@book {398, title = {The cultural dimension of development: Indigenous knowledge systems}, series = {IT Studies in Indigenous Knowledge and Development Series}, year = {1995}, note = {

Wim H.J.C. Dechering, Technical Editor

}, month = {December 1995}, pages = {xviii, 582 pp.}, publisher = {Intermediate Technology Publications Ltd [Practical Action Publishing]}, organization = {Intermediate Technology Publications Ltd [Practical Action Publishing]}, address = {London}, abstract = {This book presents evidence from many countries and sources of the validity and usefulness of indigenous knowledge in the success of development projects. Part I consists of chapters with a focus on indigenous knowledge systems including: Ethnobotanical knowledge systems, Taman Obat Keluarga: Indigenous Indonesian medicine, Neem in Niger, The Lari Soils project in Peru, indigenous soil classificaton in Northern Zambia, Agroforestry in the Central Hills of Nepal, indigenous communication, and International rice research. The chapters in Part II show how indigenous knowledge is used in decision making: Raised Beds and Plant Disease Management, Famine relief in the Horn of Africa, Gender and socioeconomic status in the Philippines as a reflection of decision making in agriculture, Forest Gardens of Highland Sri Lanka, Indigenous decision-making in American agriculture, Indigenous Taxonomies and decision-making of Rice Farmers in South India, Crop Varietal Selection, and Patterns of medical choice among working-class families of Oaxaca, Mexico. Part III focuses on the role that indigenous organizations play in the decision making process in the following examples: Community Forestry Management in Nepal, Natural Resource Management among Pastoralists of Arid and Semi-arid Africa, Balinese Water Temples, Kpelle Farming, and the Niger River Fisheries project. Part IV deals with indigenous experimentation and innovation including: Indigenous horticultural approaches in tropical regions, Farmer Know-how and Communicaton for Technology Transfer in Niger, Duck Farming in Indonesia, Technology off the farm, Design of on- farm experiments in the Philippines, Soil and Water Conservation in Djenne, Mali, Kpelle steelmaking, and Protection of the Agricultural Environment in Eastern Africa. The chapters in Part V describe how different development institutions such as: CIKARD, LEAD, CIRAN, IUCN, IIED, ILEIA, CLADES, UNESCO, NISER, and REPPIKA, are using indigenous knowledge to facilitate the development process. Part VI consists of bibliographical essays on the attention given to indigenous knowledge in the literature of the past decade in the areas of agriculture and rural development and resource management.}, keywords = {Africa, agroforestry, Bali, ethnobotany, ethnoveterinary medicine, Horn of Africa, India, indigenous decision-making systems, indigenous development, indigenous experimentation, indigenous knowledge, indigenous organizations, Indonesia, Kpelle, Mali, Mexico, Nepal, Niger, Nigeria, Peru, Philippines, Sudan, Zambia}, isbn = {1-85339-264-2; 978-1-85339-251-1; eISBN 978-1-78044-473-4}, url = {https://www.worldcat.org/title/257046951}, editor = {D. Michael Warren and L. Jan Slikkerveer and David Brokensha} } @book {305, title = {Community forestry: Herders{\textquoteright} decision-making in natural resources management in arid and semi-arid Africa}, series = {Community Forestry Note no. 4}, year = {1990}, note = {See also: http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/22831781}, month = {1990}, pages = {viii, 126 pp.}, publisher = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}, organization = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}, address = {Rome}, abstract = {This report fits into an overall objective of helping the FAO analyze the role that local knowlege and management systems (LKMS) of natural resources can play in FAO{\textquoteright}s development projects and programs. The approach of this report centers on a literature review of existing information on arid and semi-arid Africa. This includes North Africa, the Sahara, the Sahel, the semi-arid parts of the Sudan zone, and the arid zones of southern Africa. A few pertinent examples from other areas are also provided. The main emphasis is placed on the use and management of natural resources, primarily vegetation, but also water and wildlife. The majority of production systems in these arid zones in one way or another rely on livestock (ranging from settled agropastoralists to continuously mobile nomads). Thus, pastoral systems, defined as any production system that relies for more than 10\% of its output on livestock, is the main focus of the report, but other production systems that rely on resources in their natural state, such as hunting, gathering, fishing and wood collecting, will also be considered. (author) In 1986, within its Forestry for Community Development Programme, the FAO Forestry Department published a Forestry Paper entitled Tree Growing by Rural People. It presented various facets of the state of knowledge about tree-growing as it relates to community forestry, i.e. forestry designed to benefit the rural tree growers/managers. However, although some of the most interesting future opportunities for community forestry lie in improving management of existing trees rather than in creating new resources, this document covered only partially the topic of tree and woodland management by rural people. It did not fully explore how rural people manage single trees or communal woodlands and how they manage their other resources in relation to trees and woodlands. Further effort was necessary to broaden and deepen the knowledge base on local management issues. In order to improve the success of management projects, more complete data and analysis was also needed on what knowledge rural people have already developed and the dynamics of their tree resource management strategies in response to changing policies, pressures and opportunities. Finally, more thorough understanding was to be developed of the results and impacts of various attempts to support rural people in the efforts to manage these resources. Dr. Maryam Niamir, a range management specialist, has undertaken the first step in the process of filling this information gap as it relates to arid and semi-arid areas of Africa. (author)}, keywords = {afforestation, agroforestry, agropastoral systems, citizen participation, climate, community forestry, deforestation, Ethiopia, ethnoveterinary medicine, forest management, Fulani, geomorphology, grazing, herders, India, land tenure, livestock, Madagascar, Mali, natural resources, Niger, Nigeria, North Africa, plants, reforestation, soils, Somalia, Sub-Saharan Africa, Sudan, Uganda, vegetation, water , wildlife , Wodaabe, Zambia}, url = {http://www.fao.org/3/t6260e/t6260e00.htm}, author = {Maryam Niamir} } @mastersthesis {440, title = {A grounded theory describing factors in the adoption process of the alley farming technology by Yoruba women in Nigeria}, year = {1990}, note = {See also: http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/29251187}, month = {1990}, school = {Iowa State University}, address = {Ames}, abstract = {

Dissertation

This study aimed to discover a theory from data on rural Yoruba women in southwestern Nigeria. The theory deals with farmers exposed to an agroforestry technology called \"alley farming.\" A theory of agricultural change was developed to provide a framework for alley farming research and extension. Grounded theory is an inductive system for generating theory from empirical data. The constant comparative method, which alternates between data collection and data analysis, was used during fieldwork in 1984-86. Before propositions and hypotheses were defined, data were collected, coded, and analyzed to develop concepts or premises. According to Reynolds\&$\#$39; description of theory construction, the axiomatic theory of farming women and agricultural innovation consists of four basic premises, each independent of the others, from which the propositions of the theory were logically derived.

Several major factors that inhibit or facilitate the diffusion of alley farming were identified, including

Examples, grounded empirically, demonstrate that the theoretical framework provided both a diagnosis of farmers\&$\#$39; needs and a prescription for further action. (author)

}, keywords = {agroforestry, Nigeria, women, Yoruba}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.31274/rtd-180813-10310}, url = {https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=12247\&context=rtd}, author = {Kristin Cashman} } @article {705, title = {Traditional crop sparks new interest as a multipurpose tree}, journal = {Agroforestry Today (Kenya)}, volume = {2}, year = {1990}, month = {April-June 1990}, pages = {4-7}, abstract = {

In tropical regions, fast growing short-lived woody species such as pigeon pea are attracting considerable interest for agroforestry systems. Pigeon pea provides food, fuelwood, forage, and shelter to subsistence farmers. Pigeon pea, although a perennial plant, is most often grown as an annual, because it is highly susceptible to Fusarium wilt and mosaic disease. Nowadays resistant perennial lines are available, which can be grown for 3-4 years. The many uses of pigeon pea are summarized. Annual wood production of long-duration pigeon pea ranged from 2.5 to 12.5 t/ha, and grain yield was between 0.8 to 1.8 t/ha. Spacing, fertilizer requirement, crop combinations and management, weed and pest control measures and harvesting methods are discussed. KEYWORDS:

[CIKARD COPY] If farmers in the semi-arid tropics are to adopt agroforestry on a wide scale, researchers must address two major problems. One is the possibility of competition between trees and field crops in environments where moisture and soil fertility are likely to be limited. The second problem is the often considerable delay before farmers can expect any economic return from trees. (author)

This document looks at two short-lived woody species \— pigeonpea and sesbania \— as an answer to these two problems. It looks at the products which can be derived from the two species, how the two help to improve soil quality, what kinds of yields they produce, spacing and fertilizer requirements, crop combinations and management, and weed and pest control.

}, keywords = {agroforestry, ICRISAT, IITA, India, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Nigeria, pigeonpea, sesbania, soils, trees}, author = {C. K. Ong and Joshus N. Daniel} } @article {534, title = {Compound farms of southeastern Nigeria: A predominant agroforestry homegarden system with crops and small livestock}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {5}, year = {1987}, month = {June 1987}, pages = {153-168}, abstract = {Compound farms are a homegarden-type of agroforestry system involving the deliberate management of multipurpose trees and shrubs in a multistoried association with agricultural crops and small livestock within the compounds of individual houses. In addition to the advantages of diversified production, risk minimization, improved labour and nutrient use efficiences and soil conservation, compound farms represent germplasm banks containing many of the useful tree/shrub species currently disappearing due to indiscriminate clearing of forest and woodlands.}, keywords = {Africa, agriculture, agroforestry, compound farm, forestry, germplasm conservation, home gardens, Nigeria, tree improvement}, doi = {10.1007/BF00047519}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00047519}, author = {J. C. Okafor and E. C. M. Fernandes} } @inbook {869, title = {Elements of success: Sustainable development in sub-Saharan Africa}, booktitle = {World Resources 1987: An assessment of the resource base that supports the global economy}, year = {1987}, note = {Chapter 14}, month = {April 1987}, pages = {221-238}, publisher = {Basic Books}, organization = {Basic Books}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {In recent years, Africa{\textquoteright}s farmers and herders, its soils and forests, have been chasing each other down a vicious spiral of environmental degradation and deepening poverty. Conventional development efforts by donors and governments have largely failed to halt the spiral, indeed in some cases have aggravated it. The need to find solutions is urgent. Africa not only must increase its energy and found output in line with rapidly expanding populations, but must do so in a way that preserves the resource base and enhances the welfare and income of the majority. Despite the general landscape of failure, a growing number of projects and programs -- governmental, intergovernmental, and nongovernmental -- have succeeded. This chapter examines some of those "success stories" and attempts to draw some more general lessons that can point to a "recipe for success" in sub-Saharan Africa.}, keywords = {agroforestry, alley cropping, Burkina Faso, cassava, charcoal , drought, fuelwood, green revolution, Kenya, maize, Niger, Nigeria, OXFAM, rainfall, reforestation, soil fertility, stoves, trypanosomiasis, water conservation, windbreaks, Zimbabwe}, isbn = {0-465-09239-X}, url = {https://www.wri.org/publication/world-resources-1987}, author = {International Institute for the Environment and Development (IIED) and World Resourses Institute (WRI)} } @article {839, title = {The half-hidden economic roles of rural Nigerian women and national development}, year = {1987}, note = {Research monograph prepared for the World Bank}, month = {October 1987}, abstract = {As Nigerian oil exports flourished, its agricultural production floundered from 45 percent of the Gross Domestic Product in 1970 to 25 percent in 1987. However, in order to understand the full measure of the Nigerian agricultural stiuation, and assess its impacts on hindering or facilitating national development, one must understand just how women fit in the various farming systems of the country. This manuscript starts with an overview of Nigeria{\textquoteright}s recent oil and agricultural situation. Next, the paper presents a glimpse of Nigeria{\textquoteright}s major variance in ethnicity, ecology, and the division of agricultural labor and resources by gender. Then, the manual examines the gender division of labor and resources in the agricultural sector, and looks at recent changes. In section four, the paper draws links from micro to macro levels, and identifies the gaps in our knowledge of gender and agricultural systems in Nigeria. Finally, the text concludes with a summary of the major findings and a series of policy recommendations.}, keywords = {Africa, agriculture, animal by-products, animal husbandry, crop by-products, economics, farm forestry, female agriculture, harvesting, marketing, national development, Nigeria, oil, processing, rural people, soils, sowing, storage, tending, transporting, weeding, women}, author = {Rae Lesser Blumberg and Lorna Lueker} } @book {358, title = {Land and tree tenure in humid West Africa: A bibliography}, year = {1987}, month = {1987}, pages = {33}, publisher = {International Livestock Centre for Africa}, organization = {International Livestock Centre for Africa}, address = {Addis Abada, Ethiopia}, abstract = {This bibliography covers land and tree tenure systems in countries all or part of which are in the humid zone of West Africa. A national, rather than strictly ecological approach was chosen to reflect the focus of much of the literature, which frequently deals with countries as a whole. Within the region diverse customary systems and land use modes have been affected by national policies of different ideologies and degrees of effectiveness. References are listed alphabetically by author, and subject and geographical indexes are also provided. (author)}, keywords = {agroforestry, Benin, Cameroon, Cape Verde, chiefs, collateral, commons, communal tenure, customary law, forestry, fragmentation, Ghana, Guinea, inheritance, Ivory Coast, land ownership, land reform, legislation, Liberia, litigation, nationalization, Nigeria, property transfer, public ownership, security, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo, tree crops, West Africa, women{\textquoteright}s rights}, isbn = {92-9053-091-X}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/17341746}, author = {Paul Francis and Getachew Bulfeta} } @conference {796, title = {Seeing the forest for the trees}, booktitle = {Paper presented at Farming Systems Research Symposium: How Systems Work, October 18-21, 1987}, year = {1987}, month = {October 1987}, address = {University of Arkansas}, abstract = {A grassroots approach to implementing alley farming is described in this paper. The approach emphasizes the participation and cooperation of Nigerian farm households in farming systems research. Strategies were developed to present the critical concepts of alley farming in a culturally acceptable, sustainable, and self-perpetuating manner. Findings are based on three years of field work with the International Livestock Center of Africa and the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture.}, keywords = {Africa, agroforestry, alley farming, cassia, Cassia siamea, farming, farming systems research , fertilizer, FSR\&D, grassroots organizations, IITA, ILCA, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, International Livestock Center for Africa, legume, luecaena, Nigeria, OFR, on-farm research}, author = {Kristin Cashman} } @mastersthesis {444, title = {Land tenure and agroforestry in southeastern Nigeria}, year = {1986}, note = {See also: http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/14399406}, month = {1985}, school = {University of Wisconsin-Madison}, address = {Madison}, abstract = {

This document contains excerpts from the above titled thesis.

The thesis of this paper is that a multidimensional framework for understanding land tenure is needed; once this has been established, it will be argued that communal land tenure does not inherently inhibit agricultural production in general, or agroforestry in particular. The study will focus on two Igbo villages, Ndubia and Umuokele, in southeastern Nigeria. It will illustrate that indigenous land tenure is not only plastic and complex, but that it is not an independent variable dictating land use. This is evidenced in the fact that in Ndubia, communal tenure dominates, while in Umuokele, individual land holding arrangements are most common; nonetheless, farming systems between the two villages are relatively homogenous. (author)

}, keywords = {common property, commons, land tenure, Nigeria}, url = {http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/005714109}, author = {Jill Ann Cantor} }