@inbook {883,
	title = {Indigenous resource exploitation},
	booktitle = {Ecology and Land Management in Amazonia},
	year = {1990},
	note = {Chapter 4},
	month = {1990},
	pages = {62-85},
	publisher = {Belhaven Press},
	organization = {Belhaven Press},
	address = {New York/London},
	abstract = {This document looks at various forms of indigenous resource exploitation in the Amazon basin. It details plant and animal (both wild and cultivated) use in the forest, savannas, and wetlands by numerous tribes. European influence is also briefly discussed.},
	keywords = {Amazon River region, American Indians, Andoke, anteater, aquatic resources, archaeology, Brazil, Colombia, crop production, environmental policy, fishing, food sources, Guyana, hunter-gatherer, maize, manioc, Native Americans, natural resource conservation, nutrition, Piaroa, polyculture, rainforests, shifting cultivation, South America, swiddens, timber , tubers, Uanano, Venezuela, wetlands, Witoto, Yanomamo},
	isbn = {1-85293-118-3; 978-1-85293-118-6},
	url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/21195403},
	author = {Michael J. Eden}
}
@article {561,
	title = {Farming, fishing, and fire in the history of the upper R{\'\i}o Negro region of Venezuela},
	journal = {Human Ecology},
	volume = {15},
	year = {1987},
	month = {March 1987},
	pages = {1-26},
	abstract = {Studies of R{\'\i}o Negro subsistence farming and fishing activities are used to estimate the human carrying capacity for the region and the likely pattern of human land-use during prehistory. Ceramic evidence suggests human presence in the region more than 3,000 years ago. Traditional farming is labor intensive and relatively unproductive. Nevertheless, farmers achieve an energy return of 15.2:1, and produce 2,600 kcal per work hour. Fish are the major protein source, but fish catch per unit of effort and fish yield per hectare of floodplain are very low; fishermen are probably exploiting local fish resources very close to their limit. The low human population density would suggest that the R{\'\i}o Negro forest has been relatively undisturbed. Nevertheless, charcoal is widespread and abundant in forest soils. This charcoal is probably from anthropogenic or natural wildfires. These results suggest a much more complex history for Amazonia than previously thought. (author)},
	keywords = {agriculture, Amazon, energetics, fire, fishing, subsistence agriculture, Venezuela, wildfires},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00891369},
	url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/4602829},
	author = {Kathleen Clark and Christopher Uhl}
}
@article {640,
	title = {Promising agroforestry systems in Venezuela},
	journal = {Agroforestry Systems},
	volume = {3},
	year = {1985},
	month = {June 1985},
	pages = {209-221},
	abstract = {<p>The main agroforestry systems in Venezuela are the multispecies plant associations in integrated coffee production system and the silvopastoral system. This paper describes the functional and structural aspects of these systems. The multilayered coffee production systems are practised mainly in the premontane moist forest of the Andes region, but are also found in other areas of the country. Various tree species are used for shade and as fence in big coffee plantations, whereas in small units with traditional production pattern, coffee is planted along with many other species, often constituting a 3\&ndash;4 layer canopy. Available data are presented on the production as well as some socioeconomic aspects. The silvopastoral systems are found in the tropical dry forest (savannas) and in the very dry tropical forest of the semiarid zones of the country. A large number of trees and shrubs are found in these pastoral areas where they play both productive (fodder and feed) and service (shelter) roles.</p><p>Although both these systems are practised over large areas of the country, practically no research has been done to improve them. In order to strengthen national capability to undertake such research, international support of cash and as well as technical advice is needed. (author)</p>},
	keywords = {agroforestry systems, browsing, coffee production, fodder trees, silvopastoral systems, Venezuela},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00122644},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00122644},
	author = {Eduardo E. Escalante}
}
