@article {702, title = {Traditional agroforestry practices in Zimbabwe}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {14}, year = {1991}, month = {May 1991}, pages = {99-111}, abstract = {Traditional agroforestry systems in the communal areas of Zimbabwe are described. There are systems centered on main fields, on home gardens, on homesites and on grazing areas. In the main fields, the major tree-related management practice is the conservation of preferred indigenous fruit trees. Fruit trees are also the focus of forestry activities around the gardens and the homesite; but here it is the planting of exotic species. In a localized area of Zimbabwe Acacia albida is important in fields. There is almost no use of tree fallows in Zimbabwe. Trees in grazing areas have numerous roles, but at present there is little knowledge about traditional management practices in these areas. In the development of agroforestry systems in Zimbabwe it is suggested that those systems designed to improve fodder production will make a significant contribution to farm productivity because of the importance of cattle in the farming system and the present fodder shortage. Interventions involving the planting of fruit trees are likely to be very successful, as there is much interest in such planting. Another area that needs to be developed is that of tree plantings to improve soil fertility.}, keywords = {agriculture, fodder trees, forestry, fruit trees, gardening, grazing lands, species composition, traditional agroforestry, Zimbabwe}, doi = {10.1007/BF00045726}, url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00045726}, author = {B. M. Campbell and J. M. Clarke and D. J. Gumbo} } @article {670, title = {The banana (Musa spp.) Coffee robusta: Traditional agroforestry system of Uganda}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {11}, year = {1990}, month = {September 1990}, pages = {213-226}, abstract = {Banana (Musa spp.) with Coffee robusta, a traditional agroforestry system in Uganda, is a purely mixed cropping system managed on a sustained production basis. The basic primary production is banana as a main food crop and Coffee robusta as the main cash crop. The variety of trees deliberately retained, managed and planted, animals and crops in the system are managed by the farmers to maximize production by supplying timber, fruits, fuelwood, fodder, food, medicinal and other miscellaneous uses.}, keywords = {agroforestry, bananas, coffee, home gardens, medicinal plants, mixed cropping, multipurpose trees, traditional agroforestry, Uganda}, doi = {10.1007/BF00045900}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00045900}, author = {Peter A. Oduol and J. R. W. Aluma} } @article {662, title = {Structure and function of traditional agroforestry systems in the western Himalaya. I. Biomass and productivity}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {9}, year = {1989}, month = {August 1989}, pages = {47-70}, abstract = {

Species composition, biomass, and productivity patterns of three types of traditional agroforestry systems, namely, agrisilvicultural, agrihorticultural, and agrihortisilvicultural, commonly practiced in the western Himalaya, were studied. Species composition in the systems varied depending upon the size of the land holdings, and the basic requirements of the farmers.

Among three systems agrihortisilvicultural was highly diverse in vegetation, with as many as 13 tree and 5 agricultural crops mixed together. This system showed the highest productivity up to 25.8 t ha -1yr-1, out of which 68 percent was contributed by the trees and the remainder by the annuals. Agrisilvicultural system having predominantly annuals had the lowest productivity of 20.4 t ha -1yr-1 with only 27 percent contribution by the trees. Total aboveground biomass in agrihortisilvicultural or agrihorticultural system was around 48 t ha -1 and it was about 2-fold higher than agrisilvicultural system. In fodder trees, a significant percentage of annual production, up to 48 percent, was allocated in current twigs, while in horticultural trees a major portion, up to 63 percent was portioned towards fruits. Implications of the results have been discussed in context with the growing problems of fuel, fodder, and packaging material in the western Himalaya.

}, keywords = {productivity, species composition, biomass, traditional agroforestry, Western Himalaya}, doi = {10.1007/BF00120155}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00120155}, author = {Om Parkash Toky and Pradeep Kumar and Prem Kumar Khosla} } @article {703, title = {Traditional agroforestry system in the Cordilleras (Ifugao)}, journal = {Likasyaman (Technology Series)}, year = {1988}, month = {April-June 1988}, abstract = {This short summary of a traditional agroforestry setup in Ifugao, Philippines, discusses qualitatively the advantages of using an indigenous shade tree with coffee for enhanced production. Coffee, introduced during Spanish occupation, is grown under raintree (Samanea caman) along with rattan vines (Calamus merrillii) which is in demand locally for the cottage industry. There is little to no exogenous technological influence in this system (except the introduction of coffee) because there is no pruning, fertilization or improved plant varieties of coffee. The author considers the system sustainable based on nutrient and water cycling advantages of raintree (a nitrogen fixer) particularly soil nutrient additions of litter fall. A brief ecological and socioeconomic descriptions of the region are included.}, keywords = {Acacia, coffee, traditional agroforestry}, author = {Guillermo Felipe} } @book {323, title = {Farm and community forestry}, series = {Energy Information Programme Technical Report no. 3}, year = {1984}, month = {1984}, pages = {236}, publisher = {Earthscan, International Institute for Environment and Development}, organization = {Earthscan, International Institute for Environment and Development}, address = {London; Washington, DC}, abstract = {This is a portion (Chapters 2 through 6) of the book. Chapter 2, "Traditions of Tree Cultivation" discusses the old and widespread tradition of agroforestry. The use of trees to increase agricultural productivity and to enrich the soil is an ancient practice. Trees are often used for fodder, windbreaks, boundaries, etc. Trees also provide cash crops (coconuts, rubber, gum arabic, commercial firewood, etc.). Chapter 3, "The Causes of Tree Depletion" covers the causes of tree depletion. Trees are being cut down at accellerating rates in order to provide firewood and agricultural land. This can be constructively done under the proper circumstances, but often unsuitable land is being left open for erosion. The basic problem is that human and animal populations are growing at a faster rate than trees can match. Organized efforts to combat the problem have thus far succeeded only in revealing its magnitude. Chapter 4, "Constraints on Tree Growing" describes some constraints to tree planting in developing nations. Some farmers believe that trees harbor insects or harmful birds. In other localities, a shortage of trees is not yet apparent. Communal ownership of land may make people reluctant to take responsibility for trees. In semiarid areas (where trees might do the most good), trees are hardest to plant and care for. Chapter 5, "Farm Forestry" discusses the commercial growing of trees on private land. Wealthier farmers can afford large-scale operations with high start-up costs. Poorer farmers might raise a few trees for lumber or nuts, etc., if the cost is negligible. Cash incentives and credit plans might enable more farmers to grow more trees. A farm forestry plan must (1) provide support to all classes of farmers, (2) provide a clear social and environmental benefit, and (3) avoid harming the local job situation (trees can be less labor-intensive than other crops). Chapter 6, "Tree Growing for Family Uses" examines "family forestry" (tree-based subsistance farming). Such operations are generally simple to set up but must meet some locally perceived need. It may take years for trees to prove themselves as moneymakers.}, keywords = {coppicing, fuelwood, pollarding, traditional agroforestry, trees}, isbn = {0-905347-53-6; 978-0-905347-53-0}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/11877494}, author = {Gerald Foley and G.W. Barnard} } @article {713, title = {Tropical forest architectural analysis as applied to agroforests in the humid tropics: The example of traditional village-agroforests in West Java}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {1}, year = {1983}, note = {Online version is a shortened and revised version of Bompard J, Ducatillion C, Hecketsweiler P Michon G, (1980) A traditional agricultural system: Village-forest-gardens in West Java. University Sc. Montpellier, France. Rapp. DEA. 101 p. + annex.}, month = {June 1983}, pages = {117-129}, abstract = {

The features of the tropical forest are found in Sundanese village-gardens. They are rich in plant species, a layered structure of the vegetation, existing patchwork and succession of sylvigenetic phases (from pioneer to homeostatic phase). These traditional agroforests reflect the surrounding forest ecosystem, simplifying the features.

The architectural method of tropical forest analysis is applied to Sundanese agroforests, but here each plant is both a structural element of the ecosystem and a producing element of the agricultural landscape. Such structural analysis could represent one aspect of an integral analysis of complex agroforestry systems.

}, keywords = {architectural analysis, Java, traditional agroforestry, tropical forests}, doi = {10.1007/BF00596353}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00596353}, author = {G. Michon and J. Bompard and P. Hecketsweiler and C. Ducatillion} }