@article {727,
	title = {Yams and megapode mounds in the lowland rain forest of Papua New Guinea},
	journal = {Human Ecology},
	volume = {18},
	year = {1990},
	month = {June 1990},
	pages = {177-185},
	abstract = {Kubo people of Papua New Guinea sometimes grew Dioscorea yams in mounds of forest litter that were made as egg-incubation sites by birds (Megapodiidae). The small yam plots were included within larger banana gardens and, in the latter, it was yams, not bananas, that took precedence in the gardening decisions of people. The technique would be viable in the absence of a larger garden. It is interpreted as an expression of an ancient pattern of small-scale plant domestication.},
	keywords = {intercropping, Kubo, megapodes, Papua New Guinea, plant domestication, rainforests, yams},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00889181},
	url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/4602964},
	author = {Peter D. Dwyer and Monica Minnegal}
}
@book {314,
	title = {Developing a partnership of indigenous peoples, conservationists, and land use planners in Latin America},
	series = {Policy, planning, and research working papers -- Environment (WPS 245)},
	year = {1989},
	note = {See also: http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/500811468776777817/pdf/multi-page.pdf},
	month = {October 1989},
	pages = {96},
	publisher = {Latin America and the Caribbean Technical Dept., World Bank},
	organization = {Latin America and the Caribbean Technical Dept., World Bank},
	address = {Washington, DC},
	abstract = {Policy, Planning, and Research Working Papers - Environment
Recommendations for working in partnership with indigenous peoples, recognizing their land rights, incorporating their environmental knowledge into wildlands and native area planning, and paying more serious attention to the economics and resource implications of local activities to harvest wild resources - especially in environmentally delicate areas such as tropical rainforests. The major finding of the report is that a fundamental shift (a paradigm shift in the language of the historian of science Thomas Kuhn) has started in the way in which the international conservation community has come to view the issue of planning in areas which are occupied and used by indigenous peoples. Under the traditional paradigm, represented by several National Parks, wildlife reserves and other types of protected areas where indigenous peoples have aboriginal claims, indigenous peoples are allowed to continue to occupy and use the resources of these areas but only so long as they use the natural resources sustainably. This use, agreed with the park authorities, should reconcile the needs of both the indigenous peoples and the conservationists. Experience has found that these needs can be reconciled and made compatible, although this is far from being routine. Clearly major deforestation or firearm hunting for commerce by indigenous peoples are not compatible with wildlands protection.

Where indigenous people and park authorities do not agree, then either the park or the people are encouraged to move. (author)},
	keywords = {ache, acquatic resources, agriculture, Alaska Whaling Commission, Amboseli National Park, animal protection, Annapurna Conservation Project, aquaculture, Arctic Research Establishment, Aripuana Indian Park, Australia, Awa Ethnic Forest Reserve, Beni Biosphere Reserve, Bolivia, Brazil, Caribou Management Boards, Chile, Coburg National Park, Colombia, Conservation of natural resources, Costa Rica, Cuyabeno, Darien Biosphere Reserve, economic conditions, ecosystem management, Ecuador, environmental policy, Eskimo Walrus Commission, ethnoecology, ethnology, forestry, Honduras, Huaorani, Indians of South America, indigenous peoples, Kakadu National Park, Kenya, Kuna Yala Project, La Amistad Biosphere Reserve, La Planada, Lake Titicaca National Reserve, land tenure, land use planning, Latin America, Lauca National Park, Makivik Research Center, Manu National Park, Mbaracayu Wildland Area, Mexico, national parks, Native Americans, Nepal, NGOs, non-governmental organizations, oil exploration, Pacaya Samira National Reserve, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, rainforests, Rio Platano Biosphere Reserve, Sian Ka{\textquoteright}an Biosphere Reserve, Sierra de Manantlan Biosphere Reserve, Siona-Secoya, sport hunting, subsistence economy, subsistence hunting, Tagaira, UNESCO , usufruct rights, wildlife , World Bank, Xingu National Park, Yanomami Indian Park, Yasuni National Park},
	url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/29810664},
	author = {Peter Poole}
}
@article {602,
	title = {Land or plants: Agricultural tenure in agroforestry systems},
	journal = {Economic Botany},
	volume = {41},
	year = {1987},
	month = {April-June 1987},
	pages = {312-322},
	abstract = {The distinction between the rights to land and rights to plants is often overlooked when viewing agricultural tenure in developing countries. This distinction is crucial to understanding traditional agricultural systems, especially where agroforestry is practiced or its introduction has been proposed. Rights to land versus rights to plants are viewed in two Asia-Pacific agroforestry systems: one in Indonesian Borneo and the other in Papua New Guinea. Conflicts are discussed between the traditional dichotomy of land and plant rights and government policy. The success of an indigenous agroforestry system based on plant rights is contrasted to the failure of a proposed agroforestry system for similar reasons. It is concluded that the perceptual separation of land and plant rights needs to be explored if agroforestry practices are not only to be ecologically and economically feasible but also culturally acceptable.},
	keywords = {Borneo, Indonesia, land tenure, Melanesia, Papua New Guinea},
	doi = {10.1007/BF02858978},
	url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/4254970},
	author = {J. A. Weinstock and N. T. Vergara}
}
@article {545,
	title = {Dynamics of fallow successions and introduction of robusta coffee in shifting cultivation areas in the lowlands of Papua New Guinea},
	journal = {Agroforestry Systems},
	volume = {3},
	year = {1985},
	month = {September 1985},
	pages = {227-238},
	abstract = {The traditional shifting cultivation system in the lowlands of Papua New Guinea consists of mixed food crop gardens in which yams (Dioscorea spp.), bananas, taro (Colocasia esculenta) and sugarcane predominate. The cropping cycle is usually for 18 months, followed by a fallow cycle of up to 30 years. During the cropping cycle, two species of fruit trees, Pometia pinnata and Artocarpus altilis are also planted, the leaves of the former also being used as a mulch and green manure in yam cultivation. Fallow succession follows rather systematic patterns about which farmers have a thorough understanding. Robusta coffee, a cash-crop component, has been added to the system in some areas since the late 1950s. It is usually grown in permanent blocks, but is interplanted with Leucaena as shade. Food crops are planted in the establishment stage, bananas and Xantohosoma being retained even in mature coffee gardens. The system seems to be a potentially promising one. But very little quantitative information is available on the production and performance of the system and practically no systematic research has been undertaken. Since the Papua New Guinea fallow gardeners are willing to accept innovations, it will be appropriate and timely to undertake serious studies so that the system can be improved. A few items that merit immediate research attention are indicated. (author)},
	keywords = {agroforestry, coffee, fallow successions, forestry, intercropping, Papua New Guinea, shifting cultivation},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00046956},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00046956},
	author = {Bryant J. Allen}
}
@article {565,
	title = {Food, coffee and Casuarina: An agroforestry system from the Papua New Guinea highlands},
	journal = {Agroforestry Systems},
	volume = {2},
	year = {1985},
	month = {December 1985},
	pages = {273-279},
	abstract = {An agroforestry farming system is described from the Papua New Guina highlands (1400 to 2100 m) that has been developed by village growers since about 1960 and has expanded rapidly since about 1970. Major components of the system are numerous species of annual and perennial food crops (especially bananas), arabica coffee and Casuarina oligodon. It provides food, a cash crop and timber for construction and fuel. It is likely that returns on labour inputs are very favourable, but no formal assessments have been made. Evaluation of the system as a whole, and research on certain key components (Casuarina ecology, banana cultivars, timing of operations) are suggested as high priority areas for systematic studies.},
	keywords = {agriculture, Casuarina, coffee, food crops, forestry, highlands, Papua New Guinea},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00147038},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00147038},
	author = {R. Michael Bourke}
}
@conference {872,
	title = {Forest conversation practices in Papua New Guinea},
	booktitle = {Traditional conservation in Papua New Guinea: Implications for today. Proceedings of a Conference Organized by the Office of Environment and Conservation and the Institute of Applied Social and Economic Research in Port Moresby [Papua New Guinea], 27-31 October, 1980},
	series = {Monograph no. 16},
	year = {1980},
	month = {Oct. 27-31, 1980},
	pages = {203-216},
	publisher = {Institute of Applied Social and Economic Research},
	organization = {Institute of Applied Social and Economic Research},
	address = {Boroko, Papua New Guinea},
	abstract = {This document looks at the forest conservation practices of native Papua New Guineans. It describes past practices of forest product harvesting (including: timber, wildlife, fish, other food products, and assorted other resources) and swidden agriculture and compares them to current practices. It discusses the implications of these past practices on today{\textquoteright}s system of resource management.},
	keywords = {aquatic resources, forest conservation, Papua New Guinea},
	url = {https://www.worldcat.org/title/10090361},
	author = {Colin De{\textquoteright}A th},
	editor = {Louise Morauta and John Pernetta and William Heaney}
}
@article {646,
	title = {Sago production in a New Guinea economy},
	journal = {Human Ecology},
	volume = {2},
	year = {1974},
	month = {July 1974},
	pages = {217-236},
	abstract = {The techniques used by the Sanio-Hiowe of Papua New Guinea to produce edible starch from the sago palm (Metroxylon sp.) are described. Input-output analysis demonstrates that this is a highly productive subsistence technology; nevertheless, the Sanio-Hiowe economy is characterized by an absence of intensification. This is ascribed to functional consequences of dependence on hunting and gathering in the interior. In coastal and riverine habitats, other societies using sago supplemented by fishing or horticulture can more fully exploit the potential of sago as a basis for economic intensification and a more sedentary life.},
	keywords = {agricultural productivity, hunter-gatherer, labor productivity, Melanesia, palms, Papua New Guinea, pith, sago palm, starches, swamps, swine},
	url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/4602300},
	author = {Patricia K. Townsend}
}
