@article {709,
	title = {Traditional tree crop based agroforestry in coffee producing areas of Harerge, eastern Ethiopia},
	journal = {Agroforestry Systems},
	volume = {16},
	year = {1991},
	month = {December 1991},
	pages = {257-267},
	abstract = {A preliminary survey of seven coffee producing Awrajas (Provinces) in eastern Ethiopia revealed that there is a traditional tree crop based agroforestry system being practised by the farmers. Coffee (C. arabica) was found to grow under the shade of several trees, 16 species, usually intercropped by one or several, a total of 15, important grain, fruit, vegetable, stimulant, oil-seed and spice crops. The majority of the trees, 69\%, is leguminous and Ficus spp. The system is characterized by the integration of crops, livestock and sometimes apiculture. Recommendations are made for future studies.},
	keywords = {cash crops, chat, coffee (C. arabica), Ethiopia, Harerge, shade trees},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00119322},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00119322},
	author = {D. Teketay and A. Tegineh}
}
@article {559,
	title = {Farmers{\textquoteright} production of timber trees in the cacao-coffee region of coastal Ecuador},
	journal = {Agroforestry Systems},
	volume = {9},
	year = {1989},
	month = {October 1989},
	pages = {155-170},
	abstract = {The coastal region of Ecuador is an important producer of cacao and coffee. Increasingly, farms and ranches in the region also provide industrial wood for sawmills and other wood processing plants. Most of this wood derives from shade trees and pasture trees. Because little is known of wood supply from farm sources in coastal Ecuador, a survey was conducted of 122 farmers in the subregions of Ventanas, La Troncal, and Babahoyo. The survey indicates an abundance of land for the growing of farm trees, and excellent regeneration of many species on the majority of farms. However, current stocking of farm trees seems well below potential, and fewer than half of interviewed owners deliberately manage farm trees for eventual sale as timber. Only 2.2 percent of gross farm revenue derives from tree sales, even though over half of surveyed farmers have sold trees to industrial buyers at least once. Constraints on production and sales of farm trees for timber include risks of damage to coffee and cacao; perceived incompatibilities with current farming practices; inadequate methods of classification and pricing of farm trees; and insufficient knowledge of the industrial uses of farm trees by agricultural extensionists. These limitations need to be addressed through a strategy of research, development, and information diffusion on selected demonstration farms.},
	keywords = {agricultural extensionist, farm tree, pasture tree, shade trees, timber },
	doi = {10.1007/BF00168260},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00168260},
	author = {Michael F. Mussak and Jan G. Laarman}
}
@article {605,
	title = {Large cardamom (Amomum subulatum Roxb.) plantation - An age old agroforestry system in Eastern Himalayas},
	journal = {Agroforestry Systems},
	volume = {9},
	year = {1989},
	month = {December 1989},
	pages = {241-257},
	abstract = {Large cardamom (Amomum subulatum Roxb.) is a shade loving plant grown in the Indian hill states of Sikkim and Dargeeling district of West Bengal. About 30 important tree species are used to provide shade to the cardamom plants. Alnus nepalensis, a deciduous, nitrogen fixing and fast growing tree, is the species most commonly underplanted with cardamom. In addition to providing shade, it is also used for fuelwood. The old trees are cut and young plants coming up are allowed to grow in cyclic order. The quick decomposing leaf litter of A. nepalensis also fertilises the cardamom plants. The nitrogen added to the soil in this way has been found to be as high as 249 kg/ha. Large cardamom thrives well in a moist soil, which is maintained by water diverted from seasonal springs on the upper slopes. The system is well suited to conserving soil, water and tree cover of the characteristically steep slopes of the region. Moreover, the management inputs required for growing cardamom are low but the crop gives a higher financial return than rice or maize. The shade trees used in the system are also a major source of fuel, fodder and timber, especially as access to state owned forests is restricted by legislation. However, increasing incidence of viral chirkey and foorkey disease, panicle rot and capsule borer are reducing the cardamom productivity. It has been observed that integrating dairying and apiculture will further augment profitability from large cardamom agroforestry system.},
	keywords = {agroforestry systems, disease and pests, fodder, food flavouring agent, fuels, large cardamom, minor timber, nutrient, shade trees, Sikkim, water springs},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00141087},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00141087},
	author = {K. A. Singh and R. N. Rai and Patiram Bhutia and D. T. Bhutia}
}
