@inbook {902,
	title = {The Lari Soils Project in Peru - A methodology for combining cognitive and behavioral research},
	booktitle = {The cultural dimension of development: Indigenous knowledge systems},
	year = {1995},
	month = {1995},
	pages = {71-81},
	publisher = {Intermediate Technology Publications Ltd [Practical Action Publishing]},
	organization = {Intermediate Technology Publications Ltd [Practical Action Publishing]},
	address = {London},
	abstract = {The authors pursue the relationship between cognitive and behavioral aspects of culture. An argument is developed for a methodology that effectively combines conclusions of different researchers to decipher "decision-making frames" of the agriculturalists at Lari. The focus of investigation was native Andean soil classification and management. Almost no data is presented. There is some discussion of the value of expert systems computer programs for modeling "ruled based decision models." Problems are discussed for interdisciplinary fieldwork.

Advances in cultural anthropology generally come from one of three directions. First, anthropologists attempt to uncover cognitive aspects of an unfamiliar culture through the analysis of rules, plans, schemes, symbols and categories. Mental patterns may be unconscious and unformulated but capable of being discovered by posing the right questions, or conscious and explicit and the subject of ordinary conversation. Second, the actual events and activities are observed and analyzed in order to discover patterns of behavior. Lastly, mental rules, plans, and values are compared with actual cultural behavior to determine congruences, expections, and the rules for breaking the rules for behavior. Of the three, the relationship between cognitive and behavioral aspects of culture is the most problematic. While one expects some link between what people think they should do and what they actually do, the degree and character of the correspondence between cognitive rules and behavior is the subject of much controversy and may vary depending on cultural sphere or context. This paper presents a methodology for combining cognitive and behavioral research developed during the course of an interdisciplinary investigation of native Andea soil management. It involves teamwork, the construction of rule-based decision models using expert-system computer programs, and formal tests to assess the correspondence between the cognitive and behavioral models.},
	keywords = {agricultural techniques, Arequipa, cognition, crop rotation, expert-systems, indigenous decision-making systems, indigenous knowledge, linguistics, methodology, Quechua, soil classification, soil management},
	isbn = {1-85339-264-2; 978-1-85339-264-1; eISBN 978-1-78044-473-4},
	url = {https://www.worldcat.org/title/257046951},
	author = {David Guillet and Louanna Furbee and Jon Sandor and Robert Benfer},
	editor = {D. Michael Warren and L. Jan Slikkerveer and David Brokensha}
}
@inbook {904,
	title = {P{\'a}tzcuaro{\textquoteright}s lesson: Nature, production, and culture in an indigenous region of Mexico},
	booktitle = {Biodiversity: Culture, conservation, and ecodevelopment},
	year = {1991},
	month = {1991},
	pages = {147-171},
	publisher = {Westview Press},
	organization = {Westview Press},
	address = {Boulder, CO},
	abstract = {This document looks at the ecosystem and cultural history in the region of Lake P{\'a}tzcuaro, Mexico. The production activities and use of natural resources (plant and animal, both wild and cultivated) of and by the local indigenous communities are detailed. Activities and knowledge of the Purh{\'e}pecha people are focused upon.},
	keywords = {agricultural conservation, agricultural ecology, biodiversity conservation, ecosystem, fish, forestry, germplasm resources, household, land redistribution, land tenure, landscapes, maize morphology, Mesoamerica, mestizo, mushroom, Native Americans, natural resource management, pasture, peasants, population, Pur{\'e}pecha, settlements, smallholders, soil classification, subsistence patterns, Tarascans, taxonomy, transect, woodland management},
	isbn = {0-8133-7680-7; 978-0-8133-7680-6},
	url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/24467584},
	author = {Victor M. Toledo},
	editor = {Margery L. Oldfield and Janis B. Alcorn}
}
@article {803,
	title = {The scientific basis for Shipibo soil classification and land use: Changes in soil-plant associations with cash cropping},
	journal = {American Anthropologist},
	volume = {91},
	year = {1989},
	month = {March 1989},
	pages = {83-100},
	abstract = {Since the Shipibo began cash cropping rice, their land use patterns have changed with proportionately less utilization of soft sandy soils, which are best for staple Musa production, and greater use of harder clayey soils, which are more suitable for rice and root crops. Statistical analysis of soil samples reveals the physical-chemical basis for Shipibo soil categories and indicates the effect of swidden agriculture on levels of important soil characteristics. While cultural principles for planting have summarized these important ecological relationships in the past, they are often violated with increasing rice production. Examination of time allocation and food consumption data shows that changes in Shipibo land use patterns are associated with higher labor costs during brief periods of the agricultural cycle and greater dependence on domesticated animal foods.},
	keywords = {cultural ecology, human adaptation, Shipibo, soil classification, swiddens},
	doi = {10.1525/aa.1989.91.1.02a00050},
	url = {https://anthrosource.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1525/aa.1989.91.1.02a00050},
	author = {Clifford A. Behrens}
}
@conference {785,
	title = {Notes and reflections on the workshop on farmers and agricultural research: Complementary methods},
	booktitle = {Paper presented at IDS Workshop on Farmers and Agricultural Research: Complementary Methods, July 26-31, 1987, University of Sussex},
	year = {1987},
	note = {IDS (Institute of Development Studies)},
	month = {July 1987},
	publisher = {Brighton, UK},
	organization = {Brighton, UK},
	address = {University of Sussex},
	abstract = {The workshop, Farmers and Agricultural Research: Complementary Methods, was held at the Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK, from 26 to 31 July 1987. The objective was to take stock of new methods and approaches that scientists have been developing, to share experience, to assess potential, and to identify what steps should be taken next. The 42 notes and papers and the five days of the discussion at the workshop were designed for the exchange and exploration rather than to generate an agreed statement. What follows are therefore personal notes and reflections, and responsibility for the views expressed is mine and not of anyone else. All the same, I am trying to present views expressed, and there was a degree of consensus which suggests that few participants would probably wish to dissent substantially from much of what follows. (author)},
	keywords = {agricultural research, agricultural science, agroforestry, agronomy, Bangladesh, bio-economic, Botswana, Brazil, Bungoma, Colombia, cropping systems, cropping systems research, crops, development, dry farming, dryland agriculture, East India, farmer experimentation, farmers, Farming Systems Development Project-Eastern Visayas (FSDP-EV), food, India, indigenous genetic resources, indigenous technical knowledge , Indore, Kenya, land classification, livestock, Luapula, Luapula Province, Nepal, on-farm varietal, Peru, Pokot, regular research field hearings (RRFH), research and development , resource-poor, rice, scientized packages, soil classification, Sub-Saharan Africa, topsoil, tree planting, trees, Turkana, watersheds, Zambia},
	author = {Robert Chambers}
}
@conference {790,
	title = {Relationships between Shipibo and western soil classification: Changes in land use patterns with cash cropping},
	booktitle = {Paper presented at 85th Annual Meeting of the American Anthropological Association, 5 December 1986, Philidelphia},
	year = {1986},
	month = {December 1986},
	abstract = {Since the Shipibo began cash cropping rice, their land use patterns have changed with less utilization of sandy soils, best for staple Mosa production, and greater use of harder soils, more suitable for rice and root crops. Statistical analysis of soil samples reveals the physical-chemical basis for Shipibo soil categories and indicates the effect of swidden agriculture on levels of important soil characteristics. While cultural prescriptions for planting have summarized these ecological relationships in the past, they are often violated with increasing rice production. This paper examines the greater labor costs associated with the adoption of cash cropping by Shipibo farmers. (author)},
	keywords = {cultural ecology, human adaptation, Shipibo, soil classification, swiddens},
	author = {Clifford A. Behrens}
}
