@book {386,
	title = {Soil and water conservation in sub-Saharan Africa: Towards sustainable production by the rural poor: A report},
	year = {1992},
	note = {Prepared for the International Fund for Agricultural Development by the Centre for Development Cooperation Services, Free University, Amsterdam},
	month = {1992},
	pages = {110},
	publisher = {International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD)},
	organization = {International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD)},
	address = {Amsterdam},
	abstract = {This book deals with the links between environmental degradation and poverty in sub-Saharan Africa. Considering the length of this paper, the authors have chosen to restrict themselves to making broad generalizations, which are sometimes supported by examples of specific local soil and water conservation experiments.

As is pointed out in this paper, a first step in the design of soil and water conservation policy for a given country or area must be the detailed investigation of the conditions and issues which are outlined here.},
	keywords = {agroforestry, degradation, ethno-engineering, resource management, Sahel, soil conservation, soil erosion, Sub-Saharan Africa, sustainable agriculture, water conservation, West Africa},
	url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/30624582},
	author = {International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD)}
}
@book {305,
	title = {Community forestry: Herders{\textquoteright} decision-making in natural resources management in arid and semi-arid Africa},
	series = {Community Forestry Note no. 4},
	year = {1990},
	note = {See also:  http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/22831781},
	month = {1990},
	pages = {viii, 126 pp.},
	publisher = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations},
	organization = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations},
	address = {Rome},
	abstract = {This report fits into an overall objective of helping the FAO analyze the role that local knowlege and management systems (LKMS) of natural resources can play in FAO{\textquoteright}s development projects and programs. The approach of this report centers on a literature review of existing information on arid and semi-arid Africa. This includes North Africa, the Sahara, the Sahel, the semi-arid parts of the Sudan zone, and the arid zones of southern Africa. A few pertinent examples from other areas are also provided.

The main emphasis is placed on the use and management of natural resources, primarily vegetation, but also water and wildlife. The majority of production systems in these arid zones in one way or another rely on livestock (ranging from settled agropastoralists to continuously mobile nomads). Thus, pastoral systems, defined as any production system that relies for more than 10\% of its output on livestock, is the main focus of the report, but other production systems that rely on resources in their natural state, such as hunting, gathering, fishing and wood collecting, will also be considered. (author)

In 1986, within its Forestry for Community Development Programme, the FAO Forestry Department published a Forestry Paper entitled Tree Growing by Rural People. It presented various facets of the state of knowledge about tree-growing as it relates to community forestry, i.e. forestry designed to benefit the rural tree growers/managers. However, although some of the most interesting future opportunities for community forestry lie in improving management of existing trees rather than in creating new resources, this document covered only partially the topic of tree and woodland management by rural people. It did not fully explore how rural people manage single trees or communal woodlands and how they manage their other resources in relation to trees and woodlands. Further effort was necessary to broaden and deepen the knowledge base on local management issues. In order to improve the success of management projects, more complete data and analysis was also needed on what knowledge rural people have already developed and the dynamics of their tree resource management strategies in response to changing policies, pressures and opportunities. Finally, more thorough understanding was to be developed of the results and impacts of various attempts to support rural people in the efforts to manage these resources. Dr. Maryam Niamir, a range management specialist, has undertaken the first step in the process of filling this information gap as it relates to arid and semi-arid areas of Africa. (author)},
	keywords = {afforestation, agroforestry, agropastoral systems, citizen participation, climate, community forestry, deforestation, Ethiopia, ethnoveterinary medicine, forest management, Fulani, geomorphology, grazing, herders, India, land tenure, livestock, Madagascar, Mali, natural resources, Niger, Nigeria, North Africa, plants, reforestation, soils, Somalia, Sub-Saharan Africa, Sudan, Uganda, vegetation, water , wildlife , Wodaabe, Zambia},
	url = {http://www.fao.org/3/t6260e/t6260e00.htm},
	author = {Maryam Niamir}
}
@book {288,
	title = {Agroforestry in sub-Saharan Africa: A farmer{\textquoteright}s perspective},
	series = {World Bank Technical Paper no. 112},
	year = {1989},
	month = {1989},
	pages = {94},
	publisher = {World Bank},
	organization = {World Bank},
	address = {Washington, DC},
	abstract = {This study reviews agroforestry practices in Sub-Saharan Africa as seen from the farmer{\textquoteright}s perspective. Agroforestry, broadly defined as the integration of trees and shrubs in farming systems, offers one of the most promising technological options for reversing soil degradation, restoring tree cover, and improving agricultural productivity in Africa. The literature on agroforestry was reviewed in order to identify a limited number of successful experiences for further field study. Seven case studies were then conducted by an interdisciplinary team, covering indigenous and innovative systems found in the highlands of East Africa, the semi-arid zone, and the humid lowlands of West Africa.
This review identified a number of issues that need to be considered in the design and implementation of agroforestry projects for Africa in order for them to be successful. Key findings include the importance of understanding the economics of agroforestry systems from the farmer{\textquoteright}s point of view as well as from the broader perspective of the benefits to society. Project evaluation should therefore take into account local markets and opportunities for off- farm employment offered by tree products, as well as the opportunity costs perceived by farmers in making adoption decisions. Farm households are not homogeneous, and project design should be adapted to the socioeconomic level, age and gender of the people who are expected to adopt the proposed technology. In Africa, trees are integral parts of agro-sylvo- pastoral farming systems and should be considered in this sociocultural context, with particular attention to the constraints imposed by customary and legal rules regarding land and tree tenure. The institutional framework for implementation should be selected and developed with a view to long-term sustainability. Recommendations are made for the technical, economic, social, and institutional design of projects and for the direction of future research. (author)},
	keywords = {agroforestry, Sub-Saharan Africa},
	isbn = {0-8213-1389-4, 978-0-8213-1389-3},
	url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/20630167},
	author = {Cynthia C. Cook and Mikael Grut}
}
@conference {785,
	title = {Notes and reflections on the workshop on farmers and agricultural research: Complementary methods},
	booktitle = {Paper presented at IDS Workshop on Farmers and Agricultural Research: Complementary Methods, July 26-31, 1987, University of Sussex},
	year = {1987},
	note = {IDS (Institute of Development Studies)},
	month = {July 1987},
	publisher = {Brighton, UK},
	organization = {Brighton, UK},
	address = {University of Sussex},
	abstract = {The workshop, Farmers and Agricultural Research: Complementary Methods, was held at the Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK, from 26 to 31 July 1987. The objective was to take stock of new methods and approaches that scientists have been developing, to share experience, to assess potential, and to identify what steps should be taken next. The 42 notes and papers and the five days of the discussion at the workshop were designed for the exchange and exploration rather than to generate an agreed statement. What follows are therefore personal notes and reflections, and responsibility for the views expressed is mine and not of anyone else. All the same, I am trying to present views expressed, and there was a degree of consensus which suggests that few participants would probably wish to dissent substantially from much of what follows. (author)},
	keywords = {agricultural research, agricultural science, agroforestry, agronomy, Bangladesh, bio-economic, Botswana, Brazil, Bungoma, Colombia, cropping systems, cropping systems research, crops, development, dry farming, dryland agriculture, East India, farmer experimentation, farmers, Farming Systems Development Project-Eastern Visayas (FSDP-EV), food, India, indigenous genetic resources, indigenous technical knowledge , Indore, Kenya, land classification, livestock, Luapula, Luapula Province, Nepal, on-farm varietal, Peru, Pokot, regular research field hearings (RRFH), research and development , resource-poor, rice, scientized packages, soil classification, Sub-Saharan Africa, topsoil, tree planting, trees, Turkana, watersheds, Zambia},
	author = {Robert Chambers}
}
