@book {398,
	title = {The cultural dimension of development: Indigenous knowledge systems},
	series = {IT Studies in Indigenous Knowledge and Development Series},
	year = {1995},
	note = {<p>Wim H.J.C. Dechering, Technical Editor</p>},
	month = {December 1995},
	pages = {xviii, 582 pp.},
	publisher = {Intermediate Technology Publications Ltd [Practical Action Publishing]},
	organization = {Intermediate Technology Publications Ltd [Practical Action Publishing]},
	address = {London},
	abstract = {This book presents evidence from many countries and sources of the validity and usefulness of indigenous knowledge in the success of development projects.

Part I consists of chapters with a focus on indigenous knowledge systems including: Ethnobotanical knowledge systems, Taman Obat Keluarga: Indigenous Indonesian medicine, Neem in Niger, The Lari Soils project in Peru, indigenous soil classificaton in Northern Zambia, Agroforestry in the Central Hills of Nepal, indigenous communication, and International rice research.

The chapters in Part II show how indigenous knowledge is used in decision making: Raised Beds and Plant Disease Management, Famine relief in the Horn of Africa, Gender and socioeconomic status in the Philippines as a reflection of decision making in agriculture, Forest Gardens of Highland Sri Lanka, Indigenous decision-making in American agriculture, Indigenous Taxonomies and decision-making of Rice Farmers in South India, Crop Varietal Selection, and Patterns of medical choice among working-class families of Oaxaca, Mexico. Part III focuses on the role that indigenous organizations play in the decision making process in the following examples: Community Forestry Management in Nepal, Natural Resource Management among Pastoralists of Arid and Semi-arid Africa, Balinese Water Temples, Kpelle Farming, and the Niger River Fisheries project.

Part IV deals with indigenous experimentation and innovation including: Indigenous horticultural approaches in tropical regions, Farmer Know-how and Communicaton for Technology Transfer in Niger, Duck Farming in Indonesia, Technology off the farm, Design of on- farm experiments in the Philippines, Soil and Water Conservation in Djenne, Mali, Kpelle steelmaking, and Protection of the Agricultural Environment in Eastern Africa.

The chapters in Part V describe how different development institutions such as: CIKARD, LEAD, CIRAN, IUCN, IIED, ILEIA, CLADES, UNESCO, NISER, and REPPIKA, are using indigenous knowledge to facilitate the development process. Part VI consists of bibliographical essays on the attention given to indigenous knowledge in the literature of the past decade in the areas of agriculture and rural development and resource management.},
	keywords = {Africa, agroforestry, Bali, ethnobotany, ethnoveterinary medicine, Horn of Africa, India, indigenous decision-making systems, indigenous development, indigenous experimentation, indigenous knowledge, indigenous organizations, Indonesia, Kpelle, Mali, Mexico, Nepal, Niger, Nigeria, Peru, Philippines, Sudan, Zambia},
	isbn = {1-85339-264-2; 978-1-85339-251-1; eISBN 978-1-78044-473-4},
	url = {https://www.worldcat.org/title/257046951},
	editor = {D. Michael Warren and L. Jan Slikkerveer and David Brokensha}
}
@conference {769,
	title = {Indigenous knowledge and development (revised version)},
	year = {1991},
	note = {Background paper for seminar series on "Sociology and Natural Resource Management", Agriculture Department, The World Bank, December 3, 1990},
	month = {Feb. 20, 1991},
	address = {Washington, DC},
	abstract = {There are now hundreds of studies which have recorded indigenous knowledge in many countries. A review of these documents reveals useful insights in how indigenous knowledge and scientific research can benefit from one another. Despite improvements in crop and livestock production technologies, many farmers do not adopt these innovations. Research indicates that the farmers{\textquoteright} decisions to reject an innovation are often rational when viewed through the indigenous system. Many farming systems are based on intimate knowledge of soils, vegetation, climate, and pests. They also reflect strategies that allow the farmer to avoid perceived input, output and marketing risks or uncertainties. Understanding these perceived risks and ways of avoiding them can be an important first step towards fruitful partnerships between development professionals and farmers. Several examples of types of indigenous knowledge useful for development are outlined in this paper.},
	keywords = {agroforestry, aquatic resources, ethnoveterinary medicine, fisheries, forest gardens, mixed cropping, pest management, rice, traditional medicine, trees},
	author = {D. Michael Warren}
}
@book {305,
	title = {Community forestry: Herders{\textquoteright} decision-making in natural resources management in arid and semi-arid Africa},
	series = {Community Forestry Note no. 4},
	year = {1990},
	note = {See also:  http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/22831781},
	month = {1990},
	pages = {viii, 126 pp.},
	publisher = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations},
	organization = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations},
	address = {Rome},
	abstract = {This report fits into an overall objective of helping the FAO analyze the role that local knowlege and management systems (LKMS) of natural resources can play in FAO{\textquoteright}s development projects and programs. The approach of this report centers on a literature review of existing information on arid and semi-arid Africa. This includes North Africa, the Sahara, the Sahel, the semi-arid parts of the Sudan zone, and the arid zones of southern Africa. A few pertinent examples from other areas are also provided.

The main emphasis is placed on the use and management of natural resources, primarily vegetation, but also water and wildlife. The majority of production systems in these arid zones in one way or another rely on livestock (ranging from settled agropastoralists to continuously mobile nomads). Thus, pastoral systems, defined as any production system that relies for more than 10\% of its output on livestock, is the main focus of the report, but other production systems that rely on resources in their natural state, such as hunting, gathering, fishing and wood collecting, will also be considered. (author)

In 1986, within its Forestry for Community Development Programme, the FAO Forestry Department published a Forestry Paper entitled Tree Growing by Rural People. It presented various facets of the state of knowledge about tree-growing as it relates to community forestry, i.e. forestry designed to benefit the rural tree growers/managers. However, although some of the most interesting future opportunities for community forestry lie in improving management of existing trees rather than in creating new resources, this document covered only partially the topic of tree and woodland management by rural people. It did not fully explore how rural people manage single trees or communal woodlands and how they manage their other resources in relation to trees and woodlands. Further effort was necessary to broaden and deepen the knowledge base on local management issues. In order to improve the success of management projects, more complete data and analysis was also needed on what knowledge rural people have already developed and the dynamics of their tree resource management strategies in response to changing policies, pressures and opportunities. Finally, more thorough understanding was to be developed of the results and impacts of various attempts to support rural people in the efforts to manage these resources. Dr. Maryam Niamir, a range management specialist, has undertaken the first step in the process of filling this information gap as it relates to arid and semi-arid areas of Africa. (author)},
	keywords = {afforestation, agroforestry, agropastoral systems, citizen participation, climate, community forestry, deforestation, Ethiopia, ethnoveterinary medicine, forest management, Fulani, geomorphology, grazing, herders, India, land tenure, livestock, Madagascar, Mali, natural resources, Niger, Nigeria, North Africa, plants, reforestation, soils, Somalia, Sub-Saharan Africa, Sudan, Uganda, vegetation, water , wildlife , Wodaabe, Zambia},
	url = {http://www.fao.org/3/t6260e/t6260e00.htm},
	author = {Maryam Niamir}
}
@inbook {908,
	title = {Plant-based livestock medication},
	booktitle = {Agroforestry Technology Information Kit (DENR/IIRR/FF)},
	year = {1990},
	note = {Agroforestry Technology Information Kit (DENR/IIRR/FF)},
	month = {[1990]},
	abstract = {This kit apparently originated in the Philippines. It provides a list of useful medicinal plants that can be used on livestock in place of expensive drugs and medicines. The list, compiled by interviews with farmers, includes the scientific and popular names, useful properties, and methods of administration.},
	keywords = {ethnoveterinary medicine, medicinal plants, taxonomy},
	author = {International Institute of Rural Reconstruction (IIRR) and Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) and Ford Foundation (FF)}
}
