@inbook {882,
	title = {Indigenous knowledge and resource management systems in the Canadian subarctic},
	booktitle = {Linking social and ecological systems: management practices and social mechanisms for building resilience},
	year = {2000},
	note = {CIKARD paper is from a workshop on Linking Social and Ecological Systems for Resilience and Sustainability. Beijer International Institute of Ecological Economics, Stockholm Sweden. Draft, August 1994},
	month = {2000},
	pages = {95-128},
	abstract = {The Cree Amerindians of subarctic Canada lived as a group of hunter-gatherers. The social systems of the Cree and the ecological systems they have depended upon have survived for a long time. The paper explores possible mechanisms (local knowledge, resource management practices, institutions, worldview) that enabled this survival, and the ways in which these mechanisms may have evolved.},
	keywords = {aquatic resources, Cree Indians, ecology, wildlife },
	url = {https://worldcat.org/en/title/36470157},
	author = {Fikret Berkes},
	editor = {Fikret Berkes and Carl Folke and Johan Colding (assistant Ed.)}
}
@book {305,
	title = {Community forestry: Herders{\textquoteright} decision-making in natural resources management in arid and semi-arid Africa},
	series = {Community Forestry Note no. 4},
	year = {1990},
	note = {See also:  http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/22831781},
	month = {1990},
	pages = {viii, 126 pp.},
	publisher = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations},
	organization = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations},
	address = {Rome},
	abstract = {This report fits into an overall objective of helping the FAO analyze the role that local knowlege and management systems (LKMS) of natural resources can play in FAO{\textquoteright}s development projects and programs. The approach of this report centers on a literature review of existing information on arid and semi-arid Africa. This includes North Africa, the Sahara, the Sahel, the semi-arid parts of the Sudan zone, and the arid zones of southern Africa. A few pertinent examples from other areas are also provided.

The main emphasis is placed on the use and management of natural resources, primarily vegetation, but also water and wildlife. The majority of production systems in these arid zones in one way or another rely on livestock (ranging from settled agropastoralists to continuously mobile nomads). Thus, pastoral systems, defined as any production system that relies for more than 10\% of its output on livestock, is the main focus of the report, but other production systems that rely on resources in their natural state, such as hunting, gathering, fishing and wood collecting, will also be considered. (author)

In 1986, within its Forestry for Community Development Programme, the FAO Forestry Department published a Forestry Paper entitled Tree Growing by Rural People. It presented various facets of the state of knowledge about tree-growing as it relates to community forestry, i.e. forestry designed to benefit the rural tree growers/managers. However, although some of the most interesting future opportunities for community forestry lie in improving management of existing trees rather than in creating new resources, this document covered only partially the topic of tree and woodland management by rural people. It did not fully explore how rural people manage single trees or communal woodlands and how they manage their other resources in relation to trees and woodlands. Further effort was necessary to broaden and deepen the knowledge base on local management issues. In order to improve the success of management projects, more complete data and analysis was also needed on what knowledge rural people have already developed and the dynamics of their tree resource management strategies in response to changing policies, pressures and opportunities. Finally, more thorough understanding was to be developed of the results and impacts of various attempts to support rural people in the efforts to manage these resources. Dr. Maryam Niamir, a range management specialist, has undertaken the first step in the process of filling this information gap as it relates to arid and semi-arid areas of Africa. (author)},
	keywords = {afforestation, agroforestry, agropastoral systems, citizen participation, climate, community forestry, deforestation, Ethiopia, ethnoveterinary medicine, forest management, Fulani, geomorphology, grazing, herders, India, land tenure, livestock, Madagascar, Mali, natural resources, Niger, Nigeria, North Africa, plants, reforestation, soils, Somalia, Sub-Saharan Africa, Sudan, Uganda, vegetation, water , wildlife , Wodaabe, Zambia},
	url = {http://www.fao.org/3/t6260e/t6260e00.htm},
	author = {Maryam Niamir}
}
@article {698,
	title = {The tragedy of the commons: Twenty-two years later},
	journal = {Human Ecology},
	volume = {18},
	year = {1990},
	month = {March 1990},
	pages = {1-19},
	abstract = {Hardin{\textquoteright}s Tragedy of the Commons model predicts the eventual overexploitation or degradation of all resources used in common. Given this unambiguous prediction, a surprising number of cases exist in which users have been able to restrict access to the resource and establish rules among themselves for its sustainable use. To assess the evidence, we first define common-property resources and present a taxonomy of property-rights regimes in which such resources may be held. Evidence accumulated over the last twenty-two years indicates that private, state, andcommunal property are all potentially viable resource management options. A more complete theory than Hardin{\textquoteright}s should incorporate institutional arrangements and cultural factors to provide for better analysis and prediction. (author)},
	keywords = {co-management, common property, fisheries, forestry, grazing lands, sustainable development, water resources , wildlife },
	doi = {10.1007/BF00889070},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00889070},
	author = {David Feeny and Fikret Berkes and Bonnie J. McCay and James M. Acheson}
}
@book {314,
	title = {Developing a partnership of indigenous peoples, conservationists, and land use planners in Latin America},
	series = {Policy, planning, and research working papers -- Environment (WPS 245)},
	year = {1989},
	note = {See also: http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/500811468776777817/pdf/multi-page.pdf},
	month = {October 1989},
	pages = {96},
	publisher = {Latin America and the Caribbean Technical Dept., World Bank},
	organization = {Latin America and the Caribbean Technical Dept., World Bank},
	address = {Washington, DC},
	abstract = {Policy, Planning, and Research Working Papers - Environment
Recommendations for working in partnership with indigenous peoples, recognizing their land rights, incorporating their environmental knowledge into wildlands and native area planning, and paying more serious attention to the economics and resource implications of local activities to harvest wild resources - especially in environmentally delicate areas such as tropical rainforests. The major finding of the report is that a fundamental shift (a paradigm shift in the language of the historian of science Thomas Kuhn) has started in the way in which the international conservation community has come to view the issue of planning in areas which are occupied and used by indigenous peoples. Under the traditional paradigm, represented by several National Parks, wildlife reserves and other types of protected areas where indigenous peoples have aboriginal claims, indigenous peoples are allowed to continue to occupy and use the resources of these areas but only so long as they use the natural resources sustainably. This use, agreed with the park authorities, should reconcile the needs of both the indigenous peoples and the conservationists. Experience has found that these needs can be reconciled and made compatible, although this is far from being routine. Clearly major deforestation or firearm hunting for commerce by indigenous peoples are not compatible with wildlands protection.

Where indigenous people and park authorities do not agree, then either the park or the people are encouraged to move. (author)},
	keywords = {ache, acquatic resources, agriculture, Alaska Whaling Commission, Amboseli National Park, animal protection, Annapurna Conservation Project, aquaculture, Arctic Research Establishment, Aripuana Indian Park, Australia, Awa Ethnic Forest Reserve, Beni Biosphere Reserve, Bolivia, Brazil, Caribou Management Boards, Chile, Coburg National Park, Colombia, Conservation of natural resources, Costa Rica, Cuyabeno, Darien Biosphere Reserve, economic conditions, ecosystem management, Ecuador, environmental policy, Eskimo Walrus Commission, ethnoecology, ethnology, forestry, Honduras, Huaorani, Indians of South America, indigenous peoples, Kakadu National Park, Kenya, Kuna Yala Project, La Amistad Biosphere Reserve, La Planada, Lake Titicaca National Reserve, land tenure, land use planning, Latin America, Lauca National Park, Makivik Research Center, Manu National Park, Mbaracayu Wildland Area, Mexico, national parks, Native Americans, Nepal, NGOs, non-governmental organizations, oil exploration, Pacaya Samira National Reserve, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, rainforests, Rio Platano Biosphere Reserve, Sian Ka{\textquoteright}an Biosphere Reserve, Sierra de Manantlan Biosphere Reserve, Siona-Secoya, sport hunting, subsistence economy, subsistence hunting, Tagaira, UNESCO , usufruct rights, wildlife , World Bank, Xingu National Park, Yanomami Indian Park, Yasuni National Park},
	url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/29810664},
	author = {Peter Poole}
}
@book {332,
	title = {Forestry and food security},
	series = {FAO forestry paper 90},
	year = {1989},
	month = {1989},
	pages = {128},
	publisher = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations},
	organization = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations},
	address = {Rome},
	abstract = {This report summarizes the current state of understanding regarding the links between forestry and food security. It is the result of a series of investigations begun in 1985 in response to the widely felt concern that excessive deforestation is threatening not only the soil and water base essential for continued food production, but also the present and future availability of the many forest plants and animals that are sources of food.},
	keywords = {agroforestry, Amazonia, cash crops, cloud forests, common property, erosion, fodder, fuelwood, gardens, fallows, gender, Ghana, household, mangroves, microclimate, plant foods, salinization, soil conservation, water conservation, wildlife , windbreaks, women, yields},
	isbn = {92-5-102847-8, 978-92-5-102847-6},
	url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/20998704},
	author = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)}
}
@book {333,
	title = {Forestry and nutrition: A reference manual},
	year = {1989},
	month = {1989},
	publisher = {FAO},
	organization = {FAO},
	address = {Bangkok, Thailand},
	abstract = {The first section provides a brief overview of the links between forestry and nutrition and a review of the findings from the literature. This is followed by an annotated bibliography which includes 239 references. Subject and geographic indices are included to facilitate use of the bibliography.
The purposes of this reference manual are to highlight what is known about the linkages between forestry and nutrition and to provide a guide for further research into this area. It is directed to foresters and nutritionists alike and draws on information from their respective literature as well as from other areas of relevant study. Although the reference manual focuses on nutrition and forestry in general, it is directed to those working on forestry and nutrition issues in developing countries, and thus, focuses on regions of the tropics and subtropics. (author)},
	keywords = {agroforestry, conservation, ethnobotany, ethnomedicine, fodder, fuelwood, livestock, medicinal plants, plant foods, rural development, wildlife },
	url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/66373043},
	author = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Regional Forestry Officer}
}
@book {334,
	title = {Forestry and nutrition: A reference manual},
	year = {1989},
	month = {1989},
	pages = {v, 114},
	publisher = {FAO, RAPA},
	organization = {FAO, RAPA},
	address = {Bangkok, Thailand},
	abstract = {This document contains literature from a variety of relevant disciplines and includes material which may be useful for selecting specific forestry activities to strengthen food security. In the presentation of this bibliography, the subject areas in which more research is needed are highlighted.},
	keywords = {animal foods, ethnobotany, ethnomedicine, fodder, fuelwood, plant foods, range and livestock management, traditional medicine, wildlife },
	url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/66373043},
	author = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific}
}
@book {361,
	title = {Land and water strategy: Sustainable development. A summary of public input: What you told us},
	year = {1989},
	month = {November 1989},
	pages = {57},
	publisher = {Province of Manitoba},
	organization = {Province of Manitoba},
	address = {[Winnipeg, MB]},
	abstract = {Because our activities on land affect our water resources, it is vital that we manage our land and water resources together. This is the position that the Government of Manitoba has taken, and why it has proposed a Land and Water Strategy for the Provience. Conserving the environment while creating economic activity is the objective of the Land and Water Strategy--an objective consistant with the principles of sustainable development set out by the National Task Force of Environment and Economy. The Task Force defines sustainable development as "...development which ensures that the use of resources and the environment today does not damage prospects for their use by future generations." The key concept advanced by the Task Force is that the economy and the environment can no longer be viewed in isolation. We must use our resources to survive and prosper, but we must also manage them wisely if they are to be there in future, for our children and grandchildren. In the past, the economy and the environment were viewed as mutually exclusive. That is no longer an acceptable view. We can conserve our resource base and generate economic activity at the same time. The Land and Water Strategy points the way. (author)},
	keywords = {agricultural land use, agriculture, alternate land use, conservation, drainage, education, environmental policy, environmental protection, fisheries, flooding, hydro, land use planning, Manitoba, minerals, natural resource conservation, recreation, saline soils, soil conservation, soils, tourism, water conservation, water supply, wildland, wildlife },
	url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/29312143},
	author = {Provincial Government of Manitoba, Sustainable Development Coordination Unit}
}
@book {360,
	title = {Land and water strategy, the process begins: workbook on water},
	year = {1989},
	month = {1989},
	publisher = {Provincial Government of Manitoba [Manitoba Natural Resources, Water Resources Branch]},
	organization = {Provincial Government of Manitoba [Manitoba Natural Resources, Water Resources Branch]},
	address = {Winnipeg, MB},
	abstract = {The Government of Manitoba has established a Land and Water Strategy to enable them to manage their water resources in a sustainable manner. The Strategy is based on the following objectives: 1. To sustain and enhance resource productivity and improve the environmental quality of Manitoba; and 2. To improve and diversify income and job opportunities. This book contains sections on: Land and Water Strategies; A Strategy for Water; Water Policies-1. Water Quality; 2. Conservation; 3. Use and Allocation; 4. Water Management Infrastructure; 5. Flooding; and 6. Drainage - a Questionnaire; and a Glossary.},
	keywords = {agriculture, Canada, economic aspects, environmental protection, fisheries, forestry, land use, mineral resources, natural resource conservation, North America, Province of Manitoba, soils, sustainable development, water , water resources , wildlife },
	url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/56232838},
	author = {Provincial Government of Manitoba, Water Resources Branch}
}
@book {390,
	title = {Sustainable development: Land and water strategy: A summary of public input},
	year = {1989},
	month = {November 1989},
	publisher = {Provincial Government of Manitoba [Manitoba Natural Resources, Water Resources Branch]},
	organization = {Provincial Government of Manitoba [Manitoba Natural Resources, Water Resources Branch]},
	address = {Winnipeg, MB},
	abstract = {Because our activities on land affect our water resources, it is vital that we manage our land and water resources together. This is the position that the Government of Manitoba has taken, and why it has proposed a Land and Water Strategy for the Provience. Conserving the environment while creating economic activity is the objective of the Land and Water Strategy--an objective consistent with the principles of sustainable development set out by the National Task Force of Environment and Economy. The Task Force defines sustainable development as "...development which ensures that the use of resources and the environment today does not damage prospects for their use by future generations."

The key concept advanced by the Task Force is that the economy and the environment can no longer be viewed in isolation. We must use our resources to survive and prosper, but we must also manage them wisely if they are to be there in future, for our children and grandchildren.{\textquoteright} In the past, the economy and the environment were viewed as mutually exclusive. That is no longer an acceptable view. We can conserve our resource base and generate economic activity at the same time. The Land and Water Strategy points the way. (author)},
	keywords = {agricultural land use, agriculture, alternate land use, conservation, drainage, education, environmental protection, fisheries, flooding, hydro, land use planning, minerals, recreation, saline soils, soils, tourism, water supply, wildland, wildlife },
	author = {Provincial Government of Manitoba, Water Resources Branch}
}
