@article {509, title = {Agroforestry, attitude towards risk and nutrient availability: A case study of south Indian farming systems}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {15}, year = {1991}, month = {July 1991}, pages = {1-15}, abstract = {Introduction of two systems of agroforestry to the farmers portfolio is evaluated for their changes in cropping pattern, input use, income generation, farmers attitude towards risk and nutrient availability. Two different types of farmers are studied under both irrigated and dryland farming systems. Farm survey data collected from south Indian villages have been used with a mean-variance framework to identify the risk aversion levels of farmers. The results indicate that the risk-taking preferences of farmers should be given consideration in evaluating the impact of agroforestry systems. Among the two agroforestry systems analyzed, the one with drumstick is shown to increase the risk of crop production while the one with leucaena reduces the risk and enables farmers to invest in more risky cash crops. The impact of agroforestry on crop allocation, input use and income differs due to the differences in resource availability of farmers. The influence of agroforestry on nutrient availability of the farm households also differs based on the components of agroforestry, orientation of farming and the nature of farming systems. It is argued that design of agroforestry systems should consider differences in resource constraints in farming systems and risk attitudes of farmers towards their allocation decisions and that such considerations would largely enhance the successful adoption of agroforestry in developing countries.}, keywords = {agriculture, economics, farming systems, forestry, India, mathematical programming, mean-variance analysis, nutritional availability, portfolio theory, quadratic programming, risk attitudes}, doi = {10.1007/BF00046275}, url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00046275}, author = {S. C. Babu and B. Rajasekaran} } @article {425, title = {Agriculture and Human Values}, volume = {5}, year = {1988}, note = {Articles from Agriculture and Human Values, 5 (1-2) also listed independently.}, month = {Win-Spr 1988}, abstract = {articles; book reviews}, keywords = {development assistance, ecology, economics, ethics, famine, fisheries, food, gender, history, international development}, url = {https://www.springer.com/journal/10460} } @article {575, title = {Historical forces in world agriculture and the changing role of international development assistance}, journal = {Agriculture and Human Values}, volume = {5}, year = {1988}, note = {This article from Agriculture and Human Values, 5 (1-2) listed independently.}, month = {Win-Spr 1988}, pages = {77-91}, abstract = {

The first part of this paper discusses five sets of forces that have had a major influence on world agriculture in the post-World War II period. These include:

  1. high rates of population growth in the developing countries
  2. a steady increase in economic integration world-wide, driven by technological breakthroughs in the communication and transportation sectors
  3. major realignments in the values of national currencies
  4. growing distortions in economic policies in both the industrialized and developing countries
  5. growing diffusion of new production technology from the industrialized to the developing countries.

The second part reviews the changing role of international development assistance in support of agriculture in light of these historical forces. Such assistance successively stressed the development of extension services, food aid, institutional development of higher level education institutions, the development of research capacity, and rural development.

A look to the future is the subject of the third part of the paper. This includes a discussion of the difficulties in sustaining U.S. foreign assistance, especially when that nation is letting its own economic house fall into such disarray.

}, keywords = {development assistance, ecology, economic integration, economic policies, economics, education institution, ethics, famine, fisheries, food agricultural economics, gender, history, international development, production technology, rural development}, doi = {10.1007/BF02217179}, url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02217179}, author = {G. Edward Schuh} } @article {436, title = {The human ecology of agricultural development: The ethics and rationale of international technical cooperation in agriculture and rural life}, volume = {5}, year = {1988}, note = {Articles also listed independently.}, month = {Win-Spr 1988}, keywords = {development assistance, ecology, economics, ethics, famine, fisheries, food, gender, history, international development}, url = {http://www.springerlink.com/content/0889-048x/5/1-2/} } @article {839, title = {The half-hidden economic roles of rural Nigerian women and national development}, year = {1987}, note = {Research monograph prepared for the World Bank}, month = {October 1987}, abstract = {As Nigerian oil exports flourished, its agricultural production floundered from 45 percent of the Gross Domestic Product in 1970 to 25 percent in 1987. However, in order to understand the full measure of the Nigerian agricultural stiuation, and assess its impacts on hindering or facilitating national development, one must understand just how women fit in the various farming systems of the country. This manuscript starts with an overview of Nigeria{\textquoteright}s recent oil and agricultural situation. Next, the paper presents a glimpse of Nigeria{\textquoteright}s major variance in ethnicity, ecology, and the division of agricultural labor and resources by gender. Then, the manual examines the gender division of labor and resources in the agricultural sector, and looks at recent changes. In section four, the paper draws links from micro to macro levels, and identifies the gaps in our knowledge of gender and agricultural systems in Nigeria. Finally, the text concludes with a summary of the major findings and a series of policy recommendations.}, keywords = {Africa, agriculture, animal by-products, animal husbandry, crop by-products, economics, farm forestry, female agriculture, harvesting, marketing, national development, Nigeria, oil, processing, rural people, soils, sowing, storage, tending, transporting, weeding, women}, author = {Rae Lesser Blumberg and Lorna Lueker} } @inbook {782, title = {Managing natural resources for sustainability}, booktitle = {Sustainability Issues in Agricultural Development: Proceedings of the Seventh Agriculture Sector Symposium}, year = {1987}, month = {1987}, pages = {167-181}, publisher = {World Bank}, organization = {World Bank}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {I believe that sustainability with respect to natural resource management has a solid economic underpinning. It implies maintaining the productivity of the resource base. In fact, it implies more. In precisely those countries where populations are rising more rapidly, the poorest, the relative importance of natural resources in total productive capital is greatest. If those larger populations are to be enabled to improve their standards of consumption, the productivity of the asset base must increase. Yet, in these same countries and others, a wide range of natural resources are becoming less productive through depletion and deterioration. There is an issue of intergenerational equity. I do not propose to plunge into the arcane subject of social rates of time discount--one I gladly leave to more sophisticated theorists. But I raise the question: Is it fair to leave for a population that will inevitably be much larger (whatever to be much better off) a natural resource base that has been depleted and rendered significantly less productive than it is today? (author)}, keywords = {agricultural conservation, agriculture, agriculture and state, biodiversity, biological diversity, congresses, desertification, development, economics, forestry, irrigation, management, natural resources, salinization, soil erosion, sustainability, Third World countries, tropical, waterlogging, watersheds}, isbn = {0-8213-0909-9}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/925356016}, author = {Robert Repetto}, editor = {Ted J. Davis and Isabelle A. Schirmer} } @inbook {928, title = {Traditional agroforestry practices of native and Ribereno farmers in the lowland Peruvian Amazon}, booktitle = {Agroforestry: Realities, possibilities and potentials}, year = {1987}, month = {1987}, pages = {179-195}, publisher = {Martin Nijhoff Publishers in cooperation with ICRAF; distributors for the U.S. and Canada, Kluwer Academic Publishers}, organization = {Martin Nijhoff Publishers in cooperation with ICRAF; distributors for the U.S. and Canada, Kluwer Academic Publishers}, address = {Dordrecht, Netherlands}, abstract = {Recent research on traditional agriculture in the Peruvian Amazon indicates that agroforestry practices are widespread and extremely varied. This article describes five agroforestry systems found in the vicinity of Iquitos, Peru. Although all begin as shifting cultivation fields, they differ greatly in species composition and richness, in intensity and length of management, in economic orientation, and in adaptation to particular ecological conditions. Four of the five systems are found in mestizo communities of the region. The information presented shows that basic traditional swidden-fallow agroforestry practices are adaptable to varying environmental and economic situations (author).}, keywords = {barbasco, Bora Indians, caimito, cashews, charcoal , coca, corn, economics, fiber, mamey, manioc, medicine, palms, papayas, Peru, pichirina, pineapple, plantains, pomarosa, Riberenos, rifari, toronja, tropical cedar, umair, uvilla, zapote}, isbn = {90-247-3590-4}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/16352684}, author = {Christine Padoch and Wil de Jong}, editor = {Henry L. Gholz} } @article {743, title = {The use of indigenous knowledge in analyzing resource allocation at the farm level: A new approach to economic analysis}, year = {1986}, month = {September 1986}, abstract = {Too often we hear of superior technology in the experiment station which farmers are either unable or unwilling to adopt. This research proposal takes a new approach to the problem. The first step will be to understand the production process from the perspective of the farmers. Then, this farmer-generated framework will be used to specify resource management domains, analyze efficiency in resource use, and identify potentials for development of new technology.}, keywords = {cognitive anthropology, economic analysis, economic anthropology, economics, ethnolinguistics, ethnoscience, ethnosemantics, Farming Systems Development Project-Eastern Visayas (FSDP-EV), indigenous knowledge, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Leyte, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries (MAF), Philippines, University of Philippines at Los Banos (UPLB), Visayas State College of Agriculture (ViSCA), World Bank}, author = {Randolph Barker and Thomas F. Weaver and Julie Leones and Daniele Perrot-Maitre} } @article {681, title = {The economy of the Batek of Malaysia: Annual and historical perspectives}, journal = {Research in Economic Anthropology}, volume = {6}, year = {1984}, month = {1984}, pages = {29-52}, abstract = {This paper describes and provides an analyses of the economy of one Semang group, the Batek De{\textquoteright} of Kelantan. The paper focuses on the variation in economic activity, both seasonally and historically (since 1875), and attempt to determine the principles that govern these variations. Also, an attempt to explain why the Batek follow a hunter-gather lifeway rather than another possible way of life (i.e., swidden) is made.}, keywords = {agriculture, aquatic resources, Batek, Batek De{\textquoteright}, economic anthropology, economics, fishing, gathering, hunter-gatherer, hunting, Kelantan, Lebir River, Malaysia, peasants, rattan trading, Semang, trading}, author = {Kirk Endicott} } @article {618, title = {Market structure and social organization in a Ghanaian marketing system}, journal = {American Ethnologist}, volume = {6}, year = {1979}, month = {November 1979}, pages = {682-701}, abstract = {

Models of market structure, borrowed from industrial organization economists, are employed to analyze the relationship between social organization and economic conditions in a Ghanaian marketing system. Comparative analysis of vegetable, fish, and yam marketing identifies three distinct modes of social organization\ \— pure competition, ethnic monopolization, and associational monopolization \— and explains differences in social patterns in terms of underlying supply and distribution structures.

}, keywords = {Africa, associational monopolization, economics, ethnic monopolization, fish, Ghana, market system, marketing, pure competition, social organization, social patterns, vegetables, yams}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/643564}, author = {Brian Schwimmer} } @inbook {870, title = {Experience with individual species}, booktitle = {Tree planting practices in African savannas}, series = {Forestry Development Paper no. 19}, year = {1974}, note = {Chapter 7}, month = {1974}, pages = {42-44}, publisher = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations [sold by Unipub]}, organization = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations [sold by Unipub]}, address = {Rome; New York}, abstract = {

This excerpt deals with specific native trees that can be found in the subdesert zones and their traditional environmental value. The specific species discussed are: Acacia albia, Acacia nilotica, Acacia senegal, Azadicachta indica and Conocarpus lancifolius. All, except for the Acacia senegal, rely on extraneous water supplies for adequate growth. The Acacia senegal relies on rainfall alone for its moisture.

Uses of these trees vary from conservers of soil to economic sources. One example of this is the Acacia albia, it is used mainly for fodder and refertilization of the soil. The Acacia nilotica is the most important species in the Sudan, because of is drought resistance. Gum extraction and fuel use are the economic functions of the Acacia senegal. This is one of the only trees that can be grown for economic purposes in subdesert zones. Each one fulfills a specific purpose in the Sahel.

}, keywords = {Acacia albida, Acacia nilotica, Acacia senegal, Africa, agroforestry, Azadirachta indica, Conacarpus lancifolius, economics, ethnoconservation, planting}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/2931603}, author = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)} } @book {396, title = {The Aymara Indians of the Lake Titicaca Plateau, Bolivia}, series = {American Anthropologist Association: Memoirs}, volume = {50; 1, Part 2}, year = {1948}, month = {January 1948}, pages = {250 pp.; 13 p of plates; 70-77, 204-205}, publisher = {American Anthropological Association}, organization = {American Anthropological Association}, address = {Menasha, WI}, abstract = {This paper focuses on the Aymara Indians of Bolivia. The areas discussed are animal husbandry, fishing, hunting, and ethnobotany. All of these are discussed as a major topic of Aymara culture and economy.}, keywords = {animal husbandry, Aymara Indians, culture, economics, ethnobotany, fishing, hunting}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/610259267}, author = {Raoul Weston La Barre} }