@article {533,
	title = {Community-based use of mangrove resources in St. Lucia},
	journal = {International Journal of Environmental Studies},
	volume = {43},
	year = {1993},
	month = {1993},
	pages = {123-131},
	abstract = {The sustainable use of mangrove forests can effectively contribute to their conservation. The experience with an integrated conservation-development project in St. Lucia showed that charcoal producers using mangrove fuelwood resources in a Marine Reserve Area have successfully changed their harvesting practices, reversing a trend of mangrove destruction. The conditions under which this change occurred included strengthening the organization of local users and their resource-use rights, and building a community-based management system, leading to the avoidance of open-access conditions. Surveys of the mangrove, undertaken before and after management intervention, showed that while the mean stand diameter of the fuelwood trees did not change significantly, there was an increase in the density of stems and in total basal area of timber.},
	keywords = {agroforestry, Caribbean, charcoal , common property resources, fuelwood, mangrove swamps, renewable energy , rural development, St. Lucia},
	doi = {10.1080/00207239308710819},
	url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00207239308710819},
	author = {Allan H. Smith and Fikret Berkes}
}
@article {595,
	title = {Innovation, technical assistance, and development: The importance of technology users},
	journal = {World Development},
	volume = {16},
	year = {1988},
	month = {June 1988},
	pages = {711-721},
	abstract = {In both industrialized and developing country situations technology users play a key role in generating successful new products and processes. Both "high-tech" innovation, such as the design of the Boeing 747 aircraft and IBM computer software, and innovative technologies for the rural poor, such as Vietnamese expeller pumps and Bangladeshi hybrid rice strains, owe much to the creativity and skill not of research scientist, but of local housewives, farmers and artisans. New approaches to technical assistance which increase the interaction between R\&D institutions and these technology users are needed in order to tap this important innovation resource. The incorporation of such an interactive research strategy into the work of the Sudan Energy Research Council led to highly successful initiatives in the fields of charcoal production, improved charcoal stoves, and agroforestry. (author)},
	keywords = {charcoal , innovation, Sudan Energy Research Council, technical assistance},
	doi = {10.1016/0305-750X(88)90177-5},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0305750X88901775},
	author = {Matthew S. Gamser}
}
@inbook {869,
	title = {Elements of success: Sustainable development in sub-Saharan Africa},
	booktitle = {World Resources 1987: An assessment of the resource base that supports the global economy},
	year = {1987},
	note = {Chapter 14},
	month = {April 1987},
	pages = {221-238},
	publisher = {Basic Books},
	organization = {Basic Books},
	address = {Washington, DC},
	abstract = {In recent years, Africa{\textquoteright}s farmers and herders, its soils and forests, have been chasing each other down a vicious spiral of environmental degradation and deepening poverty. Conventional development efforts by donors and governments have largely failed to halt the spiral, indeed in some cases have aggravated it. The need to find solutions is urgent. Africa not only must increase its energy and found output in line with rapidly expanding populations, but must do so in a way that preserves the resource base and enhances the welfare and income of the majority. Despite the general landscape of failure, a growing number of projects and programs -- governmental, intergovernmental, and nongovernmental -- have succeeded. This chapter examines some of those "success stories" and attempts to draw some more general lessons that can point to a "recipe for success" in sub-Saharan Africa.},
	keywords = {agroforestry, alley cropping, Burkina Faso, cassava, charcoal , drought, fuelwood, green revolution, Kenya, maize, Niger, Nigeria, OXFAM, rainfall, reforestation, soil fertility, stoves, trypanosomiasis, water conservation, windbreaks, Zimbabwe},
	isbn = {0-465-09239-X},
	url = {https://www.wri.org/publication/world-resources-1987},
	author = {International Institute for the Environment and Development (IIED) and World Resourses Institute (WRI)}
}
@inbook {928,
	title = {Traditional agroforestry practices of native and Ribereno farmers in the lowland Peruvian Amazon},
	booktitle = {Agroforestry: Realities, possibilities and potentials},
	year = {1987},
	month = {1987},
	pages = {179-195},
	publisher = {Martin Nijhoff Publishers in cooperation with ICRAF; distributors for the U.S. and Canada, Kluwer Academic Publishers},
	organization = {Martin Nijhoff Publishers in cooperation with ICRAF; distributors for the U.S. and Canada, Kluwer Academic Publishers},
	address = {Dordrecht, Netherlands},
	abstract = {Recent research on traditional agriculture in the Peruvian Amazon indicates that agroforestry practices are widespread and extremely varied. This article describes five agroforestry systems found in the vicinity of Iquitos, Peru. Although all begin as shifting cultivation fields, they differ greatly in species composition and richness, in intensity and length of management, in economic orientation, and in adaptation to particular ecological conditions. Four of the five systems are found in mestizo communities of the region. The information presented shows that basic traditional swidden-fallow agroforestry practices are adaptable to varying environmental and economic situations (author).},
	keywords = {barbasco, Bora Indians, caimito, cashews, charcoal , coca, corn, economics, fiber, mamey, manioc, medicine, palms, papayas, Peru, pichirina, pineapple, plantains, pomarosa, Riberenos, rifari, toronja, tropical cedar, umair, uvilla, zapote},
	isbn = {90-247-3590-4},
	url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/16352684},
	author = {Christine Padoch and Wil de Jong},
	editor = {Henry L. Gholz}
}
@article {520,
	title = {Babassu palm in the agroforestry systems in Brazil{\textquoteright}s mid-north region},
	journal = {Agroforestry Systems},
	volume = {3},
	year = {1985},
	month = {September 1985},
	pages = {275-295},
	abstract = {Babassu palms (Orbignya spp.) cover nearly 200,000 km2 in Brazil, providing cash income, fuel, fibre, edible oil and food to a large number of tenant farm households. Babassu is closely integrated within pastoral and shifting cultivation systems of Mid-North Brazil. In pastures, babassu provides shade for cattle, aids soil moisture retention, produces organic matter, generates supplementary farm income at little cost, and offers year-round employment. On the other hand, the persistence of juvenile palms reduces pasture grass productivity due to plant competition, and therefore there is a trend to eradicate babassu through clearcutting and understorey suppression. At moderate densities of less than 100 individuals per ha, mature babassu palms in cropland do not appear to harm crop productivity. In such cases, palms are thinned and leaves of the remaining ones are cut back, supplying fuel for the burn and nutrients to the soil. However, reduced fallow cycles due to pasture conversion threaten babassu as well as crop productivity.},
	keywords = {Babassu palm, charcoal , land tenure, northeast Brazil, Orbignya, Palmae, pasture expansion, shifting cultivation, vegetable oil},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00046960},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00046960},
	author = {P. H. May and Anthony B. Anderson and J. M. F. Fraz{\~a}o and M. J. Balick}
}
