@article {604,
	title = {Land-use by immigrant Baoul{\'e} farmers in the Ta{\"\i} region, South-west C{\^o}te d{\textquoteright}Ivoire (Ivory Coast)},
	journal = {Agroforestry Systems},
	volume = {11},
	year = {1990},
	month = {1990},
	pages = {101-123},
	abstract = {<p>This paper discusses the cropping system of immigrant Baoul{\'e} farmers in the rain-forest area of South-west C{\^o}te d\&$\#$39;Ivoire (Ivory Coast). The area harbours one of the last substantial rain-forest reserves of humid West Africa. Part of it is known as Ta{\"\i} National Park, and has been adopted as one of UNESCO\&$\#$39;s Man and Biosphere Programme areas. The park area is threatened by farmers in search of land. Soils in the area typically show a low intrinsic nutrient content (particularly phosphorus and potassium), low pH values, a low CEC, and, locally, high levels of gravel. In the Baoul{\'e} cropping system fields are kept under perennial crops, mainly cacao, after having been used for food crop cultivation during the first two years. Yam, the most important food crop is grown on mounds. Next to the inherent poverty of the soil, this cropping technique, which disrupts the structure of the top soil is seen as one of the causes for low yields of cocoa on Baoul{\'e} farms in the area. Yields per ha amount to c. 60\% of that of the national average. The conclusion is that the Baoul{\'e} agricultural production system is ill-adapted to the local ecosystem. Measures to improve adaptation include: Introduction of crop species adapted to adverse soil conditions (e.g. rubber, oilpalm), to buffer cacao plantations through planting of shade trees, to apply fertilisers, and to make use of biological nitrogen-fixation. Generally, the remedies proposed involve investments in terms of cash and labour on the part of the farmers. It is argued that farmers will not change their current cropping practices as long as there is forested land in the vicinity. The presence of the Ta{\"\i} forest, c. 300.000 ha of virgin rain-forest, impedes the process of change towards more intensive land-use practices.</p>},
	keywords = {agriculture, cacao, Humid C{\^o}te d{\textquoteright}Ivoire, Ivory Coast, land shortage, soil fertility, transition shifting cultivation, yams},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00838724},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00838724},
	author = {Arnoud Budelman and Peter M. Zander}
}
@inbook {895,
	title = {Machiguenga Gardens},
	booktitle = {Adaptive responses of native Amazonians},
	year = {1983},
	note = {Chapter 2},
	month = {1983},
	pages = {29-63},
	publisher = {Academic Press},
	organization = {Academic Press},
	address = {New York},
	abstract = {The present description concerns shifting cultivation among the Machiguenga, Native American inhabitants of the tropical rainforest of the Upper Amazon, specifically, a community on the Kompiroshiato River, a tributary of the Urubamba River in the department of Cuzco, Peru. The language is of the Arawakan family, and is closely allied to that of the Amuesha, Campa, and Piro Indians, who also inhabit the montana of Southeastern Peru. As is typical of the montana region, Machiguenga settlements vary from single families to small hamlets of related families located on a stream that provides clean water for household needs, near a river suitable for fishing, and with abundant forest for hunting and from which gardens are cleared. Population density is 0.3 persons/km2. The Machiguenga spend nearly as much time procuring wild foods as they do cultivating their gardens, but it is from their gardens that the vast bulk of their food derives, including a great overproduction of starchy tubers for food security under isolated and vulnerable living conditions. (author)},
	keywords = {cacao, coffee, forest dwellers, horticulture, hunter-gatherer, labor, maize, manioc, Native Americans, rainforests, shifting cultivation, slash and burn, soils, South America, weeds, women, yams},
	url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/8827760},
	author = {Allen Johnson},
	editor = {Raymond B. Hames and William T. Vickers}
}
