@book {311, title = {Culture: The missing element in conservation and development: Abstracts of the 8th National Zoo Symposium held at the National Zoological Park, Washington, DC, 1988}, year = {1998}, month = {8-9 April 1988}, pages = {xii, 160 pp.}, publisher = {Kendall/Hunt Publishers}, organization = {Kendall/Hunt Publishers}, address = {Dubuque, IA}, abstract = {

Includes the following papers:

This document contains the abstracts/summaries of the 8th National Zoo Symposium. Topics such as: common property, politics, community involvement, debt trade, indigenous knowledge, traditional wildlife management, natural resource management, and indigenous societies are addressed.

}, keywords = {American Indians, common property, community involvement, debt trade, indigenous knowledge, indigenous societies, local knowledge, Native Americans, natural resource management, politics, rainforests, traditional wildlife management}, isbn = {0787247618; 9780787247614}, url = {https://www.worldcat.org/title/260057590}, author = {National Zoo}, editor = {R. J. Hoage and Katy Moran} } @book {398, title = {The cultural dimension of development: Indigenous knowledge systems}, series = {IT Studies in Indigenous Knowledge and Development Series}, year = {1995}, note = {

Wim H.J.C. Dechering, Technical Editor

}, month = {December 1995}, pages = {xviii, 582 pp.}, publisher = {Intermediate Technology Publications Ltd [Practical Action Publishing]}, organization = {Intermediate Technology Publications Ltd [Practical Action Publishing]}, address = {London}, abstract = {This book presents evidence from many countries and sources of the validity and usefulness of indigenous knowledge in the success of development projects. Part I consists of chapters with a focus on indigenous knowledge systems including: Ethnobotanical knowledge systems, Taman Obat Keluarga: Indigenous Indonesian medicine, Neem in Niger, The Lari Soils project in Peru, indigenous soil classificaton in Northern Zambia, Agroforestry in the Central Hills of Nepal, indigenous communication, and International rice research. The chapters in Part II show how indigenous knowledge is used in decision making: Raised Beds and Plant Disease Management, Famine relief in the Horn of Africa, Gender and socioeconomic status in the Philippines as a reflection of decision making in agriculture, Forest Gardens of Highland Sri Lanka, Indigenous decision-making in American agriculture, Indigenous Taxonomies and decision-making of Rice Farmers in South India, Crop Varietal Selection, and Patterns of medical choice among working-class families of Oaxaca, Mexico. Part III focuses on the role that indigenous organizations play in the decision making process in the following examples: Community Forestry Management in Nepal, Natural Resource Management among Pastoralists of Arid and Semi-arid Africa, Balinese Water Temples, Kpelle Farming, and the Niger River Fisheries project. Part IV deals with indigenous experimentation and innovation including: Indigenous horticultural approaches in tropical regions, Farmer Know-how and Communicaton for Technology Transfer in Niger, Duck Farming in Indonesia, Technology off the farm, Design of on- farm experiments in the Philippines, Soil and Water Conservation in Djenne, Mali, Kpelle steelmaking, and Protection of the Agricultural Environment in Eastern Africa. The chapters in Part V describe how different development institutions such as: CIKARD, LEAD, CIRAN, IUCN, IIED, ILEIA, CLADES, UNESCO, NISER, and REPPIKA, are using indigenous knowledge to facilitate the development process. Part VI consists of bibliographical essays on the attention given to indigenous knowledge in the literature of the past decade in the areas of agriculture and rural development and resource management.}, keywords = {Africa, agroforestry, Bali, ethnobotany, ethnoveterinary medicine, Horn of Africa, India, indigenous decision-making systems, indigenous development, indigenous experimentation, indigenous knowledge, indigenous organizations, Indonesia, Kpelle, Mali, Mexico, Nepal, Niger, Nigeria, Peru, Philippines, Sudan, Zambia}, isbn = {1-85339-264-2; 978-1-85339-251-1; eISBN 978-1-78044-473-4}, url = {https://www.worldcat.org/title/257046951}, editor = {D. Michael Warren and L. Jan Slikkerveer and David Brokensha} } @inbook {902, title = {The Lari Soils Project in Peru - A methodology for combining cognitive and behavioral research}, booktitle = {The cultural dimension of development: Indigenous knowledge systems}, year = {1995}, month = {1995}, pages = {71-81}, publisher = {Intermediate Technology Publications Ltd [Practical Action Publishing]}, organization = {Intermediate Technology Publications Ltd [Practical Action Publishing]}, address = {London}, abstract = {The authors pursue the relationship between cognitive and behavioral aspects of culture. An argument is developed for a methodology that effectively combines conclusions of different researchers to decipher "decision-making frames" of the agriculturalists at Lari. The focus of investigation was native Andean soil classification and management. Almost no data is presented. There is some discussion of the value of expert systems computer programs for modeling "ruled based decision models." Problems are discussed for interdisciplinary fieldwork. Advances in cultural anthropology generally come from one of three directions. First, anthropologists attempt to uncover cognitive aspects of an unfamiliar culture through the analysis of rules, plans, schemes, symbols and categories. Mental patterns may be unconscious and unformulated but capable of being discovered by posing the right questions, or conscious and explicit and the subject of ordinary conversation. Second, the actual events and activities are observed and analyzed in order to discover patterns of behavior. Lastly, mental rules, plans, and values are compared with actual cultural behavior to determine congruences, expections, and the rules for breaking the rules for behavior. Of the three, the relationship between cognitive and behavioral aspects of culture is the most problematic. While one expects some link between what people think they should do and what they actually do, the degree and character of the correspondence between cognitive rules and behavior is the subject of much controversy and may vary depending on cultural sphere or context. This paper presents a methodology for combining cognitive and behavioral research developed during the course of an interdisciplinary investigation of native Andea soil management. It involves teamwork, the construction of rule-based decision models using expert-system computer programs, and formal tests to assess the correspondence between the cognitive and behavioral models.}, keywords = {agricultural techniques, Arequipa, cognition, crop rotation, expert-systems, indigenous decision-making systems, indigenous knowledge, linguistics, methodology, Quechua, soil classification, soil management}, isbn = {1-85339-264-2; 978-1-85339-264-1; eISBN 978-1-78044-473-4}, url = {https://www.worldcat.org/title/257046951}, author = {David Guillet and Louanna Furbee and Jon Sandor and Robert Benfer}, editor = {D. Michael Warren and L. Jan Slikkerveer and David Brokensha} } @article {816, title = {Culture based knowledge systems in development: Securing the foundations for a sustainable future}, year = {1993}, month = {1993}, institution = {ONAKE Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA)}, address = {Canada}, abstract = {Although this report focuses on the knowledge held by the approximately 5,000 indigenous, i.e. culturally distinct ethnic minority and/or tribal people groups world-wide, it as well addresses what is termed "local" or "peasant" knowledge systems. The principal objective of the study has been to document the utility and practicability of building upon and integrating the distinctive knowledge and skill resources held by indigenous peoples world-wide into Canadian ODA and NGO development activities. These knowledge systems cover such practical disciplines as: agronomy; natural resource and forestry management; aquaculture; human and veterinary medicine; nutrition; meteorology; social and management systems; familial based childhood education; consensus management; and environmental sciences. (author)}, keywords = {agronomy, aquaculture, culture, indigenous knowledge, knowledge systems, natural resource management, traditional medicine}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/988787997}, author = {Raymond Obomsawin} } @conference {805, title = {Traditional ecological knowledge in perspective}, booktitle = {Traditional ecological knowledge: Concepts and cases}, year = {1993}, month = {March 1993}, pages = {1-10}, publisher = {Winnepeg, Manitoba, Canada}, organization = {Winnepeg, Manitoba, Canada}, address = {International Program on Traditional Ecological Knowledge/IDRC}, abstract = {This paper deals with the concept of Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK). It outlines a definition of TEK and the spread of the idea. Included is a section on the similarities and differences between indigenous science and Western Science. Also included is a section on the practical applications/importance of TEK.}, keywords = {ecology, indigenous knowledge}, url = {https://library.umac.mo/ebooks/b10756577a.pdf}, author = {Fikret Berkes}, editor = {Julian T. Inglis} } @article {687, title = {The indigenous knowledge of ecological processes among peasants in the People{\textquoteright}s Republic of China}, journal = {Agriculture and Human Values}, volume = {8}, year = {1991}, note = {This paper was also presented at the Second International Ethnobiology Program, October 22-26, 1990 in Kunming, China.}, month = {Win-Spr 1991}, pages = {59-66}, abstract = {

A decision-tree model of an indigenous forest management system centered around shamu (Cunninghamia lanceolata),an important timber species in China, was constructed from extensive interviews with peasants in two villages in Fujian Province, China. From this model additional interviews were conducted to elicit from these peasants their reasons for selecting among decision alternatives. Those reasons that were of an ecological nature were discussed in detail with the peasants to elicit indigenous interpretations of ecological processes in order to test an hypothesis that a strong analogy exists between traditional indigenous and scientific knowledge of ecological processes.

Three cases are presented that test this hypothesis. These three cases concern the effect of intercrops on the growth of shamu, the relative merits of seedlings and root collar sprout cuttings for forest regeneration, and the effects of repeated plantings of shamuon soil chemistry. All three cases provide strong support for the research hypothesis and suggest that, even in the absence of a formalized scientific method, humans exercise mental processes typical of scientific thinking. This phenomenon is called proto-science.

}, keywords = {agroforestry, Cunninghamia lanceolata, ethnoecology, evolutionary biology, indigenous knowledge, proto-science, shamu}, doi = {10.1007/BF01579657}, url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF01579657}, author = {Paul M. Chandler} } @article {627, title = {No Hunting! Biodiversity, indigenous rights, and scientific poaching}, journal = {Cultural Survival Quarterly Magazine}, volume = {15}, year = {1991}, month = {September 1991}, pages = {14-18}, abstract = {The policies concerning the use of indigenous plants for commercial uses have historically protected those with the most to gain. In most cases, it is the pharmaceutical companies which benefit from the profits. Often the knowledge shared from indigenous people is essential to the research of these plants. Scientists are calling this the "golden age of plant hunting" because of the growth of pharmaceutical companies and their research on indigenous medicines. There are many proposals to protect the rights of indigenous people and land from which the plants come. The Kuna Indians of Panama have established their own rules about how research is to be conducted on their lands. These rules are to keep the Kuna Indians from being exploited. These methods and others could possibly help to avoid situations such as that in Madagasgar with the development of vinblastine and vincristine from the rosy periwinkle.}, keywords = {agriculture, biodiversity, ethnobotany, ethnomedicine, indigenous knowledge, indigenous plants, intellectual property rights, plant hunting}, url = {http://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/panama/no-hunting-biodiversity-indigenous-rights-and-scient}, author = {Jack Kloppenburg} } @article {743, title = {The use of indigenous knowledge in analyzing resource allocation at the farm level: A new approach to economic analysis}, year = {1986}, month = {September 1986}, abstract = {Too often we hear of superior technology in the experiment station which farmers are either unable or unwilling to adopt. This research proposal takes a new approach to the problem. The first step will be to understand the production process from the perspective of the farmers. Then, this farmer-generated framework will be used to specify resource management domains, analyze efficiency in resource use, and identify potentials for development of new technology.}, keywords = {cognitive anthropology, economic analysis, economic anthropology, economics, ethnolinguistics, ethnoscience, ethnosemantics, Farming Systems Development Project-Eastern Visayas (FSDP-EV), indigenous knowledge, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Leyte, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries (MAF), Philippines, University of Philippines at Los Banos (UPLB), Visayas State College of Agriculture (ViSCA), World Bank}, author = {Randolph Barker and Thomas F. Weaver and Julie Leones and Daniele Perrot-Maitre} } @article {592, title = {Indigenous management of tropical forest ecosystems: The case of the Kayap{\'o} Indians of the Brazilian Amazon}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {3}, year = {1985}, month = {June 1985}, pages = {139-158}, abstract = {

The Kayap{\'o} Indians of Brazil\&$\#$39;s Amazon Basin are described as effective managers of tropical forest, utilizing an extensive inventory of useful native plants that are concertrated by human activity in special forest areas (resource islands, forest fields, forest openings, tuber gardens, agricultural plots, old fields, and trailsides). Long-term transplanting and selection of plants suggest semi-domestication of many species. The overall management strategies of forest also includes many manipulated animal species (birds, fish, bees, mammals) utilized as food and game. Forest patches (ap{\^e}t{\^e}) are created by Indians from campo/cerrado using planting zones made from termite and ants nests mized with mulch: formation and development of these is briefly discussed, including the implementations for new ideas concerning reforestation and campo management. Finally an intergrative cognitive model is presented showing the relationships between variants of forest and savanna recognized by the Kayap{\'o}. Indigenous knowledge of subtle similarities between conceptually distinct ecological units in the model allows for the interchange of botanical material between microclimates to increase biological diversity in managed areas. It is suggested that indigenous knowledge is extremely important in development of new strategies for forest and campo/cerrado conservation, while improving productiveness of these ecological systems. Such knowledge is not only applicable for Amaz{\^o}nian Indians, but also has far-reaching implications for human populations throughout the humid tropics.

}, keywords = {Amazon Basin, cognitive model, forest patch, horticulture, indigenous knowledge, tropical forests}, doi = {10.1007/BF00122640}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00122640}, author = {Darrell Addison Posey} } @article {611, title = {Loan financing of smallholder treefarming in Ilocos, a comment}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {1}, year = {1983}, month = {December 1983}, pages = {361-365}, abstract = {

This paper is a comment on a previous explanation for an unsuccessful treefarming project in the Philippines. The earlier explanation did not inquire deeply into the project and its problems, and simply stated that \"a development model that is successful in one area may not be successful somewhere else.\"

Further investigation revealed some problems in the Ilocos project. The responsible people underestimated the effectiveness of locally-owned woodlots in meeting local demand, and underestimated the woodlots\&$\#$39; potential for meeting future demand increases. In this case, lack of local input was doubly ignored, both by the project leaders and by those who were attempting to explain the project\&$\#$39;s failure. (author)

}, keywords = {agroforestry, Ilocos, indigenous knowledge, loan financing, Philippines, smallholders, tree farm}, doi = {10.1007/BF00155942}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00155942}, author = {K. F. Wiersum and C. P. Veer} }