@article {629, title = {Nonfarm employment in small-scale forest-based enterprises: Policy and environmental issues.}, journal = {Working Paper}, volume = {11}, year = {1994}, month = {March 1994}, abstract = {

Employment and income from non-farm activities are of increasing importance in the rural economy of developing countries. Small forest-based enterprise activities constitute one of the largest sources of such income. They also account for a large part of the total harvest from forests in many areas.

Many agriculturalists supplement their income through gathering and trading products such as forest foods, medicinal plants, and fuel wood. Small-scale manufacturing of items such as furniture, baskets, mats and craft goods constitute substantial informal sector industries. Income from these activities tends to be particularly important during seasonal shortfalls in food and cash crop income and in periods of drought or emergencies.

Ease of access to forest raw materials means that forest-based activities are particularly important for the poor and for women. However, some of the simpler activities provide very low returns to labor, and may thus provide only minimal and short-lived livelihood contributions. Some of the most important saleable forest products face uncertain markets because of growing competition from industrial or synthetic alternatives or domesticated sources of the materials. As demand grows, some activities are also threatened by depletion of, or reduced access to, forest resources.

In developing policies in support of sustainable activities, it is therefore important to be able to distinguish between those that have a potential to grow and those that do not. Policy issues include regulations that discriminate against the informal sector, policies that result in the shift from managed to uncontrolled open access use of forest resources, and restrictions on private production and sale of forest products that impede the development of farm-based sources of these products. (author).

}, keywords = {fuelwood}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/31479949}, author = {J. E. M. Arnold} } @book {410, title = {Tropical forest conservation and development: A bibliography}, year = {1994}, month = {1994}, publisher = {Forestry Library, University of Minnesota}, organization = {Forestry Library, University of Minnesota}, address = {St Paul, MN}, abstract = {This book is a bibliography containing citations on forest resources, deforestation, conservation and sustainable development, indigenous peoples, management, policy, and planning, trade and industrial development, nontimber forest products, research, education, training, and history.}, keywords = {agroforestry, fuelwood, trees}, author = {Jean Albrecht} } @article {533, title = {Community-based use of mangrove resources in St. Lucia}, journal = {International Journal of Environmental Studies}, volume = {43}, year = {1993}, month = {1993}, pages = {123-131}, abstract = {The sustainable use of mangrove forests can effectively contribute to their conservation. The experience with an integrated conservation-development project in St. Lucia showed that charcoal producers using mangrove fuelwood resources in a Marine Reserve Area have successfully changed their harvesting practices, reversing a trend of mangrove destruction. The conditions under which this change occurred included strengthening the organization of local users and their resource-use rights, and building a community-based management system, leading to the avoidance of open-access conditions. Surveys of the mangrove, undertaken before and after management intervention, showed that while the mean stand diameter of the fuelwood trees did not change significantly, there was an increase in the density of stems and in total basal area of timber.}, keywords = {agroforestry, Caribbean, charcoal , common property resources, fuelwood, mangrove swamps, renewable energy , rural development, St. Lucia}, doi = {10.1080/00207239308710819}, url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00207239308710819}, author = {Allan H. Smith and Fikret Berkes} } @article {538, title = {Dalbergia melanoxylon: Valuable wood from a neglected tree}, journal = {NFT Highlights (NFTA 93-05): A quick guide to nitrogen fixing trees from around the world}, year = {1993}, month = {September 1993}, abstract = {Dalbergia melanoxylon produces one of the finest timbers in the world. Known in Tanzania as African ironwood, African ebony, mpingo, poyi or mugembe, round logs of this species fetch up to US$18,000/cubic meter. Yet the trees are seldom planted and little is known about their silviculture.}, keywords = {fuelwood}, url = {https://www.winrock.org/factnet-a-lasting-impact/fact-sheets/dalbergia-melanoxylon-valuable-wood-from-a-neglected-tree/}, author = {Ladislaus Nshubemuki} } @book {411, title = {Tropical forest conservation and development: A bibliography}, series = {Manual (Environmental and Natural Resources Policy and Training Project) no. 1}, year = {1993}, month = {[1993]}, pages = {250}, publisher = {EPAT/MUCIA-Research \& Training, University of Wisconsin{\textemdash}Madison}, organization = {EPAT/MUCIA-Research \& Training, University of Wisconsin{\textemdash}Madison}, address = {Madison, WI}, abstract = {This book is a bibliography containing citations on forest resources, deforestation, conservation and sustainable development, indigenous peoples, management, policy, and planning, trade and industrial development, nontimber forest products, research, education, training, and history.}, keywords = {agroforestry, fuelwood, trees}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/28478635}, author = {Jean Albrecht} } @article {568, title = {Foresters{\textquoteright} beliefs about farmers: A priority for social science research in social forestry}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {17}, year = {1992}, month = {January 1992}, pages = {13-41}, abstract = {

This study suggests that one of the most productive (and most neglected) uses of social science research in forestry development projects is to examine foresters\&$\#$39; beliefs regarding rural peoples. This suggestion is illustrated with data from the Forestry Planning and Development Project, Pakistan\&$\#$39;s first nation-wide social forestry project.

The operational component of this project, intended to assist small farmers to cultivate trees on their farmlands, ran into immediate difficulties. Many of the foresters involved insisted that small farmers were simply not interested in tree cultivation. A comprehensive base-line study subsequently was carried out to examine the validity of this belief. The results of this study (confirmed by the subsequent experience with the project in the field) varied markedly from the foresters\&$\#$39; beliefs.

While many of the foresters believed small farmers were opposed to having trees on their farms and would not agree to plant trees under the project, most farmers already had trees on their farms and expressed interest in planting more; while many foresters believed farmers would only be interested in planting large blocks of market-oriented exotics, most farmers requested small plantings of multi-purpose native trees; while many foresters believed farmers would plant trees only for market sale, most farmers requested trees to meet household needs for fuel and timber; and while many foresters did not think that increasing supplies of fuelwood could reduce the burning of dung, all of the evidence provided by the farmers suggested that it would.

The disparity between farmer reality and forester belief is attributed to failures on the part of both foresters and social scientists - failure by foresters to distinguish their non-empirical beliefs about farmers from their empirically-based knowledge of trees, and failure by social scientists to recognize the belief systems of foresters as a legitimate and important object of study. Their study comprises three parts: finding out what the foresters think the farmers want, finding out from the farmers what they actually want, and then analyzing and explaining the differences.

}, keywords = {agroforestry, farm, forester beliefs, fuelwood, institutional factors, Pakistan, social sciences, socioeconomics}, doi = {10.1007/BF00122925}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00122925}, author = {Michael R. Dove} } @article {566, title = {For a determined farmer, agroforestry brings an unexpected reward}, journal = {Agroforestry Today (Kenya)}, volume = {3}, year = {1991}, month = {July-Sept. 1991}, pages = {4-5}, abstract = {This document looks at the agroforestry efforts of George Nti{\textquoteright}Gitonga, a farmer in Kenya{\textquoteright}s Meru District. Since 1967, Mr. Nti{\textquoteright}Gitonga has established over 25,000 trees on his farm which he uses as fodder, food, fuelwood, timber, windbreaks, boundary plantings, erosion control, and maintenance of soil fertility. Also included in this document are Mr. Nti{\textquoteright}Gitonga{\textquoteright}s method for growing his trees in the semi-arid environment, and how he plans on harvesting water for the trees.}, keywords = {agroforestry, fodder, fuelwood, KEFRI, Kenya Forestry Research Institute, soil fertility, timber , trees, water }, author = {Sidney B. Westley and Alice Kaudia} } @article {587, title = {Indigenous Kikuyu agroforestry: A case study of Kirinyaga, Kenya}, journal = {Human Ecology}, volume = {19}, year = {1991}, month = {1991}, pages = {1-18}, abstract = {

This article analyzes agroforestry practices among the Ndia and Gichugu Kikuyu of Kirinyaga, Kenya, at the turn of the century, before the onset of colonial rule. It describes ways in which people adapted to competing pressures for retaining and removing tree cover. It shows how religious beliefs, tenure relations based on a communal property-rights regime, and farm forestry practices contributed to the conservation of trees.

Such strategies were not aimed at reversing deforestation, but mitigating its impact by incorporating valued trees into local sociocultural and household production systems. The article points out that indigenous agroforestry practices need to be viewed in the context of local socioeconomic and ecological differences. It also considers the impact of the caravan trade on land use during the late 1800s. Tree scarcity in the late precolonial era is briefly contrasted with the area\&$\#$39;s \"woodfuel crisis\" of the 1980s.

}, keywords = {agroforestry, common property, conservation, firewood, forestry, fuelwood, indigenous technical knowledge , Kenya, Kikuyu}, doi = {10.2307/4602996}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/4602996}, author = {Alfonso H. Peter Castro} } @article {830, title = {Refugees and forestry}, year = {1990}, note = {Paper prepared for the Forestry Support Program USAID.}, month = {April 1990}, institution = {USAID}, abstract = {In this paper, Helin looks at the impact refugees make on local forest resources for housing materials and fuelwood needs. Long-term refugee camps have often negatively impacted the environment to the point of desertification. Helin proposes that agroforestry projects be enacted near refugee camps so as to save the local environment from complete devastation.}, keywords = {desertification, fuelwood, housing, refugee camps}, author = {William H. Helin} } @article {835, title = {The Agroforestry Outreach Project in Haiti: A case study for project design}, year = {1989}, month = {March 1989}, institution = {Pan American Development Foundation}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {

FAO Workshop on Planning Self-Help Fuelwood Projects

The Haiti Agroforestry Outreach Project (AOP), designed and primarily funded by the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), provides tree seedlings to peasants to plant on their farms. The Agroforestry Outreach Project (APO) is implemented entirely through non-governmental organizations (NGOs). This case study begins with a discussion of how the AOP was designed and a description of the project\&$\#$39;s activities, including changes made after the project began. The motives of Haitian peasants for participating in the project are then discussed, with an emphasis on the economic viability ot tree cropping. The sustainability and replicability of the project are analyzed. The case study concludes with a series of questions for workshop participants to consider. (author)

}, keywords = {CARE (Cooperative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere), farmer participatory research, fuelwood, Operation Double Harvest, Pan American Development Foundation (PADF)}, author = {Frederick J. Conway} } @conference {766, title = {Forestation and deforestation in Mexico: Community response}, booktitle = {Paper presented at Annual Meetings of the Society for Applied Anthropology, April 5-9, 1989, Santa Fe, NM}, year = {1989}, month = {April 1989}, publisher = {Society for Applied Anthropology}, organization = {Society for Applied Anthropology}, address = {Santa Fe, NM}, abstract = {Deforestation is a severe economic and environmental problem in Mexico, as elsewhere in the world. This paper presents comparative data of natural resource control by two communities located in different ecological zones in the Mexican state of Oaxaca. One community, Huitzo, in the valley of Oaxaca, has suffered much deforestation due to commercial and domestic uses as well as fire. Through local effort the community has begun a reforestation project to combat erosion and reduced water tables. The other community, Yavesia, in the northern mountains, still has a large virgin forest, due principally to the community{\textquoteright}s refusal to sell wood to paper companies. To further protect their resources, a local women{\textquoteright}s group has initiated the installation of wood-efficient clay stoves. The quality of improved stove designs is a much-debated issue and will be discussed further in this paper. The two projects will also be described and compared with the aim of extracting the important organizational success factors. (author).}, keywords = {Acacia, agroforestry, fuelwood, household technologies}, author = {Lisa Freeman} } @book {332, title = {Forestry and food security}, series = {FAO forestry paper 90}, year = {1989}, month = {1989}, pages = {128}, publisher = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}, organization = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}, address = {Rome}, abstract = {This report summarizes the current state of understanding regarding the links between forestry and food security. It is the result of a series of investigations begun in 1985 in response to the widely felt concern that excessive deforestation is threatening not only the soil and water base essential for continued food production, but also the present and future availability of the many forest plants and animals that are sources of food.}, keywords = {agroforestry, Amazonia, cash crops, cloud forests, common property, erosion, fodder, fuelwood, gardens, fallows, gender, Ghana, household, mangroves, microclimate, plant foods, salinization, soil conservation, water conservation, wildlife , windbreaks, women, yields}, isbn = {92-5-102847-8, 978-92-5-102847-6}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/20998704}, author = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)} } @book {333, title = {Forestry and nutrition: A reference manual}, year = {1989}, month = {1989}, publisher = {FAO}, organization = {FAO}, address = {Bangkok, Thailand}, abstract = {The first section provides a brief overview of the links between forestry and nutrition and a review of the findings from the literature. This is followed by an annotated bibliography which includes 239 references. Subject and geographic indices are included to facilitate use of the bibliography. The purposes of this reference manual are to highlight what is known about the linkages between forestry and nutrition and to provide a guide for further research into this area. It is directed to foresters and nutritionists alike and draws on information from their respective literature as well as from other areas of relevant study. Although the reference manual focuses on nutrition and forestry in general, it is directed to those working on forestry and nutrition issues in developing countries, and thus, focuses on regions of the tropics and subtropics. (author)}, keywords = {agroforestry, conservation, ethnobotany, ethnomedicine, fodder, fuelwood, livestock, medicinal plants, plant foods, rural development, wildlife }, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/66373043}, author = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Regional Forestry Officer} } @book {334, title = {Forestry and nutrition: A reference manual}, year = {1989}, month = {1989}, pages = {v, 114}, publisher = {FAO, RAPA}, organization = {FAO, RAPA}, address = {Bangkok, Thailand}, abstract = {This document contains literature from a variety of relevant disciplines and includes material which may be useful for selecting specific forestry activities to strengthen food security. In the presentation of this bibliography, the subject areas in which more research is needed are highlighted.}, keywords = {animal foods, ethnobotany, ethnomedicine, fodder, fuelwood, plant foods, range and livestock management, traditional medicine, wildlife }, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/66373043}, author = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific} } @book {340, title = {Household food security and forestry: An analysis of socio-economic issues}, year = {1989}, month = {1989}, pages = {147}, publisher = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}, organization = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}, address = {Rome}, abstract = {The focus of this study is on the socio-economic aspects of forestry{\textquoteright}s role in household food security. It draws together information on household foods and income which are actually derived from activities dependent on tree and forest products. It examines their importance in different situations and among different population groups and how the uses of these resources are changing, focusing particularly on the impacts on the poor and women. The study also addresses the consequences of decreasing forest resources and discusses the implications for forest policy and for management of forests and trees outside the forests.}, keywords = {agroforestry, deforestation, energy, fodder, fuelwood, gardening, gender, honey, nutrition, nuts and seeds, plant foods, women}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/21140813}, author = {FAO Forestry Department, Forests, Trees and People [Program]} } @book {373, title = {People, tree planting and forestry extension some examples from central region}, series = {Fuelwood Development for Energy in Sudan, Field Document no. 35}, year = {1989}, month = {September 1989}, pages = {80}, publisher = {Government of the Republic of Sudan}, organization = {Government of the Republic of Sudan}, address = {Khartoum}, abstract = {The purpose of this report is to demonstrate some relations between people, their local conditions and forestry extension. The report in particular is concerned with people{\textquoteright}s needs for trees and forest products, the possibilities of tree planting and people{\textquoteright}s knowledge of trees.}, keywords = {agroforestry, fuelwood, Khartoum, Sudan}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/65434273}, author = {Hallgeir Kismul} } @inbook {916, title = {Succession management and resource distribution in an Amazonian rain forest}, booktitle = {Resource management in Amazonia: Indigenous and folk strategies}, series = {Advances in economic botany no. 7}, year = {1989}, month = {1989}, pages = {223-237}, publisher = {New York Botanical Garden}, organization = {New York Botanical Garden}, address = {Bronx, NY}, abstract = {

Many Amazonian peoples have a profound effect on rain forest structure and species composition through a process I call succession management. This article describes and examines the extent of such management in a Runa Indian community in Napo Province, Equador. The Runa live in dispersed settlements at low density, below 2 persons/km2. Unlike Amazonian people living in concentrated settlements, they are not under strong pressure to intensify succession management in order to concentrate forest resources. In order to assess the magnitude of such manipulation under low density conditions, I compare succession in two managed and two unmanaged five-year-old forest fallows. I found that management increases the species diversity of trees greater than 10 cm dbh (diameter at breast height). Planted tree crops accounted for between 8\% and 19\% of trees in this size class, and protected secondary species for between 6\% and 16\%. The distribution of many species, however, was not the result of conscious management decisions, although seedling establishment may have been altered by agriculture. It is possible that succession management in this Runa community could be further intensified to increase the proportion of useful planted and protected species. Nevertheless, resources present in Runa managed fallows provide significant amounts of food, construction material, and firewood as well as medicinal plants and other needed household items. (author)

}, keywords = {agroforestry, Amazon, Ecuador, fuelwood, rainforests, resource management, Runa, South America, succession}, isbn = {0-89327-340-6; 978-0-89327-340-8}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/19623957}, author = {Dominique Irvine}, editor = {Darrell Addison Posey and William L. BaleĢe} } @book {414, title = {User groups as producers in participatory afforestation strategies}, year = {1989}, month = {1989}, pages = {81}, publisher = {World Bank}, organization = {World Bank}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {This paper contains a discussion of policy options and operational strategies for improving social forestry programs. The analysis of the types of social forestry approaches called "community" forestry or "village" woodlots reveals that many forestry programs intended genuinely to be participatory are formulated in fuzzy terms, are not designed around well identified social actors, and neglect to ensure clear benefit distribution arrangements and incentives. Their confused sociological conceptualization and lack of sound social engineering renders the investments in such programs much less effective than they could be. Participatory social forestry strategies must aim at engaging the rural users of fuelwood into organized activities for producing and managing forests. The author argues that the profound behavioral change to be elicited on a gigantic mass scale among farmers through social forestry strategies is an evolutionary shift from simple foraging and gathering fuelwood in naturally grown forests to cultivation trees for fuelwood. Trees and forests are to be systematically produced.}, keywords = {agroforestry, fuelwood}, isbn = {0-8213-1416-5, 978-0-8213-1416-6}, url = {http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/1989/12/437451/user-groups-producers- participatory-afforestation-strategies}, author = {Michael M. Cernea} } @article {573, title = {Grassroots conservation: Veld products and people}, journal = {African Wildlife}, volume = {43}, year = {1988}, month = {1988}, pages = {286-293}, abstract = {The author calls plants "green glue," meaning they keep the soil together. He uses the term "veld products" and defines it as the use of plants by people for medicine, food supplements, shelter, fuel, etc. He is calling on researchers to develop and expand their focus on veld products. He talks of the needs of both plants and humans, vegetation change and plant use, resource management and conservation. He also talks of the consequences of conservation in his conclusion.}, keywords = {Acacia mearnsii, agroforestry, Australian black wattle, ethnobotany, fuelwood, Institute of Natural Resources, Kwa Zulu, Mark Gandar, medicinal plants, Natal, natural resource management, plants, qwa qwa, resource conservation, resource management, Southern Africa, Southern Life Association}, author = {Tony Cunningham} } @article {633, title = {Pasture growth and floristic composition under the shade of guava (Psidium guajava L.) trees in Costa Rica}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {6}, year = {1988}, month = {February 1988}, pages = {153-162}, abstract = {

Guava (Psidium guajava L.) trees in naturalized, unimproved pastures produce valuable firewood, fruit, shade, and other benefits. The effects of guavas on pasture growth and floristic composition were evaluated. Shaded and non-shaded pastures are floristically very similar. Total growth under shade is 49\–63\% of that in the open. Axonopus compressus and Paspalum conjugatum were the most prominent grasses in both sun and shade.

}, keywords = {floristic composition, fuelwood, pasture growth, Psidium guajava, total growth, unimproved pasture}, doi = {10.1007/BF02344752}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02344752}, author = {Eduardo Somarriba} } @article {636, title = {Pollarding for multiple benefits}, journal = {Northern Journal of Applied Forestry}, volume = {5}, year = {1988}, note = {Reprint Series No. R974, Illinois State Natural History Survey}, month = {June 1988}, pages = {148-152}, abstract = {Pollarding is a traditional method of producing fuelwood in agroforestry systems where livestock browsing restricts tree regeneration by seedlings or coppice sprouts. As in coppicing, pollarding produces successive crops of wood from the vegetative sprouts of repeatedly harvested trees, but in pollarding the dominant sprouts are formed near the top of permanent trunks above the reach of livestock. The unique structure of pollards also makes them suitable for use as short-rotation fuelwood trees where fire restricts tree regeneration at ground level. In addition to fuelwood, pollards produce other tree products, as well as soil, wildlife, and esthetic benefits. With this combination of benefits, pollarding has potential for ameliorating certain environmental problems in the midwestern United States and for meeting the multiple objectives of many woodland owners. To assess this potential, we measured biomass yields and sprouting characteristics of honey locust and pin oak pollards harvested on 15- and 11-year rotations, respectively. Both species produced moderate yields of biomass and responded vigorously to pollarding. Potential benefits and problems of the method are discussed and applications of pollarding in farm and nonfarm settings are proposed.}, keywords = {fuelwood, pollarding}, author = {Christopher D. Burnett and David Gilluly} } @book {286, title = {A survey of women{\textquoteright}s attitudes toward forestry and fuelwood in eight rural villages in eastern Sudan}, series = {Field document (Fuelwood Development for Energy in Sudan) no. 31}, year = {1988}, month = {March 1988}, pages = {41 leaves}, publisher = {Forests Administration}, organization = {Forests Administration}, address = {Khartoum, Sudan}, abstract = {This report analyzes a survey of Sudanese women{\textquoteright}s attitudes toward forestry and fuelwood. The survey was carried out in December, 1986 in eight rural villages in Eastern Sudan. It was sponsored by FAO{\textquoteright}s Fuelwood Development for Energy Project and designed and carried out by students from Ahfad University for Women in Omdurman. It is the first survey of this size and scope to focus specifically on women{\textquoteright}s attitudes as they relate to forestry in Sudan. Based on the results of this survey, forestry extension staff will be able to strengthen and expand existing forestry programs to address the needs and perceptions of rural women.}, keywords = {agroforestry, fuelwood, Khartoum, Sudan}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/29011350}, author = {Rosemary N. Furfey} } @proceedings {482, title = {Trees on small farms: Multipurpose tree species research for the arid and semi-arid tropics}, year = {1988}, month = {Nov 16-19, 1987}, publisher = {Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development}, address = {Arlington, VA}, abstract = {In recognition of the rapid depletion of tropical forest resources and the increased scarcity of fuelwood and other tree products, the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) designed and funded the Forestry/Fuelwood Research and Development Project. F/FRED provides a network through which scientists exchange research plans, methods and results on the production and use of trees to meet the needs of small-scale farmers in Asia. These fast-growing, high-yielding trees are appropriately termed multipurpose tree species (MPTS). To date, network trials have been established on 16 sites in the humid and semi-humid tropics. Participants are 10 Asian scientists from Indonesia, Malaysia, Pakistan, Philippines, Taiwan and Thailand.}, keywords = {agroforestry, fuelwood}, editor = {David A. Taylor and Lee Medema} } @book {416, title = {We eat trees: Tree planting and land rehabilitation in West Pokot District, Kenya: a baseline study (Working Paper)}, series = {Forest, Trees and People Working Paper np. 82}, year = {1988}, month = {1988}, pages = {123}, publisher = {Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, International Rural Development Centre}, organization = {Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, International Rural Development Centre}, address = {Uppsala [Sweden]}, abstract = {During early discussion with the management of the VI Tree Planting Project, it appeared to the author that there were three lodestars to guide the project{\textquoteright}s activities. First, by enclosing waste lands and planting trees in the semi-arid parts of West Pokot district, a rapid improvement of the environment is brought about. Grass invades the enclosed areas, soil erosion is arrested, and the productivity of the land is improved. This impresses the farmers of the area, who become interested in land rehabilitation. Secondly, in the higher potential areas of West Pokot district and in Trans Nzoia district, the project concentrates on producing and distributing seedlings of rapidly growing leguminous species. These will improve soil fertility and provide fuelwood in these densely populated and treeless areas. Thirdly, through cooperation with the many women groups on the settlement schemes in Trans Nzoia, the project hopes to reach a large number of families and encourage them to plant trees. (author)}, keywords = {afforestation, agroforestry, erosion, extension, farmer participatory research, fodder, fuelwood, grazing, herding, Kenya, land use, livestock, pastoralism, reclamation of land, reforestation, soil conservation, subsistence agriculture, tree planting, women}, isbn = {978-91-576-3510-5}, issn = {0280-4301}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/610964356}, author = {Wilhelm {\"O}stberg and Sveriges Lantbruksuniversitet, Uppsala (Sweden) and International Rural Development Centre} } @inbook {869, title = {Elements of success: Sustainable development in sub-Saharan Africa}, booktitle = {World Resources 1987: An assessment of the resource base that supports the global economy}, year = {1987}, note = {Chapter 14}, month = {April 1987}, pages = {221-238}, publisher = {Basic Books}, organization = {Basic Books}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {In recent years, Africa{\textquoteright}s farmers and herders, its soils and forests, have been chasing each other down a vicious spiral of environmental degradation and deepening poverty. Conventional development efforts by donors and governments have largely failed to halt the spiral, indeed in some cases have aggravated it. The need to find solutions is urgent. Africa not only must increase its energy and found output in line with rapidly expanding populations, but must do so in a way that preserves the resource base and enhances the welfare and income of the majority. Despite the general landscape of failure, a growing number of projects and programs -- governmental, intergovernmental, and nongovernmental -- have succeeded. This chapter examines some of those "success stories" and attempts to draw some more general lessons that can point to a "recipe for success" in sub-Saharan Africa.}, keywords = {agroforestry, alley cropping, Burkina Faso, cassava, charcoal , drought, fuelwood, green revolution, Kenya, maize, Niger, Nigeria, OXFAM, rainfall, reforestation, soil fertility, stoves, trypanosomiasis, water conservation, windbreaks, Zimbabwe}, isbn = {0-465-09239-X}, url = {https://www.wri.org/publication/world-resources-1987}, author = {International Institute for the Environment and Development (IIED) and World Resourses Institute (WRI)} } @article {838, title = {The exercise of traditional rights in Rawashda and Wad Kabo forest}, year = {1987}, month = {April 1987}, institution = {Government of the Republic of Sudan, Forests Administration}, address = {[Khartoum]}, abstract = {The adverse conditions which lead to the severe deterioration of natural resources which cause, besides serious desertification and desert encroachment, acute shortage in fuelwood energy, building and industrial materials dictate that a new outlook should be adopted to obtain participation in forest management in order to face these challenges.}, keywords = {fuelwood}, url = {http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?f=1994/XF/XF94030.xml;XF9327607}, author = {Abdelgadir Mohd Fadul} } @article {735, title = {Fuelwood, agroforestry and rural women: An overview with African emphasis}, year = {1987}, month = {April 6, 1987}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {Fuelwood and rural women should be closely tied to agroforestry in the Third World. Fuelwood scarcity poses problems for rural women. Time lost in gathering wood, rising wood costs, poorer soils, food shortage for small farm animals, less fuel for market industries, and shorter cooking time result. Diminishing natural forests mean fewer important non-wood products from the forests. Some recommendations are made.}, keywords = {agroforestry, fuelwood}, author = {Hallie Dozier} } @book {377, title = {Planning self-help forestry projects in Asia}, year = {1987}, note = {Based on the Workshop on Planning Self-Help Fuelwood Projects in Asia 1987 February 2-13 Chiang Mai and Khon Kaen, Thailand}, month = {[1987?]}, pages = {84}, publisher = {Swedish International Development Authority and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}, organization = {Swedish International Development Authority and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}, address = {[Rome]; [unidentified]}, abstract = {The purpose of the Workshop was to introduce participants to concepts and methods of self-help forestry planning. The Workshop content was primarily developed through the process of participatory learning, relying heavily on direct inputs and involvement by the participants and less on formal papers. A great deal of time was spent on field trips and group discussions, covering both the field exercises and the participants{\textquoteright} analyses of their own countries{\textquoteright} conditions. This report is designed both to review theoretical concepts and to provide practical guidelines to facilitate self-help forestry planning. The report reflects the stated emphasis of the Self-Help Workshop, which covers three main points: 1) the role of trees in farming systems, with particular emphasis on indigenous knowledge and traditional resource management in Asia; 2) the importance of local participation; factors affecting participation, and means of facilitating participation; and 3) the integrated approach to project planning which addresses the needs, attitudes and constraints of the local population.}, keywords = {agroforestry, farmer participatory research, fuelwood, on-farm research, tree planting}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/19318420}, author = {SIDA (Swedish International Development Authority/Styrelsen f{\"o}r internationell utveckling) and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)} } @book {383, title = {Restoring the balance: Women and forest resources}, year = {1987}, month = {1987}, pages = {32}, publisher = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; Swedish International Development Authority}, organization = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; Swedish International Development Authority}, address = {[Rome]; [Stockholm]}, abstract = {Trees are important in rural economies largely as a result of the uses to which they are put by women. The fact that a special relationship exists between women, the family, and trees has been ignored by past development programs.}, keywords = {agroforestry, fuelwood, reforestation}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/19792443}, author = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and SIDA (Swedish International Development Authority/Styrelsen f{\"o}r internationell utveckling)} } @article {514, title = {An evaluation of the Acacia albida-based agroforestry practices in the Hararghe highlands of Eastern Ethiopia}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {4}, year = {1986}, month = {June 1986}, pages = {129-143}, abstract = {

Growing Acacia albida as a permanent tree crop, on farmlands with cereals, vegetables and coffee underneath or in between, is an indigenous agroforestry system in the Hararghe highlands of Eastern Ethiopia. However, there is practically no systematic record or data on the merits and benefits of this practice.

The paper presents the results of an investigation into the effects of the presence of A. albida on farmlands on the yield of maize (Zea mays L.) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench). Twenty-seven plot pairs each consisting of one plot underneath the A. albida foliage cover and the other in the open, away from the tree - on farmers\&$\#$39; fields, in a 40 km radius around the Alemaya College of Agriculture - were sampled and the yield components analyzed. A statistically significant increase in crops yields by 56\% on average was found for the crops under the tree canopies compared to those away from the trees. This increase was caused by the improvement in 1,000 grain weight and number of grains of plants under the tree, indicating that the trees enhanced the fertility status of the soil and improved its physical conditions in terms of crop growth. Additional benefits from the A. albida trees include supply of fuelwood and fodder. Quantitative estimates of these outputs as well as their monetary values are presented in the paper. However, in order to realize these benefits to a discernible extent, higher stand densities of the tree than at present are required.

Based on an enquiry about the farmers attitude towards A. albida, the prospects for an extension of this promising agroforestry technique are discussed against the background of the state and trends of development of agriculture in the area. It is surmised that despite some shortcomings like the relatively slow and highly variable growth of A. albida and a conflict with the spreading cultivation of Ch\&$\#$39;at (Catha edulis Forsk.), the prospects of extension of this technique are good.

It is recommended that its propagation should be incorporated into the programmes of the extension agencies of the various governmental agencies concerned with land use.

}, keywords = {Acacia albida, agroforestry, Ch{\textquoteright}at, Ethiopia, fuelwood, Hararghe highlands, maize, sorghum}, doi = {10.1007/BF00141545}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00141545}, author = {Peter Poschen} } @proceedings {474, title = {Forestry networks}, year = {1986}, month = {September 1986}, publisher = {Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development}, address = {Morrillton, AR}, abstract = {Rapid depletion of forest reserves and the growing scarcity of wood for cooking and tree products for other household uses have emerged in recent years as a growing concern of development planners and specialists in most countries and development institutions. In recognition of this AID identified forestry research as one of its top four priorities for long-term commitment.}, keywords = {agroforestry, fuelwood}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/14412966}, author = {F/FRED Forestry Networks Workshop}, editor = {Adams, Norma and Robert K. Dixon} } @article {840, title = {The implications of farming systems analysis for land titling in the area of Quimistan, Santa Barbara, Honduras}, year = {1986}, note = {CIKARD copy is a draft}, month = {January 1986}, institution = {Institute for Environmental Studies, Land Tenure Center}, address = {University of Wisconsin-Madison}, abstract = {

This document summarizes a farming systems analysis carried out in the region of Quimistan, Department of Santa Barbara, Honduras, during January 1986. The work was done as a part of the Land Tenure Center\&$\#$39;s evaluation of the Honduran Land Titling Project. Our objectives were to characterize the agricultural systems and land use practices in the area, to identify problems and constraints related to land use, and to assess actual and potential impacts of the land titling project on agriculture in the region. The study is comprised of two parts:

  1. an agro-ecological characterization of the zone and
  2. detailed case studies of eight farming systems.
}, keywords = {agroforestry, crop rotation, fallow, fertilizer, firewood, fuelwood, herbicide, land tenure, manure, peasant community, pesticides, shifting cultivation, slash and burn, trees, tropical forests}, author = {Becky J. Brown and Alexander Coles} } @article {826, title = {Integrated land use in forest reserves in Eastern region: Global diagnosis and the involvement of the people}, year = {1986}, month = {February 1986}, institution = {Government of the Republic of Sudan}, address = {Khartoum, Sudan}, abstract = {

Fuelwood Development for Energy in Sudan

This document was written as one of the studies required for the preparation of a \"model\" management plan for the Rawashda Forest Reserve in Kassala Province. The emphasis of the plan is on integrated resource management and its objective will be to prescribe actions that will benefit all users of the forest reserve in order to provide a sustained yield of products such as fuelwood, fodder and so on.

}, keywords = {fodder, fuelwood, integrated resource management}, url = {http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?f=1994/XF/XF94028.xml;XF9327553}, author = {A. G. Seif el Din} } @inbook {897, title = {Mountain people in the Philippines: Ethnographic contributions to upland development}, booktitle = {Man, agriculture and the tropical forest: Change and development in the Philippine uplands}, year = {1986}, note = {Chapter 3}, month = {1986}, pages = {49-51 and 76-85 [43-85]}, publisher = {Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development}, organization = {Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development}, address = {Bangkok, Thailand}, abstract = {A crisis of deforestation and consequent soil erosion looms in many southeast Asian upland ecosystems. Blame for this problem has been attributed to both slash and burn agriculturalists or timber extraction industries. To the extent that the actions of uplanders rather than legal and illegal logging are seen as being responsible for diminishing forest reserves, a growing demand exists among policy-makers and foresters for a more holistic, interdisciplinary approach to appropriate intervention strategies. Anthropologists are now frequently incorporated into technical programs and are given a growing recognition that economic change cannot be understood adequately in isolation from the social institutional framework. Recent efforts in social forestry, for example, suggest that anthropological perspectives have direct practical applicability to development programs.}, keywords = {agroforestry, animal feed, community forestry, fallow, fuelwood, medicine, rice, swiddens}, isbn = {0933595123; 9780933595125}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/18193024}, author = {Susan D. Russell}, editor = {Sam Fujisaka and Percy E. Sajise and Romulo del Castillo} } @article {699, title = {The tree that purifies water: Cultivating multipurpose Moringaceae in the Sudan}, journal = {Unasylva (FAO)}, volume = {38}, year = {1986}, month = {February 1986}, pages = {23-28}, abstract = {Suspensions of seed powder from trees and shrubs of the Moringaceae family can effectively be used to clarify water, even turbid water from the River Nile. But species from this family have a variety of other uses as well. Although they show considerable promise for multipurpose use in the tropical belt, little is known about how to cultivate the various species. This article examines different methods of cultivation appropriate to different species -- often with surprising results.}, keywords = {agroforestry, fodder, fuelwood, medicinal plants, oil, ornamental trees, spices}, url = {http://www.fao.org/docrep/r7750e/r7750e04.htm$\#$the\%20tree\%20that\%20purifies\%20water:\%20cultivating\%20multipurpose\%20moringaceae\%20in\%20the\%20sudan}, author = {Samia Al Azharia Jahn and Hassan A. Musnad and Heinz Burgstaller} } @book {419, title = {Women and community forestry in Sudan}, year = {1986}, month = {[1986?]}, pages = {28}, publisher = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}, organization = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}, address = {[Rome]}, abstract = {Eighty percent of Sudan{\textquoteright}s population relies on trees to meet energy needs. High demands for firewood has led to the disappearance of about one-third of Sudan{\textquoteright}s forests. Reforestation has become a high priority with one goal hoping to convert wood consumers into tree producers. Special programs have been implemented to inform villagers about the need for trees and their capability to grow trees. Special women{\textquoteright}s committees are formed, and with the help of female extensionists, women begin small nurseries in the village or even in their own homes. Tree planting allows to plan for the future in order to meet the growing demand and to slow the effects of desert encroachment.}, keywords = {agroforestry, arid region, desertification, farmer participatory research, fuelwood, Sahel}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/34367596}, author = {Caroline Webb} } @book {395, title = {The agroforestry survey in Kakamega District: Final report}, series = {Kenya Woodfuel Development Program Working Paper 6}, year = {1985}, month = {May 1985}, pages = {38}, publisher = {[Beijer Institute]}, organization = {[Beijer Institute]}, address = {Nairobi, Kenya}, abstract = {This document includes the summary and conclusions of the survey mentioned above. It discusses activities of The Kenya Woodfuel Development Programme, and the main subjects of interest in the survey, which were: the present woody biomass situation on the farm, the activities undertaken by farmers to try to maintain present woody biomass and the present fuelwood supply situation within the households.}, keywords = {Africa, fuelwood}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/16875028}, author = {Berry Van Gelder and Paul Kerkhof and Kenya Woodfuel Development Programme} } @article {536, title = {Contributions of indigenous silviculture to forestry development in rural areas: Examples from Niger and Mali}, journal = {Rural Africana}, volume = {23-24}, year = {1985}, month = {Fall 85Winter 86}, pages = {61-65}, abstract = {The slogan "planting and maintaining trees" that was adopted by Niger for its 1984 national reforestation campaign is a significant example of the efforts presently being made by a Sahelian country in its aim to provide for a less desolate environment. An initial reaction to the diminishing forest cover due to the combined pressure exerted on it for years by man, animals, and climate consists of increasing the production. Man, consequently, will reforest in order to protect the soil, to have firewood, and to enjoy the fruits from his trees. We have come to learn, during our visits in the Sahel, that man has, for a long time, been carrying out reforestation activities often on an exclusively individual basis. Some examples from Niger and Mali are given. (author)}, keywords = {agroforestry, fuelwood}, author = {Pierre Montagne} } @article {676, title = {The Dinderesso Forestry School: Case study of extension forestry training in Burkina Faso}, journal = {Rural Africana}, volume = {23-24}, year = {1985}, month = {Fall 85-Win. 86}, pages = {107-114}, abstract = {This paper discusses the evolution of the training program at the National Forestry School of Burkina Faso and the development of a new curriculum with increased emphasis on practical training in extension forestry techniques. In retrospect, the experience gained at Dinderesso over these four years and that from other comparable forestry schools in the Sahel clearly justify a significant effort to upgrade and reorient the training of forest service field agents, in order better to prepare them to meet the challenges of environmental conservation and natural resource management in the Sahel. (author)}, keywords = {agroforestry, education, fuelwood, soils}, author = {Robert T. Winterbottom and Peter E. Linehan} } @article {684, title = {The Guesselbodi experiment: Bushland management in Niger}, journal = {Rural Africana}, volume = {23-24}, year = {1985}, month = {Fa 1985-Win 1986}, pages = {67-77}, abstract = {This article discusses the Guesselbodi forest management plan in Niger, in outline form. From the design through beginning of implementation the project is interested in long-term sustainability of the Sahelian land resource and with popular participation. The parceled national forest is being managed with many goals, both of the researchers and local villagers to maximize the restoration of degraded land and biospecies and to be viable in the long and short-term to the region are the main priorities. If this outline is not exaggerated, it is a rare example of a complementary interaction of outside scientists and local knowledge and concern. It deals with the issues of indigenous management, ineffectiveness and destruction of straight production-oriented development, the difficulties of popular participation as research cooperation. The project deals with soil erosion, restoration, fuelwood tree species, carrying capacity for rangeland and farmland, windbreaks, water harvest, agroforestry, among other enlightened development topics.}, keywords = {forest management, fuelwood, Sahel, soil conservation, soil erosion, water conservation}, author = {John G. Heermans} } @proceedings {412, title = {Understanding tree use in farming systems: Based on the Workshop on Planning Fuelwood Projects with Participation of Rural People, Lilongwe, Malawi, 12-30 November 1984}, year = {1985}, month = {1985}, publisher = {FAO}, address = {Rome}, abstract = {The purpose of the Workshop was twofold: first, to provide the participants with relevant and practically useful information on farming systems--to show that planning for tree- planting in rural areas must take account of complex, established systems of food production, livestock management, and off-farm income, and that it must appreciate the major social relationships; second, to acquaint participants with the basic information on rural societies that was necessary for successful planning and the main methods of acquiring such information.}, keywords = {agroforestry, fuelwood}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/25636078}, author = {FAO Workshop on Planning Fuelwood Projects with Participation of Rural People} } @book {323, title = {Farm and community forestry}, series = {Energy Information Programme Technical Report no. 3}, year = {1984}, month = {1984}, pages = {236}, publisher = {Earthscan, International Institute for Environment and Development}, organization = {Earthscan, International Institute for Environment and Development}, address = {London; Washington, DC}, abstract = {This is a portion (Chapters 2 through 6) of the book. Chapter 2, "Traditions of Tree Cultivation" discusses the old and widespread tradition of agroforestry. The use of trees to increase agricultural productivity and to enrich the soil is an ancient practice. Trees are often used for fodder, windbreaks, boundaries, etc. Trees also provide cash crops (coconuts, rubber, gum arabic, commercial firewood, etc.). Chapter 3, "The Causes of Tree Depletion" covers the causes of tree depletion. Trees are being cut down at accellerating rates in order to provide firewood and agricultural land. This can be constructively done under the proper circumstances, but often unsuitable land is being left open for erosion. The basic problem is that human and animal populations are growing at a faster rate than trees can match. Organized efforts to combat the problem have thus far succeeded only in revealing its magnitude. Chapter 4, "Constraints on Tree Growing" describes some constraints to tree planting in developing nations. Some farmers believe that trees harbor insects or harmful birds. In other localities, a shortage of trees is not yet apparent. Communal ownership of land may make people reluctant to take responsibility for trees. In semiarid areas (where trees might do the most good), trees are hardest to plant and care for. Chapter 5, "Farm Forestry" discusses the commercial growing of trees on private land. Wealthier farmers can afford large-scale operations with high start-up costs. Poorer farmers might raise a few trees for lumber or nuts, etc., if the cost is negligible. Cash incentives and credit plans might enable more farmers to grow more trees. A farm forestry plan must (1) provide support to all classes of farmers, (2) provide a clear social and environmental benefit, and (3) avoid harming the local job situation (trees can be less labor-intensive than other crops). Chapter 6, "Tree Growing for Family Uses" examines "family forestry" (tree-based subsistance farming). Such operations are generally simple to set up but must meet some locally perceived need. It may take years for trees to prove themselves as moneymakers.}, keywords = {coppicing, fuelwood, pollarding, traditional agroforestry, trees}, isbn = {0-905347-53-6; 978-0-905347-53-0}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/11877494}, author = {Gerald Foley and G.W. Barnard} } @article {734, title = {Fuelwood, agro-forestry, and natural resource management: The development significance of land tenure and other resource management/utilization systems}, year = {1984}, note = {Prepared for U.S. AID/PPC/PDPR under Purchase Order OTR-0000-0-00-3441-00, April 1984}, month = {April 1984}, publisher = {Institute for Development Anthropology}, address = {Binghamton, New York}, abstract = {

Traditions of tree planting vary. Some societies saw no need to plant any trees, others planted a few for fruit, shade or poles, a few others had elaborate agro-forestry systems, making effective use of many species. In nearly all societies, people knew a great deal about trees and their properties, as demonstrated by the many detailed ethnobotanical studies. (author)

Looked at in this paper are the topics of tree planting - who plants and why, factors in tree planting, seed supply, soil, rainfall, pests, etc., along with a list of trees planted in different parts of Africa.
This paper contains part (G)-Tree Planting-of the manuscript Fuelwood, Agro-Forestry, and Natural Resource Management: The Development Significance of Land Tenure and Other Resource Management/Utilization Systems. This paper also contains a working bibliography for the manuscript; however, one page is missing.

}, keywords = {Africa, agroforestry, ethnobotany, forestry, fuelwood, land administration, land tenure, natural resources, Tanzania, trees}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4433438576}, author = {David Brokensha and Alfonso H. Peter Castro and Manasendu Kundu and Barry Hewlett} } @proceedings {289, title = {Agroforestry in the Sahel: A concept paper based on the Niamey Agroforestry Seminar, 23 May-9 June 1983}, year = {1983}, month = {August 1983}, publisher = {Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Department of Sociology}, address = {Blacksburg, VA}, abstract = {

Contrary to many other parts of arid or semi-arid Africa throughout the entire Sahel the relatively recent term \"agroforestry\" fits well with the existing typical, savannah-park landscape. Farmers in a belt reaching from Senegal to Chad have always preserved selected trees in their fields and they continue to do so as long as changing circumstances and increasing land pressure permit. Across the Sahel the tree cover is disappearing at a continuously high rate. Comparison of older and more recent aerial photos provide proof of a significant loss of natural tree cover, For instance, in a forest reserve near Niamey losses range from 60\% to 10\% in 20 years. Local residents are forced to trim and cut individual branches from nearby trees more frequently as firewood from the open brush areas becomes increasingly scarce. It is very important to note, however, the only large scale, completely treeless farm areas found today in the cereal belts of the Sahel, are development projects sites where trees were removed because they were judged by \"experts\" to be superfluous or obstructing heavy modern farm equipment and machinery. (author)

}, keywords = {agroforestry, fuelwood}, url = {http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNAAY565.pdf}, author = {Fred R. Weber and Marilyn W. Hoskins} } @article {818, title = {Development approaches: General conclusions, recommendations and summary of the seven thematic studies}, year = {1983}, month = {1983}, institution = {COTA}, address = {Brussels, Belgium}, abstract = {

The aim of this study is to describe the approaches which encourage or might encourage the development of rural societies in the Third World. The study brings out on the one hand the technologies at present used by these rural societies and their potential for improvement, and on the other hand the new technologies which they can integrate into their development process.

Using numerous examples of projects, often carried out by NGOs, we show how they act in developing old and new technologies, perfecting technical innovations and fitting them into the rural community. (author)

Summary of the seven thematic studies:

  1. reafforestation and fuelwood savings;
  2. wells and boreholds \— replenishment of groundwater resources in the Sahel region;
  3. grain storage;
  4. processing of oil-bearing crops;
  5. alternative building techniques;
  6. metalworking; and
  7. village savings and credit schemes.
}, keywords = {agroforestry, building techniques, fuelwood, grain storage, groundwater, oil- bearing crops, rural development, savings and credit, technical assistance}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/18967554}, author = {Moussa Ba and Michel Lens and Oscar Sarroca and Bintou Simpore and Bernard Van Doren} } @conference {923, title = {The role of trees in agroforestry: Some comments}, booktitle = {Plant research and agroforestry: Proceedings of a consultative meeting held in Nairobi, 8 to 15 April 1981}, year = {1983}, note = {

Proceedings of a Consultative Meeting held in Nairobi, 8 to 15 April 1981

Chapter 18

}, month = {1983}, pages = {257-270}, publisher = {International Council for Research in Agroforestry}, organization = {International Council for Research in Agroforestry}, address = {Nairobi, Kenya}, abstract = {

In agroforestry land use systems, the woody perennial components (\&$\#$39;trees\&$\#$39;) play a role in both productivity and sustainability. Some general characteristics of woody perennials are outlined and the need to consider the possible advantages or disadvantages of these in relation to specific agroforestry systems is emphasized. In deciding about introducing trees on farm land the challenge is to answer the questions: What trees? How many? How are they best arranged? Answers to the first of these will arise from the many existing and planned trials with multipurpose trees now being established worldwide. This paper addresses mainly the second question: How many trees?

Three-dimensional diagrams are used to illustrate the effects of a replacement series (tree-crop, crop-tree) on changes in total productivity and soil status with time. The types of response surfaces produced are discussed and various \&$\#$39;scenarios\&$\#$39; shown to illustrate the value of this approach. Such diagrams are less a predictive tool than a means of comprehending the plant and environment changes involved.

The final section briefly discusses tree/shrub arrangement, which will depend on management considerations, soil/water conservation needs, and biological aspects of optimizing productivity. (author)

}, keywords = {agriculture, agroforestry, botany, community woodlots, crops, fuelwood, rainforests, tree crops}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/11698847}, author = {P. A. Huxley}, editor = {P. A. Huxley} } @conference {767, title = {Fuelwood production in traditional farming systems}, booktitle = {Paper presented at ESCAP/FAO/UNEP Expert Group Meeting on Fuelwood and Charcoal 1981, Nairobi, Kenya}, series = {Energy Resources Development Series no. 24}, year = {1982}, month = {May 5-11, 1981}, pages = {53-59}, publisher = {United Nations}, organization = {United Nations}, address = {New York}, abstract = {The purpose of this paper is to present and discuss some examples of rural forestry and provide a general framework for its improvement and intensification with fuelwood production as a major aim.}, keywords = {agroforestry, fuelwood}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/11582957}, author = {Ben Salem and Tran van Nao} } @article {745, title = {Why do people grow trees?}, year = {1982}, month = {1982}, abstract = {This paper examines the reasons behind the shift from not planting trees to planting trees in the last few decades. The author opens the paper with a series of questions concerning and gives the answers to the questions in the paper citing case studies of tree planting practices in Zanzibar, Malawi, Kenya, Mali, and Sudan.}, keywords = {Africa, agroforestry, fuelwood}, author = {Noronha Raymond} } @conference {747, title = {Agro-forestry systems for drylands of arid and semi-arid regions of India}, booktitle = {Paper presented at Agro-forestry in Arid and Semi-Arid Zones, June 15-July 18, 1981; Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur, India}, year = {1981}, month = {06/15-07/18/1981}, address = {Jodhpur, India}, abstract = {This document contains information about how agroforestry is affected by climate in the semi-arid to arid regions of the earth. It also provides a list of suitable species of trees and crops for an agroforestry system. Other sections included are: Species of firewood crops suited to varying environments of arid and semi-arid regions of India; and, dryland crops suited to arid and semi-arid regions of India.}, keywords = {environment, field crops, firewood, forestry, fuelwood, India, trees}, author = {R. P. Singh} } @article {837, title = {The dynamics of traditional systems of forest management in Nepal: Implications for the community forestry development and training project}, year = {1981}, note = {Report to the World Bank/International Finance Corporation}, month = {1981}, institution = {World Bank}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {

The Nepal Community Forestry Development and Training Project, which is now in its first year of implementation, aims to increase supplies of fuelwood, fodder, grass, and timber by allocating greater responsibility for forest management and protection to local communities. As such it depends largely for its success upon generation of local motivation, cooperation, and involvement. This report investigates the dynamics of the traditional systems of forest management in a number of communities in Nepal to assess the potential for local participation, the existing constraints on the active involvement of local farmers in forest plantation, rehabilitation, and preservation, and the type of changes in strategy needed to ensure better project implementation. There is no single formula for local participation in preservation or maintenance of existing forest resources; rather, the individual adaptation of a panchayat/community management system to local conditions and needs is the main criteria for success. Some of the key factors contributing to success of a traditional system are:

}, keywords = {benefits, community relationship, cultivation, economic inequality, fodder, forest products, fuelwood, incentives, leaders, Nepal, ownership, sanctions, women}, author = {Augusta Molnar} } @conference {804, title = {Traditional agro-forestry practices in arid zone of Rajasthan}, booktitle = {Paper presented at the Summer Institute on Agro-Forestry in Arid and Semi-Arid Zones, 15th June to 14th July, 1981}, year = {1981}, month = {June-July 1981}, publisher = {Central Arid Zone Research Institute}, organization = {Central Arid Zone Research Institute}, address = {Jodhpur, India}, abstract = {

In this paper the author discusses the agroforestry practices in different agro-climatic zones in Rajashthan. Six benefits were listed for the reason agroforestry techniques were needed:

  1. meeting fuel requirements,
  2. fencing materials,
  3. construction of lodging,
  4. fodder,
  5. food for human consumption, and
  6. protection against soil erosion and green manure.

The author then discusses in detail the types of trees used to meet the communities specific needs, in particular the Bordi and Khehri species.

}, keywords = {Bordi, community forestry, fuelwood, Khejri}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/10369344}, author = {S. P. Malhotra} } @conference {806, title = {Tree and shrub species for agroforestry systems in arid and semi arid regions}, booktitle = {Summer Institute on Agro-forestry in Arid and Semi-arid Zones}, volume = {1}, year = {1981}, note = {Lecture delivered at Agroforestry in Arid and Semi-arid Zones June 15{\textendash}July 14, 1981}, month = {06/15-07/14/1981}, publisher = {Central Arid Zone Research Institute}, organization = {Central Arid Zone Research Institute}, address = {Jodhpur, India}, abstract = {

Lists of trees, where they grow and what they are used for.

In the tropics, uncertain supplies and increasing costs of feed, fertilizer and food coupled with projected population increases are giving the leguminous trees, whose foliage is browsed by animals, a status they have never enjoyed previously.

Trees and shrubs play a dual role in the forage supply, serving both as shade for grass and as forage themselves. In dry tropics, in particular, shrubs and trees are precious for without them stock raising would probably be impossible as pasture grasses die when upper soil layers lose their moisture, but tree roots exploit deep underground moisture and they continue to flourish. (author)

}, keywords = {agroforestry, fuelwood}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/10369344}, author = {H. S. Mann} } @article {729, title = {Agroforestry practices in the dry regions}, year = {1980}, month = {October 1981}, pages = {419-434}, publisher = {ICRAF}, address = {Nairobi, Kenya}, abstract = {

Several diagrams are included which relate to the items listed below.

This document looks at agroforestry practices in regions characterized by prolonged dry seasons of eight to ten months, low summer rainfall of 200 to 600 mm, exhibiting high yearly fluctuations and high temperatures which often exceed 40C. In this region evaporation, which is accelerated by high temperatures and dry wind currents, is very high, possibly reaching over 20 mm/day during the hotest months. (author)

Sections in this document include: land use practices in Kenya; and, examples of agroforestry practices--Gum Gardens in the Sudan, the Bougag{\'e} Land Rotation System in Niger, and, the use of multi-purpose farm trees.

}, keywords = {Africa, crop rotation, fallow, fuelwood, multipurpose tree species, shifting cultivation}, author = {A. G. Seif el Din}, editor = {Louise Buck} } @article {833, title = {Species and part of tree collected}, year = {1980}, note = {Devers, Inc. has also been a credited author.}, month = {August 1980}, institution = {Bureau for Program and Policy Coordination, U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID)}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {

People everywhere have a precise evaluation of firewood, knowing which species and parts of trees are the best for specific purposes \— for roasting, simmering, brewing, quick heat, a fire to warm oneself, etc. There is extensive technical knowledge among the local collectors and users concerning the species indigenous to the region and their cooking, heating, medicinal and other qualities, passed down from one generation of users to another. (author)

}, keywords = {firewood, fuelwood, taboos}, url = {https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015064769352}, author = {Dennis H. Wood and David Brokensha and Alphonso Peter Castro and Matthew S. Gamser and Beth A. Jackson and Bernard W. Riley} } @book {364, title = {Man and tree in tropical Africa: Three essays on the role of trees in the African environment}, year = {1978}, month = {1978}, pages = {31}, publisher = {International Development Research Centre}, organization = {International Development Research Centre}, address = {Ottawa, ON, Canada}, abstract = {

Contains following essays:

The first paper examines, in general, the role of the tree in tropical Africa. Highlighted are the variety of products that can be obtained from the forests, the vital role of trees in nutrient cycling and in soil and water conservation, and their influence on both micro and macroclimate. The second essay addresses the ever important question of wood-fuel supplies. With increasing petroleum prices, greater demands than ever before are being placed on wood, and with decreasing supplies prices are rising. Wood-fuel shortages have led to a switch to other fuel sources such as manure and crop residues, which has in turn started a vicious circle of decreasing crop yields and environmental degradation. The final essay examines the age-old practice of shifting cultivation. Suggestions advanced here for tailoring new ideas to this traditional practice may well make it possible to modify or improve the system to meet modern realities. Methods involving zero tillage and the use of trees as \&$\#$39;nutrient pumps\&$\#$39; seem to offer particular promise in this regard.

}, keywords = {agroforestry, erosion control, fuelwood, soil erosion, soil fertility}, isbn = {0-88936-154-1; 978-0-88936-154-6}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5510947}, author = {Gunnar Poulsen} }