farmers in Bendel, Ogun, Ondo and Oyo States of Nigeria, carried out in 1985, showed that almost all the farmers intercropped other crops with cocoa. The intercrops included food crops such as plantain (92.3), cocoyam (85.7\%), cassava (51.3\%), yam (41.3\%), maize (38.9\%), melon (31.4\%), cowpea (28.6\%) and pineapple (26.0\%) and tree crops such as oil palm (71.5\%), kola (67.3\%), coffee (41.0\%), coconut (7.9\%) and citrus (7.2\%). Other crops are ewe-iran (Sarcophrynium brachystachys) and ewe-gbodogi (Megaphrynium macrostachyum) (45.2\%), african walnut (Tetracarpidium conophorum) (42.2\%), aligator pepper (Aframomum melegueta) (31.6\%), and iyere (Piper guinense) (20.2\%). Guava, mango, pawpaw and vegetables such as celosia, okra and solanum occur in cocoa plots at rather low frequencies. As many as six or more other crops can be intercropped with cocoa at the same time.}, keywords = {agroforestry, cocoa belt, crop combination, food crops, medicinal plants, tree crops}, doi = {10.1007/BF00045901}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00045901}, author = {M. A. O. Oladokun} } @conference {809, title = {Wood energy management and knowledge in Pokhara area, Western Nepal}, booktitle = {Paper presented at Second International Congress on Ethnobiology, 21-26 October 1990, Kunming, Yunna, China}, year = {1990}, month = {Oct. 21-26 1990}, address = {Pokhara, Nepal}, abstract = {

Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA) methods were used to study indigenous knowledge of wood energy production and consumption in Pokhara. Commercial and non-commercial uses were examined. Wood energy comes mainly from fuelwood, charcoal, sawdust and bamboo harvested in surrounding areas, but also from lowland regions and roadside fuelwood sellers in fuelwood sufficient areas. Thus, the distribution involves mainly producers (villagers) to consumers (townspeople), through one to three levels of middlemen in between.

Producers illegally harvesting government or community forests were also studied. Most are lower caste poor and landless people, trying to earn a living during the non-agricultural season (September-May).

While many urban householders have shifted to fossil fuels, certain industries still rely on charcoal and wood from the forest. The depletion of sal (Shorea robusta), khair (Acacia catechu) and kaphal (Myrica esculanta) threatens the forests. Producers retain a rich working knowledge of forest resources, which has potential payoffs for more sustainable and equitable forest resource policy. (author)

}, keywords = {agroforestry}, author = {Mohan K. Balla and Sukhdev Chaudhary and Thakur B. Karkee} } @proceedings {421, title = {Workshop to develop an Agroforestry Technology Information Kit, November 4-13, 1989}, year = {1990}, month = {1990}, publisher = {Philippene Dept. of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR); International Institute of Rural Reconstruction (IIRR); Ford Foundation (FF)}, address = {Quezon City, Philippines; Silang Cavite, Philippines; Manila, Philippines}, abstract = {The "Agroforestry Technology Information Kit" was prepared for the use and guidance of the Social Forestry Officers and Technicians of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources. This kit was meant to help our forestry officers and technicians be effective in their role as extension workers for the upland dwellers. It is full of narative know-how and skills that make life in the uplands more meaningful, profitable and ecologically sustainable. It is well-prepared and if properly operationalized and seriously implemented, it is expected to create a new dimension in the struggle for upland rehibilitation that can only be maintained through concerted and sustained effort of the government and the people. This kit is Philippine- focused: it is intended for use primarily in support of the training of DENR{\textquoteright}s 1,200 technicians for its Social Forestry Program nationwide. This program of DENR aims to give the Filipino uplanders access to forest lands for a tenure of 25 years or more. (author)}, keywords = {agriculture, agroforestry, conservation, ecology, Filipino, fruit, home-lot, livestock, management, natural resources, Philippine Department of Environment and Natural Resources, plants, seeds, soil and water conservation (SWC), sustainability, Taungya System, trees, water }, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/51168241}, editor = {Francis Korten and Romulo del Castillo and Julian Gonsalves and Jaime Roquillo and Forester Nicanor Iscala Jr} } @inbook {850, title = {Agricultural systems on the floodplains of the Peruvian Amazon}, booktitle = {Fragile lands of Latin America: Strategies for sustainable development}, series = {Westview special studies in social, political, and economic development}, year = {1989}, note = {Chapter 5}, month = {1989}, pages = {75-100}, publisher = {Westview Press}, organization = {Westview Press}, address = {Boulder, CO}, abstract = {The "development" of Amazonia continues unabated. Governments sharing the basin are promoting the occupation of the region for reasons that range from land pressures occasioned by inequitable land tenure systems or population pressure, expansion of food and fiber production to meet domestic needs or foreign exchange earnings, to exploitation of natural resources. Development models, however, have been based on those extraneous to the region. This chapter explores those models and systems. (author)}, keywords = {agroforestry, American Indians, climate, fallow, flora, local knowledge, Native Americans, Peru, rainfall, river, shifting cultivation, South America, swiddens}, isbn = {0-8133-7705-6}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/18351601}, author = {M{\'a}rio Hiraoka}, editor = {John O. Browder} } @book {288, title = {Agroforestry in sub-Saharan Africa: A farmer{\textquoteright}s perspective}, series = {World Bank Technical Paper no. 112}, year = {1989}, month = {1989}, pages = {94}, publisher = {World Bank}, organization = {World Bank}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {This study reviews agroforestry practices in Sub-Saharan Africa as seen from the farmer{\textquoteright}s perspective. Agroforestry, broadly defined as the integration of trees and shrubs in farming systems, offers one of the most promising technological options for reversing soil degradation, restoring tree cover, and improving agricultural productivity in Africa. The literature on agroforestry was reviewed in order to identify a limited number of successful experiences for further field study. Seven case studies were then conducted by an interdisciplinary team, covering indigenous and innovative systems found in the highlands of East Africa, the semi-arid zone, and the humid lowlands of West Africa. This review identified a number of issues that need to be considered in the design and implementation of agroforestry projects for Africa in order for them to be successful. Key findings include the importance of understanding the economics of agroforestry systems from the farmer{\textquoteright}s point of view as well as from the broader perspective of the benefits to society. Project evaluation should therefore take into account local markets and opportunities for off- farm employment offered by tree products, as well as the opportunity costs perceived by farmers in making adoption decisions. Farm households are not homogeneous, and project design should be adapted to the socioeconomic level, age and gender of the people who are expected to adopt the proposed technology. In Africa, trees are integral parts of agro-sylvo- pastoral farming systems and should be considered in this sociocultural context, with particular attention to the constraints imposed by customary and legal rules regarding land and tree tenure. The institutional framework for implementation should be selected and developed with a view to long-term sustainability. Recommendations are made for the technical, economic, social, and institutional design of projects and for the direction of future research. (author)}, keywords = {agroforestry, Sub-Saharan Africa}, isbn = {0-8213-1389-4, 978-0-8213-1389-3}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/20630167}, author = {Cynthia C. Cook and Mikael Grut} } @book {292, title = {Agroforestry projects for small farmers: A project manager{\textquoteright}s reference}, series = {A.I.D. evaluation special study no. 59}, year = {1989}, month = {January 1989}, pages = {78}, publisher = {U.S. Agency for International Development}, organization = {U.S. Agency for International Development}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {This report summarizes major issues identified in the general literature on agroforestry and those being addressed in ongoing Agency for International Development (AID) projects. Section 1 provides an overview of AID support for agroforestry activities. Section 2 describes state-of-the-art agroforestry techniques that could be used to increase and sustain agricultural production. Section 3 discusses technical and nontechnical issues pertinent to designing and implementing agroforestry projects or projects with agroforestry components.}, keywords = {agroforestry}, url = {http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNAAX212.pdf}, author = {Siew Tuan Chew} } @conference {752, title = {Agroforestry: Proprietary dimensions}, booktitle = {Paper prepared for AAAS Technical Session, Agroforestry: A Global Perspective on Potentials and Constraints, 15 January 1989, San Francisco, CA}, year = {1989}, month = {January 15, 1989}, address = {San Francisco, CA}, abstract = {

This paper examines the changes in our thinking over the past several years concerning how tenure, or property rights in land and trees, affect farmer incentives for an adoption of agroforestry practices. We deal here with three quite different tenure situations:

Agroforestry has tended to be associated primarily with forestry on the holding, but agroforestry is the incorporation of trees into a farming system and the farming system often involves use of resources outside the holding, especially as regards tree products. The farmer\&$\#$39;s decisions about trees are made in terms of his or her overall access to tree products, whether on or off the holding. The farmer may have tenure (rights) in all these situations. The tenure will be most extensive over the agricultural holding but the farmer may also have use rights in a communal forest as a member of the community, and may hold a license, for instance for gathering dead wood, in a state forest. A farmer\&$\#$39;s options concerning trees in any of these tenure situations cannot be defined in isolation from the options in the other situations. (author)

}, keywords = {agroforestry}, author = {John W. Bruce and Louise Fortmann} } @inbook {860, title = {An economic analysis of Huastec Mayan forest management}, booktitle = {Fragile lands of Latin America: Strategies for sustainable development}, year = {1989}, note = {Chapter 12}, month = {1989}, pages = {182-206}, publisher = {Westview Press}, organization = {Westview Press}, address = {Boulder, CO}, abstract = {

In this paper, I describe and evaluate a type of \"social forestry\" system currently used by indigenous farmers living at a density of 100 persons per square kilometer in a zone of \"fragile lands\" in northeastern Mexico. This zone can be classified as fragile for several reasons. It is a zone where bare soil is easily damaged by heavy rains and hot sun. It is a zone of slopes subject to erosion by runoff from the heavy rains. The land use I describe is not limited to the specific physical or social conditions of my study site. Systems similar to that of the Huastec have been described from other areas and could be applied by trained smallholders living in any forested area, regardless of forest type or slope.

The advantages of this systems are that it complements production from other farm subunits, gives farmers access to subsistence goods, produces commercially valuable products, conserves wild genetic resources of forest species, and protects soils. (author)

}, keywords = {agroforestry, Huastec, Latin America, Maya, Mexico}, isbn = {0-8133-7705-6; 978-0-8133-7705-6}, author = {Janis B. Alcorn}, editor = {John O. Browder} } @book {324, title = {Farmer first: Farmer innovation and agricultural research}, year = {1989}, month = {1989}, pages = {218 pp.}, publisher = {Intermediate Technology Publications}, organization = {Intermediate Technology Publications}, address = {London}, abstract = {This document is a list of 42 papers presented at the workshop. These papers deal with farmer-oriented approaches to agricultural development, especially farmer interaction with researchers. The subjects include agroecology, crops and technologies in areas as diverse as Bangladesh, Kenya, Colombia, Peru, Nepal, India, Zambia, Brazil, and Botswana. Farmer experimentation is a reoccurring topic.}, keywords = {agroecology, agroforestry}, isbn = {1-85339-007-0; m978-1-85339-007-4; 978-1-78044-014-9}, doi = {10.3362/9781780440149}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/20444797}, editor = {Robert Chambers and Arnold Pacey and Lori Ann Thrupp} } @book {327, title = {Financial and economic analysis of agroforestry: Key issues}, series = {Discussion paper (University of East Anglia. School of Development Studies) no. 212}, year = {1989}, month = {June 1989}, pages = {77}, publisher = {University of East Anglia, School of Development Studies}, organization = {University of East Anglia, School of Development Studies}, address = {Norwich, UK}, abstract = {This is the summary and index of a paper dealing with cost-benefit analysis of agroforestry systems from an individual, household, institutional, and societal perspective. Included are the major steps needed to perform quantitative cost-benefit analysis and qualitative agroforestry issues. Also included is a note about prediction models used.}, keywords = {agroforestry}, isbn = {1-871546-62-1; 978-1-871546-62-0}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/23672191}, author = {Michael Stocking and Jan Boj{\"o} and Nick O. J. Abel} } @conference {766, title = {Forestation and deforestation in Mexico: Community response}, booktitle = {Paper presented at Annual Meetings of the Society for Applied Anthropology, April 5-9, 1989, Santa Fe, NM}, year = {1989}, month = {April 1989}, publisher = {Society for Applied Anthropology}, organization = {Society for Applied Anthropology}, address = {Santa Fe, NM}, abstract = {Deforestation is a severe economic and environmental problem in Mexico, as elsewhere in the world. This paper presents comparative data of natural resource control by two communities located in different ecological zones in the Mexican state of Oaxaca. One community, Huitzo, in the valley of Oaxaca, has suffered much deforestation due to commercial and domestic uses as well as fire. Through local effort the community has begun a reforestation project to combat erosion and reduced water tables. The other community, Yavesia, in the northern mountains, still has a large virgin forest, due principally to the community{\textquoteright}s refusal to sell wood to paper companies. To further protect their resources, a local women{\textquoteright}s group has initiated the installation of wood-efficient clay stoves. The quality of improved stove designs is a much-debated issue and will be discussed further in this paper. The two projects will also be described and compared with the aim of extracting the important organizational success factors. (author).}, keywords = {Acacia, agroforestry, fuelwood, household technologies}, author = {Lisa Freeman} } @book {331, title = {Forestland for the people: A forest village project in northeast Thailand}, year = {1989}, month = {1989}, pages = {84}, publisher = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}, organization = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}, address = {Bangkok, Thailand}, abstract = {The purpose of this study is two-fold. The first is to provide a detailed analysis of the processes and achievements of an FAO-assisted project to rehabilitate a degraded area in the Khao Phy Luang National Reserved Forest in Northern Thailand through the community forestry approach. In this respect, the study is written for development planners and foresters in Thailand as a means of helping these national experts evaluate the results of their efforts in this area, and to make appropriate decisions regarding the expansion of the community forestry approach throughout rural Thailand. The second, more far-reaching purpose of the case study is to draw attention to elements of interantional relevance. Although it refers to a single, specific campaign, many of the experiences reported in the case study can be applied in a wide variety of socio-economic conditions. As a still relatively new concept, every community forestry effort has lessons to teach about forestry as a tool and a resource for rural development.}, keywords = {agroforestry, Thailand}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/50628152}, author = {Stephen A. Dembner} } @book {332, title = {Forestry and food security}, series = {FAO forestry paper 90}, year = {1989}, month = {1989}, pages = {128}, publisher = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}, organization = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}, address = {Rome}, abstract = {This report summarizes the current state of understanding regarding the links between forestry and food security. It is the result of a series of investigations begun in 1985 in response to the widely felt concern that excessive deforestation is threatening not only the soil and water base essential for continued food production, but also the present and future availability of the many forest plants and animals that are sources of food.}, keywords = {agroforestry, Amazonia, cash crops, cloud forests, common property, erosion, fodder, fuelwood, gardens, fallows, gender, Ghana, household, mangroves, microclimate, plant foods, salinization, soil conservation, water conservation, wildlife , windbreaks, women, yields}, isbn = {92-5-102847-8, 978-92-5-102847-6}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/20998704}, author = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)} } @book {333, title = {Forestry and nutrition: A reference manual}, year = {1989}, month = {1989}, publisher = {FAO}, organization = {FAO}, address = {Bangkok, Thailand}, abstract = {The first section provides a brief overview of the links between forestry and nutrition and a review of the findings from the literature. This is followed by an annotated bibliography which includes 239 references. Subject and geographic indices are included to facilitate use of the bibliography. The purposes of this reference manual are to highlight what is known about the linkages between forestry and nutrition and to provide a guide for further research into this area. It is directed to foresters and nutritionists alike and draws on information from their respective literature as well as from other areas of relevant study. Although the reference manual focuses on nutrition and forestry in general, it is directed to those working on forestry and nutrition issues in developing countries, and thus, focuses on regions of the tropics and subtropics. (author)}, keywords = {agroforestry, conservation, ethnobotany, ethnomedicine, fodder, fuelwood, livestock, medicinal plants, plant foods, rural development, wildlife }, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/66373043}, author = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Regional Forestry Officer} } @book {340, title = {Household food security and forestry: An analysis of socio-economic issues}, year = {1989}, month = {1989}, pages = {147}, publisher = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}, organization = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}, address = {Rome}, abstract = {The focus of this study is on the socio-economic aspects of forestry{\textquoteright}s role in household food security. It draws together information on household foods and income which are actually derived from activities dependent on tree and forest products. It examines their importance in different situations and among different population groups and how the uses of these resources are changing, focusing particularly on the impacts on the poor and women. The study also addresses the consequences of decreasing forest resources and discusses the implications for forest policy and for management of forests and trees outside the forests.}, keywords = {agroforestry, deforestation, energy, fodder, fuelwood, gardening, gender, honey, nutrition, nuts and seeds, plant foods, women}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/21140813}, author = {FAO Forestry Department, Forests, Trees and People [Program]} } @article {736, title = {Household gardens, crop architecture, and traditional disease management}, year = {1989}, note = {CIKARD copy is a rough draft - some references not checked - not for publication}, month = {April 1989}, address = {Cornell University, Ithaca, NY}, abstract = {This essay focuses on the different types of architectural arrangements of crops and suggests that a study of traditional cropping systems and their architecture should also be strongly urged when designing or improving tropical cropping systems.}, keywords = {agroforestry, horticulture, multistorey cropping}, author = {H. David Thurston} } @book {345, title = {Indigenous forest utilization and management systems: Lecture series forestry and rural development lecture notes}, year = {1989}, note = {General Note: Lecture series Forestry and rural development 2, 1989}, month = {May/June 1989}, pages = {80}, publisher = {Agricultural University Wageningen, Department of Forest Management}, organization = {Agricultural University Wageningen, Department of Forest Management}, address = {Wageningen [Netherlands]}, abstract = {Lecture notes on indigenous forest utilization and management systems; Farmers{\textquoteright} perception of society and environment, and their land use: the case of the Aouan in Ivory Coast; The Kubu and the outside world (South Sumatra, Indonesia): the modification of hunting and gathering; Household economy and tree growing in upland Central Java; The reality of the commons: answering Hardin from Somalia; social forestry and land use institutions, an anthropological view.}, keywords = {agroforestry, community forestry}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/880968334}, author = {Landbouwuniversiteit Wageningen, Department of Forest Management} } @article {626, title = {Njukiine forest: Transformation of a common-property resource}, journal = {Forest \& Conservation History}, volume = {35}, year = {1989}, note = {Africa{\textquoteright}s Forests: A Special Issue and a Conference Notice (Oct., 1991) Aug 1989 is a draft.}, month = {8/1989; 10/1991}, pages = {160-168}, abstract = {

This paper examines the processes of socioeconomic, institutional, and ecological change at Njukiine Forest in Kirinyaga and Embu Districts, Kenya. It traces the area\&$\#$39;s transformation from a woodland managed on a common property basis by kinsmen and neighbors to a plantation forest operated by state-controlled organizations. The presentation highlights five aspects of this transformation:

  1. the precolonial common property regime, including the interplay between deliberate conservation practices and unintentional circumstances that protected the forest;
  2. population movements, commercial activities, and conflicts about tenure in the colonial era that undermined the old regime;
  3. protracted negotiations about Njukiine between the colonial state and the Embu Local Native Council, its designated institution for representing local interests;
  4. the short-lived management regime under council auspices; and
  5. the takeover of Njukiine by the Forest Department and its trusteeship by the Kirinyaga Districty County Council. Some implications of Njukiine\&$\#$39;s conservation history for contemporary community forestry efforts are discussed in the conclusion. Archival research and field work in Kenya during parts of 1982, 1983, and 1988 provide the basis for this study.
}, keywords = {agroforestry, colonial, common property, conservation, conservation history, Kenya, Njukiine Forest, plantation forest, population}, doi = {10.2307/3983495}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/3983495}, author = {Alfonso H. Peter Castro} } @book {373, title = {People, tree planting and forestry extension some examples from central region}, series = {Fuelwood Development for Energy in Sudan, Field Document no. 35}, year = {1989}, month = {September 1989}, pages = {80}, publisher = {Government of the Republic of Sudan}, organization = {Government of the Republic of Sudan}, address = {Khartoum}, abstract = {The purpose of this report is to demonstrate some relations between people, their local conditions and forestry extension. The report in particular is concerned with people{\textquoteright}s needs for trees and forest products, the possibilities of tree planting and people{\textquoteright}s knowledge of trees.}, keywords = {agroforestry, fuelwood, Khartoum, Sudan}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/65434273}, author = {Hallgeir Kismul} } @article {641, title = {Prospects for farm forestry on rainfed versus irrigated farms in Pakistan}, journal = {Pakistan Journal of Forestry}, volume = {39}, year = {1989}, month = {January 1989}, pages = {3-10}, abstract = {This paper focuses on the prospects for farm forestry on rainfed versus irrigated farms in Pakistan. Farmers who have done the most tree planting in the past are those with mixed rainfed/irrigated lands. However, the number one problem in cultivating trees is the tree-crop competition. The report concludes that farm forestry should focus on the problems of concern to the farmers themselves.}, keywords = {agroforestry, Pakistan}, author = {Michael R. Dove} } @mastersthesis {447, title = {Sherpa settlement and subsistence: Cultural ecology and history in highland Nepal}, year = {1989}, note = {

Chapter 9: Sherpa Forest Use and Management. Chapter 10: Forest Nationalization and Environmental Change. Maps; charts; figures; tables. (Has since been published as Claiming the High Ground. University of California Press. 1993.)

}, month = {1989}, school = {University of California, Berkeley, Department of Geography}, address = {Berkeley, California}, abstract = {

\"Submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Geography in the graduate division of the University of California at Berkeley.\" A detailed analysis of forest conservation amongst the Khumbu Sherpas of Highland Nepal. Stevens outlines forest uses of the Sherpas as well as giving linguistic definitions of different indigenous conservation programs. Includes the effect of national government intervention on forest conservation in Highland Nepal.

}, keywords = {agroforestry, conservation, ecology, environment systems, government intervention}, url = {https://ehrafworldcultures.yale.edu/document?id=ak06-013}, author = {Stanley Francis Stevens} } @proceedings {400, title = {The social sciences in Asian forestry curricula: Papers from the workshop held November 27-December 2, 1988 in Khon Kaen, Thailand}, year = {1989}, note = {also credited: Yale University, School of Forestry and Environmental Studies; Forestry/Fuelwood Research and Development Project (F/FRED)}, month = {11/27-12/2/1988}, publisher = {Winrock International}, address = {Morillton, AR}, abstract = {

Contains following papers:

}, keywords = {agroforestry}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/35213137}, editor = {Robert E. Clausi} } @inbook {916, title = {Succession management and resource distribution in an Amazonian rain forest}, booktitle = {Resource management in Amazonia: Indigenous and folk strategies}, series = {Advances in economic botany no. 7}, year = {1989}, month = {1989}, pages = {223-237}, publisher = {New York Botanical Garden}, organization = {New York Botanical Garden}, address = {Bronx, NY}, abstract = {

Many Amazonian peoples have a profound effect on rain forest structure and species composition through a process I call succession management. This article describes and examines the extent of such management in a Runa Indian community in Napo Province, Equador. The Runa live in dispersed settlements at low density, below 2 persons/km2. Unlike Amazonian people living in concentrated settlements, they are not under strong pressure to intensify succession management in order to concentrate forest resources. In order to assess the magnitude of such manipulation under low density conditions, I compare succession in two managed and two unmanaged five-year-old forest fallows. I found that management increases the species diversity of trees greater than 10 cm dbh (diameter at breast height). Planted tree crops accounted for between 8\% and 19\% of trees in this size class, and protected secondary species for between 6\% and 16\%. The distribution of many species, however, was not the result of conscious management decisions, although seedling establishment may have been altered by agriculture. It is possible that succession management in this Runa community could be further intensified to increase the proportion of useful planted and protected species. Nevertheless, resources present in Runa managed fallows provide significant amounts of food, construction material, and firewood as well as medicinal plants and other needed household items. (author)

}, keywords = {agroforestry, Amazon, Ecuador, fuelwood, rainforests, resource management, Runa, South America, succession}, isbn = {0-89327-340-6; 978-0-89327-340-8}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/19623957}, author = {Dominique Irvine}, editor = {Darrell Addison Posey and William L. Balée} } @article {498, title = {To coexist: Diversity and development}, year = {1989}, month = {1989}, pages = {29 min}, publisher = {USAID}, type = {VHS}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {This is a videotape of case studies of sustainable development in Rwanda (mountain gorilla tourism), Thailand, Peru, the Amazon, and the Maasai in Kenya in which the local people participated in an effort to retain biodiversity in their region while working with USAID development projects.}, keywords = {agroforestry, biodiversity, logging, pastoralism, water resources }, author = {Robert Pierce} } @book {414, title = {User groups as producers in participatory afforestation strategies}, year = {1989}, month = {1989}, pages = {81}, publisher = {World Bank}, organization = {World Bank}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {This paper contains a discussion of policy options and operational strategies for improving social forestry programs. The analysis of the types of social forestry approaches called "community" forestry or "village" woodlots reveals that many forestry programs intended genuinely to be participatory are formulated in fuzzy terms, are not designed around well identified social actors, and neglect to ensure clear benefit distribution arrangements and incentives. Their confused sociological conceptualization and lack of sound social engineering renders the investments in such programs much less effective than they could be. Participatory social forestry strategies must aim at engaging the rural users of fuelwood into organized activities for producing and managing forests. The author argues that the profound behavioral change to be elicited on a gigantic mass scale among farmers through social forestry strategies is an evolutionary shift from simple foraging and gathering fuelwood in naturally grown forests to cultivation trees for fuelwood. Trees and forests are to be systematically produced.}, keywords = {agroforestry, fuelwood}, isbn = {0-8213-1416-5, 978-0-8213-1416-6}, url = {http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/1989/12/437451/user-groups-producers- participatory-afforestation-strategies}, author = {Michael M. Cernea} } @book {420, title = {Women in community forestry: A field guide for project design and implementation}, year = {1989}, month = {1989}, pages = {45}, publisher = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}, organization = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}, address = {Rome}, abstract = {Rural women are major caretakers and users of forests. Each day they walk long distances to gather fodder and fuelwood. They seek out fruits, nuts and small creatures for food for their families. They use bark, roots and herbs for medicines. Trees provide shade, beauty and environmental protection for their homes. Thus, trees and forests play a major role in their daily lives. Unfortunately, most forestry programmes are organized by men who may not understand women{\textquoteright}s relationship to forests. Forestry has typically been a man{\textquoteright}s profession and it is hard for many foresters to perceive of women as being competent in this field. Moreover women{\textquoteright}s needs regarding the forest often differ from those of men. Rural women confront obstacles that limit their ability to participate in community development programmes. They frequently lack the self-confidence or a forum in which to speak up publicly for themselves and for their families. They often lack access to child care, credit, education and land tenure, which limits them more than it limits the men of their own families. These obstacles prevent them from being heard and from achieving a more powerful role in accessing and making decisions about tree and forest resource management. This field guide focuses on practical ways to include women in project design and implementation and is meant to be a tool to facilitate discussion, offer options and promote action on behalf of women and forestry. (author)}, keywords = {agroforestry}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/21987106}, author = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)} } @inbook {854, title = {Agroforestry}, booktitle = {Jessenia and Oenocarpus: Neotropical oil palms worthy of domestication}, series = {FAO Plant Production and Protection Paper no. 88}, year = {1988}, month = {December 1988}, pages = {149-184}, publisher = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)}, organization = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)}, address = {Rome}, abstract = {The study focuses on the uses of oil palms in Colombia. It outlines the systems of land use employing palms. It also gives an analysis of how other plants and livestock fared in these systems. Several tables and illustrations are included. The paper goes on to suggest future research lines that would be helpful to study.}, keywords = {agroforestry, ethnobotany, Oenocarpus, palm oil}, isbn = {92-5-102676-9}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/19059118}, author = {Michael J. Balick and Steven R. King and Luis E. Forero Pinto}, editor = {Michael J Balick} } @conference {750, title = {Agroforestry outreach in Haiti: The evolution and diffusion of technology in the rural Caribbean}, booktitle = {Paper presented at Third Conference on Technological Literacy, February 5, 1988, Arlington, Virginia}, year = {1988}, month = {February 5, 1988}, address = {Arlington, VA}, abstract = {The general objective of this paper is to discuss the problem of the development of appropriate agrarian technologies in and for the rural Caribbean, and the design of outreach mechanisms to accelerate the diffusion of these technologies once developed. There are two conceptually separate subsequent outreach strategies designed to ensure that the technologies are made available to the population at large.}, keywords = {agroforestry, Caribbean, Haiti}, author = {Gerald F. Murray} } @book {291, title = {Agroforestry practices in selected areas of Burma: Preliminary Consultant, Winrock International.}, series = {Multipurpose Tree Species Network Research Series no. 5}, year = {1988}, month = {September 1988}, pages = {45}, publisher = {Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development and Forestry / Fuelwood Research and Development Project (F/FRED)}, organization = {Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development and Forestry / Fuelwood Research and Development Project (F/FRED)}, address = {Bangkok, Thailand; Arlington, VA}, abstract = {Multipurpose Tree Species network Research Series NO. 5 This report is a preliminary assessment of the posibilities for developing agroforestry systems in Burma. It is based on discussions with project personnel, consultants working on similar or related projects, and a review of the literature available through the USAID office in Rangoon. This report strives to point out some potentials for agroforestry and farm forestry in Burma and suggests how interested agencies might proceed.}, keywords = {agroforestry, Burma}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/796896399}, author = {Dean Current and Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development, Forestry / Fuelwood Research and Development Project (F/FRED)} } @article {508, title = {Agroforestry systems in the Garhwal Himalayas of India}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {7}, year = {1988}, month = {December 1988}, pages = {213-225}, abstract = {Agroforestry systems, though at subsistence level are well established in Garhwal Himalayas. The farmers undertake cultivation of various crops, seasonal and biennials crops with trees all in mixtures on the same piece of land. Farm animals and poultry form an essential component of the systems. The intimate association of different species provides both subsistence and commercial products which give additional income to the farmer. The paper describes the general scenario of socioeconomic condition and existing agroforestry practices and some suggestions for their improvement in the Garhwal Himalayas. (author)}, keywords = {agriculture, agroforestry, Garhwal Himalayas, Grewia optiva, mixed farming, multipurpose trees, socioeconomics}, doi = {10.1007/BF00046970}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00046970}, author = {K. S. Dadhwal and Pratap Narain and S. K. Dhyani} } @book {301, title = {Case studies of farm forestry and wasteland development in Gujarat, India}, year = {1988}, month = {1989}, pages = {62 pp.}, publisher = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}, organization = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}, address = {Bangkok, Thailand}, abstract = {This paper discusses the costs and benefits of farm forestry from the standpoint of its practitioners. It also examines the adoption of farm forestry by both large and small-scale farmers and by landless agricultural laborers including marginal farmers owning unproductive land.}, keywords = {agroforestry, farmer participatory research, India}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/19318376}, author = {Kathleen Rorison} } @article {817, title = {Decisions and motivations in peasant tree farming: Morne-Franck and the PADF cycle of village studies}, year = {1988}, month = {December 1988}, institution = {Haiti Agroforestry Outreach Project}, address = {Port-au-Prince, Haiti}, abstract = {This report is based on PADF{\textquoteright}s comparative study of tree planters and non-planters in Morne-Franck, a rural locality in the region of fond-des-Blancs. PADF has provided uninterrupted services to this area since 1982. The local tree planting effort dates back to the first generation of PADF subprojects initiated in collaboration with CODEPLA, a Haitian private voluntary organization.}, keywords = {agroforestry}, author = {Glenn R. Smucker} } @article {557, title = {Factors determining the occurrence of the agroforestry system with Acacia mearnsii in Central Java}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {6}, year = {1988}, month = {February 1988}, pages = {119-135}, abstract = {In 1922, the colonial government introduced Acacia mearnsii in the tobacco-growing region of Wonosobo. Soon this species was accepted by the local people who developed an agroforestry system based on a rotation of A. mearnsii and agricultural crops. Now, the growing of the black wattle is becoming less popular. To study the prospects for this agroforestry system 143 farmers from 5 villages were interviewed. The functions of this agroforestry system are the production of fuelwood and bark (which contains tannin for the leather industry), soil conservation and soil improvement. The following factors affect A. mearnsii growing: population density (which affects farm size and demand for domestic fuelwood), tobacco-processing (which requires fuel), topography and commercialization. If current trends continue, the contribution of the functions of this agroforestry system to welfare will not be sufficient to compete successfully with subsistence and cash crops like potatoes and tobacco. Therefore, A. mearnsii cultivation is expected to decline further.}, keywords = {Acacia mearnsii, agroforestry, central Java, commercialization, farming system development, Indonesia}, doi = {10.1007/BF02344749}, url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02344749}, author = {Lucinne M. Berenschot and Bram M. Filius and Soedarwono Hardjosoediro} } @book {325, title = {Feasibility study on small-farm production of gums, resins, exudates and other non-wood products}, series = {Multipurpose Tree Species Network Research Series Paper no. 4}, year = {1988}, month = {August 1988}, pages = {47}, publisher = {Winrock International (Forestry/Fuelwood Research and DevelopmentProject - F/FRED)}, organization = {Winrock International (Forestry/Fuelwood Research and DevelopmentProject - F/FRED)}, address = {Morrillton, AR}, abstract = {Although gums, resins, and exudates are the primary products targeted for study, the scope was expanded slightly to include certain extractives, oils, dyes, pesticides, and specialty chemicals that also offer opportunities for increased utilization. Omitted from primary consideration are substances mainly used for medicine, food or fodder. Within this framework there are still innumerable non-wood products of tropical forests that could be documented here. Many of these are referred to in the compilation of species and products, but others of minor importance are omitted. The scope of the present study is further defined by the tree species considered as sources of the above-mentioned chemicals. Three categories are included: priority MPTS, additional MPTS important over narrower distribution ranges or under specific cultural situations, and specialty trees.}, keywords = {agroforestry}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/24777719}, author = {James W. Hanover} } @book {337, title = {Glossary of selected terms in sustainable agriculture}, series = {Gatekeeper Series no. SA6}, year = {1988}, month = {August 1988}, pages = {19}, publisher = {International Institute for Environment and Development, Sustainable Agriculture Programme}, organization = {International Institute for Environment and Development, Sustainable Agriculture Programme}, address = {London; Washington, DC}, abstract = {A glossary of selected terms in sustainable agriculture}, keywords = {agroecological zoning, agroecosystem zoning, agroecosystems, agroforestry, alley cropping, appropriate technology and intermediate technology, bioenergy, biomass, carrying capacity, cash crops, common property resources, community forestry, conservation farming, desertification, export crops, farmer participatory research, farming systems research , food crops, genetic preservation, integrated pest management, integrated rural development, land degradation, minimum tillage, multiple cropping, multipurpose trees, open access resources, pastoralism, range management, rapid rural appraisal, regenerative farming, remote sensing, share cropping, shifting cultivation, social forestry, subsistence agriculture, sustainable development, tragedy of the commons, transhumance}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/19531919}, author = {Jennifer A. McCracken and Jules N. Pretty} } @article {573, title = {Grassroots conservation: Veld products and people}, journal = {African Wildlife}, volume = {43}, year = {1988}, month = {1988}, pages = {286-293}, abstract = {The author calls plants "green glue," meaning they keep the soil together. He uses the term "veld products" and defines it as the use of plants by people for medicine, food supplements, shelter, fuel, etc. He is calling on researchers to develop and expand their focus on veld products. He talks of the needs of both plants and humans, vegetation change and plant use, resource management and conservation. He also talks of the consequences of conservation in his conclusion.}, keywords = {Acacia mearnsii, agroforestry, Australian black wattle, ethnobotany, fuelwood, Institute of Natural Resources, Kwa Zulu, Mark Gandar, medicinal plants, Natal, natural resource management, plants, qwa qwa, resource conservation, resource management, Southern Africa, Southern Life Association}, author = {Tony Cunningham} } @book {351, title = {Indigenous technical knowledge in farming systems and rural technology: A bibliography on Eastern Africa}, series = {Working paper (Technische Hogeschool Twente. Vakgroep Ontwikkelingskunde) no. 38}, year = {1988}, month = {February 1988}, pages = {40}, publisher = {University of Twente, Technology and Development Group}, organization = {University of Twente, Technology and Development Group}, address = {[Enschede, Netherlands]}, abstract = {The vast majority of the literature describes particular aspects and issues in eastern African farming systems. There is a natural focus on ITK concerning small-scale farming systems and land-use, including pastoral systems and agroforestry systems. In addition, there are some references on specific technologies and domestic activities.}, keywords = {agroforestry, biomass, crop husbandry, East Africa, food, land management, medicine, pest management, water , women}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/38348173}, author = {Michael Keith McCall} } @inbook {894, title = {Local resource use systems in the tropics: Taking pressure off the forests}, booktitle = {Tropical rainforests: Diversity and conservation}, series = {Memoirs of the California Academy of Sciences}, volume = {12}, year = {1988}, month = {December 1988}, pages = {53-70}, publisher = {California Academy of Sciences}, organization = {California Academy of Sciences}, address = {San Francisco, CA}, abstract = {By focusing research on indigenous and local agroecosystems, much information can be gained for the development of resource-conserving, ecologically sound land-use strategies that promote the sustained-yield management of land already cleared in tropical regions. By keeping the farmers on the land they already have, pressure can be taken off the limited forest reserves that still exist. A research approach that looks at the agricultural ecosystem (agroecosystem) will allow an agro-ecological focus, in order to examine impacts on the land in the context of nutrient cycles, crop and non-crop population dynamics, energetics, and other ecological concepts. Examples of such studies are presented from tropical Mexico and Costa Rica, including the corn/bean/squash multiple-crop agroecosystem, the tropical home garden agroforestry system with a diverse mixture of trees, shrubs, herbs, and vines, and an experimental bench-terrace-cropping system with mixed vegetables planted on the flat surfaces and a high organic-matter-producing grass on the slopes. The importance of the sustainability of the natural resource sector linked to the sustainability of the agricultural sector is stressed as an integral part of tropical forest preservation strategies of the future. (author).}, keywords = {agroforestry, resource management}, isbn = {0-940228-19-X; 978-0-940228-19-1}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/18566557}, author = {Stephen R. Gliessman}, editor = {Frank Almeda and Catherine M. Pringle} } @book {366, title = {Multipurpose tree species for small farm use: Proceedings of an international workshop, November 2-5, 1987, Pattaya, Thailand}, year = {1988}, note = {Co-Sponsors: Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development, International Development Research Centre of Canada, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific}, month = {1988}, pages = {281 pp.}, publisher = {Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development; International Development Research Centre}, organization = {Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development; International Development Research Centre}, address = {Arlington, VA; [Ottawa,] Canada}, abstract = {

Consists of following papers:

}, keywords = {agroecology, agroforestry, socioeconomics}, isbn = {0-933595-18-2; 978-0-933595-18-7}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/213909057}, editor = {Dale Withington and Kenneth G. MacDicken and Cherla B. Sastry and Norma R. Adams} } @book {374, title = {Permaculture: A designers{\textquoteright} manual}, year = {1988}, month = {1988}, pages = {576}, publisher = {Tagari Publications}, organization = {Tagari Publications}, address = {Tyalgum, NSW, Australia}, abstract = {

Contains following chapters:

}, keywords = {agricultural ecology, agroforestry, aquatic resources, botany, ethnobotany, horticulture, organic farming, organic gardening}, isbn = {0-908228-01-5}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/945761643}, author = {Bill C. Mollison} } @book {378, title = {Potential impact of biotechnology research for multipurpose tree species}, series = {Multipurpose tree species network research series paper 3}, year = {1988}, note = {Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development; Forestry/Fuelwood Research and Development Project}, month = {September 1988}, pages = {58 pp.}, publisher = {Winrock International}, organization = {Winrock International}, address = {Bangkok, Thailand and Los Banos, Philippines}, abstract = {

The basic objective of the study is to assess the potential socio-economic effect of multipurpose tree species (MPTS) biotechnology research. Three research areas were identified from interviews with various researchers and resource administrators:

  1. tissue culture for planting material production and enhancement,
  2. tissue culture for MPTS genetic improvement, and
  3. use of micro-organisms to enhance MPTS performance.
}, keywords = {agroforestry}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/24597957}, author = {Wilfrido Cruz} } @inbook {924, title = {The role of women farmers in choosing species for agroforestry farming systems in rural areas of Ghana}, booktitle = {Gender issues in farming systems research and extension}, year = {1988}, month = {1988}, pages = {439-441}, publisher = {Westview Press}, organization = {Westview Press}, address = {Boulder, CO}, abstract = {

This paper discusses the three basic types of agroforestry systems:

  1. Agrosiliviculture systems (integration of forest trees with agricultural crops);
  2. silvopastorial systems (integration of forest trees and livestock); and
  3. agrosilvopastorial systems (integration of forest trees, agricultural crops, and livestock).

The paper continues by pointing out specific findings from farms surveys conducted in the rural Forest Savannah Transitional Zone of Ghana:

  1. Food, nutrition, health, and energy (fuelwood) are more important to women farmers than income, clothes, and social status which are comparably more important to men farmers.
  2. Traditional subsistence agroforestry farmers (mostly women), capable of selling between 45-50 percent of their surplus products, acknowledged the benefits of forest trees and proposed the most useful trees for the new agroforestry system.
  3. Multiple purpose local trees like Puvolfia vomitoria, Alsotoia boonei, Terapleura tetraplera, and Fagara xanthoxeyoides, as well as foreign species like Leucaena leucocephala and Gliriadia speim, have high potential of being accepted by farmers in the forest savannah transitional zone.
  4. Female farmers were found to be better conservators and more resourceful than their male counterparts.
  5. An agroforestry package that integrates local livestock with forest trees to ensure adequate forage, especially for sheep and goats during the dry season, would be readily adopted by the subsistence farmers. A similar package favoring cattle would be favored by commercial farmers.
  6. Plants with medicinal or healing properties had the highest probability of being accepted for both agroforestry and conservation purposes (author)
}, keywords = {agroforestry, medicinal plants}, isbn = {0-8133-7399-9}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/17386097}, author = {Kofi Owusu-Bempah}, editor = {Steven V. Poats and Marianne Schmink and Anita Spring} } @book {401, title = {The status of multipurpose trees in Thailand}, series = {Multipurpose Tree Species Network Research Series Report 2}, year = {1988}, month = {August 1988}, pages = {104}, publisher = {Winrock International}, organization = {Winrock International}, address = {Bangkok, Thailand}, abstract = {As the forestry problems are enormous, forest researchers have to find the proper program to tackle the existing problem. To promote the general well-being of the Thais there is the need to establish tree-lands wherever possible. To ensure progressively increasing supplies of fuelwood and charcoal as well as industrial wood, establishment of multipurpose trees is considered to be a superb chance for increasing wood productivity as well as restoring a proper ecological balance.}, keywords = {agroforestry, ecology, Thailand}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/26788851}, author = {Suree Bhumibhamon} } @book {286, title = {A survey of women{\textquoteright}s attitudes toward forestry and fuelwood in eight rural villages in eastern Sudan}, series = {Field document (Fuelwood Development for Energy in Sudan) no. 31}, year = {1988}, month = {March 1988}, pages = {41 leaves}, publisher = {Forests Administration}, organization = {Forests Administration}, address = {Khartoum, Sudan}, abstract = {This report analyzes a survey of Sudanese women{\textquoteright}s attitudes toward forestry and fuelwood. The survey was carried out in December, 1986 in eight rural villages in Eastern Sudan. It was sponsored by FAO{\textquoteright}s Fuelwood Development for Energy Project and designed and carried out by students from Ahfad University for Women in Omdurman. It is the first survey of this size and scope to focus specifically on women{\textquoteright}s attitudes as they relate to forestry in Sudan. Based on the results of this survey, forestry extension staff will be able to strengthen and expand existing forestry programs to address the needs and perceptions of rural women.}, keywords = {agroforestry, fuelwood, Khartoum, Sudan}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/29011350}, author = {Rosemary N. Furfey} } @proceedings {482, title = {Trees on small farms: Multipurpose tree species research for the arid and semi-arid tropics}, year = {1988}, month = {Nov 16-19, 1987}, publisher = {Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development}, address = {Arlington, VA}, abstract = {In recognition of the rapid depletion of tropical forest resources and the increased scarcity of fuelwood and other tree products, the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) designed and funded the Forestry/Fuelwood Research and Development Project. F/FRED provides a network through which scientists exchange research plans, methods and results on the production and use of trees to meet the needs of small-scale farmers in Asia. These fast-growing, high-yielding trees are appropriately termed multipurpose tree species (MPTS). To date, network trials have been established on 16 sites in the humid and semi-humid tropics. Participants are 10 Asian scientists from Indonesia, Malaysia, Pakistan, Philippines, Taiwan and Thailand.}, keywords = {agroforestry, fuelwood}, editor = {David A. Taylor and Lee Medema} } @book {413, title = {Useful farming practices: New edition}, year = {1988}, month = {1988}, pages = {451}, publisher = {Japan Association for International Cooperation of Agriculture \& Forestry}, organization = {Japan Association for International Cooperation of Agriculture \& Forestry}, address = {Tokyo}, abstract = {This book is a general overview of farming techniques for diverse ecological systems and technological capabilities. Major areas of discussion are horticulture, animal husbandry, agricultural engineering, farming machines and tools, sericulture, forestry, and fisheries. There is also an emphasis on rice cultivation.}, keywords = {agricultural engineering, agroforestry, animal husbandry, appropriate technology and intermediate technology, aquatic resources, ecology, ethnobotany, fisheries, forestry, horticulture, rice, sericulture, upland farming}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/22662784}, author = {Japan Association for International Cooperation of Agriculture \& Forestry (AICAF)} } @book {416, title = {We eat trees: Tree planting and land rehabilitation in West Pokot District, Kenya: a baseline study (Working Paper)}, series = {Forest, Trees and People Working Paper np. 82}, year = {1988}, month = {1988}, pages = {123}, publisher = {Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, International Rural Development Centre}, organization = {Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, International Rural Development Centre}, address = {Uppsala [Sweden]}, abstract = {During early discussion with the management of the VI Tree Planting Project, it appeared to the author that there were three lodestars to guide the project{\textquoteright}s activities. First, by enclosing waste lands and planting trees in the semi-arid parts of West Pokot district, a rapid improvement of the environment is brought about. Grass invades the enclosed areas, soil erosion is arrested, and the productivity of the land is improved. This impresses the farmers of the area, who become interested in land rehabilitation. Secondly, in the higher potential areas of West Pokot district and in Trans Nzoia district, the project concentrates on producing and distributing seedlings of rapidly growing leguminous species. These will improve soil fertility and provide fuelwood in these densely populated and treeless areas. Thirdly, through cooperation with the many women groups on the settlement schemes in Trans Nzoia, the project hopes to reach a large number of families and encourage them to plant trees. (author)}, keywords = {afforestation, agroforestry, erosion, extension, farmer participatory research, fodder, fuelwood, grazing, herding, Kenya, land use, livestock, pastoralism, reclamation of land, reforestation, soil conservation, subsistence agriculture, tree planting, women}, isbn = {978-91-576-3510-5}, issn = {0280-4301}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/610964356}, author = {Wilhelm {\"O}stberg and Sveriges Lantbruksuniversitet, Uppsala (Sweden) and International Rural Development Centre} } @article {668, title = {The agroecology of corn production in Tlaxcala, Mexico}, journal = {Human Ecology}, volume = {15}, year = {1987}, month = {June 1987}, pages = {189-220}, abstract = {The primary components of Tlaxcalan corn agriculture are described, including cropping patterns employed, resource management strategies, and interactions of human and biological factors. Tlaxcalan farmers grow corn in an array of poly-culture and agroforestry designs that result in a series of ecological processes important for insect pest and soil fertility management. Measurements derived from a few selected fields show that trees integrated into cropping systems modify the aerial and soil environment of associated understory corn plants, influencing their growth and yields. With decreasing distance from trees, surface concentrations of most soil nutrients increase. Certain tree species affect corn yields more than others. Arthropod abundance also varies depending on their degree of association with one or more of the vegetational components of the system. Densities of predators and the corn pest Macrodactylussp. depend greatly on the presence and phenology of adjacent alfalfa strips. Although the data were derived from nonreplicated fields, they nevertheless point out some important trends, information that can be used to design new crop associations that will achieve sustained soil fertility and low pest potentials. (author)}, keywords = {agroecology, agroforestry, corn agroecosystem, ploycultures, traditional agriculture}, doi = {10.1007/BF00888380}, url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00888380}, author = {Miguel A. Altieri and Javier Trujillo} } @article {506, title = {Agroforestry in the arid zones of India}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {5}, year = {1987}, month = {March 1987}, pages = {69-88}, abstract = {The arid regions of India cover over 300,000 km2 and are spread over six States, mostly in the northwestern parts of the country. In spite of the hostile environmental conditions, several indigenous agroforestry practices are being practised in this region. The Central Arid Zone Research Institute (CAZRI) has made considerable progress in improving these indigenous practices and also developing new land use technologies some of which involve agroforestry approaches. Notable among these include sand-dune stabilization, shelterbelt plantations, tree planting techniques in difficult land forms, silvopastoral and agrisilvicultural systems, introduction and improvement of fruit trees and other indigenous trees, etc. Some of these technologies are adopted on a large scale by farmers in the arid zone of India, and have attracted international attention in other arid parts of the world. This paper is a summary of the results of these agroforestry initiatives of CAZRI.}, keywords = {agroforestry, arid lands, forestry, Khejri (Prosopis cineraria), sand dune stabilization, shelterbelts, silvopastoral systems, Zizyphus Mauritiana ({\textquoteright}Ber{\textquoteright})}, doi = {10.1007/BF00046414}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00046414}, author = {K. A. Shankarnarayan and L. N. Harsh and S. Kathju} } @book {293, title = {Agroforestry: Realities, possibilities and potentials}, year = {1987}, month = {1987}, pages = {227 pp.}, publisher = {Martinus Nijhoff in cooperation with ICRAF (International Council for Research in Agroforestry); distributors for the U.S. and Canada, Kluwer Academic Publishers}, organization = {Martinus Nijhoff in cooperation with ICRAF (International Council for Research in Agroforestry); distributors for the U.S. and Canada, Kluwer Academic Publishers}, address = {Dordrecht, Boston, Lancaster}, keywords = {agroforestry, ecology}, isbn = {90-247-3590-4}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/16352684}, editor = {Henry L. Gholz} } @article {534, title = {Compound farms of southeastern Nigeria: A predominant agroforestry homegarden system with crops and small livestock}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {5}, year = {1987}, month = {June 1987}, pages = {153-168}, abstract = {Compound farms are a homegarden-type of agroforestry system involving the deliberate management of multipurpose trees and shrubs in a multistoried association with agricultural crops and small livestock within the compounds of individual houses. In addition to the advantages of diversified production, risk minimization, improved labour and nutrient use efficiences and soil conservation, compound farms represent germplasm banks containing many of the useful tree/shrub species currently disappearing due to indiscriminate clearing of forest and woodlands.}, keywords = {Africa, agriculture, agroforestry, compound farm, forestry, germplasm conservation, home gardens, Nigeria, tree improvement}, doi = {10.1007/BF00047519}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00047519}, author = {J. C. Okafor and E. C. M. Fernandes} } @inbook {476, title = {Desertification}, booktitle = {Sustainability issues in agricultural development: Proceedings of the Seventh Agriculture Sector Symposium}, year = {1987}, note = {See also: http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/686471468764390337/Sustainability-issues-in-agricultural-development-proceedings-of-the-seventh-agriculture-sector-symposium}, month = {1987}, pages = {229-238}, publisher = {World Bank}, organization = {World Bank}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {

This paper will examine eight issues, selected because they are controversial, four in the realm of the diagnosis of the desertification process, and four in the realm of possible remedies. These issues are:

}, keywords = {agricultural conservation, agroforestry, aquatic resources, biodiversity, natural resource management}, isbn = {0-8213-0909-9; 978-0-8213-0909-4}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/15791230}, author = {David R. Steeds}, editor = {Ted J. Davis and Isabelle A. Schirmer} } @inbook {869, title = {Elements of success: Sustainable development in sub-Saharan Africa}, booktitle = {World Resources 1987: An assessment of the resource base that supports the global economy}, year = {1987}, note = {Chapter 14}, month = {April 1987}, pages = {221-238}, publisher = {Basic Books}, organization = {Basic Books}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {In recent years, Africa{\textquoteright}s farmers and herders, its soils and forests, have been chasing each other down a vicious spiral of environmental degradation and deepening poverty. Conventional development efforts by donors and governments have largely failed to halt the spiral, indeed in some cases have aggravated it. The need to find solutions is urgent. Africa not only must increase its energy and found output in line with rapidly expanding populations, but must do so in a way that preserves the resource base and enhances the welfare and income of the majority. Despite the general landscape of failure, a growing number of projects and programs -- governmental, intergovernmental, and nongovernmental -- have succeeded. This chapter examines some of those "success stories" and attempts to draw some more general lessons that can point to a "recipe for success" in sub-Saharan Africa.}, keywords = {agroforestry, alley cropping, Burkina Faso, cassava, charcoal , drought, fuelwood, green revolution, Kenya, maize, Niger, Nigeria, OXFAM, rainfall, reforestation, soil fertility, stoves, trypanosomiasis, water conservation, windbreaks, Zimbabwe}, isbn = {0-465-09239-X}, url = {https://www.wri.org/publication/world-resources-1987}, author = {International Institute for the Environment and Development (IIED) and World Resourses Institute (WRI)} } @inbook {477, title = {Farm forestry}, booktitle = {Sustainability issues in agricultural development: Proceedings of the Seventh Agriculture Sector Symposium}, year = {1987}, note = {See also: http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/686471468764390337/Sustainability-issues-in-agricultural-development-proceedings-of-the-seventh-agriculture-sector-symposium}, month = {1987}, pages = {211-222}, publisher = {World Bank}, organization = {World Bank}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {

The focus of this paper is on managed tree resources outside the forest. It is principally concerned with trees grown on-farm by individuals and with woodlots managed by user groups as a common property resource. It excludes those situations where tree products are still harvested from unmanaged open access resources.

A feature of most systems covered by this definition, which distinguishes them from conventional forestry, is the integration of the trees into predominantly agricultural land use patterns. Other distinguishing features are the small scale, the orientation to meeting local needs and the involvement of the users in the management of the resource.

Until recently, the issues relating to management of such tree resources received remarkably little attention. The mandate of most forest services and forestry research organizations confined their attention to forest areas, and agricultural services were concerned only with those tree species which had been domesticated and adopted as agricultural crops. During the past ten to twenty years, the importance of tree products in the rural economy, and of local tree resources to supply those products, has become widely recognized with the growing attention to the place of the rural sector in the development process, environmental issues, and rising energy costs.

The management of farm and communal resources is as yet only imperfectly understood because it has attracted attention only recently. By comparison with other aspects of developing country agriculture, a severe shortage of quantitative information exists. However, experience is accumulating rapidly, and now allows us to formulate a number of propositions about some of the issues involved.

}, keywords = {agricultural conservation, agroforestry, aquatic resources, biodiversity, natural resource management}, isbn = {0-8213-0909-9}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/15791230}, author = {J. E. M. Arnold}, editor = {Ted J. Davis and Isabelle A. Schirmer} } @book {326, title = {Feasibility study on tissue culture for multipurpose forest tree species}, series = {Multipurpose Tree Species Network Research Series Paper no. 1}, year = {1987}, month = {July 1987}, pages = {78}, publisher = {Winrock International-F/FRED}, organization = {Winrock International-F/FRED}, address = {Bangkok, Thailand}, abstract = {This report is a feasibility study on the tissue culture of multipurpose forest tree species. It covers the present status of tissue culture of F/FRED priority species, prospects of tissue culture in research and development and offers specific recommendations for the use of tissue culture. Other important and at times viable aspects such as breeding programs, provenance trials, etc., are generally not touched upon except when they tie in with the tissue culture programs.}, keywords = {agroforestry, multipurpose trees}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/23175968}, author = {Paiboolya Gavinlertvatana and A. C. Matheson and Eng Peng Sim} } @article {735, title = {Fuelwood, agroforestry and rural women: An overview with African emphasis}, year = {1987}, month = {April 6, 1987}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {Fuelwood and rural women should be closely tied to agroforestry in the Third World. Fuelwood scarcity poses problems for rural women. Time lost in gathering wood, rising wood costs, poorer soils, food shortage for small farm animals, less fuel for market industries, and shorter cooking time result. Diminishing natural forests mean fewer important non-wood products from the forests. Some recommendations are made.}, keywords = {agroforestry, fuelwood}, author = {Hallie Dozier} } @article {578, title = {Household economy and tree growing in upland Central Java}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {5}, year = {1987}, month = {June 1987}, pages = {169-184}, abstract = {This article tries to identify the key variables that determine land use patterns and the strategies of households towards tree growing in two upland regions in Central Java. A household{\textquoteright}s access to land and market opportunities appear to be such key variables. Households with little land use their land more intensively with respect to crop, livestock and tree production. So do households with access to market opportunities. Based on this type of diagnostic research more appropriate tree-based designs could be developed to contribute to the solution of land use problems in the uplands of Java.}, keywords = {agroforestry, farming systems research , Indonesia, Java, land use, social forestry, upland farming}, doi = {10.1007/BF00047520}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00047520}, author = {P. van der Poel and H. van Dijk} } @article {580, title = {IITA: Sustainable systems}, journal = {African Farming}, year = {1987}, month = {Sept/Oct 1987}, pages = {50-51}, abstract = {Bede Nwoye Okigbo, Deputy Director General of International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) for the last ten years, is one of those rare human beings who has a rich professional life perfectly integrated with his own personality. Several societies and academies have enrolled his talents. His field of specialization is crop ecology and production, but it is hard to find any area of agriculture or botany where Okigbo{\textquoteright}s profound insight or experience in not equally valid. In this interview, Dr. Okigbo explains how research being carried out at IITA is helping Africa to feed itself.}, keywords = {agricultural extension, agroforestry, alley cropping, barley, cassava, cereal food imports, cereals, cowpeas, farming systems research , food aid, green revolution, indigenous crops, maize, millet, plantains, rice, seed yam, seeds, soils, sorghum, strategic planning study, sustainable agriculture, wheat, yams}, author = {Anonymous} } @book {358, title = {Land and tree tenure in humid West Africa: A bibliography}, year = {1987}, month = {1987}, pages = {33}, publisher = {International Livestock Centre for Africa}, organization = {International Livestock Centre for Africa}, address = {Addis Abada, Ethiopia}, abstract = {This bibliography covers land and tree tenure systems in countries all or part of which are in the humid zone of West Africa. A national, rather than strictly ecological approach was chosen to reflect the focus of much of the literature, which frequently deals with countries as a whole. Within the region diverse customary systems and land use modes have been affected by national policies of different ideologies and degrees of effectiveness. References are listed alphabetically by author, and subject and geographical indexes are also provided. (author)}, keywords = {agroforestry, Benin, Cameroon, Cape Verde, chiefs, collateral, commons, communal tenure, customary law, forestry, fragmentation, Ghana, Guinea, inheritance, Ivory Coast, land ownership, land reform, legislation, Liberia, litigation, nationalization, Nigeria, property transfer, public ownership, security, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo, tree crops, West Africa, women{\textquoteright}s rights}, isbn = {92-9053-091-X}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/17341746}, author = {Paul Francis and Getachew Bulfeta} } @article {606, title = {Letting the piper call the tune: Experimenting with different forestry extension methods in the northern Sudan}, journal = {ODI Social Forestry Network Paper 4a}, year = {1987}, month = {June 1987}, pages = {1-3}, abstract = {

This paper is excerpted from a doctoral thesis entitled Innovation, User Participation and Forest Energy Development, completed at the Science Policy Research Unit, University of Sussex in December 1986.

This paper presents examples of the outcome of some of the grants made by the Energy Council (ERC) and, within it, the Government of Sudan/USAID sponsored Sudan Renewable Energy Project (SREP), examining the impact of institutional innovations upon social forestry development. The examples date from the period 1982 to 1985, while the writer was working with SREP. The Sudan experience demonstrates that people\&$\#$39;s participation in the design and administration of forestry projects is an important component of project success. Moreover, the most remote, poorest communities tend to have the greatest resources of organisation and enthusiasm to bring to forestry, and produces the best results when given maximum resopnsibility for project development and management. This is contrary to the way in which most social forestry is performed, in which poorer people have less direct access to and control over project planning and facilities. (author)

}, keywords = {agroforestry, community forestry}, url = {https://www.odi.org/publications/630-letting-piper-call-tune-experimenting-different-forestry-extension-methods-northern-sudan}, author = {Matthew S. Gamser} } @inbook {891, title = {Living fences in tropical America: A widespread agroforestry practice}, booktitle = {Agroforestry: Realities, Possibilities and Potentials}, year = {1987}, month = {1987}, pages = {169-178}, publisher = {Martin Nijhoff Publishers in cooperation with ICRAF; distributors for the U.S. and Canada, Kluwer Academic Publishers}, organization = {Martin Nijhoff Publishers in cooperation with ICRAF; distributors for the U.S. and Canada, Kluwer Academic Publishers}, address = {Dordrecht, Netherlands}, abstract = {The practice of using living fence posts to attach rows of barbed wire is widespread in tropical America although related scientific knowledge is relatively scarce. Besides holding wire, live fences produce fuelwood, fodder, and food, and act as windbreaks and protection for wildlife, but the greatest benefit is derived from the use of branches to establish more fences or to "fill in" old fences. Many trees are used, depending on ecological zones, availability of large cuttings for planting, and special needs dictated by preferences and beliefs of the farmers. Planting practices, studied in detail in Costa Rica, also vary. Advantages and drawbacks of living compared to non-living wood fences are discussed. Some speculations of future prospects and the possible involvement of scientists are advanced. (author)}, keywords = {agroforestry, Costa Rica, live fences}, isbn = {90-247-3590-4, 978-90-247-3590-7, 90-247-3591-2, 978-90-247-3591-4}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/16352684}, author = {Gerardo Budowski}, editor = {Henry L. Gholz} } @book {365, title = {Manual for multipurpose trees species}, series = {Multipurpose Tree Species Network Research Series}, volume = {2}, year = {1987}, month = {[1987?]}, pages = {56 pp.}, publisher = {Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development and Forestry/Fuelwood Research and Development Project (F/FRED)}, organization = {Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development and Forestry/Fuelwood Research and Development Project (F/FRED)}, address = {Morrilton, AR}, abstract = {This manual describes the collective work of dozens of agricultural and forestry researchers with interests in multipurpose tree species research. The manual, and the multi- location experiment it describes, are a major step in encouraging coordinated network research on the priority MPTS species. However, this guide is at present only intended as a manual for a single multi-location trial now being conducted in Indonesia, Malaysia, Pakistan, the Philippines, the Republic of China and Thailand.}, keywords = {agroforestry}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/49557087}, editor = {Kirtland M. Barker} } @conference {785, title = {Notes and reflections on the workshop on farmers and agricultural research: Complementary methods}, booktitle = {Paper presented at IDS Workshop on Farmers and Agricultural Research: Complementary Methods, July 26-31, 1987, University of Sussex}, year = {1987}, note = {IDS (Institute of Development Studies)}, month = {July 1987}, publisher = {Brighton, UK}, organization = {Brighton, UK}, address = {University of Sussex}, abstract = {The workshop, Farmers and Agricultural Research: Complementary Methods, was held at the Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK, from 26 to 31 July 1987. The objective was to take stock of new methods and approaches that scientists have been developing, to share experience, to assess potential, and to identify what steps should be taken next. The 42 notes and papers and the five days of the discussion at the workshop were designed for the exchange and exploration rather than to generate an agreed statement. What follows are therefore personal notes and reflections, and responsibility for the views expressed is mine and not of anyone else. All the same, I am trying to present views expressed, and there was a degree of consensus which suggests that few participants would probably wish to dissent substantially from much of what follows. (author)}, keywords = {agricultural research, agricultural science, agroforestry, agronomy, Bangladesh, bio-economic, Botswana, Brazil, Bungoma, Colombia, cropping systems, cropping systems research, crops, development, dry farming, dryland agriculture, East India, farmer experimentation, farmers, Farming Systems Development Project-Eastern Visayas (FSDP-EV), food, India, indigenous genetic resources, indigenous technical knowledge , Indore, Kenya, land classification, livestock, Luapula, Luapula Province, Nepal, on-farm varietal, Peru, Pokot, regular research field hearings (RRFH), research and development , resource-poor, rice, scientized packages, soil classification, Sub-Saharan Africa, topsoil, tree planting, trees, Turkana, watersheds, Zambia}, author = {Robert Chambers} } @book {371, title = {People and the tropical forest: A research report from the United States Man and the Biosphere Program}, series = {Man and the Biosphere Program Project}, year = {1987}, note = {U.S. National Committee for Man and the Biosphere Tropical and Subtropical Forests Directorate}, month = {1987}, pages = {75}, publisher = {U.S. Department of State, U.S. Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Program, Tropical and Subtropical Forests Directorate}, organization = {U.S. Department of State, U.S. Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Program, Tropical and Subtropical Forests Directorate}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {

Contents:

}, keywords = {agroforestry, forest management, rainforests}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/721051055}, editor = {Ariel E. Lugo and John J. Ewel and Susanna B. Hecht and Peter G. Murphy and Christine Padoch and Marianne C. Schmink and Donald Stone} } @book {377, title = {Planning self-help forestry projects in Asia}, year = {1987}, note = {Based on the Workshop on Planning Self-Help Fuelwood Projects in Asia 1987 February 2-13 Chiang Mai and Khon Kaen, Thailand}, month = {[1987?]}, pages = {84}, publisher = {Swedish International Development Authority and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}, organization = {Swedish International Development Authority and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}, address = {[Rome]; [unidentified]}, abstract = {The purpose of the Workshop was to introduce participants to concepts and methods of self-help forestry planning. The Workshop content was primarily developed through the process of participatory learning, relying heavily on direct inputs and involvement by the participants and less on formal papers. A great deal of time was spent on field trips and group discussions, covering both the field exercises and the participants{\textquoteright} analyses of their own countries{\textquoteright} conditions. This report is designed both to review theoretical concepts and to provide practical guidelines to facilitate self-help forestry planning. The report reflects the stated emphasis of the Self-Help Workshop, which covers three main points: 1) the role of trees in farming systems, with particular emphasis on indigenous knowledge and traditional resource management in Asia; 2) the importance of local participation; factors affecting participation, and means of facilitating participation; and 3) the integrated approach to project planning which addresses the needs, attitudes and constraints of the local population.}, keywords = {agroforestry, farmer participatory research, fuelwood, on-farm research, tree planting}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/19318420}, author = {SIDA (Swedish International Development Authority/Styrelsen f{\"o}r internationell utveckling) and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)} } @inbook {481, title = {The preservation of germplasm}, booktitle = {Sustainability issues in agricultural development: Proceedings of the Seventh Agriculture Sector Symposium}, year = {1987}, note = {See also: http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/15791230}, month = {1987}, pages = {252-269}, publisher = {World Bank}, organization = {World Bank}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {Some people consider germplasm to be the world{\textquoteright}s most valuable natural resource, yet its great value remains largely unrecognized. Long before people had any knowledge of the basis of heredity they applied selection pressures in propagating the plants and animals they domesticated. It is the manipulation of germplasm that has led to the development of agriculture and, thus, of human society. (author)}, keywords = {agricultural conservation, agroforestry, aquatic resources, biodiversity, natural resource management}, isbn = {0-8213-0909-9}, url = {http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/686471468764390337/Sustainability-issues-in-agricultural-development-proceedings-of-the-seventh-agriculture-sector-symposium}, author = {John A. Pino and Michael S. Strauss}, editor = {Ted J. Davis and Isabelle A. Schirmer} } @book {383, title = {Restoring the balance: Women and forest resources}, year = {1987}, month = {1987}, pages = {32}, publisher = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; Swedish International Development Authority}, organization = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; Swedish International Development Authority}, address = {[Rome]; [Stockholm]}, abstract = {Trees are important in rural economies largely as a result of the uses to which they are put by women. The fact that a special relationship exists between women, the family, and trees has been ignored by past development programs.}, keywords = {agroforestry, fuelwood, reforestation}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/19792443}, author = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and SIDA (Swedish International Development Authority/Styrelsen f{\"o}r internationell utveckling)} } @conference {796, title = {Seeing the forest for the trees}, booktitle = {Paper presented at Farming Systems Research Symposium: How Systems Work, October 18-21, 1987}, year = {1987}, month = {October 1987}, address = {University of Arkansas}, abstract = {A grassroots approach to implementing alley farming is described in this paper. The approach emphasizes the participation and cooperation of Nigerian farm households in farming systems research. Strategies were developed to present the critical concepts of alley farming in a culturally acceptable, sustainable, and self-perpetuating manner. Findings are based on three years of field work with the International Livestock Center of Africa and the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture.}, keywords = {Africa, agroforestry, alley farming, cassia, Cassia siamea, farming, farming systems research , fertilizer, FSR\&D, grassroots organizations, IITA, ILCA, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, International Livestock Center for Africa, legume, luecaena, Nigeria, OFR, on-farm research}, author = {Kristin Cashman} } @inbook {480, title = {Some thoughts on economic development, sustainability, and the environment}, booktitle = {Sustainability issues in agricultural development: Proceedings of the Seventh Agriculture Sector Symposium}, year = {1987}, note = {See also: http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/686471468764390337/Sustainability-issues-in-agricultural-development-proceedings-of-the-seventh-agriculture-sector-symposium}, month = {1987}, pages = {371-382}, publisher = {World Bank}, organization = {World Bank}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {This paper addresses issues having to do with economic development and its relationship to environmental and sustainability problems. This set of issues is important for a number of reasons. First, it appears to be widely perceived by many that economic development is the cause of environmental damage and reduction in sustainability. Proponents of this view tend to have an anti-development perspective in their rhetoric. Secondly, this set of issues is important because of its relevance to the World Bank{\textquoteright}s lending program.}, keywords = {agricultural conservation, agroforestry, aquatic resources, biodiversity, natural resource management}, isbn = {0-8213-0909-9; 978-0-8213-0909-4}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/15791230}, author = {G. Edward Schuh}, editor = {Ted J. Davis and Isabelle A. Schirmer} } @book {388, title = {Special Report: The environment: Managing natural resources for sustainable development}, series = {Special report (United States Agency for International Development)}, year = {1987}, month = {[1987]}, pages = {48}, publisher = {U.S. Agency for International Development}, organization = {U.S. Agency for International Development}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {

This report covers the following topics:

}, keywords = {agroforestry, developing countries, environmental policy, natural resources}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/23690519}, author = {Nyle C. Brady and United States Agency for International Development (USAID)} } @book {389, title = {Sustainability issues in agricultural development: Proceedings of the Seventh Agriculture Sector Symposium}, year = {1987}, note = {See also: http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/686471468764390337/Sustainability-issues-in-agricultural-development-proceedings-of-the-seventh-agriculture-sector-symposium}, month = {1987}, pages = {viii, 383}, publisher = {World Bank}, organization = {World Bank}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {

Contains following papers:

}, keywords = {agricultural conservation, agroforestry, aquatic resources, biodiversity, natural resource management}, isbn = {0-8213-0909-9; 978-0-8213-0909-4}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/15791230}, editor = {Ted J. Davis and Isabelle A. Schirmer} } @conference {808, title = {Use of ethnoecology in agroforestry systems research: An example of AF technology and pest management research in Kenya}, booktitle = {Paper presented at Annual Symposium on Farming Systems Research, October 18-21, 1987, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville}, year = {1987}, month = {Oct 18-21, 1987}, address = {University of Arkansas, Fayetteville}, abstract = {This paper looks at the benefits of combining ethnobotany (human ecology and ethnography) and agroecology (environmental systems science). This detailed look at an ICRAF agroforestry research project in Mbiuni, Kenya (Machakos District) provides a positive outlook on the role of indigenous participation in identifying and solving development problems. Through small group meetings and informant interviews, many potential research areas were discovered. The most important of these being domestication of indigenous plants and trees, pest control (termites), and off-farm flora collection. Included also in this paper are the results of some local experiments in the above research topics. Also contains ideas for further study.}, keywords = {Acacia, Africa, agroecology, agroforestry, conservation, ecology, ethnobotany, eucalyptus, indigenous technical knowledge , Kenya, pest management, resource management, soil conservation, sustainable development, termites, trees, women in development}, author = {Dianne E. Rocheleau and Luis Malaret} } @article {502, title = {Acacia albida and other multipurpose trees on the fur farmlands in the Jebel Marra highlands, western Darfur, Sudan}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {4}, year = {1986}, month = {06/1986}, pages = {89-119}, abstract = {

This paper describes the traditional agroforestry systems based on Acacia albida and other multipurpose trees as practiced by the sedentary Fur people on the lower slopes and highlands of the Jebel Marra massif, Sudan. The basic agrosilvopastoral system consists of terraced village fields, where semipermanent rainfed cropping of staple millet and other subsistence crops takes place under stands of multipurpose trees dominated by Acacia albida, Cordia abyssinica and Ziziphus spina-christi. Trees have been retained primarily for food, wood and fodder. Thorn from cut and browsed branches makes a good fencing material.

This system has been able to sustain self-sufficiency of a densely settled population over centuries. However, recent out-migration of people from the montane dry-farming areas has caused gradual return to shifting cultivation. As a consequence, the present-day subsistence farming in the region is characterized by a general level of carelessness and exploitative management and this is reflected in a successive decrease of the tree cover.

The evaluation of the AF practices described includes a discussion on their regional importance and extrapolability within the framework of similar situations, especially in Africa, emphasis being given to mountain and highland conditions. The outstanding potential for Acacia albida-based AF systems to be sustained and spread almost all over semiarid to semihumid Africa is highlighted by illustrating its ecologic and economic variability. Extrapolation of such examples, however, is not feasible, without thorough feasibility studies concerning the ecologic, ethnologic and socio- economic conditions in the respective project areas. Basic research needs for improving and extending the system are also indicated.

}, keywords = {Acacia albida, agroforestry, agrosilvopasture, Cordia abyssinica, fur practices, Jebel Marra, Sudan, tropical highlands, Ziziphus spina-christi}, doi = {10.1007/BF00141543}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00141543}, author = {S. Miehe} } @article {812, title = {African traditional ecological knowledge: A preliminary investigation of indigenous or traditional ecological knowledge and associated sustainable management practices in Africa and relevance to CIDA{\textquoteright}s environmental policy}, year = {1986}, note = {Includes a letter from lalonde to Gerard McKiernan dated May 1991. This may be the outline for a book chapter in "Traditional Ecological Knowledge: Concepts and Cases" edited by Julian T. Inglis.}, month = {1986}, institution = {Canadian International Development Agency}, address = {Wakefield, Quebec}, abstract = {

The Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA), reviewed and synthesized wide ranging literature on \"alternative\" systems of African indigenous peoples\&$\#$39; traditional ecological knowledge (TEK), as revealed by indigenous land-use and renewable resource management practices. International involvement in this area by the UN, the World Bank, and various NGO\&$\#$39;s (IUCN, IIED, etc.), was also investigated to help identify the present scope or practical interest of TEK and possible future directions.

Main traditional livelihoods and land-use practices which sustainably exploit the ecosystem include sedentary and shifting agriculture, nomadic pastoralism, hunting, fishing, food gathering, rainforest use and limited agro-forestry for food, materials and medicines, etc. This is demonstrated, where possible with case-studies involving the following regions of African tribal groups: Kenya - Maasai; Tanzania - Pare; Zaramo, Luguru; Niger - Fulani; and the San of the Kalahari, etc. The report also investigated the nature or ambiguity between indigenous and post-colonial \"traditional\" practices of rural Africa and the constraints or challenges this poses to the current transmission and respect for TEK among indigenous Africans and development planners alike.

}, keywords = {Africa, agroforestry, Canada, deforestation, desertification, education, ethnoconservation, ethnopharmacology}, author = {Andre Lalonde} } @article {505, title = {Agroforestry farming systems in the homesteads of Kerala, southern India}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {4}, year = {1986}, month = {December 1986}, pages = {339-363}, abstract = {

Kerala State on the southwestern coast of India in the tropical humid zone has a predominantly agricultural economy, a very high density of population and therefore high pressure on cultivable land. The farmers there undertake cultivation of an array of crops- tree crops, plantation crops, seasonals and biennials - all in intimate mixtures on the same piece of land around the homesteads. Farm animals and poultry and sometimes fisheries also are essential components of the system. The close association of agricultural crops, tree crops and animals in the homesteads represents an excellent example of sustainable and productive agroforestry homegardens. Optimum utilization of available resources of land, solar energy and technological inputs and an efficient recycling of farm wastes are important characteristics of the systems. This paper attempts to describe and evaluate the systems\&$\#$39; stability, productivity and sustainability, and identify its merits and constraints as well as research needs.

}, keywords = {agroclimatic zone, agroforestry, crop system, home gardens, homestead farming, Kerala, mixed farming}, doi = {10.1007/BF00048107}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00048107}, author = {M. Achuthan Nair and C. Sreedharan} } @book {306, title = {Community forestry: Lessons from case studies in Asia and the Pacific Region}, year = {1986}, month = {[1986]}, pages = {248}, publisher = {Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific of the FAO of the United Nations, Regional Forestry Office; East-West Environment and Policy Institute}, organization = {Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific of the FAO of the United Nations, Regional Forestry Office; East-West Environment and Policy Institute}, address = {Bangkok, Thailand; Honolulu, Hawaii}, abstract = {

Contains the following papers:

}, keywords = {agroforestry, Asia}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/19892574}, author = {Y. S. Rao and Marilyn W. Hoskins and Napoleon T. Vergara and Charles P. Castro} } @article {540, title = {Deforestation: Interdependency of fuelwood and agriculture}, journal = {OIKOS}, volume = {46}, year = {1986}, note = {Note that this bibliography record may have characters in non-English languages that are not displayed correctly.}, month = {May 1986}, pages = {404-412}, abstract = {

Forests, vital to maintaining environmental stability and the fuelwood and other wood needs of society, are disappearing at an alarming rate throughout the world. Agricultural expansion into about 10 million hectares of new land accounts for most of the 11.6 million hectares of forest land being lost each year. The most promising policy to reduce deforestation and increase food supplies is to double crop yields over the next 2 to 3 decades on the most productive agricultural lands. This would require successful control of soil erosion plus the increased use of fertilizers and other agricultural inputs that help increase crop yield.

Леса, способные поддерживать стабильность окружающей среды, потребности в древесине и другие потребности общества в том, что дает лес, исчезают во всем мире с тревожащей быстротой. Сепьскохозайственная экспансия почти на 10 млн га вновь освоенных земель шла за счет большей части лесной террито-рии в 11,6 млн га, ежегодно уничтожавшихся. Наиболее перспективная полити-ка замедления сведения лесов и увеличения лесных заласов - удвоение урожай-ности наиболее высокопродуктивных сельскохозаяственных земель в ближайшие 2-3 десятилетия. Это потребует эффективной борьбы с эрозией почв и увели-чения внесения удобрений и использования других сельскожозайственных ме-роприятий по повышению урожайности.

}, keywords = {agroforestry, deforestation, soil erosion}, doi = {10.2307/3565841}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/3565841}, author = {David Pimentel and Wen Dazhong and Sanford Eigenbrode and Helen Lang and David Emerson and Myra Karasik} } @article {514, title = {An evaluation of the Acacia albida-based agroforestry practices in the Hararghe highlands of Eastern Ethiopia}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {4}, year = {1986}, month = {June 1986}, pages = {129-143}, abstract = {

Growing Acacia albida as a permanent tree crop, on farmlands with cereals, vegetables and coffee underneath or in between, is an indigenous agroforestry system in the Hararghe highlands of Eastern Ethiopia. However, there is practically no systematic record or data on the merits and benefits of this practice.

The paper presents the results of an investigation into the effects of the presence of A. albida on farmlands on the yield of maize (Zea mays L.) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench). Twenty-seven plot pairs each consisting of one plot underneath the A. albida foliage cover and the other in the open, away from the tree - on farmers\&$\#$39; fields, in a 40 km radius around the Alemaya College of Agriculture - were sampled and the yield components analyzed. A statistically significant increase in crops yields by 56\% on average was found for the crops under the tree canopies compared to those away from the trees. This increase was caused by the improvement in 1,000 grain weight and number of grains of plants under the tree, indicating that the trees enhanced the fertility status of the soil and improved its physical conditions in terms of crop growth. Additional benefits from the A. albida trees include supply of fuelwood and fodder. Quantitative estimates of these outputs as well as their monetary values are presented in the paper. However, in order to realize these benefits to a discernible extent, higher stand densities of the tree than at present are required.

Based on an enquiry about the farmers attitude towards A. albida, the prospects for an extension of this promising agroforestry technique are discussed against the background of the state and trends of development of agriculture in the area. It is surmised that despite some shortcomings like the relatively slow and highly variable growth of A. albida and a conflict with the spreading cultivation of Ch\&$\#$39;at (Catha edulis Forsk.), the prospects of extension of this technique are good.

It is recommended that its propagation should be incorporated into the programmes of the extension agencies of the various governmental agencies concerned with land use.

}, keywords = {Acacia albida, agroforestry, Ch{\textquoteright}at, Ethiopia, fuelwood, Hararghe highlands, maize, sorghum}, doi = {10.1007/BF00141545}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00141545}, author = {Peter Poschen} } @proceedings {474, title = {Forestry networks}, year = {1986}, month = {September 1986}, publisher = {Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development}, address = {Morrillton, AR}, abstract = {Rapid depletion of forest reserves and the growing scarcity of wood for cooking and tree products for other household uses have emerged in recent years as a growing concern of development planners and specialists in most countries and development institutions. In recognition of this AID identified forestry research as one of its top four priorities for long-term commitment.}, keywords = {agroforestry, fuelwood}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/14412966}, author = {F/FRED Forestry Networks Workshop}, editor = {Adams, Norma and Robert K. Dixon} } @article {840, title = {The implications of farming systems analysis for land titling in the area of Quimistan, Santa Barbara, Honduras}, year = {1986}, note = {CIKARD copy is a draft}, month = {January 1986}, institution = {Institute for Environmental Studies, Land Tenure Center}, address = {University of Wisconsin-Madison}, abstract = {

This document summarizes a farming systems analysis carried out in the region of Quimistan, Department of Santa Barbara, Honduras, during January 1986. The work was done as a part of the Land Tenure Center\&$\#$39;s evaluation of the Honduran Land Titling Project. Our objectives were to characterize the agricultural systems and land use practices in the area, to identify problems and constraints related to land use, and to assess actual and potential impacts of the land titling project on agriculture in the region. The study is comprised of two parts:

  1. an agro-ecological characterization of the zone and
  2. detailed case studies of eight farming systems.
}, keywords = {agroforestry, crop rotation, fallow, fertilizer, firewood, fuelwood, herbicide, land tenure, manure, peasant community, pesticides, shifting cultivation, slash and burn, trees, tropical forests}, author = {Becky J. Brown and Alexander Coles} } @inbook {885, title = {Indigenous technology and farming systems research: Agroforestry in the Indian desert}, booktitle = {Social sciences and farming systems research: Methodological perspectives on agricultural development}, series = {Westview special studies in agriculture science and policy}, year = {1986}, note = {Chapter 11}, month = {1986}, pages = {221-244}, publisher = {Westview Press}, organization = {Westview Press}, address = {Boulder, CO}, abstract = {This case study describes a Farming Systems project directed by the author in India with the faculty of Mohan Lal Sukhadia Agricultural University, the agricultural school for the State of Rajasthan. The project dealt with an arid zone where grain is produced in association nitrogen fixing trees. The multiple benefits of this association make it unlikely that farmers will change this production system unless major climatic or infrastructural changes occur. The probable persistence of this pattern has major implications for agricultural research strategies.}, keywords = {agricultural systems, agroforestry, research , social sciences}, isbn = {0-8133-7136-8}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/13009091}, author = {Barry H Michie}, editor = {Jeffrey R Jones and Ben J. Wallace} } @inbook {897, title = {Mountain people in the Philippines: Ethnographic contributions to upland development}, booktitle = {Man, agriculture and the tropical forest: Change and development in the Philippine uplands}, year = {1986}, note = {Chapter 3}, month = {1986}, pages = {49-51 and 76-85 [43-85]}, publisher = {Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development}, organization = {Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development}, address = {Bangkok, Thailand}, abstract = {A crisis of deforestation and consequent soil erosion looms in many southeast Asian upland ecosystems. Blame for this problem has been attributed to both slash and burn agriculturalists or timber extraction industries. To the extent that the actions of uplanders rather than legal and illegal logging are seen as being responsible for diminishing forest reserves, a growing demand exists among policy-makers and foresters for a more holistic, interdisciplinary approach to appropriate intervention strategies. Anthropologists are now frequently incorporated into technical programs and are given a growing recognition that economic change cannot be understood adequately in isolation from the social institutional framework. Recent efforts in social forestry, for example, suggest that anthropological perspectives have direct practical applicability to development programs.}, keywords = {agroforestry, animal feed, community forestry, fallow, fuelwood, medicine, rice, swiddens}, isbn = {0933595123; 9780933595125}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/18193024}, author = {Susan D. Russell}, editor = {Sam Fujisaka and Percy E. Sajise and Romulo del Castillo} } @book {367, title = {Multipurpose tree species networks for the Forestry/Fuelwood Research and Development Project: Recommendations}, series = {Multipurpose Tree Species Network Research Series Report no. 1}, year = {1986}, month = {July 1986}, pages = {118}, publisher = {Winrock International}, organization = {Winrock International}, address = {Morrillton, AR}, abstract = {F/FRED usage of "multipurpose" tree species implies the use of trees for fuelwood or charcoal, fodder for domesticated animals, fruit for human food, green manure, etc. on a single tree in small farm management. This definition might exclude species which produce more than one important timber product which cannot be economically grown or processed on the small farm. Fuel and fodder uses appear to be the most important end-products to consider.}, keywords = {agroforestry}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/25890506}, author = {Kenneth G. MacDicken and Michael R. Dove and James L. Brewbaker and William F. Hyde} } @article {622, title = {Multipurpose trees and shrubs on farmlands in Tamil Nadu State (India)}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {4}, year = {1986}, month = {March 1986}, pages = {17-32}, abstract = {

Farmers in Tamil Nadu State integrate numerous species of multipurpose trees and shrubs on their farmlands in close association with agricultural crops and/or livestock. The dominant among them are Borassus flabellifer, Tamarindus indica, Ceiba pentandra, Acacia leucophloea and A. nilotica.

These woody perennials are better able to cope with poor growing conditions. Their increasing integration on farmlands represents a strategy to minimise risk of crop failure. Some species (e.g., Prosopis juliflora and Delonix elata) are deliberately used to ameliorate infertile or saline soils in order to permit the growing of annual crops. In addition to producing fuelwood, charcoal, fruit and fodder and providing many service functions, these species require only fewer inputs and give the farmer a choice of management options in the event of poor crop growth. The productivity of these traditionally managed and little-studied agroforestry systems can considerably be improved by scientific interventions.

}, keywords = {agroforestry, agrosilvopasture, economic fallow, green manure, multipurpose trees, waste reclamation}, doi = {10.1007/BF01834699}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01834699}, author = {R. Jambulingam and E. C. M. Fernandes} } @article {694, title = {The role of agroforestry in the farming systems in Rwanda with special reference to the Bugesera-Gisaka-Migongo (BGM) region}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {4}, year = {1986}, month = {December 1986}, pages = {271-289}, abstract = {The Rwandan farmers, faced with a perpetual land shortage, have evolved certain intensive systems of organic agriculture. These systems, particularly the homestead (compound) farming, involve the combination of food, fodder and tree crops. to a certain extent these systems can satisfy the multiple needs of the subsistence farmers living under several risks and constraints. However, they cannot cope with the expanding food demand of the rapidly increasing population. Some multipurpose, low-input technologies and agroforestry approaches have been designed to improve the productivity of these traditional systems; these include inter/mixed cropping systems and rotations, alley cropping with leguminous trees and shrubs, use of planted {\textquoteright}fallow{\textquoteright}, planting tree legumes on anti-erosive lines, mixed farming,community forestry and woodlots, and tree planting on farm/field boundaries. The essential aspects of these technologies are briefly discussed. (author)}, keywords = {agriculture, agroforestry, forestry, homestead farming, intercropping, land tenure, low-input technologies, organic agriculture}, doi = {10.1007/BF00048104}, url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00048104}, author = {V. Balasubramanian and A. Egli} } @inbook {927, title = {Traditional agroforestry in West Java: The pekarangan (homegarden) and kebun-talun (annual-perennial rotation) cropping systems}, booktitle = {Traditional agriculture in southeast Asia: A human ecology perspective}, year = {1986}, month = {1986}, pages = {132-157}, publisher = {Westview Press}, organization = {Westview Press}, address = {Boulder, CO}, abstract = {This chapter looks at the role of kebun-talun and pekarangan in the Javanese landscape. Kebun-talun (rotation system between mixed garden and tree plantation) is a traditional system that increases overall production and serves multiple functions by sequentially combining agricultural crops with tree crops. Pekarangan (homegarden intercropping system) is a traditional system located in the villages that provides both subsistence and commercial products and serves multiple functions by simultaneously combining agricultural crops with tree crops and animals.}, keywords = {agriculture, agroforestry, animals, crop rotation, ecology, farming, home gardens, Indonesia, intercropping, Java, Javanese, kebun-talun, pekarangan, rice, tree crops, trees, upland farming}, isbn = {0-8133-7026-4}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/12975293}, author = {Linda Christanty and Oekan S. Abdoellah and Gerald G. Marten and Johan Iskandar}, editor = {Gerald G. Marten} } @article {699, title = {The tree that purifies water: Cultivating multipurpose Moringaceae in the Sudan}, journal = {Unasylva (FAO)}, volume = {38}, year = {1986}, month = {February 1986}, pages = {23-28}, abstract = {Suspensions of seed powder from trees and shrubs of the Moringaceae family can effectively be used to clarify water, even turbid water from the River Nile. But species from this family have a variety of other uses as well. Although they show considerable promise for multipurpose use in the tropical belt, little is known about how to cultivate the various species. This article examines different methods of cultivation appropriate to different species -- often with surprising results.}, keywords = {agroforestry, fodder, fuelwood, medicinal plants, oil, ornamental trees, spices}, url = {http://www.fao.org/docrep/r7750e/r7750e04.htm$\#$the\%20tree\%20that\%20purifies\%20water:\%20cultivating\%20multipurpose\%20moringaceae\%20in\%20the\%20sudan}, author = {Samia Al Azharia Jahn and Hassan A. Musnad and Heinz Burgstaller} } @book {419, title = {Women and community forestry in Sudan}, year = {1986}, month = {[1986?]}, pages = {28}, publisher = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}, organization = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}, address = {[Rome]}, abstract = {Eighty percent of Sudan{\textquoteright}s population relies on trees to meet energy needs. High demands for firewood has led to the disappearance of about one-third of Sudan{\textquoteright}s forests. Reforestation has become a high priority with one goal hoping to convert wood consumers into tree producers. Special programs have been implemented to inform villagers about the need for trees and their capability to grow trees. Special women{\textquoteright}s committees are formed, and with the help of female extensionists, women begin small nurseries in the village or even in their own homes. Tree planting allows to plan for the future in order to meet the growing demand and to slow the effects of desert encroachment.}, keywords = {agroforestry, arid region, desertification, farmer participatory research, fuelwood, Sahel}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/34367596}, author = {Caroline Webb} } @inbook {748, title = {Agroforestry and swidden cultivators in Latin America}, booktitle = {Land, trees and tenure: Proceedings of an International Workshop on Tenure Issues in Agroforestry, Nairobi, May 27-31, 1985}, year = {1985}, month = {June 1987}, pages = {283-291}, publisher = {ICRAF and the University of Wisconsin Land Tenure Center}, organization = {ICRAF and the University of Wisconsin Land Tenure Center}, address = {Nairobi, Kenya and Madison, WI}, abstract = {

Agroforestry is a relatively new and integrative scientific discipline, struggling for recognition and application to real problems. Agroforestry has very old antecedents and agroforestry practitioners are considered by many as mere relics bound for extinction (i.e. tropical swidden cultivators). The scientific agroforesters and their native counterparts face an uphill battle for survival or for recognition. It is no small matter to postulate that field and forest should survive together and, better yet, be integrated into productive systems, when progress or modernity have decided that field and forest should be torn asunder. Peasants and particularly swidden cultivators appear as the natural target\ beneficiaries of agroforestry. The latter share with the scientific agroforester a community of aims and of subject matter. These days the paths that lead to technological adoption are very much like a maze and we normally detect the exit. The technical messages come from everywhere, the bombardment of advice and the sales pitch is unceasing-eventually reaching even peasants. In this surfeit of information the message of agroforestry is rarely heard. So researchers presume that for agroforestry it doesn\&$\#$39;t make sense to compete in this game. No doubt in ICRAF other means of communication are being thought out and tried. In this paper, the author suggests that certain situations should be taken into account in order for scientific agroforestry to reach peasants effectively. At least in Latin America, conventional agronomy and allied disciplines have mostly proven unable to foster the adoption of technical advances in agriculture or agroforestry among peasants; that is, advances that are really viable and suitable. At times, researchers have known the what but not how, and at others, knowing how, we didn\&$\#$39;t exactly know what. Agroforestry should learn from these experiences. But scientists also know that major forces were at play and there is no point in attributing blame to agronomists or to peasants. Researchers are quite aware that available technology will be eventually adopted, if perceived by peasants as suitable. One plausible way for scientific agroforestry to be diffused among swidden peasants is to work towards a built-in sort of strategy, one that is linked to its development as a scientific discipline. Scientists have at their disposal many contributions that could be used and integrated in designing such strategy. This position paper should be seen as a complement to both concerns: land tenure and the future of agroforestry, as a discipline that should find ways to become accessible to peasants. This workshop deals with the role of land tenure in agroforestry and this theme shows that the broad concern is with the future of agroforestry. The proper consideration of the institutional framework of access to and the use of land and trees and their products, and the arrangements between persons or groups in land use operations is paramount. They are properly identified and assessed from the position papers.

}, keywords = {agroforestry, Latin America, swiddens}, isbn = {0-934519-01-3; 978-0-934519-01-4}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/17247139}, author = {Rafael Baraona}, editor = {J. B. Raintree} } @article {510, title = {Alternate cycle agroforestry}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {3}, year = {1985}, month = {December 1985}, pages = {387-397}, abstract = {Agroforestry research and design has heavily favored intergrated production of annuals and perennials, that is production of tree crops on the same parcel of land and at the same time as production of food crop annuals. For areas having high population densities and intensive modes of agricultural production, integral agroforestry may be appropriate, but for areas of sparse population where extensive agriculture is practiced or marginal hill lands, alternate cycle agroforestry may prove more suitable. Alternate cycle agroforestry, in the form of modified forest swidden systems, is discussed and compared to integral agroforestry systems. Advantages and disadvantages of each system are discussed relative to their use on marginal hill and forest lands.}, keywords = {agroforestry, alternate cycle production, integral production, intercropping, marginal lands, swiddens}, doi = {10.1007/BF00055720}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00055720}, author = {Joseph A. Weinstock} } @article {513, title = {Amazonian agroforestry: A market-oriented system in Peru}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {3}, year = {1985}, month = {March 1985}, pages = {47-58}, abstract = {Most reports on indigenous agroforestry systems of the Amazon region have described patterns employed by tribal groups almost exclusively for their own subsistence. This article discusses a market-oriented cyclic agroforestry system practiced by non-tribal {\textquoteright}Mestizo{\textquoteright} farmers in Tamshiyacu, Peru. The system produces charcoal, as well as annual, semi-perennial, and perennial crops for local consumption, and for a regional market. The sale of these products provides a substantial cash income for many farmers. The data presented demonstrate that Amazonian cyclic agroforestry systems are capable of being commercially successful enterprises and of serving as possible models for further agricultural development.}, keywords = {agroforestry, Amazonia, fruit, marketing, Peru}, doi = {10.1007/BF00045738}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00045738}, author = {C. Padoch and J. Chota Inuma and Wil de Jong and J. Unruh} } @article {671, title = {The Chagga homegardens: A multistoried agroforestry cropping system on Mt. Kilimanjaro (Northern Tanzania)}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {2}, year = {1985}, month = {June 1984}, pages = {73-86}, abstract = {

The homegardens are characterised by an intensive integration of numerous multipurpose trees and shrubs with food crops and animals, simultaneously on the same unit of land.

The Chagga are skilled farmers with an intimate knowledge of the crops and their ecological requirements. They have a good idea of functions/uses of the plant species on their farms. The large species diversity provides both subsistence and cash crops. It enables the farmer to keep his management options open and provides insurance against drought, pest and economic risks.

}, keywords = {agroforestry, Chagga, home gardens, land tenure, livestock integration, multipurpose trees, multistoried cropping, Tanzania}, doi = {10.1007/BF00131267}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00131267}, author = {E. C. M. Fernandes and A. Oktingati and J. Maghembe} } @book {302, title = {Changes in shifting cultivation in Africa: Seven case studies}, series = {FAO Forestry Paper no. 50/1}, year = {1985}, month = {1985}, pages = {185}, publisher = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}, organization = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}, address = {Rome}, abstract = {Excerpts from following papers: The case of the CGOT Sector, Sedhiou (Casamance), Senegal: transformations of traditional agriculture after an unsuccessful large-scale operation for mechanized groundnut production in forest zones; Integrated Rural Development Project, Eastern Province, Sierra Leone; Development of ecological methods of upland farming in West Usambara Mountains, Tanzania; Smallholder plantation agriculture of immigrant Baoule farmers in southwestern Ivory Coast; Alternatives and improvements to shifting cultivation on the east coast of Madagascar; The modifications to traditional shifting cultivation brought about by the forest development project in the HADO area, Kondoa, Tanzania; Forestry and socio-economic aspects of modification of traditional shifting cultivation through the taungya system in the Subri area, Ghana.}, keywords = {agroforestry, shifting cultivation, traditional agriculture}, isbn = {92-5-102283-6 978-92-5-102283-2}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/13803278}, author = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Forestry Department} } @article {536, title = {Contributions of indigenous silviculture to forestry development in rural areas: Examples from Niger and Mali}, journal = {Rural Africana}, volume = {23-24}, year = {1985}, month = {Fall 85Winter 86}, pages = {61-65}, abstract = {The slogan "planting and maintaining trees" that was adopted by Niger for its 1984 national reforestation campaign is a significant example of the efforts presently being made by a Sahelian country in its aim to provide for a less desolate environment. An initial reaction to the diminishing forest cover due to the combined pressure exerted on it for years by man, animals, and climate consists of increasing the production. Man, consequently, will reforest in order to protect the soil, to have firewood, and to enjoy the fruits from his trees. We have come to learn, during our visits in the Sahel, that man has, for a long time, been carrying out reforestation activities often on an exclusively individual basis. Some examples from Niger and Mali are given. (author)}, keywords = {agroforestry, fuelwood}, author = {Pierre Montagne} } @article {676, title = {The Dinderesso Forestry School: Case study of extension forestry training in Burkina Faso}, journal = {Rural Africana}, volume = {23-24}, year = {1985}, month = {Fall 85-Win. 86}, pages = {107-114}, abstract = {This paper discusses the evolution of the training program at the National Forestry School of Burkina Faso and the development of a new curriculum with increased emphasis on practical training in extension forestry techniques. In retrospect, the experience gained at Dinderesso over these four years and that from other comparable forestry schools in the Sahel clearly justify a significant effort to upgrade and reorient the training of forest service field agents, in order better to prepare them to meet the challenges of environmental conservation and natural resource management in the Sahel. (author)}, keywords = {agroforestry, education, fuelwood, soils}, author = {Robert T. Winterbottom and Peter E. Linehan} } @article {545, title = {Dynamics of fallow successions and introduction of robusta coffee in shifting cultivation areas in the lowlands of Papua New Guinea}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {3}, year = {1985}, month = {September 1985}, pages = {227-238}, abstract = {The traditional shifting cultivation system in the lowlands of Papua New Guinea consists of mixed food crop gardens in which yams (Dioscorea spp.), bananas, taro (Colocasia esculenta) and sugarcane predominate. The cropping cycle is usually for 18 months, followed by a fallow cycle of up to 30 years. During the cropping cycle, two species of fruit trees, Pometia pinnata and Artocarpus altilis are also planted, the leaves of the former also being used as a mulch and green manure in yam cultivation. Fallow succession follows rather systematic patterns about which farmers have a thorough understanding. Robusta coffee, a cash-crop component, has been added to the system in some areas since the late 1950s. It is usually grown in permanent blocks, but is interplanted with Leucaena as shade. Food crops are planted in the establishment stage, bananas and Xantohosoma being retained even in mature coffee gardens. The system seems to be a potentially promising one. But very little quantitative information is available on the production and performance of the system and practically no systematic research has been undertaken. Since the Papua New Guinea fallow gardeners are willing to accept innovations, it will be appropriate and timely to undertake serious studies so that the system can be improved. A few items that merit immediate research attention are indicated. (author)}, keywords = {agroforestry, coffee, fallow successions, forestry, intercropping, Papua New Guinea, shifting cultivation}, doi = {10.1007/BF00046956}, url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00046956}, author = {Bryant J. Allen} } @book {319, title = {Environmentally sound small-scale energy projects: Guidelines for planning}, year = {1985}, month = {1985}, pages = {138}, publisher = {VITA Publications}, organization = {VITA Publications}, address = {Alexandria, VA}, abstract = {

This manual is the fourth volume in a series of publications that provide information for the planning of environmentally sound small-scale projects. Programs that aim to protect the renewable natural resources that supply most of the energy used in developing nations are suggested. Considerations are made for physical environmental factors as well as socioeconomic and cultural factors. Chapters focus on:

  1. uses and users (stating the purposes of this manual)
  2. ecology for sustainable energy development (discussing ecological concepts and processes)
  3. socioeconomic considerations of energy use (focusing attention on the role of women and the impact of social, cultural, and economic factors)
  4. energy planning for sustainable development (analyzing energy efficiency rations and suggesting energy output measuring techniques)
  5. Ulipur, Bangladesh: a case study (demonstrating how energy sources and uses are interrelated in a village setting)
  6. a process for planning energy projects (outlining planning procedures)
  7. energy sources and environmental considerations (including solar, wind, water, and biomass sources)
  8. matching energy sources with energy uses (considering household and agricultural applications)
  9. summary (identifying basic planning concepts). Appendices contain an energy conversion table, information on ecology and tropical climates, a 29-item bibliography, and sources of information.
}, keywords = {agroforestry, alternative energy sources, case studies, community development, community programs, conservation (environment), developing nations, ecological factors, energy, energy conservation, fuels, natural resources}, isbn = {0-86619-171-2}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/13093454}, author = {Elizabeth Ann Bassan}, editor = {Timothy S. Wood} } @article {614, title = {Man-made dipterocarp forest in Sumatra}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {2}, year = {1985}, note = {This paper is a slightly revised version of an internal report prepared for BIOTROP (SEAMEO - ASEAN Center for Tropical Biology). The project has been funded by BIOTROP, while the author is a French consultant to that organization.}, month = {June 1994}, pages = {103-127}, abstract = {

Traditional plantations of Shorea javanica in southern Sumatra deserve mention on three main points:

  1. it is a rare case in Indonesia of successful cultivation of an indigenous species. This species being a Dipterocarp is an even more attractive reason: Dipterocarps are in the paradoxical situation of being the largest family of timber trees in natural forests of tropical Asia but are almost never used for silvicultural purposes;
  2. the tree is grown in association with many other useful trees to constitute an agroforestry system of both cash and subsistence incomes; and
  3. such plantations represent a good potential for the production of natural resin in the humid tropics.
}, keywords = {agroforestry, Dipterocarpaceae, reforestation, resin, Sumatra}, doi = {10.1007/BF00131269}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00131269}, author = {E. Torquebiau} } @article {647, title = {Scientific forestry and social change in Uttarakhand}, journal = {Economic and Political Weekly}, volume = {20}, year = {1985}, month = {Novemebr 1985}, pages = {1939-1952}, abstract = {

This paper, a study of the development of forestry science in the hill districts of Uttar Pradesh collectively known as Uttarakhand, addresses itself to three sets of issues;

  1. the utilisation of forests in the indigenous social system;
  2. the specific forms of state intervention, and the interpretation of scientific techniques in terms of traditional patterns of resource use; and
  3. the social changes that were a consequence of scientific forestry.

In contradistinction to other studies, this paper focuses on the content of colonial forestry science, with a view to understanding its social and cultural underpinnings. It is argued that the structure of forestry science was predicated on its \"other\"-viz the cultural and social meaning traditionally ascribed to the forests in different parts of India. Having disrupted existing forms of resource utilisation, scientific forestry had to contend with recurrent and widespread protest. This led to the evolution of sophisticated techniques, described in this paper, that could meet the often conflicting aims of commercial timber production and the preemption of peasant protest. Not surprisingly, this lead to a major dislocation in agrarian relations in Uttarakhand.

}, keywords = {agroforestry}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/4375015}, author = {Ramachandra Guha} } @book {285, title = {A socio-economic study of the areas affected by the HADO-project, Tanzania}, series = {Report no. 11}, year = {1985}, month = {1985}, pages = {28}, publisher = {University of Stockholm (Development Study Unit, Department of Social Anthropology)}, organization = {University of Stockholm (Development Study Unit, Department of Social Anthropology)}, address = {Stockholm}, abstract = {

This project will:

}, keywords = {agroforestry, Tanzania}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/23123400}, author = {Wilhelm {\"O}stberg} } @inbook {915, title = {Some effects of the Dai people{\textquoteright}s cultural beliefs and practices upon the plant environment of Xishuangbanna, Yunnan Province, Southwest China}, booktitle = {Cultural values and human ecology in southeast Asia}, series = {Michigan papers on south and southeast Asia no. 27}, year = {1985}, note = {Chapter 13}, month = {1985}, pages = {321-339}, publisher = {University of Michigan Center for South and Southeast Asian Studies}, organization = {University of Michigan Center for South and Southeast Asian Studies}, address = {Ann Arbor, MI}, abstract = {This paper details the effects that several cultural practices of the Dai people (a national minority) of Southwest China (Yunnan Province) have on plant environment. Some of these are the introduction and distribution of locally cultivated plants and its link to Hinayana Buddhism; and the preservation of certain pristine forests due to a "Holy Hills" ideology. Also includes the economic and ecological significance of Dai fuelwood cultivation as it relates to conservation.}, keywords = {agroforestry, ethnobotany}, isbn = {0-89148-039-0}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/13134089}, author = {Pei Sheng-ji}, editor = {Karl L. Hutterer and A. Terry Rambo and George W. Lovelace} } @article {660, title = {Strategies for forestry development in the West African Sahel: An overview}, journal = {Rural Africana}, volume = {23-24}, year = {1985}, month = {Fall {\textquoteright}85-Win {\textquoteright}86}, pages = {5-19}, abstract = {A wide variety of forestry projects have been launched across the West African Sahel in recent years, part of the broader development assistance program established in response to the last Sahelian drought. Although many of these efforts are less than five years old, there are already important lessons to be learned, lessons that call for a profound review of strategies adopted thus far, lessons that point the way toward new approaches to forestry development across the region. Only a brief review of forestry strategy and experience to date will be possible in this overview. After defining the region and briefly outlining the multiple role of forests and forestry, the paper will review strategies used in forestry development in the Sahel, examine selected initial results, and outline elements of the reorientation that will be needed to place future sector development on a sounder footing. (author)}, keywords = {agroforestry, reforestation}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1764644}, author = {George F. Taylor II and Moustapha Soumare} } @article {704, title = {Traditional agroforestry, parcel management, and social forestry development in a pioneer agricultural community: The case of Jala-jala, Rizal, Philippines}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {3}, year = {1985}, month = {December 1985}, pages = {317-337}, abstract = {This paper overviews a variety of traditional agroforestry systems found in a small community of Filipino migrant farmers. Background information provides context, and then case studies of seven farmers are offered to illustrate the functions which their agroforestries fulfill in a situation of parcellization of farm-holdings into both level and sloping fields. The implications of the brief portraits presented for further research and development and for the acceptability of a social forestry program now going on in the community are suggested.}, keywords = {agroforestry, farm fragmentation, farm management, hillside agriculture, Philippines, rapid rural appraisal, social forestry}, doi = {10.1007/BF00055715}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00055715}, author = {Harold Olofson} } @proceedings {412, title = {Understanding tree use in farming systems: Based on the Workshop on Planning Fuelwood Projects with Participation of Rural People, Lilongwe, Malawi, 12-30 November 1984}, year = {1985}, month = {1985}, publisher = {FAO}, address = {Rome}, abstract = {The purpose of the Workshop was twofold: first, to provide the participants with relevant and practically useful information on farming systems--to show that planning for tree- planting in rural areas must take account of complex, established systems of food production, livestock management, and off-farm income, and that it must appreciate the major social relationships; second, to acquaint participants with the basic information on rural societies that was necessary for successful planning and the main methods of acquiring such information.}, keywords = {agroforestry, fuelwood}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/25636078}, author = {FAO Workshop on Planning Fuelwood Projects with Participation of Rural People} } @inbook {855, title = {Agroforestry in shifting cultivation control programmes in India}, booktitle = {Social, economic, and institutional aspects of agroforestry}, year = {1984}, month = {1984}, pages = {61-67}, publisher = {The United National University}, organization = {The United National University}, address = {Tokyo}, abstract = {About 7000 B.C., according to the archaeological evidence (Childe 1956) mankind began to change its mode of life from food gathering to food cultivation, by adopting shifting cultivation which is, historically, a transitional stage towards more permanent agriculture. As the years passed, the peoples living in river valleys advanced rapidly and brought about a number of institutional and technological changes; but meanwhile some of the people living in remote areas continued in the blind alley of shifting cultivation and failed to take part in the progress towards culture and civilization. However, in the development of a country all sections of society need to be involved, including the backward shifting cultivators, all are equally entitled to the benefits of civilization and development. For these reasons programmes for the control of shifting cultivation have become important, particularly in tropical countries, and agro-forestry has played a pivotal role in these programmes. (author)}, keywords = {agroforestry, India}, isbn = {92-808-0502-9}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/12640944}, author = {E. S. Thangam}, editor = {J. K. Jackson} } @article {734, title = {Fuelwood, agro-forestry, and natural resource management: The development significance of land tenure and other resource management/utilization systems}, year = {1984}, note = {Prepared for U.S. AID/PPC/PDPR under Purchase Order OTR-0000-0-00-3441-00, April 1984}, month = {April 1984}, publisher = {Institute for Development Anthropology}, address = {Binghamton, New York}, abstract = {

Traditions of tree planting vary. Some societies saw no need to plant any trees, others planted a few for fruit, shade or poles, a few others had elaborate agro-forestry systems, making effective use of many species. In nearly all societies, people knew a great deal about trees and their properties, as demonstrated by the many detailed ethnobotanical studies. (author)

Looked at in this paper are the topics of tree planting - who plants and why, factors in tree planting, seed supply, soil, rainfall, pests, etc., along with a list of trees planted in different parts of Africa.
This paper contains part (G)-Tree Planting-of the manuscript Fuelwood, Agro-Forestry, and Natural Resource Management: The Development Significance of Land Tenure and Other Resource Management/Utilization Systems. This paper also contains a working bibliography for the manuscript; however, one page is missing.

}, keywords = {Africa, agroforestry, ethnobotany, forestry, fuelwood, land administration, land tenure, natural resources, Tanzania, trees}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4433438576}, author = {David Brokensha and Alfonso H. Peter Castro and Manasendu Kundu and Barry Hewlett} } @book {342, title = {Improved production systems as an alternative to shifting cultivation}, series = {FAO Soils Bulletin no. 53}, year = {1984}, month = {1984}, pages = {201}, publisher = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}, organization = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}, address = {Rome}, abstract = {Shifting cultivation, under its diverse forms of slash and burn systems, is a traditional method of cultivating tropical upland soils, mostly for subsistence purposes. During the rest or fallow periods intervening between crops, the natural fertility of the soil is restored for renewed utilization in a subsequent period of crop growth. This traditional system of cultivation is in ecological balance with the environment and does not irreversibly degrade the soil resource, provided a sufficient length of fallow is allowed for soil restoration.}, keywords = {agricultural systems, agroecology, agroforestry, alley cropping, appropriate technology and intermediate technology, climate, farming systems, horticulture, livestock, rainfall, research , shifting cultivation, soil management, watersheds}, isbn = {92-5-102121-X}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/11418879}, author = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). Soil Resources, Management and Conservation Service} } @book {343, title = {Indigenous agroforestry in the northeast Peruvian Amazon: Report of the University of Wisconsin-Unversidad Nacional de la Amazonia Peruana Man and the biosphere program project, 1981-1983}, series = {Man and the Biosphere Program}, year = {1984}, month = {May 1, 1984}, pages = {281}, publisher = {Institute for Environmental Studies, Univeristy of Wisconsin, Madison}, organization = {Institute for Environmental Studies, Univeristy of Wisconsin, Madison}, address = {Madison [WI]}, abstract = {

A bibliography is provided for the titles included in the report, including Part III. The Marketing of Forest and Fallow Products: Christine Padoch, which is not represented in the CIKARD library. Titles included in the subsections of this document are:

It has been noted by the editor that: Material in this Report is not to be used without permission from the appropriate subsection authors.

}, keywords = {agroforestry, Peru}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/13142952}, editor = {William M. Denevan} } @article {635, title = {Plant species in the Kilimanjaro agroforestry system}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {2}, year = {1984}, month = {September 1984}, pages = {177-186}, abstract = {An inventory of plant species was conducted on farms, farm boundaries and homesteads in the Kilimanjaro agroforestry system. The survey covered 30 farms in 6 villages in Hai District on the slolpes of Mount Kilimanjaro, Tanzania. Over 100 plant species spread over 40 families were identified and their uses obtained through interviews with farmers. The species identified include 53 tree species, 29 food crop species, 21 non-woody plants of economic value and 8 weed species. The food crops, trees and other economically useful plants are carefully chosen by the local farmers and intimately intercropped on the same unit of land. In most cases, the plants had two or more uses of which food, fuelwood, medicine, poles, timber and fodder were the most important. (author)}, keywords = {agroforestry, biodiversity, Chagga home gardens, Kilimanjaro, multiple cropping, multipurpose plants}, doi = {10.1007/BF00147032}, url = {http://rd.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00147032$\#$}, author = {A. O{\textquoteright}kting{\textquoteright}ati and J. A. Maghembe and E. C. M. Fernandes and G. H. Weaver} } @article {716, title = {Use of multipurpose trees in hill farming systems in Western Nepal}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {2}, year = {1984}, month = {September 1984}, pages = {187-197}, abstract = {

A large number of multipurpose trees and shrubs are deliberately retained or incorporated on farms in the subsistence farming systems on the steep slopes in parts of Nepal. Woody perennials are maintained in contour strips across the slopes and around the fields. The contribution of these trees is the production of foder and firewood and their protective function in reducing the erosion hazards and thereby making crop production possible in those steep slopes where profitable cropping would otherwise be extremely difficult. Based on a case study in two villages of the Western Development Region, this paper presents some data on basic farm management aspects, production of crops and other components, etc. of the system. The performance of the system is assessed and its merits and weakness highlighted.

Although the hill farming system extends over quite a large area and accounts for a large number of Nepal\&$\#$39;s population, it has not received any research attention nor benefitted by any scientific innovations. Improvement possibilities in terms of component technologies as well as farming systems including the incorporation of the several locally available medicinal plants are indicated. (author)

}, keywords = {agroforestry, erosion control, hill farming, medicinal plants, multipurpose trees, Nepal}, doi = {10.1007/BF00147033}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00147033}, author = {Peter F. Fonzen and Erich Oberholzer} } @book {394, title = {The agroforestry approach to land development: Potentials and constraints}, year = {1983}, month = {Feb. 5-12, 1983}, pages = {24 leaves}, publisher = {International Council for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF)}, organization = {International Council for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF)}, address = {Kigali, Rwanda; Nairobi, Kenya}, abstract = {Prepared for the Seminar on Agricultural Research in Rwanda: Assessment and Perspectives, Kigali, Rwanda, February 5-12, 1983 (International Seminar "Agricultural Research in Rwanda: Assessment and Perspectives"). Agroforestry is a collective name for a broad range of land use systems and technologies in which woody perennials are deliberately combined on the same land management unit with herbaceous crops and/or animals, either in some form of spatial arrangement or temporal sequence. In the Rwanda context there are many significant agroforestry potentials which could be developed. As a relatively new field of applied scientific activity, however, agroforestry presently labours under a number of social, scientific and institutional constraints. In order to fulfill its instututional role as a catalytic agent in the promotion of sound agroforestry approaches to land development, ICRAF is endeavoring to develop and disseminate methodological tools for overcoming these constraints and to identify secure institutional niches for agroforestry research and development activities. In the context of a broadly conceived "farming systems" approach to rural development, ICRAF{\textquoteright}s diagnostic and design methodology of "midstream" R\&D projects which integrate closely with improved extension methods emphasizing a two-way flow of information between responsible government agencies and their rural clients. Following a brief presentation of the main points of this methodology, a possible programme scenerio for agroforestry development in Rwanda is explored. (author)}, keywords = {agroforestry}, url = {http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNABC623.pdf}, author = {J. B. Raintree} } @proceedings {289, title = {Agroforestry in the Sahel: A concept paper based on the Niamey Agroforestry Seminar, 23 May-9 June 1983}, year = {1983}, month = {August 1983}, publisher = {Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Department of Sociology}, address = {Blacksburg, VA}, abstract = {

Contrary to many other parts of arid or semi-arid Africa throughout the entire Sahel the relatively recent term \"agroforestry\" fits well with the existing typical, savannah-park landscape. Farmers in a belt reaching from Senegal to Chad have always preserved selected trees in their fields and they continue to do so as long as changing circumstances and increasing land pressure permit. Across the Sahel the tree cover is disappearing at a continuously high rate. Comparison of older and more recent aerial photos provide proof of a significant loss of natural tree cover, For instance, in a forest reserve near Niamey losses range from 60\% to 10\% in 20 years. Local residents are forced to trim and cut individual branches from nearby trees more frequently as firewood from the open brush areas becomes increasingly scarce. It is very important to note, however, the only large scale, completely treeless farm areas found today in the cereal belts of the Sahel, are development projects sites where trees were removed because they were judged by \"experts\" to be superfluous or obstructing heavy modern farm equipment and machinery. (author)

}, keywords = {agroforestry, fuelwood}, url = {http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNAAY565.pdf}, author = {Fred R. Weber and Marilyn W. Hoskins} } @conference {858, title = {Agroforestry systems and some research problems}, booktitle = {Plant research and agroforestry: Proceedings of a consultative meeting held in Nairobi, 8 to 15 April 1981}, year = {1983}, month = {8-15 April 1981}, pages = {71-77}, publisher = {International Council for Research in Agroforestry}, organization = {International Council for Research in Agroforestry}, address = {Nairobi, Kenya}, abstract = {The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) has adopted a policy of incorporating agroforestry practices in all suitable forestry field projects. As of today there are 22 FAO/UNDP projects and 11 WFP-assisted projects which include agroforestry activities. A brief account is given of a selection of agroforestry systems which include the rice Sesbania aculeata system; Sesbania grandiflora fruit tree systems; shade trees in tea and pepper estates; systems of Theobroma cacao and forest trees; a case of a multipurpose forest plantation using Prosopis spp.; and a note on the cultivation of spices and medicinal plants under forest cover. Some research and development problems related to each case are mentioned.}, keywords = {agroforestry, forest cover, medicinal plants, spices, systems}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/11698847}, author = {Tran van Nao}, editor = {Peter A. Huxley} } @proceedings {473, title = {Agroforestry with coconuts and other tropical plantation crops}, year = {1983}, month = {1983}, pages = {79-102}, publisher = {International Council for Research in Agroforestry}, address = {Nairobi, Kenya}, abstract = {

The perennial plantation crops of the tropics occupy about 8 percent of the total arable area in developing countries and are very important, both economically and socially. Research has helped to increase substantially the yields of many in the recent past. Modern plantations maintain their traditional monocultural production strategy but smallholder farmers tend to adopt less well studied integrated and intensive land use practices, often combining perennial cash crops with the production of food crops and livestock in what are, essentially, subsistence production units. Some of these systems are noted.

The coconut palm is one of the most widely grown tree crops in the tropics with a total area of over 6 million hectares, mostly as smallholdings in densely populated areas. The growth habit of the palm is remarkably suited both to small-scale production and to combination with other crops. The age and stand density of the palms is an important factor in determining the type and form of crop association. Integrated mixed farming in smallholdings and grazing of cattle under extensive stands of palms are also common. Where the intercrop and the coconut crop are properly manured and well managed, a substantial number of additional crops can be produced without impairing long-term productivity. Commensal interactions in some such plant associations have been noted. Such intensified systems are well suited to smallholder situations.

The examples given of intensive coconut based systems are relevant to other smallholder plantation crops using some form of plant association or mixed farming technique that will result in higher income and land equivalent ratios per farm. As with the development of the coconut systems, their development will need to be supported by adequate research efforts (author).

}, keywords = {agroforestry, coconuts}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/11698847}, author = {P. K. R. Nair}, editor = {Peter A. Huxley} } @book {297, title = {Appropriate land use systems for smallholder farms: A survey of ecological and socio- economic conditions in the Machakos district (Kenya)}, year = {1983}, month = {1983}, pages = {48-63}, publisher = {Technical University of Berlin }, organization = {Technical University of Berlin }, address = {Berlin, Germany}, abstract = {This excerpt is from the book above. Sections in this excerpt include: slaughtering; tree farming and rural afforestation; fruit trees; non-fruit trees; tree planting; fuel; soil and water conservation; soil and water conservation on arable land; terracing; cut-off drains; cultivation methods; soil and water conservation on grazing land; gully control and rehabilitation; and economics of production.}, keywords = {agroforestry}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/14238317}, author = {Peter Neunh{\"a}user and Herbert Bayreuther and Albert Engel and Michael Friesenegger and Aziz Magelassa and Antonio Monteiro Neves and Verena Renneke and Walter Salzer} } @conference {859, title = {An attempt to quantify some current agroforestry practices in Costa Rica}, booktitle = {Plant research and agroforestry: Proceedings of a consultative meeting held 8-15 April 1981, Nairobi, Kenya}, year = {1983}, month = {8-15 April 1981}, pages = {43-62}, publisher = {International Council for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF)}, organization = {International Council for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF)}, address = {Nairobi, Kenya}, abstract = {Measurement data from most agroforestry systems are still either nonexistent or empirical. In Costa Rica some information on components of a number of agroforestry systems has been collected during the last twenty years. A brief account of the results is presented, together with comments on current agroforestry practices. (author)}, keywords = {agroforestry, Costa Rica}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/11698847}, author = {Gerardo Budowski}, editor = {Peter A. Huxley} } @article {818, title = {Development approaches: General conclusions, recommendations and summary of the seven thematic studies}, year = {1983}, month = {1983}, institution = {COTA}, address = {Brussels, Belgium}, abstract = {

The aim of this study is to describe the approaches which encourage or might encourage the development of rural societies in the Third World. The study brings out on the one hand the technologies at present used by these rural societies and their potential for improvement, and on the other hand the new technologies which they can integrate into their development process.

Using numerous examples of projects, often carried out by NGOs, we show how they act in developing old and new technologies, perfecting technical innovations and fitting them into the rural community. (author)

Summary of the seven thematic studies:

  1. reafforestation and fuelwood savings;
  2. wells and boreholds \— replenishment of groundwater resources in the Sahel region;
  3. grain storage;
  4. processing of oil-bearing crops;
  5. alternative building techniques;
  6. metalworking; and
  7. village savings and credit schemes.
}, keywords = {agroforestry, building techniques, fuelwood, grain storage, groundwater, oil- bearing crops, rural development, savings and credit, technical assistance}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/18967554}, author = {Moussa Ba and Michel Lens and Oscar Sarroca and Bintou Simpore and Bernard Van Doren} } @book {321, title = {Environmentally sound small-scale forestry projects: Guidelines for planning}, year = {1983}, month = {1983}, pages = {109}, publisher = {VITA Publications/CodeL}, organization = {VITA Publications/CodeL}, address = {Arlington, VA}, abstract = {This manual has been written for community development workers in Third World countries who are not technicians in the area of forestry, but who want some general guidelines for planning environmentally sound small-scale forestry projects.}, keywords = {agroforestry, small-scale forestry}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/9851928}, author = {Peter F. Ffolliott and John L. Thames} } @article {585, title = {Indigenous agroforestry systems}, journal = {Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society}, volume = {11}, year = {1983}, month = {June-Sept. 1983}, pages = {149-174}, abstract = {Indigenous agroforestry is agroforestry that has long been practiced by cultural communities within the context of their traditional agricultural systems. It historically precedes experimental agroforestry as it is practiced by research scientists working in a Westernized system. Whereas "modern" agroforestry is still largely limited to experimental fields, indigenous agroforestry is practiced in real-life, ongoing enterprises within or adjacent to farmers{\textquoteright} fields. In this paper I will review these indigenous arrangements. (author)}, keywords = {agri-silvipasture, agroforestry, api-silviculture, aqua-silviculture, farming, field-and-groove systems, forestry, Philippines, shifting cultivation, silvipasture, swiddens, trees}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/29791792}, author = {Harold Olofson} } @article {600, title = {Karen agro-forestry: Processes, functions, and implications for socio-economic, demographic, and environmental change in northern Thailand}, journal = {Mountain Research and Development}, volume = {3}, year = {1983}, month = {November 1983}, pages = {326-337}, abstract = {

Agro-forestry uses trees in combination with non-tree crops to intensify land use in forested areas. Optimal use of agro-forestry in a development programme requires a thorough knowledge of traditional land ownership and use if the area\&$\#$39;s inhabitants are to be integrated successfully into the plan.

The Karen people, the largest highland minority group in Thailand, have traditionally used a conservative short cultivation-long fallow swidden system. Land resources are loosely held by the community, which depends heavily on reciprocal exchange labour to cultivate family farms, and volunteer labour for the communal tasks necessary to protect village lands from fire and other hazards. The swidden system resembles agro-forestry in that the farmers encourage forest regeneration by allowing regrowth from stumps and coppiced trees in cultivated fields, and by controlling fire in fallow swiddens. Trees are used for construction and domestic fuel, and to bring nutrients where they can be used (as ash) to fertilize rice and a wide variety of non-tree crops. Swiddens are cultivated with minimal disturbance to the soil. With low population density the system sustained a subsistence economy for hundreds of years without major environmental deterioration.

In recent years the system has been destabilized. Most development projects have not been integrated into existing land-use systems.

Agro-forestry techniques have not generally been applied to increase swidden productivity. Extensive reforestation projects in swidden land areas have reduced the amount of land available to Karens at the same time as population has grown due to decline in mortality and migration into the hills. Commercialization of the subsistence economy has led to a decline in the availability of reciprocal exchange labour. Increased demand for forest resources has led to decrease in security of tenure for swiddens and other communally held land. Karens are now placing greater emphasis on irrigated fields, while the swidden system has tended to deteriorate, with more frequent cultivation and shorter fallow, and less adequate control of fire.

L\&$\#$39;agro-foresterie consid{\`e}re les arbres comme une ressource au m{\^e}me titre que d\&$\#$39;autres plantes cultiv{\'e}es, pour permettre d\&$\#$39;intensifier l\&$\#$39;exploitation du sol dans les r{\'e}gions foresti{\`e}res. L\&$\#$39;utilisation optimale de l\&$\#$39;agro-foresteire dans le cadre d\&$\#$39;un programme de d{\'e}veloppement n{\'e}c{\'e}ssite une connaissance profonde des modes traditionnels affectant la propri{\'e}t{\'e} et l\&$\#$39;utilisation des terres, si l\&$\#$39;on veut int{\'e}grer avec succ{\`e}s les habitants de la r{\'e}gion dans le plan g{\'e}n{\'e}ral. Les Karens constituent le groupement minoritaire le plus important dans les r{\'e}gions montagneuses de la Tha{\"\i}lande. Par tradition, ils utilisent un syst{\`e}me conservatif de culture sur br{\^u}lis caracteris{\'e} par de courtes p{\'e}riodes de culture et de longues p{\'e}riodes en friche. Les ressources agraires appartiennent plus ou moins\ {\`a} la collectivit{\'e} qui compte beaucoup sur l\&$\#$39;{\'e}change r{\'e}ciproque de la main-d\&$\#$39;oeuvre pour cultiver les terres familiales, et sur la main-d\&$\#$39;oeuvre volontaire pour effectuer les t{\^a}ches n{\'e}cessaires\ {\`a} la protection du village et des terres avoisinantes contre le feu et autres dangers. Le syst{\`e}me de culture sur br{\^u}lis ressemble {\`a} l\&$\#$39;agro-foresterie du fait que les fermiers encouragent la r{\'e}g{\'e}n{\'e}ration de la for{\^e}t, en permettant aux souches et aux taillis de repousser dans les champs cultiv{\'e}s, et en utilisant judicieusement le feu dans les br{\^u}lis en friche. Les arbres sont utilis{\'e}s pour la construction et pour le chauffage domestique, et sous forme de cendres pour fertilizer les champs de riz et d\&$\#$39;autres plantes cultiv{\'e}es. Les br{\^u}lis sont cultiv{\'e}s de mani{\`e}re\ {\`a} minimiser les perturbations du sols. Combin{\'e} {\`a} une faible densit{\'e} d{\'e}mographique, ce syst{\`e}me a pu supporter un r{\'e}gime d\&$\#$39;auto-consommation pendant des centaines d\&$\#$39;ann{\'e}es, sans d{\'e}t{\'e}rioration majeure de l\&$\#$39;environnement. Ce syst{\`e}me s\&$\#$39;est d{\'e}stabilis{\'e} au cours des derni{\`e}res ann{\'e}es, du fait que la plupart des projets de d{\'e}veloppement ne se sont pas integr{\'e}s dans les syst{\`e}mes existants d\&$\#$39;utilisation des terres. En g{\'e}n{\'e}ral, les techniques agro-foresti{\`e}res n\&$\#$39;ont pas {\'e}t{\'e} appliqu{\'e}es pour augmenter la productivit{\'e} des br{\^u}lis. Des projets intensifs de reboisement dans les zones de br{\^u}lis ont r{\'e}duit la superficie des terres disponibles aux Karens, alors que leur population s\&$\#$39;est accrue du fait d\&$\#$39;un moindre taux de mortalit{\'e} et d\&$\#$39;une migration vers les r{\'e}gions montagneuses. La commercialisation de leur r{\'e}gime d\&$\#$39;autoconsommation a men{\'e} {\`a} un declin de la main-d\&$\#$39;oeuvre disponible pour les {\'e}changes r{\'e}ciproques. Une demande plus importante pour les produits forestiers a diminu{\'e} la stabilit{\'e} de la structure agraire en ce qui concerne les br{\^u}llis et autres terres r{\'e}gies par la collectivit{\'e}. Les Karens accordent maintenant plus d\&$\#$39;importance aux terres irrigu{\'e}es, alors que la culture sur br{\^u}llis tend\ {\`a} se d{\'e}grader (p{\'e}riodes de culture plus longues compar{\'e}es aux p{\'e}riodes en friche, et utilisation moins judicieuse du feu).

Agro-Forstwirtschaft verwendet um die Landnutzung bewaldeter Fl{\"a}chen zu intensivieren, B{\"a}ume zusammen mit Feldfr{\"u}chten. Durch ein Entwicklungsprogramm optimierte Agro-Forstwirtschaft erfordert genaue Kenntnis der herk{\"o}mmlichen Landnutzung und Besitzverh{\"a}ltnisse, will man die Einwohner erfolgreich in die Planung einbeziehen. Die Karen Bev{\"o}lkerung, die gr{\"o}sste Minderheit der Hochlandbewohner Thailands, hat seit jeher ein System benutzt, bei dem nach einer kurzen Anbauzeit eine lange Brachperiode mit Roden und Brennen folgt. Landressourcen werden mehr oder weniger von der Gemeinde verwaltet, die, um Familienbesitzungen zu bestellen, stark von gegenseitigem Arbeitskr{\"a}fteaustausch abh{\"a}ngt. Daneben ist freiwillige Arbeit f{\"u}r Gemeindeaufgaben notwendig, um das kommunale Land vor Feuer und anderen Gefahren zu sch{\"u}tzen. Das System des Rodens und Brennens {\"a}hnelt der Agro-Forstwirtschaft darin, dass die Bauern auf bebauten Feldern neuen Baumwuchs aus St{\"u}mpfen und Unterholz zulassen, und das Feuer auf das Brachland beschr{\"a}nken. B{\"a}ume werden als Baumaterial und Brennholz benutzt, ausserdem liefern sie (in Form von Asche) N{\"a}hrstoffe, die Felder mit Reis und anderen Feldfr{\"u}chten d{\"u}ngen. Roden- und Brennfl{\"a}chen werden mit geringer Bodenbeeintr{\"a}chtigung bestellt. Bei niedriger Bev{\"o}lkerungsdichte konnte das System {\"u}ber Jahrhunderte ohne grosse Umweltverschlechterung eine gleichbleibende Selbstversorger{\"o}konomie aufrechterhalten. Unl{\"a}ngst jedoch wurde das System instabil. Die meisten Entwicklungsprojekte wurden nicht in bestehende Landnutzungssysteme integriert. Allgemein wurden agro-forstwirtschaftliche Techniken zur Ertragssteigerung beim Roden- und Brennsystem nicht angewendet. Der Landanteil, der den Karen zur Verf{\"u}gung steht, ist durch umfangreiche Aufforstungsprojekte zur{\"u}ckgegangen, w{\"a}hrend gleichzeitig die Bev{\"o}lkerungszahl durch Zur{\"u}ckgehen der Sterblichkeit und Umsiedelung in die Berge gestiegen ist. Kommerzialisierung der Selbstversorger{\"o}konomie f{\"u}hrte zu einem R{\"u}ckgang in der Verf{\"u}gbarkeit von Austauscharbeitskr{\"a}ften. Zunehmender Bedarf an Waldressourcen hat ausserdem zur Verunsicherung der Besitzverh{\"a}ltnisse des Roden- und Brennlandes und anderer kommunaler L{\"a}ndereien gef{\"u}hrt. Die Karen legen jetzt mehr Wert darauf, ihre Felder zu bew{\"a}ssern; dadurch werden sie h{\"a}ufiger bestellt, die Zeit der Brache ist k{\"u}rzer, aber die Feuergefahr ist h{\"o}her, w{\"a}hrend sich das System des Rodens und Brennens verschlechtert hat.

}, keywords = {agroforestry, land tenure, rice, shifting cultivation}, doi = {10.2307/3673036}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/3673036}, author = {Peter Kunstadter} } @article {611, title = {Loan financing of smallholder treefarming in Ilocos, a comment}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {1}, year = {1983}, month = {December 1983}, pages = {361-365}, abstract = {

This paper is a comment on a previous explanation for an unsuccessful treefarming project in the Philippines. The earlier explanation did not inquire deeply into the project and its problems, and simply stated that \"a development model that is successful in one area may not be successful somewhere else.\"

Further investigation revealed some problems in the Ilocos project. The responsible people underestimated the effectiveness of locally-owned woodlots in meeting local demand, and underestimated the woodlots\&$\#$39; potential for meeting future demand increases. In this case, lack of local input was doubly ignored, both by the project leaders and by those who were attempting to explain the project\&$\#$39;s failure. (author)

}, keywords = {agroforestry, Ilocos, indigenous knowledge, loan financing, Philippines, smallholders, tree farm}, doi = {10.1007/BF00155942}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00155942}, author = {K. F. Wiersum and C. P. Veer} } @conference {923, title = {The role of trees in agroforestry: Some comments}, booktitle = {Plant research and agroforestry: Proceedings of a consultative meeting held in Nairobi, 8 to 15 April 1981}, year = {1983}, note = {

Proceedings of a Consultative Meeting held in Nairobi, 8 to 15 April 1981

Chapter 18

}, month = {1983}, pages = {257-270}, publisher = {International Council for Research in Agroforestry}, organization = {International Council for Research in Agroforestry}, address = {Nairobi, Kenya}, abstract = {

In agroforestry land use systems, the woody perennial components (\&$\#$39;trees\&$\#$39;) play a role in both productivity and sustainability. Some general characteristics of woody perennials are outlined and the need to consider the possible advantages or disadvantages of these in relation to specific agroforestry systems is emphasized. In deciding about introducing trees on farm land the challenge is to answer the questions: What trees? How many? How are they best arranged? Answers to the first of these will arise from the many existing and planned trials with multipurpose trees now being established worldwide. This paper addresses mainly the second question: How many trees?

Three-dimensional diagrams are used to illustrate the effects of a replacement series (tree-crop, crop-tree) on changes in total productivity and soil status with time. The types of response surfaces produced are discussed and various \&$\#$39;scenarios\&$\#$39; shown to illustrate the value of this approach. Such diagrams are less a predictive tool than a means of comprehending the plant and environment changes involved.

The final section briefly discusses tree/shrub arrangement, which will depend on management considerations, soil/water conservation needs, and biological aspects of optimizing productivity. (author)

}, keywords = {agriculture, agroforestry, botany, community woodlots, crops, fuelwood, rainforests, tree crops}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/11698847}, author = {P. A. Huxley}, editor = {P. A. Huxley} } @article {659, title = {Strategies for enhancing the adoptability of agroforestry innovations}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {1}, year = {1983}, month = {September 1983}, pages = {173-187}, abstract = {Agroforestry has been given a broad and hopeful mandate to assist in devising productive and sustainable systems of land management to meet the demographic and ecological challenges of mankind{\textquoteright}s somewhat uncertain future. As a new and explicity interdisciplinary field of applied scientific research and technological synthesis, agroforestry is in a unique position to benefit from recent advances in our understanding of the rural development process which, if properly integrated into the emerging paradigm for agroforestry research and development, will greatly enhance its chances of fulfilling its potential as a source of solutions to many interrelated problems of tropical land use. Drawing on lessons from the literature on the adoption and diffusion of innovations, a number of research strategies and design tactics are proposed by which agroforestry R \& D teams may improve on their ability to generate relevant and adoptable technologies and, thus, stand a better chance of having the kind of practical impact on land use systems which is expected of agroforestry.}, keywords = {agroforestry, innovation, population pressure, rural development, technology design}, doi = {10.1007/BF00130606}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00130606}, author = {J. B. Raintree} } @conference {932, title = {Village-forest-gardens in West Java}, booktitle = {Plant research and agroforestry: Proceedings of a consultative meeting held in Nairobi, 8 to 15 April 1981}, year = {1983}, month = {1983}, pages = {13-24}, publisher = {International Council for Research in Agroforestry}, organization = {International Council for Research in Agroforestry}, address = {Nairobi, Kenya}, abstract = {Indonesian village-forest-gardens are distinctive types of agroforestry land use. They are species rich and possess sophisticated spatial structures and dynamics. Although mainly centered on subsistence production surplus products can provide a valuable cash income. Sustained yields are achieved under the present system of home-gardens and village-forest-gardens without any significant input of fertilizers or pesticides. They represent, for the mass of the rural population, the only asset for survival and material autonomy. Until recently, they have been studied only cursorily but these systems, which are far from "primitive," have many lessons to teach, and they are still susceptible to improvement if we learn enough about them. The two types of gardens are described in some detail and their importance to the farmer is discussed. (author)}, keywords = {agriculture, agroforestry, botany, congresses, crops, research , tree crops}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/11698847}, author = {G Michon}, editor = {Peter A. Huxley} } @inbook {852, title = {Agriculture in the humid tropics}, booktitle = {Ecological aspects of development in the humid tropics}, year = {1982}, note = {Chapter 5}, month = {1982}, pages = {93-156}, publisher = {National Academy Press}, organization = {National Academy Press}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {

Focused on ecological considerations in tropical areas, this chapter covers the following topics:

}, keywords = {agroforestry, soil conservation}, isbn = {0-309-03235-0}, url = {https://doi.org/10.17226/19533}, author = {U.S. National Research Council, Committee on Selected Biological Problems in the Humid Tropics} } @inbook {856, title = {Agroforestry in the Amazon basin: Practice, theory and limits of a promising land use}, booktitle = {Amazonia: Agriculture and land use research}, series = {CIAT series no. 03E-3(82)}, year = {1982}, note = {

Papers presented at the International Conference on Amazonian Agriculture and Land Use Research, Cali, Colombia, April 16-18, 1980 (1st: 1980: Centro Internacional de Agricultural Tropical)

Sponsored by the Rockefeller Foundation [and others]

}, month = {[1982]}, pages = {339-351}, publisher = {Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical}, organization = {Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical}, address = {Cali, Colombia}, abstract = {This paper explores the potentials for agroforestry in the Amazon Basin. Agroforestry systems are "sustainable land management systems that combine the production of crops including tree crops, forest plants and/or animals simultaneously or sequentially on the same unit of land, applying management practices that are compatible with the cultural practices of the local population." Agroforestry is a term that covers an enormous range of land uses at all scales of tenure and investment, ranging from subsistence to plantation farming, and from dozens of species to only two or three. Agroforestry usually involves multiple canopies, either in space or time, and more than one harvestable stratum. (author)}, keywords = {agriculture, agroforestry, Amazon River Watershed, land tenure, land use, natural resources}, isbn = {84-89206-13-9}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/16754729}, author = {Susanna B. Hecht}, editor = {Susanna B. Hecht} } @inbook {866, title = {Current management concepts in forestry}, booktitle = {Socio-economic effects and constraints in tropical forest management: the results of an enquiry organized by the International Federation of Institutes for Advanced Study}, year = {1982}, note = {

Chapter 17

Papers presented at the Workshop on Socio-economic Effects and Constraints in Forest Management, held at Dehra Dun, India, 1981

}, month = {1982}, pages = {191-201}, publisher = {John Wiley \& Sons}, organization = {John Wiley \& Sons}, address = {New York}, abstract = {The basic objective of managing a forest resource is to meet society{\textquoteright}s needs. The yield has to be a function of society{\textquoteright}s preferences and the forests have to be managed to meet those needs and not for the aim of achieving a "normal forest." Forest management is not merely forestry, social sciences must be a part of the foresters{\textquoteright} training as well as technical forestry.}, keywords = {agroforestry}, isbn = {0-471-10375-6; 978-0-471-10375-2}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/8221698}, author = {D. N. Misra}, editor = {E. G. Hallsworth} } @inbook {868, title = {Ecological and management considerations for forest lands}, booktitle = {Ecological aspects of development in the humid tropics}, year = {1982}, note = {Chapter 6}, month = {1982}, pages = {93-156}, publisher = {National Academy Press}, organization = {National Academy Press}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {

Focused on ecological considerations in tropical areas, Chapter 6 covers the following topics:

}, keywords = {agroforestry, soil conservation}, isbn = {0-309-03235-0}, url = {https://doi.org/10.17226/19533}, author = {U.S. National Research Council, Committee on Selected Biological Problems in the Humid Tropics} } @conference {767, title = {Fuelwood production in traditional farming systems}, booktitle = {Paper presented at ESCAP/FAO/UNEP Expert Group Meeting on Fuelwood and Charcoal 1981, Nairobi, Kenya}, series = {Energy Resources Development Series no. 24}, year = {1982}, month = {May 5-11, 1981}, pages = {53-59}, publisher = {United Nations}, organization = {United Nations}, address = {New York}, abstract = {The purpose of this paper is to present and discuss some examples of rural forestry and provide a general framework for its improvement and intensification with fuelwood production as a major aim.}, keywords = {agroforestry, fuelwood}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/11582957}, author = {Ben Salem and Tran van Nao} } @book {382, title = {Reforestation and community development in the Sudan}, series = {Derap Publication}, volume = {150}, year = {1982}, month = {1982}, pages = {72}, publisher = {The Chr. Michelsen Institute}, organization = {The Chr. Michelsen Institute}, address = {Bergen, Norway}, abstract = {This paper looks at the importance of gum arabic production in North Kordofan Province (Sudan), including the traditional cultivation of Acacia Senegal to maintain soil fertility, erosion control, and use as a fuelwood. Also the concept of traditional agro-forestry as an appropriate economic and ecological use is discussed.}, keywords = {agroforestry, gum arabic}, author = {Turi Hammer} } @article {745, title = {Why do people grow trees?}, year = {1982}, month = {1982}, abstract = {This paper examines the reasons behind the shift from not planting trees to planting trees in the last few decades. The author opens the paper with a series of questions concerning and gives the answers to the questions in the paper citing case studies of tree planting practices in Zanzibar, Malawi, Kenya, Mali, and Sudan.}, keywords = {Africa, agroforestry, fuelwood}, author = {Noronha Raymond} } @book {418, title = {Wild fruits of the sub-Himalayan region}, year = {1982}, month = {1982}, pages = {xii, 136}, publisher = {Kalyani Publishers [PARMAR]}, organization = {Kalyani Publishers [PARMAR]}, address = {New Delhi}, abstract = {In the present work, the authors have endeavoured to bring out detailed information on various characteristics of morphological, taxonomical, economical and horticultural importance. This information was collected during the course of investigation carried out by them on 26 plants found growing wild in the sub-Himalayan tract yielding edible fruits in an attempt to evaluate these wild fruits from economic and commercial standpoints. To make the work more comprehensive and useful, the authors also consult various other sources including the translations of ancient Sanskrit texts on Ayurveda for compiling all the available information on the medicinal properties and other uses of these plants. The treatise, therefore, carries a detailed information on the phenology, flowering and fruiting seasons, chemical composition, medicinal properties, yield, utilization, scope, etc., in respect of each fruit.}, keywords = {agroforestry, ethnobotany, fruit, Himalayan region, horticulture, India, taxonomy, tree crops}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/9422206}, author = {Chiranjit Parmar and Mitlesh Kumar Kaushal} } @conference {751, title = {Agroforestry practices in high potential areas of Kenya}, booktitle = {Proceedings from Kenya National Seminar on Agroforestry, Nairobi, Kenya, 12-22 November 1980}, year = {1981}, month = {October 1981}, pages = {287-308}, publisher = {International Council for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF)}, organization = {International Council for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF)}, address = {Nairobi, Kenya}, abstract = {

This document looks at the Shamba system of reafforestation and afforestation in Kenya. This system employs the traditional African method of farming known as shifting cultivation, which combines both forest and agricultural land use. This document provides a description and an historical summary of the Shamba system. It includes sections on: silvicultural applications; the economic importance of the Shamba system; and, social, political and administrative considerations in agroforestry projects.

}, keywords = {Africa, agroforestry, eucalyptus, Kenya, wattle}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/10924821}, author = {F. H. M. Wanyeki} } @book {299, title = {Bibliography on tropical agroforestry}, series = {Serie bibliotecolog{\'\i}a y documentaci{\'o}n, English version, bibliograf{\'\i}a no. 6}, year = {1981}, month = {1981}, pages = {67}, publisher = {Centro Agron{\'o}mico Tropical de Investigaci{\'o}n y Ense{\~n}anza (CATIE)}, organization = {Centro Agron{\'o}mico Tropical de Investigaci{\'o}n y Ense{\~n}anza (CATIE)}, address = {Turrialba, Costa Rica}, abstract = {This bibliography includes 680 references of documents on tropical agroforestry. Most of the documents deal with the American tropics, but there are also documents from Africa, Asia and Oceania. Two indices are presented, one by authors, and the other combining subjects, species and countries, including 363 authors, 94 subject keywords, 57 geographical terms and 71 botanical genera. Instructions are given on the use of the bibliography, how to consult the documents and how to obtain (by mail) copies of these papers. (author)}, keywords = {agroforestry}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/8353810}, author = {Jean Combe and Humberto Jim{\'e}nez Saa and Claudia Monge} } @inbook {874, title = {From grain crops to tree crops in the Cuyunon swidden system}, booktitle = {Adaptive strategies and change in Philippine swidden-based societies}, year = {1981}, month = {1981}, pages = {91-104}, publisher = {Forest Research Institute College}, organization = {Forest Research Institute College}, address = {Laguna, Philippines}, abstract = {This paper concerns one possible answer to the question: What else can shifting cultivators do for a living that will allow them to exploit their environments on an ecologically-sound, sustained-yield basis, and yet satisfy both their subsistence needs and their market wants? The answer is arboriculture, or tree-crop farming -- cultivation of coconuts, bananas, fruit trees, and the like.}, keywords = {agroforestry, Philippines, swiddens}, url = {https://www.worldcat.org/title/10341908}, author = {James F. Eder}, editor = {Harold Olofson} } @article {686, title = {The importance of women to agroforestry in Borneo}, journal = {Pacific Health}, volume = {14}, year = {1981}, month = {1981}, pages = {10-13}, abstract = {In Borneo, a group of mountain people of the Dayak tribe recently moved from their old villages in the mountains to a new home by the coast. Though the Dayaks{\textquoteright} lives have imprioved in many ways, the children are suffering from the great amount of machine-hulled rice in their new diet (machine-hulled rice is less nutricious than hand-hulled rice). One reason for this is the new availability of outside jobs; there is less time to plant and maintain vegetable gardens. Another is the important part played by women in food production; women are often overlooked in agricultural extension projects.
The specific solution here seems to be a strengthening of agroforestry enterprises involving Dayak women. In general, extension efforts should focus on the important food providers in any group, regardless of what gender they might be. (author)}, keywords = {agroforestry, Borneo, Indonesia, nutrition, women}, author = {Carol J. Pierce Colfer} } @conference {781, title = {Management of agroforestry systems in Kenya}, booktitle = {Proceedings from Kenya National Seminar on Agroforestry, Nairobi, Kenya, 12-22 November 1980}, year = {1981}, note = {Organized jointly by the University of Nairobi and ICRAF}, month = {October 1981}, publisher = {University of Nairobi and International Council for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF)}, organization = {University of Nairobi and International Council for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF)}, address = {Nairobi, Kenya}, abstract = {

The key factor in forest management and agricultural practice is suitable land. That is what Kenya is short of; about two thirds of the country being semi-arid or arid. Forests in some areas of Kenya occupy prime land. Although Kenya has relatively little forest, the future may see some of this converted to agroforestry, a land use system that combines production of food and forest products, preferably on the same unit of land and on a sustainable yield basis. (author)

This document, on agroforestry management in Kenya, looks at aspects of agroforestry in terms of: soil fertility, animal feed, human needs, microclimate amelioration, the provision of nitrogen in soil, soil structure improvements, a domestic energy supply, and as a potential supply which can be maintained on a sustained yield basis. It also looks at: management concepts in agroforestry; land tenure and agroforestry; and the selection of appropriate species for agroforestry projects in regard to altitude and soil type.

}, keywords = {Africa, agroforestry, East Africa, Kenya}, url = {http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?f=2013/US/US2013014353410006998.xml;US201301435398}, author = {D. M. Kamweti}, editor = {Louise Buck} } @conference {806, title = {Tree and shrub species for agroforestry systems in arid and semi arid regions}, booktitle = {Summer Institute on Agro-forestry in Arid and Semi-arid Zones}, volume = {1}, year = {1981}, note = {Lecture delivered at Agroforestry in Arid and Semi-arid Zones June 15{\textendash}July 14, 1981}, month = {06/15-07/14/1981}, publisher = {Central Arid Zone Research Institute}, organization = {Central Arid Zone Research Institute}, address = {Jodhpur, India}, abstract = {

Lists of trees, where they grow and what they are used for.

In the tropics, uncertain supplies and increasing costs of feed, fertilizer and food coupled with projected population increases are giving the leguminous trees, whose foliage is browsed by animals, a status they have never enjoyed previously.

Trees and shrubs play a dual role in the forage supply, serving both as shade for grass and as forage themselves. In dry tropics, in particular, shrubs and trees are precious for without them stock raising would probably be impossible as pasture grasses die when upper soil layers lose their moisture, but tree roots exploit deep underground moisture and they continue to flourish. (author)

}, keywords = {agroforestry, fuelwood}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/10369344}, author = {H. S. Mann} } @conference {800, title = {The law in relation to land practices in Kenya}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the Kenya National Seminars on Agroforestry, 12-22 November 1980, Nairobi, Kenya}, year = {1980}, month = {Nov. 12-22, 1980}, pages = {171-173}, publisher = {KRAF}, organization = {KRAF}, address = {Nairobi, Kenya}, abstract = {This document looks at how the law affects agroforestry in Kenya. It points out that there are two basic types of choice which influence the structure of laws: private choice and public interest level choice. It describes the prevailing conceptions in agroforestry in relation to current laws and it gives a prescription for the future in regard to changes in legislation which will better serve to practice of agroforestry.}, keywords = {Africa, agroforestry}, author = {H. W. O. Okoth-Ogendo} } @book {364, title = {Man and tree in tropical Africa: Three essays on the role of trees in the African environment}, year = {1978}, month = {1978}, pages = {31}, publisher = {International Development Research Centre}, organization = {International Development Research Centre}, address = {Ottawa, ON, Canada}, abstract = {

Contains following essays:

The first paper examines, in general, the role of the tree in tropical Africa. Highlighted are the variety of products that can be obtained from the forests, the vital role of trees in nutrient cycling and in soil and water conservation, and their influence on both micro and macroclimate. The second essay addresses the ever important question of wood-fuel supplies. With increasing petroleum prices, greater demands than ever before are being placed on wood, and with decreasing supplies prices are rising. Wood-fuel shortages have led to a switch to other fuel sources such as manure and crop residues, which has in turn started a vicious circle of decreasing crop yields and environmental degradation. The final essay examines the age-old practice of shifting cultivation. Suggestions advanced here for tailoring new ideas to this traditional practice may well make it possible to modify or improve the system to meet modern realities. Methods involving zero tillage and the use of trees as \&$\#$39;nutrient pumps\&$\#$39; seem to offer particular promise in this regard.

}, keywords = {agroforestry, erosion control, fuelwood, soil erosion, soil fertility}, isbn = {0-88936-154-1; 978-0-88936-154-6}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5510947}, author = {Gunnar Poulsen} } @book {409, title = {Tree crops: A permanent agriculture}, series = {Harper Colophon books; CN 610}, year = {1978}, month = {1978}, pages = {408}, publisher = {Island Press; Harper \& Row}, organization = {Island Press; Harper \& Row}, address = {Wasington, DC; New York}, abstract = {Introduction only: "A Practical Visionary". This is an introduction to J. Russell Smith{\textquoteright}s "Tree Crops." In it Wendell Berry describes his love of Smith{\textquoteright}s vision. The idea of perennial vs. annual crops and two-story agriculture are included in the plan. Berry sees Smith{\textquoteright}s plan as a way to reduce erosion and increase productivity while maintaining small-scale farming.}, keywords = {agroforestry, nuts, tree crops}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/300615}, author = {J. Russell Smith} } @inbook {925, title = {The types of utilization}, booktitle = {Tropical forest ecosystems: A state-of-knowledge report prepared by UNESCO/UNEP/FAO}, series = {Natural Resources Research no. 14}, year = {1978}, month = {1978}, pages = {453-487}, publisher = {UNESCO}, organization = {UNESCO}, address = {Paris}, abstract = {The purpose of this chapter is to examine different types of utilization of the forest ecosystems of the humid tropics, but excluding complete transformation to agro-ecosystems. Improved grassland will be discussed chiefly to demonstrate that it is possible to simplify the forest ecosystem to a certain degree, frequently in connection with tree crops, but without the intention of suggesting a research program. The farming or cropping of large wild mammals will not be discussed but will be mentioned in connection with wildlife management. Harvesting and product transport and the socio-economic aspects of development schemes (though their direct or indirect influence on utilization is considerable) will not be considered except for the necessity of research.}, keywords = {agroforestry, logging, shifting cultivation}, isbn = {92-3-101507-9}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4745455}, author = {UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) and UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme) and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)} } @book {362, title = {Leucaena: Promising forage and tree crop for the tropics}, year = {1977}, note = {PB268 124; also credited as National Academy of the Sciences}, month = {July 1977}, pages = {4}, publisher = {National Technical Information Service}, organization = {National Technical Information Service}, address = {Springfield, VA}, abstract = {This is an excerpt from a book about the leucaena tree (L. pulverulenta \& L. leucocephala). This tree can grow in many types of soil and compliments other crops (corn, bananas, etc.) with its production of soil nutrients. Leucaena trees are very good at fixing nitrogen in temporarily farmed-out land.}, keywords = {agroforestry}, isbn = {0-89499-075-6, 978-0-89499-075-5}, doi = {10.17226/21315}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/163566301}, author = {National Research Council} } @inbook {898, title = {Multiple cropping in tropical Asia}, booktitle = {Multiple cropping}, series = {ASA special publication no. 27}, year = {1976}, note = {

Symposium sponsored by Divisions A-6, S-4, S-6, A-3, A-4, and C-3 of the American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, and Soil Science Society of America.
Available for purchase online from ACSESS Digital Library.

See also:https://dl.sciencesocieties.org/publications/books/pdfs/asaspecialpubli/multiplecroppin/frontmatter

}, month = {1976}, pages = {11-40}, publisher = {ASA [American Society of Agronomy]}, organization = {ASA [American Society of Agronomy]}, address = {Madison, WI}, abstract = {

Proceedings of a symposium. The papers were presented during the annual meetings of the American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, and Soil Science Society of America in Knoxville, Tennessee, August 1975.

Present and potential multiple cropping patterns are determined by a wide range of physical and socio-economic conditions against a background of available technology. We have therefore chosen to present multiple cropping in tropical Asia in several parts which describe first the economic and physical factors which influence multiple cropping, then the present farming systems within which multiple cropping is practiced and their direction of change, and finally, the major multiple cropping patterns. Relevant research needs are summarized.

Tropical Asia includes the area between the Himalayan mountains and the equator from Pakistan and India to Indonesia, New Guinea, the Philippines, southern Taiwan, the southeastern portion of the People\&$\#$39;s Republic of China and mainland southeast Asia. The dominant crops in the region are mainly determined by water supply. Cropping systems in the drier regions of India and Pakistan are based on corn, sorghum, millet, and wheat, while the wetter areas of these same countries are nearly all of east Asia, having high rainfall, are rice based. (author)

}, keywords = {agroforestry, homestead, irrigation, multiple cropping, shifting cultivation, soils, Thailand, tree intercropping, vegetables}, isbn = {0-89118-045-1}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/842231973}, author = {R. R. Harwood and E. C. Price}, editor = {R. I. Papendick and P. A. Sanchez and G. B. Triplett} } @inbook {870, title = {Experience with individual species}, booktitle = {Tree planting practices in African savannas}, series = {Forestry Development Paper no. 19}, year = {1974}, note = {Chapter 7}, month = {1974}, pages = {42-44}, publisher = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations [sold by Unipub]}, organization = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations [sold by Unipub]}, address = {Rome; New York}, abstract = {

This excerpt deals with specific native trees that can be found in the subdesert zones and their traditional environmental value. The specific species discussed are: Acacia albia, Acacia nilotica, Acacia senegal, Azadicachta indica and Conocarpus lancifolius. All, except for the Acacia senegal, rely on extraneous water supplies for adequate growth. The Acacia senegal relies on rainfall alone for its moisture.

Uses of these trees vary from conservers of soil to economic sources. One example of this is the Acacia albia, it is used mainly for fodder and refertilization of the soil. The Acacia nilotica is the most important species in the Sudan, because of is drought resistance. Gum extraction and fuel use are the economic functions of the Acacia senegal. This is one of the only trees that can be grown for economic purposes in subdesert zones. Each one fulfills a specific purpose in the Sahel.

}, keywords = {Acacia albida, Acacia nilotica, Acacia senegal, Africa, agroforestry, Azadirachta indica, Conacarpus lancifolius, economics, ethnoconservation, planting}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/2931603}, author = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)} } @article {607, title = {Living fences in Costa Rican agriculture}, journal = {Turrialba}, volume = {29}, year = {1974}, month = {1974}, pages = {255-261}, abstract = {The use of living trees and shrubs as posts for fences has become a widely diffused technique in various ecological zones of Costa Rica. Many agricultural crops are protected by living fences, though the majority of them may be seen along the edges of coffee plantations, pastures and sugar cane fields. The number of species used for live fence posts is impressive: during a six month of field survey 57 species were identified as being regularly planted as components of fences. Of these the 26 most important are described individually in systematic order. An analyisis of the evolution of the fencing patterns shows clearly that the species diversity has been reduced during the last four years, mainly through road-widening projects and because posts treated with preservatives are being used as a substitute to this traditional technique. (author)}, keywords = {agroforestry, Costa Rica, living fences}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1695176}, author = {Jonathan D. Sauer} } @article {637, title = {Portulacaria afra Jacq.: A potential browse plant}, journal = {Economic Botany}, volume = {27}, year = {1973}, month = {Oct.-Dec. 1973}, pages = {413-416}, abstract = {One of the most valuable South African fodder trees is Portulacaria afra Jacq. It should be further evaluated in the United States because of its various uses. The author outlines the description, distribution and utilization of this species.}, keywords = {agroforestry, ethnobotany, fodder trees, livestock, oak trees, shrubs, vascular plants}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/4253450}, author = {A. J. Oakes} } @inbook {900, title = {Notes on Amerindian agriculture}, booktitle = {Ethnographic notes on Amerindian agriculture}, series = {Savanna Research Series no. 9}, year = {1968}, month = {February 1968}, pages = {21}, publisher = {McGill University, Department of Geography}, organization = {McGill University, Department of Geography}, address = {Montreal}, abstract = {

The purposes of this paper are to examine the techniques of subsistence agriculture as carried out by the Amerindians living in the Rupununi district of southern Guyana, and to suggest possible considerations to be taken into account when attempts are made to impose methods of food production. The pressure of population on available resources is increasing to a serious extent, and it is desirable that some sedentary form of agriculture be developed, together with improved methods of transportation and the opening up of markets for the produce. It is obvious, however, that it is not possible to find one solution only to the problem of improving agriculture in this area. Different solutions must be found to the different situations that exits.

At present, the products of the bitter cassava are the staple of the Amerindian and, as a crop, it is remarkable in many respects. Some of its attributes are: high caloric yield per acre (approximately 4 million calories), drought tolerance, can remain in the ground and be reaped over a period of a year when mature, and will grow in relatively poor soil. Until the Amerindian attempts to produce a variety of crops or tries to develop some more permanent form of agriculture where soil, and possibly, water for irrigation become important, differences in the physical conditions have little effect on the success of cassava as a crop and may possibly have led to an impression that one solution can be found. (author)

}, keywords = {agroforestry, American Indians, Native Americans, nutrition}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/3145451}, author = {M. J. Dummett}, editor = {R. F. Salisbury and J. Dummett and T. L. Hills and D. Cook} } @article {650, title = {Shifting cultivation, fire, and pine forest in the Cordillera Central, Luzon, Philippines}, journal = {Ecological Monographs}, volume = {36}, year = {1966}, note = {See also: https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.2307/1942374}, month = {Autumn 1966}, pages = {389-419}, abstract = {This paper looks at the importance of montane forest on soil erosion where the Kaingin peoples of the Philippines practice swidden agriculture. Also details floral succession from primary montane to secondary pine forests. Includes the effects of modernization of Kaingin agriculture on soil erosion.}, keywords = {agroforestry, Philippines, swiddens}, doi = {10.2307/1942374}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/1942374}, author = {Norman Edward Kowal} } @article {689, title = {The mango: Its botany, cultivation, uses and future improvement, especially as observed in India}, journal = {Economic Botany}, volume = {7}, year = {1953}, month = {April 1953}, pages = {130-162}, abstract = {

This article is about the botany, cultivation, uses, and future improvement of the mango in India. The author gives an outline of the origin, distribution, and environmental requirements of mangoes, as well.

This delicious tropical fruit has been under cultivation for about 4,000 years and today it is grown on about two million acres in India, its original home. Nearly 1,000 cultivated varieties are known throughout the tropics of the world. The fruits are rich in vitamins A and C, and have better food value than apple.

}, keywords = {agroforestry, bisexual flower, cold storage, ethnobotany, fruit, India, mango, stock plant}, doi = {10.1007/BF02863059}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/4287767}, author = {S. K. Mukherjee} } @article {673, title = {The date palm: "Tree of life" in the subtropical deserts}, journal = {Economic Botany}, volume = {5}, year = {1951}, month = {July-Sept 1951}, pages = {274-301}, abstract = {Dates, staple food in the valleys of the Tigris, Euphrates and Nile rivers since the dawn of history, have been established on nearly 6,000 acres in southern California and Arizona.}, keywords = {agroforestry, date palm, Phoenix dactylifera, ritual}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/4252037}, author = {Roy W. Nixon} } @article {562, title = {Fence and barrier plants in warm climates}, journal = {Kew Bulletin}, volume = {1}, year = {1946}, month = {1946}, pages = {51-87}, abstract = {A comprehensive listing of plants best used for hedges in various regions and climates.}, keywords = {agroforestry, Dutch polders, hedge plants, Populus, veneer fruit boxes}, doi = {10.2307/4109287}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/4109287}, author = {F. N. Howes} }