@conference {799, title = {The indigenous food plants programme of Kenya}, booktitle = {Indigenous knowledge and sustainable development: 25 selected papers presented at the international symposium held by the International Institute of Rural Reconstruction, September 20-26, 1992}, year = {1992}, month = {1992}, publisher = {International Institute for Rural Reconstruction}, organization = {International Institute for Rural Reconstruction}, address = {Silang, Cavite, Philippines}, abstract = {Indigenous knowledge is essential to the development process especially for the sustainable use of natural resources. In Kenya, this has been illustrated by the Indigenous Food Plants Programme which endeavours to improve diets as well as preserve cultural practices and preserve biodiversity. The programme is part of a complex of two complementing centres at the National Museums of Kenya this being the Centre for Biodiversity and the new Kenya Resource Centre for Indigenous Knowledge (KENRIK). Both will provide basal data to be utilised in conservation and development. (author).}, keywords = {biodiversity, Kenya}, author = {Christine Kabuye} } @article {524, title = {Building on local knowledge: The challenge of agroforestry for pastoral areas}, journal = {Agroforestry Today (Kenya)}, volume = {3}, year = {1991}, month = {10/1991-12/1991}, pages = {3-7}, abstract = {

Edmund Barrow, who has worked with East African pastoralists for more than 15 years, believes that pastoral communities have a lot to offer agroforesters. The value of their indigenous knowledge is at last being recognised by researchers and development workers. But there was a time when much of it was ignored. Here he shares some of his experience. (author)

This paper deals with the disappearance of indigenous ecological knowledge of pastoral peoples in dryland Africa. Specifically dealt with are the Pokot of Kenya, The Sukuma of Tanzania, and the Turkana also of Kenya. The paper focuses on the intrinsic environmental knowledge that pastoralists have because of their isolation and harsh living conditions.

}, keywords = {cowpeas, East Africa, gender, Kenya, maize, pastoralism, Pokot, Sukuma, Turkana, women}, author = {Edmund G. C. Barrow} } @article {587, title = {Indigenous Kikuyu agroforestry: A case study of Kirinyaga, Kenya}, journal = {Human Ecology}, volume = {19}, year = {1991}, month = {1991}, pages = {1-18}, abstract = {

This article analyzes agroforestry practices among the Ndia and Gichugu Kikuyu of Kirinyaga, Kenya, at the turn of the century, before the onset of colonial rule. It describes ways in which people adapted to competing pressures for retaining and removing tree cover. It shows how religious beliefs, tenure relations based on a communal property-rights regime, and farm forestry practices contributed to the conservation of trees.

Such strategies were not aimed at reversing deforestation, but mitigating its impact by incorporating valued trees into local sociocultural and household production systems. The article points out that indigenous agroforestry practices need to be viewed in the context of local socioeconomic and ecological differences. It also considers the impact of the caravan trade on land use during the late 1800s. Tree scarcity in the late precolonial era is briefly contrasted with the area\&$\#$39;s \"woodfuel crisis\" of the 1980s.

}, keywords = {agroforestry, common property, conservation, firewood, forestry, fuelwood, indigenous technical knowledge , Kenya, Kikuyu}, doi = {10.2307/4602996}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/4602996}, author = {Alfonso H. Peter Castro} } @article {695, title = {The southern Mount Kenya forest since independence: A social analysis of resource competition}, journal = {World Development}, volume = {19}, year = {1991}, month = {February 1990}, pages = {1695-1704}, abstract = {

CIKARD file:
This paper investigates conflicts between small- and large-scale forest users, as well as between forestry and non-forestry uses of land, in the Mount Kenya Reserve in Kirinyaga District, Kenya. It questions the prevalent belief that local households and small-scale forest enterprises posed the most serious threat to sustained-yield management of the reserve. Instead, the paper argues that widespread forest destruction was associated with large-scale industrial and commercial development: the use of fuelwood by tea factories, the expansion of plantation forests, and the establishment of government tea revenue farms.

Science Direct Abstract:
Large forest reserves represent a long-standing state response to tropical forest destruction. There are, however, growing doubts about their effectiveness as sustainable resource management regimes. This case study uses a social and historical perspective to examine conflicts about the use and management of the Mount Kenya Reserve in Kirinyaga District, Kenya since independence in 1963. Official policies and practices have treated local households and small-scale forest enterprises as the most serious threat to the reserve. In contrast, the paper argues that forest degradation has long been associated with official mismanagement and government-sanctioned development activities. In addition, it suggests that planned and spontaneous conversion of woodlands accelerated in the mid-1980s largely because of the implementation of government plans to establish extensive forest plantations. The paper also discusses proposals by the local and national government to convert forest reserves into tea revenue farms.

}, keywords = {agroforestry, Kenya}, doi = {10.1016/0305-750X(91)90013-8}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0305750X91900138}, author = {Alfonso H. Peter Castro} } @article {610, title = {Living stakes: Kenyan farmers introduce an agroforestry technology}, journal = {Agroforestry Today}, volume = {2}, year = {1990}, month = {1990 April-June}, pages = {8}, abstract = {

Farmers in the Kenya highlands are using living stakes of Commiphora zimmermanni to support yam (Dioscorea minutiflora) and passion fruit (Passiflora edulis) vines.

The species is drought resistant and can be planted as green sticks which root readily, and grow slowly without developing large lateral roots which would compete with other crops, or canopies that would provide too much shade. The stakes thrive under frequent pollarding and are not killed by heavy plants climbing them.

}, keywords = {agroforestry, Kenya}, author = {Amare Getahun and Anthony Njenga} } @article {719, title = {Usufruct rights to trees: The role of Ekwar in dryland central Turkana, Kenya}, journal = {Human Ecology}, volume = {18}, year = {1990}, month = {June 1990}, pages = {163-176}, abstract = {Usufruct rights to trees (Ekwar) in the Turkana silvo-pastoral system are an important aspect of natural resource management, particularly in the drier central parts of Kenya. Originating from a participatory forestry extension program, a survey was carried out that showed the extent and duration, often in excess of one generation, of occupancy of a person{\textquoteright}s Ekwar. Such rights center around the dry season fodder resources, especially of Acacia tortilis. However they are not definite and are linked to risk-spreading by flexibility in livestock management and the need that they be maintained through efficient usage and social linkages. Hitherto, such natural resource management systems have all but been ignored in the development process in favor of the "tragedy of the commons" paradigm. Likewise, pastoral development has tended to emphasize range and water, while trees are not given the attention they deserve. This endangers the resilience of the system, and it is therefore important that development works with, not against, such environmentally-sound practices to try to make them more sustainable in the long term.}, keywords = {East Africa, ecology, Kenya, livestock, natural resource management, pastoralists, tenure, trees, usufruct rights}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/4602963}, author = {Edmund G. C. Barrow} } @book {314, title = {Developing a partnership of indigenous peoples, conservationists, and land use planners in Latin America}, series = {Policy, planning, and research working papers -- Environment (WPS 245)}, year = {1989}, note = {See also: http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/500811468776777817/pdf/multi-page.pdf}, month = {October 1989}, pages = {96}, publisher = {Latin America and the Caribbean Technical Dept., World Bank}, organization = {Latin America and the Caribbean Technical Dept., World Bank}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {Policy, Planning, and Research Working Papers - Environment Recommendations for working in partnership with indigenous peoples, recognizing their land rights, incorporating their environmental knowledge into wildlands and native area planning, and paying more serious attention to the economics and resource implications of local activities to harvest wild resources - especially in environmentally delicate areas such as tropical rainforests. The major finding of the report is that a fundamental shift (a paradigm shift in the language of the historian of science Thomas Kuhn) has started in the way in which the international conservation community has come to view the issue of planning in areas which are occupied and used by indigenous peoples. Under the traditional paradigm, represented by several National Parks, wildlife reserves and other types of protected areas where indigenous peoples have aboriginal claims, indigenous peoples are allowed to continue to occupy and use the resources of these areas but only so long as they use the natural resources sustainably. This use, agreed with the park authorities, should reconcile the needs of both the indigenous peoples and the conservationists. Experience has found that these needs can be reconciled and made compatible, although this is far from being routine. Clearly major deforestation or firearm hunting for commerce by indigenous peoples are not compatible with wildlands protection. Where indigenous people and park authorities do not agree, then either the park or the people are encouraged to move. (author)}, keywords = {ache, acquatic resources, agriculture, Alaska Whaling Commission, Amboseli National Park, animal protection, Annapurna Conservation Project, aquaculture, Arctic Research Establishment, Aripuana Indian Park, Australia, Awa Ethnic Forest Reserve, Beni Biosphere Reserve, Bolivia, Brazil, Caribou Management Boards, Chile, Coburg National Park, Colombia, Conservation of natural resources, Costa Rica, Cuyabeno, Darien Biosphere Reserve, economic conditions, ecosystem management, Ecuador, environmental policy, Eskimo Walrus Commission, ethnoecology, ethnology, forestry, Honduras, Huaorani, Indians of South America, indigenous peoples, Kakadu National Park, Kenya, Kuna Yala Project, La Amistad Biosphere Reserve, La Planada, Lake Titicaca National Reserve, land tenure, land use planning, Latin America, Lauca National Park, Makivik Research Center, Manu National Park, Mbaracayu Wildland Area, Mexico, national parks, Native Americans, Nepal, NGOs, non-governmental organizations, oil exploration, Pacaya Samira National Reserve, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, rainforests, Rio Platano Biosphere Reserve, Sian Ka{\textquoteright}an Biosphere Reserve, Sierra de Manantlan Biosphere Reserve, Siona-Secoya, sport hunting, subsistence economy, subsistence hunting, Tagaira, UNESCO , usufruct rights, wildlife , World Bank, Xingu National Park, Yanomami Indian Park, Yasuni National Park}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/29810664}, author = {Peter Poole} } @article {626, title = {Njukiine forest: Transformation of a common-property resource}, journal = {Forest \& Conservation History}, volume = {35}, year = {1989}, note = {Africa{\textquoteright}s Forests: A Special Issue and a Conference Notice (Oct., 1991) Aug 1989 is a draft.}, month = {8/1989; 10/1991}, pages = {160-168}, abstract = {

This paper examines the processes of socioeconomic, institutional, and ecological change at Njukiine Forest in Kirinyaga and Embu Districts, Kenya. It traces the area\&$\#$39;s transformation from a woodland managed on a common property basis by kinsmen and neighbors to a plantation forest operated by state-controlled organizations. The presentation highlights five aspects of this transformation:

  1. the precolonial common property regime, including the interplay between deliberate conservation practices and unintentional circumstances that protected the forest;
  2. population movements, commercial activities, and conflicts about tenure in the colonial era that undermined the old regime;
  3. protracted negotiations about Njukiine between the colonial state and the Embu Local Native Council, its designated institution for representing local interests;
  4. the short-lived management regime under council auspices; and
  5. the takeover of Njukiine by the Forest Department and its trusteeship by the Kirinyaga Districty County Council. Some implications of Njukiine\&$\#$39;s conservation history for contemporary community forestry efforts are discussed in the conclusion. Archival research and field work in Kenya during parts of 1982, 1983, and 1988 provide the basis for this study.
}, keywords = {agroforestry, colonial, common property, conservation, conservation history, Kenya, Njukiine Forest, plantation forest, population}, doi = {10.2307/3983495}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/3983495}, author = {Alfonso H. Peter Castro} } @inbook {920, title = {The Mbeere in Kenya}, booktitle = {The Mbeere in Kenya Volume I: Changing Rural Ecology}, year = {1988}, note = {

General Note: Includes indexes

Contents: v. 1. Changing rural ecology -- v. 2. Botanical identities and uses

}, month = {1988}, pages = {142-213}, publisher = {University Press of America in association with IDA Institute for Development Anthropology}, organization = {University Press of America in association with IDA Institute for Development Anthropology}, address = {Lanham, MD}, abstract = {This article examines a survey of the Mbeere people in Kenya, East Africa. The survey concerns tree planting and what effects it. Specifically looks at why they plant, when they plant, and where they obtain seedlings. Including are recommendations based on the results of the survey.}, keywords = {Embu District, ethnobotany, Kenya, Mbere (African people), social conditions}, isbn = {0-8191-6999-4}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/17877447}, author = {Bernard W. Riley and David Brokensha} } @book {416, title = {We eat trees: Tree planting and land rehabilitation in West Pokot District, Kenya: a baseline study (Working Paper)}, series = {Forest, Trees and People Working Paper np. 82}, year = {1988}, month = {1988}, pages = {123}, publisher = {Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, International Rural Development Centre}, organization = {Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, International Rural Development Centre}, address = {Uppsala [Sweden]}, abstract = {During early discussion with the management of the VI Tree Planting Project, it appeared to the author that there were three lodestars to guide the project{\textquoteright}s activities. First, by enclosing waste lands and planting trees in the semi-arid parts of West Pokot district, a rapid improvement of the environment is brought about. Grass invades the enclosed areas, soil erosion is arrested, and the productivity of the land is improved. This impresses the farmers of the area, who become interested in land rehabilitation. Secondly, in the higher potential areas of West Pokot district and in Trans Nzoia district, the project concentrates on producing and distributing seedlings of rapidly growing leguminous species. These will improve soil fertility and provide fuelwood in these densely populated and treeless areas. Thirdly, through cooperation with the many women groups on the settlement schemes in Trans Nzoia, the project hopes to reach a large number of families and encourage them to plant trees. (author)}, keywords = {afforestation, agroforestry, erosion, extension, farmer participatory research, fodder, fuelwood, grazing, herding, Kenya, land use, livestock, pastoralism, reclamation of land, reforestation, soil conservation, subsistence agriculture, tree planting, women}, isbn = {978-91-576-3510-5}, issn = {0280-4301}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/610964356}, author = {Wilhelm {\"O}stberg and Sveriges Lantbruksuniversitet, Uppsala (Sweden) and International Rural Development Centre} } @article {731, title = {Annexe 3: Rainwater harvesting in Turkana}, year = {1987}, month = {February 1987}, abstract = {

The population of the Turkana District, northwest Kenya, is approximately 220,000, of which 165,000 are pastoralists. The remainder are centered around the settlements and Food-For-Work (FFW) camps. Pastoralism -- goats, sheep, cattle, camels, and donkeys -- remains; therefore, the primary economic activity, supplemented by fishing and agriculture in some areas. The FFW camps originated in 1980, following a severe famine in the north of the district, which lead to a total of 80,000 people receiving relief food aid through an EEC-funded project. This number has steadily declined, and figures for 1986 indicate that about 10,000 people were employed on FFW schemes in the District. Much of this FFW has been on large-scale water-harvesting related schemes. (author)

This paper includes sections on:

}, keywords = {Africa, animals, food, Kenya, OXFAM, pastoralism, rain, Turkana, women}, author = {Adrian Cullis} } @inbook {869, title = {Elements of success: Sustainable development in sub-Saharan Africa}, booktitle = {World Resources 1987: An assessment of the resource base that supports the global economy}, year = {1987}, note = {Chapter 14}, month = {April 1987}, pages = {221-238}, publisher = {Basic Books}, organization = {Basic Books}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {In recent years, Africa{\textquoteright}s farmers and herders, its soils and forests, have been chasing each other down a vicious spiral of environmental degradation and deepening poverty. Conventional development efforts by donors and governments have largely failed to halt the spiral, indeed in some cases have aggravated it. The need to find solutions is urgent. Africa not only must increase its energy and found output in line with rapidly expanding populations, but must do so in a way that preserves the resource base and enhances the welfare and income of the majority. Despite the general landscape of failure, a growing number of projects and programs -- governmental, intergovernmental, and nongovernmental -- have succeeded. This chapter examines some of those "success stories" and attempts to draw some more general lessons that can point to a "recipe for success" in sub-Saharan Africa.}, keywords = {agroforestry, alley cropping, Burkina Faso, cassava, charcoal , drought, fuelwood, green revolution, Kenya, maize, Niger, Nigeria, OXFAM, rainfall, reforestation, soil fertility, stoves, trypanosomiasis, water conservation, windbreaks, Zimbabwe}, isbn = {0-465-09239-X}, url = {https://www.wri.org/publication/world-resources-1987}, author = {International Institute for the Environment and Development (IIED) and World Resourses Institute (WRI)} } @conference {785, title = {Notes and reflections on the workshop on farmers and agricultural research: Complementary methods}, booktitle = {Paper presented at IDS Workshop on Farmers and Agricultural Research: Complementary Methods, July 26-31, 1987, University of Sussex}, year = {1987}, note = {IDS (Institute of Development Studies)}, month = {July 1987}, publisher = {Brighton, UK}, organization = {Brighton, UK}, address = {University of Sussex}, abstract = {The workshop, Farmers and Agricultural Research: Complementary Methods, was held at the Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK, from 26 to 31 July 1987. The objective was to take stock of new methods and approaches that scientists have been developing, to share experience, to assess potential, and to identify what steps should be taken next. The 42 notes and papers and the five days of the discussion at the workshop were designed for the exchange and exploration rather than to generate an agreed statement. What follows are therefore personal notes and reflections, and responsibility for the views expressed is mine and not of anyone else. All the same, I am trying to present views expressed, and there was a degree of consensus which suggests that few participants would probably wish to dissent substantially from much of what follows. (author)}, keywords = {agricultural research, agricultural science, agroforestry, agronomy, Bangladesh, bio-economic, Botswana, Brazil, Bungoma, Colombia, cropping systems, cropping systems research, crops, development, dry farming, dryland agriculture, East India, farmer experimentation, farmers, Farming Systems Development Project-Eastern Visayas (FSDP-EV), food, India, indigenous genetic resources, indigenous technical knowledge , Indore, Kenya, land classification, livestock, Luapula, Luapula Province, Nepal, on-farm varietal, Peru, Pokot, regular research field hearings (RRFH), research and development , resource-poor, rice, scientized packages, soil classification, Sub-Saharan Africa, topsoil, tree planting, trees, Turkana, watersheds, Zambia}, author = {Robert Chambers} } @conference {808, title = {Use of ethnoecology in agroforestry systems research: An example of AF technology and pest management research in Kenya}, booktitle = {Paper presented at Annual Symposium on Farming Systems Research, October 18-21, 1987, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville}, year = {1987}, month = {Oct 18-21, 1987}, address = {University of Arkansas, Fayetteville}, abstract = {This paper looks at the benefits of combining ethnobotany (human ecology and ethnography) and agroecology (environmental systems science). This detailed look at an ICRAF agroforestry research project in Mbiuni, Kenya (Machakos District) provides a positive outlook on the role of indigenous participation in identifying and solving development problems. Through small group meetings and informant interviews, many potential research areas were discovered. The most important of these being domestication of indigenous plants and trees, pest control (termites), and off-farm flora collection. Included also in this paper are the results of some local experiments in the above research topics. Also contains ideas for further study.}, keywords = {Acacia, Africa, agroecology, agroforestry, conservation, ecology, ethnobotany, eucalyptus, indigenous technical knowledge , Kenya, pest management, resource management, soil conservation, sustainable development, termites, trees, women in development}, author = {Dianne E. Rocheleau and Luis Malaret} } @conference {751, title = {Agroforestry practices in high potential areas of Kenya}, booktitle = {Proceedings from Kenya National Seminar on Agroforestry, Nairobi, Kenya, 12-22 November 1980}, year = {1981}, month = {October 1981}, pages = {287-308}, publisher = {International Council for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF)}, organization = {International Council for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF)}, address = {Nairobi, Kenya}, abstract = {

This document looks at the Shamba system of reafforestation and afforestation in Kenya. This system employs the traditional African method of farming known as shifting cultivation, which combines both forest and agricultural land use. This document provides a description and an historical summary of the Shamba system. It includes sections on: silvicultural applications; the economic importance of the Shamba system; and, social, political and administrative considerations in agroforestry projects.

}, keywords = {Africa, agroforestry, eucalyptus, Kenya, wattle}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/10924821}, author = {F. H. M. Wanyeki} } @conference {781, title = {Management of agroforestry systems in Kenya}, booktitle = {Proceedings from Kenya National Seminar on Agroforestry, Nairobi, Kenya, 12-22 November 1980}, year = {1981}, note = {Organized jointly by the University of Nairobi and ICRAF}, month = {October 1981}, publisher = {University of Nairobi and International Council for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF)}, organization = {University of Nairobi and International Council for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF)}, address = {Nairobi, Kenya}, abstract = {

The key factor in forest management and agricultural practice is suitable land. That is what Kenya is short of; about two thirds of the country being semi-arid or arid. Forests in some areas of Kenya occupy prime land. Although Kenya has relatively little forest, the future may see some of this converted to agroforestry, a land use system that combines production of food and forest products, preferably on the same unit of land and on a sustainable yield basis. (author)

This document, on agroforestry management in Kenya, looks at aspects of agroforestry in terms of: soil fertility, animal feed, human needs, microclimate amelioration, the provision of nitrogen in soil, soil structure improvements, a domestic energy supply, and as a potential supply which can be maintained on a sustained yield basis. It also looks at: management concepts in agroforestry; land tenure and agroforestry; and the selection of appropriate species for agroforestry projects in regard to altitude and soil type.

}, keywords = {Africa, agroforestry, East Africa, Kenya}, url = {http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?f=2013/US/US2013014353410006998.xml;US201301435398}, author = {D. M. Kamweti}, editor = {Louise Buck} }