@article {566, title = {For a determined farmer, agroforestry brings an unexpected reward}, journal = {Agroforestry Today (Kenya)}, volume = {3}, year = {1991}, month = {July-Sept. 1991}, pages = {4-5}, abstract = {This document looks at the agroforestry efforts of George Nti{\textquoteright}Gitonga, a farmer in Kenya{\textquoteright}s Meru District. Since 1967, Mr. Nti{\textquoteright}Gitonga has established over 25,000 trees on his farm which he uses as fodder, food, fuelwood, timber, windbreaks, boundary plantings, erosion control, and maintenance of soil fertility. Also included in this document are Mr. Nti{\textquoteright}Gitonga{\textquoteright}s method for growing his trees in the semi-arid environment, and how he plans on harvesting water for the trees.}, keywords = {agroforestry, fodder, fuelwood, KEFRI, Kenya Forestry Research Institute, soil fertility, timber , trees, water }, author = {Sidney B. Westley and Alice Kaudia} } @article {710, title = {Traditional woodland management techniques of African pastoralists}, journal = {Unasylva}, volume = {160}, year = {1990}, month = {December 1990}, pages = {49-58}, abstract = {

Over thousands of years, pastoralists in arid and semi-arid Africa have developed a set of principles and strategies that have enabled them to meet their physical and social needs in a harsh and variable environment. Under conditions of relatively low population density \— pastoralist societies are generally characterized by very low fertility rates and high infant mortality \— these strategies also resulted in the sustained management of key natural resources, particularly range and woodlands. Recently, however, rapid population growth and an associated series of external pressures including crop expansion into rangelands, nationalization of land by governments, forced sedentarization, expanding urban and rural demand for fuelwood, and indiscriminate water development, have combined to upset the delicate balance between the herders and their fragile environment.

}, keywords = {agroforestry, fodder, grazing, pastoralism, seedlings, woodland management}, url = {http://www.fao.org/3/t7750e/t7750e08.htm$\#$traditional\%20woodland\%20management\%20techniques\%20of\%20african\%20pastoralists}, author = {Maryam Niamir} } @book {332, title = {Forestry and food security}, series = {FAO forestry paper 90}, year = {1989}, month = {1989}, pages = {128}, publisher = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}, organization = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}, address = {Rome}, abstract = {This report summarizes the current state of understanding regarding the links between forestry and food security. It is the result of a series of investigations begun in 1985 in response to the widely felt concern that excessive deforestation is threatening not only the soil and water base essential for continued food production, but also the present and future availability of the many forest plants and animals that are sources of food.}, keywords = {agroforestry, Amazonia, cash crops, cloud forests, common property, erosion, fodder, fuelwood, gardens, fallows, gender, Ghana, household, mangroves, microclimate, plant foods, salinization, soil conservation, water conservation, wildlife , windbreaks, women, yields}, isbn = {92-5-102847-8, 978-92-5-102847-6}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/20998704}, author = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)} } @book {333, title = {Forestry and nutrition: A reference manual}, year = {1989}, month = {1989}, publisher = {FAO}, organization = {FAO}, address = {Bangkok, Thailand}, abstract = {The first section provides a brief overview of the links between forestry and nutrition and a review of the findings from the literature. This is followed by an annotated bibliography which includes 239 references. Subject and geographic indices are included to facilitate use of the bibliography. The purposes of this reference manual are to highlight what is known about the linkages between forestry and nutrition and to provide a guide for further research into this area. It is directed to foresters and nutritionists alike and draws on information from their respective literature as well as from other areas of relevant study. Although the reference manual focuses on nutrition and forestry in general, it is directed to those working on forestry and nutrition issues in developing countries, and thus, focuses on regions of the tropics and subtropics. (author)}, keywords = {agroforestry, conservation, ethnobotany, ethnomedicine, fodder, fuelwood, livestock, medicinal plants, plant foods, rural development, wildlife }, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/66373043}, author = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Regional Forestry Officer} } @book {334, title = {Forestry and nutrition: A reference manual}, year = {1989}, month = {1989}, pages = {v, 114}, publisher = {FAO, RAPA}, organization = {FAO, RAPA}, address = {Bangkok, Thailand}, abstract = {This document contains literature from a variety of relevant disciplines and includes material which may be useful for selecting specific forestry activities to strengthen food security. In the presentation of this bibliography, the subject areas in which more research is needed are highlighted.}, keywords = {animal foods, ethnobotany, ethnomedicine, fodder, fuelwood, plant foods, range and livestock management, traditional medicine, wildlife }, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/66373043}, author = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific} } @book {340, title = {Household food security and forestry: An analysis of socio-economic issues}, year = {1989}, month = {1989}, pages = {147}, publisher = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}, organization = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}, address = {Rome}, abstract = {The focus of this study is on the socio-economic aspects of forestry{\textquoteright}s role in household food security. It draws together information on household foods and income which are actually derived from activities dependent on tree and forest products. It examines their importance in different situations and among different population groups and how the uses of these resources are changing, focusing particularly on the impacts on the poor and women. The study also addresses the consequences of decreasing forest resources and discusses the implications for forest policy and for management of forests and trees outside the forests.}, keywords = {agroforestry, deforestation, energy, fodder, fuelwood, gardening, gender, honey, nutrition, nuts and seeds, plant foods, women}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/21140813}, author = {FAO Forestry Department, Forests, Trees and People [Program]} } @article {605, title = {Large cardamom (Amomum subulatum Roxb.) plantation - An age old agroforestry system in Eastern Himalayas}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {9}, year = {1989}, month = {December 1989}, pages = {241-257}, abstract = {Large cardamom (Amomum subulatum Roxb.) is a shade loving plant grown in the Indian hill states of Sikkim and Dargeeling district of West Bengal. About 30 important tree species are used to provide shade to the cardamom plants. Alnus nepalensis, a deciduous, nitrogen fixing and fast growing tree, is the species most commonly underplanted with cardamom. In addition to providing shade, it is also used for fuelwood. The old trees are cut and young plants coming up are allowed to grow in cyclic order. The quick decomposing leaf litter of A. nepalensis also fertilises the cardamom plants. The nitrogen added to the soil in this way has been found to be as high as 249 kg/ha. Large cardamom thrives well in a moist soil, which is maintained by water diverted from seasonal springs on the upper slopes. The system is well suited to conserving soil, water and tree cover of the characteristically steep slopes of the region. Moreover, the management inputs required for growing cardamom are low but the crop gives a higher financial return than rice or maize. The shade trees used in the system are also a major source of fuel, fodder and timber, especially as access to state owned forests is restricted by legislation. However, increasing incidence of viral chirkey and foorkey disease, panicle rot and capsule borer are reducing the cardamom productivity. It has been observed that integrating dairying and apiculture will further augment profitability from large cardamom agroforestry system.}, keywords = {agroforestry systems, disease and pests, fodder, food flavouring agent, fuels, large cardamom, minor timber, nutrient, shade trees, Sikkim, water springs}, doi = {10.1007/BF00141087}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00141087}, author = {K. A. Singh and R. N. Rai and Patiram Bhutia and D. T. Bhutia} } @book {416, title = {We eat trees: Tree planting and land rehabilitation in West Pokot District, Kenya: a baseline study (Working Paper)}, series = {Forest, Trees and People Working Paper np. 82}, year = {1988}, month = {1988}, pages = {123}, publisher = {Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, International Rural Development Centre}, organization = {Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, International Rural Development Centre}, address = {Uppsala [Sweden]}, abstract = {During early discussion with the management of the VI Tree Planting Project, it appeared to the author that there were three lodestars to guide the project{\textquoteright}s activities. First, by enclosing waste lands and planting trees in the semi-arid parts of West Pokot district, a rapid improvement of the environment is brought about. Grass invades the enclosed areas, soil erosion is arrested, and the productivity of the land is improved. This impresses the farmers of the area, who become interested in land rehabilitation. Secondly, in the higher potential areas of West Pokot district and in Trans Nzoia district, the project concentrates on producing and distributing seedlings of rapidly growing leguminous species. These will improve soil fertility and provide fuelwood in these densely populated and treeless areas. Thirdly, through cooperation with the many women groups on the settlement schemes in Trans Nzoia, the project hopes to reach a large number of families and encourage them to plant trees. (author)}, keywords = {afforestation, agroforestry, erosion, extension, farmer participatory research, fodder, fuelwood, grazing, herding, Kenya, land use, livestock, pastoralism, reclamation of land, reforestation, soil conservation, subsistence agriculture, tree planting, women}, isbn = {978-91-576-3510-5}, issn = {0280-4301}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/610964356}, author = {Wilhelm {\"O}stberg and Sveriges Lantbruksuniversitet, Uppsala (Sweden) and International Rural Development Centre} } @article {826, title = {Integrated land use in forest reserves in Eastern region: Global diagnosis and the involvement of the people}, year = {1986}, month = {February 1986}, institution = {Government of the Republic of Sudan}, address = {Khartoum, Sudan}, abstract = {

Fuelwood Development for Energy in Sudan

This document was written as one of the studies required for the preparation of a \"model\" management plan for the Rawashda Forest Reserve in Kassala Province. The emphasis of the plan is on integrated resource management and its objective will be to prescribe actions that will benefit all users of the forest reserve in order to provide a sustained yield of products such as fuelwood, fodder and so on.

}, keywords = {fodder, fuelwood, integrated resource management}, url = {http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?f=1994/XF/XF94028.xml;XF9327553}, author = {A. G. Seif el Din} } @article {649, title = {Seventeenth century organic agriculture in China: II. Energy flows through an agroecosystem in Jiaxing region}, journal = {Human Ecology}, volume = {14}, year = {1986}, month = {1986}, pages = {15-28}, abstract = {An examination of traditional agriculture of the Jiaxing region of eastern China in the seventeenth century. Use of statistical evidence on energy inputs and outputs to show the sustainable incorporation of silk, mulberry, livestock, fishing, and cereal crop production with little or no fossil fuel use.}, keywords = {agroecology, China, energy flow, fodder, labor, organic farming, rice, silkworm, wheat}, doi = {10.1007/BF00889208}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/4602798}, author = {Wen Dazhong and David Pimentel} } @article {699, title = {The tree that purifies water: Cultivating multipurpose Moringaceae in the Sudan}, journal = {Unasylva (FAO)}, volume = {38}, year = {1986}, month = {February 1986}, pages = {23-28}, abstract = {Suspensions of seed powder from trees and shrubs of the Moringaceae family can effectively be used to clarify water, even turbid water from the River Nile. But species from this family have a variety of other uses as well. Although they show considerable promise for multipurpose use in the tropical belt, little is known about how to cultivate the various species. This article examines different methods of cultivation appropriate to different species -- often with surprising results.}, keywords = {agroforestry, fodder, fuelwood, medicinal plants, oil, ornamental trees, spices}, url = {http://www.fao.org/docrep/r7750e/r7750e04.htm$\#$the\%20tree\%20that\%20purifies\%20water:\%20cultivating\%20multipurpose\%20moringaceae\%20in\%20the\%20sudan}, author = {Samia Al Azharia Jahn and Hassan A. Musnad and Heinz Burgstaller} } @article {837, title = {The dynamics of traditional systems of forest management in Nepal: Implications for the community forestry development and training project}, year = {1981}, note = {Report to the World Bank/International Finance Corporation}, month = {1981}, institution = {World Bank}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {

The Nepal Community Forestry Development and Training Project, which is now in its first year of implementation, aims to increase supplies of fuelwood, fodder, grass, and timber by allocating greater responsibility for forest management and protection to local communities. As such it depends largely for its success upon generation of local motivation, cooperation, and involvement. This report investigates the dynamics of the traditional systems of forest management in a number of communities in Nepal to assess the potential for local participation, the existing constraints on the active involvement of local farmers in forest plantation, rehabilitation, and preservation, and the type of changes in strategy needed to ensure better project implementation. There is no single formula for local participation in preservation or maintenance of existing forest resources; rather, the individual adaptation of a panchayat/community management system to local conditions and needs is the main criteria for success. Some of the key factors contributing to success of a traditional system are:

}, keywords = {benefits, community relationship, cultivation, economic inequality, fodder, forest products, fuelwood, incentives, leaders, Nepal, ownership, sanctions, women}, author = {Augusta Molnar} }