@book {398, title = {The cultural dimension of development: Indigenous knowledge systems}, series = {IT Studies in Indigenous Knowledge and Development Series}, year = {1995}, note = {

Wim H.J.C. Dechering, Technical Editor

}, month = {December 1995}, pages = {xviii, 582 pp.}, publisher = {Intermediate Technology Publications Ltd [Practical Action Publishing]}, organization = {Intermediate Technology Publications Ltd [Practical Action Publishing]}, address = {London}, abstract = {This book presents evidence from many countries and sources of the validity and usefulness of indigenous knowledge in the success of development projects. Part I consists of chapters with a focus on indigenous knowledge systems including: Ethnobotanical knowledge systems, Taman Obat Keluarga: Indigenous Indonesian medicine, Neem in Niger, The Lari Soils project in Peru, indigenous soil classificaton in Northern Zambia, Agroforestry in the Central Hills of Nepal, indigenous communication, and International rice research. The chapters in Part II show how indigenous knowledge is used in decision making: Raised Beds and Plant Disease Management, Famine relief in the Horn of Africa, Gender and socioeconomic status in the Philippines as a reflection of decision making in agriculture, Forest Gardens of Highland Sri Lanka, Indigenous decision-making in American agriculture, Indigenous Taxonomies and decision-making of Rice Farmers in South India, Crop Varietal Selection, and Patterns of medical choice among working-class families of Oaxaca, Mexico. Part III focuses on the role that indigenous organizations play in the decision making process in the following examples: Community Forestry Management in Nepal, Natural Resource Management among Pastoralists of Arid and Semi-arid Africa, Balinese Water Temples, Kpelle Farming, and the Niger River Fisheries project. Part IV deals with indigenous experimentation and innovation including: Indigenous horticultural approaches in tropical regions, Farmer Know-how and Communicaton for Technology Transfer in Niger, Duck Farming in Indonesia, Technology off the farm, Design of on- farm experiments in the Philippines, Soil and Water Conservation in Djenne, Mali, Kpelle steelmaking, and Protection of the Agricultural Environment in Eastern Africa. The chapters in Part V describe how different development institutions such as: CIKARD, LEAD, CIRAN, IUCN, IIED, ILEIA, CLADES, UNESCO, NISER, and REPPIKA, are using indigenous knowledge to facilitate the development process. Part VI consists of bibliographical essays on the attention given to indigenous knowledge in the literature of the past decade in the areas of agriculture and rural development and resource management.}, keywords = {Africa, agroforestry, Bali, ethnobotany, ethnoveterinary medicine, Horn of Africa, India, indigenous decision-making systems, indigenous development, indigenous experimentation, indigenous knowledge, indigenous organizations, Indonesia, Kpelle, Mali, Mexico, Nepal, Niger, Nigeria, Peru, Philippines, Sudan, Zambia}, isbn = {1-85339-264-2; 978-1-85339-251-1; eISBN 978-1-78044-473-4}, url = {https://www.worldcat.org/title/257046951}, editor = {D. Michael Warren and L. Jan Slikkerveer and David Brokensha} } @article {430, title = {BOS Newsletter}, volume = {13}, year = {1994}, note = {Entire issue}, month = {[1994]}, abstract = {

In this issue:

}, keywords = {AGRICOLA, Brazil, CGIAR, CIFOR, communications, dye, EC, ethnobotany, ethnomedicine, ethnosoil, FAO, GUF, ICRAF, IUCN, legume, Mexico, pedology, Peru, pulses, rattan, taxonomy, TFAP, timber , UNCTAD, vegetables, World Bank, World Conservation Union}, author = {BOS} } @article {612, title = {Los huertos familiares mayas en X-uilub, Yucat{\'a}n, M{\'e}xico. Aspectos generales y estudio comparativo entre la flora de los huertos familiares y la selva}, journal = {Biotica}, volume = {nueva epoca}, year = {1993}, month = {1993}, pages = {19-36}, abstract = {Within the general framework of forest management by the Maya, some general aspects of homgardens in X-uilub are presented such as their floristic compostition and structure as well as the factors that determine these characteristics. X-uilub is located in the western region of Yucatan and it is a good example of traditional management in this zone. Taking into consideration the similarity of species in both the homegardens and the forest, a comparative statistical analysis of all species present in the areas of intensive and extensive use as well as in the forest was carried out. Using mean values derived from number of individuals present per unit of analysis, eight different patterns of distribution of species were identified. The results suggest that there is a mosaic made up of different succession stages, and those species that belong to each stage are utilized, obtaining in this fashion greater benefits due to an expanded plant richness. (author)}, keywords = {agroforestry, home gardens, Mexico, Yucatan}, author = {Natividad Herrera Castro} } @article {516, title = {Apiculture and management of associated vegetation by the Maya of Tixcacaltuyub, Yucat{\'a}n, M{\'e}xico}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {13}, year = {1991}, month = {January 1991}, pages = {13-25}, abstract = {

We present the results of field work and a series of interviews with Mayan beekeepers, in order to answer the following questions:

  1. Which factors are relevant when establishing an apiary?
  2. How do Mayans choose the melliferous flora?
  3. How do Mayans manage the vegetation surrounding their apiaries? and
  4. What is their knowledge of flowering phenology and honey production cycle?

Apiary establishment depends on: no apiaries established at a minimum distance of 3 km; water availability (i.e., \"Haltunes\"); direct access to roads; combination of old and young vegetation (particularly abundance of Gymnopodium floribundum). Melliferous flora is classified according to quality and quantitity of the honey produced; 34 species are considered important at different times of the year. Finest honey and larger quantities are obtained from G. floribundum, followed by Viguiera dentata; the worst honey is from Lysiloma latisiliquum. Management of vegetation is minimum, mainly cutting plants that could impede growing of important melliferous, or protecting ( = not cutting) the latter; nevertheless, some of the most important melliferous are dominant in the vegetation. Their knowledge of flowering phenology and production cycle are quite complex. We discuss the problems the beekeepers are facing in regards to forest clearing, commercialization of produces, etc. (author)

}, keywords = {apiculture, Maya, Mexico, Tixcacaltuyub, vegetation management, Yucatan}, doi = {10.1007/BF00129616}, url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00129616}, author = {A. Chemas and V. Rico-Gray} } @article {555, title = {Exploring the cloud forests of Oaxaca, Mexico}, journal = {World Wide Fund for Nature Reports}, year = {1990}, month = {Oct-Dec 1990}, pages = {8-14}, abstract = {Since many people think of Mexico as a land of deserts and coasts, few would come here in search of some of the world{\textquoteright}s most humid forests. But if you wander up the mountains facing the Gulf of Mexico or the Pacific Ocean, you will discover the cloud forest. This dense and luxuriant vegetation receives its name from the cloud banks which come drifting onto the mountainsides, dropping some fo the 2,000-4,000mm of annual precipitation.}, keywords = {aquatic resources, forestry, grassroots development, Mexico, Oaxaca, participatory}, author = {Gary J. Martin and Alejandro de {\'A}vila}, editor = {Olga Sheean-Stone} } @inbook {878, title = {Indigenous agroforestry strategies meeting farmers{\textquoteright} needs}, booktitle = {Alternatives to deforestation: Steps towards sustainable use of the Amazon rain forest.}, year = {1990}, note = {Author Affiliation: Biology Department, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA}, month = {1990}, pages = {141-151}, publisher = {Columbia University Press}, organization = {Columbia University Press}, address = {New York}, abstract = {Seven characteristics of indigenous agroforestry strategies are discussed: they incorporate native trees and communities; they rely on natural succession; they use natural environmental variation; they incorporate numerous crop and native species; they are flexible; they spread risks by retaining diversity; and they work to ensure independent survival using backup resources available to the community. Specific examples from the sequential agroforestry and forest grove systems of Mexican Huastec and Peruvian Bora farmers show the ways in which indigenous strategies are used.}, keywords = {agroforestry, Bora, deforestation, ecology, Huastec, Mexico, Peru}, isbn = {0-231-06892-1; 978-0-231-06892-5}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/803206060}, author = {Janis B. Alcorn}, editor = {Anthony B. Anderson} } @book {314, title = {Developing a partnership of indigenous peoples, conservationists, and land use planners in Latin America}, series = {Policy, planning, and research working papers -- Environment (WPS 245)}, year = {1989}, note = {See also: http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/500811468776777817/pdf/multi-page.pdf}, month = {October 1989}, pages = {96}, publisher = {Latin America and the Caribbean Technical Dept., World Bank}, organization = {Latin America and the Caribbean Technical Dept., World Bank}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {Policy, Planning, and Research Working Papers - Environment Recommendations for working in partnership with indigenous peoples, recognizing their land rights, incorporating their environmental knowledge into wildlands and native area planning, and paying more serious attention to the economics and resource implications of local activities to harvest wild resources - especially in environmentally delicate areas such as tropical rainforests. The major finding of the report is that a fundamental shift (a paradigm shift in the language of the historian of science Thomas Kuhn) has started in the way in which the international conservation community has come to view the issue of planning in areas which are occupied and used by indigenous peoples. Under the traditional paradigm, represented by several National Parks, wildlife reserves and other types of protected areas where indigenous peoples have aboriginal claims, indigenous peoples are allowed to continue to occupy and use the resources of these areas but only so long as they use the natural resources sustainably. This use, agreed with the park authorities, should reconcile the needs of both the indigenous peoples and the conservationists. Experience has found that these needs can be reconciled and made compatible, although this is far from being routine. Clearly major deforestation or firearm hunting for commerce by indigenous peoples are not compatible with wildlands protection. Where indigenous people and park authorities do not agree, then either the park or the people are encouraged to move. (author)}, keywords = {ache, acquatic resources, agriculture, Alaska Whaling Commission, Amboseli National Park, animal protection, Annapurna Conservation Project, aquaculture, Arctic Research Establishment, Aripuana Indian Park, Australia, Awa Ethnic Forest Reserve, Beni Biosphere Reserve, Bolivia, Brazil, Caribou Management Boards, Chile, Coburg National Park, Colombia, Conservation of natural resources, Costa Rica, Cuyabeno, Darien Biosphere Reserve, economic conditions, ecosystem management, Ecuador, environmental policy, Eskimo Walrus Commission, ethnoecology, ethnology, forestry, Honduras, Huaorani, Indians of South America, indigenous peoples, Kakadu National Park, Kenya, Kuna Yala Project, La Amistad Biosphere Reserve, La Planada, Lake Titicaca National Reserve, land tenure, land use planning, Latin America, Lauca National Park, Makivik Research Center, Manu National Park, Mbaracayu Wildland Area, Mexico, national parks, Native Americans, Nepal, NGOs, non-governmental organizations, oil exploration, Pacaya Samira National Reserve, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, rainforests, Rio Platano Biosphere Reserve, Sian Ka{\textquoteright}an Biosphere Reserve, Sierra de Manantlan Biosphere Reserve, Siona-Secoya, sport hunting, subsistence economy, subsistence hunting, Tagaira, UNESCO , usufruct rights, wildlife , World Bank, Xingu National Park, Yanomami Indian Park, Yasuni National Park}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/29810664}, author = {Peter Poole} } @inbook {860, title = {An economic analysis of Huastec Mayan forest management}, booktitle = {Fragile lands of Latin America: Strategies for sustainable development}, year = {1989}, note = {Chapter 12}, month = {1989}, pages = {182-206}, publisher = {Westview Press}, organization = {Westview Press}, address = {Boulder, CO}, abstract = {

In this paper, I describe and evaluate a type of \"social forestry\" system currently used by indigenous farmers living at a density of 100 persons per square kilometer in a zone of \"fragile lands\" in northeastern Mexico. This zone can be classified as fragile for several reasons. It is a zone where bare soil is easily damaged by heavy rains and hot sun. It is a zone of slopes subject to erosion by runoff from the heavy rains. The land use I describe is not limited to the specific physical or social conditions of my study site. Systems similar to that of the Huastec have been described from other areas and could be applied by trained smallholders living in any forested area, regardless of forest type or slope.

The advantages of this systems are that it complements production from other farm subunits, gives farmers access to subsistence goods, produces commercially valuable products, conserves wild genetic resources of forest species, and protects soils. (author)

}, keywords = {agroforestry, Huastec, Latin America, Maya, Mexico}, isbn = {0-8133-7705-6; 978-0-8133-7705-6}, author = {Janis B. Alcorn}, editor = {John O. Browder} } @article {658, title = {Starving in the forest}, journal = {Plant Research and Development}, volume = {28}, year = {1988}, month = {1988}, pages = {7-31}, abstract = {

This paper gives a brief history of the tropical rainforest regions of Middle America \—Yucatan. It relates this history to the present destruction of the forests and how this destruction is interrelated with starvation. This paper demonstrates, through an example of water use, how planning and aid should be suited to a locality. Sections include: land use in tropical Middle America; determination of the forest function; exploiting the forests; loss of the forest; traditional [living] alternatives; Milpa: the shifting cultivation of the Maya; conuco; tree gardens; peasants and state projects; and land use planning in the pre-Spanish era.

}, keywords = {forestry, Maya, Mexico, Native Americans, Oxkutzcab, plan Tabi, rainforests, trees, Yucatan}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/3048499}, author = {Bernd Neugebauer} } @article {543, title = {Development policy, forests, and peasant farms: Reflections on Huastec-managed forests{\textquoteright} contributions to commercial production and resource conservation}, journal = {Economic Botany}, volume = {38}, year = {1984}, month = {Oct-Dec 1984}, pages = {389-406}, abstract = {The Huastec Indians of northeastern Mexico manage their forests in an indigenous system that integrates commercial and subsistence production. Elements of primary and secondary forest coexist with introduced species in this diverse silvi-cultural structure which complements the swidden and permanent agriculture fields of the Huastec farmstead. The forest{\textquoteright}s direct production of the food, timber, and fuel resources discussed here buffers the Huastec peasant family against market fluctuations and the failed harvest of a single crop. The Huastec system of forest management offers an alternative pattern to the agroforestry and plantation schemes now being suggested for development in the tropics. It is an alternative that provides protection for wild genetic resources while it contributes to the combination of commercial and subsistence agriculture so important for the successful modernization of peasant agriculture. The documentation of this system demonstrates that ethnobotanists and economic botanists have an important but unrealized role to play in the protection of biotic resources and in the development of sustained yield agroecosystems for peasants. The contributions of ethnobotanists are particularly valuable because they can find where and why useful wild species persist in agroecosystems. A greater effort to direct the attentions of policy makers to the value of ethnobotanical knowledge is needed. (author)}, keywords = {biogeography, ethnobotany, Huastec, life sciences, general, Mexico, plant ecology, plant sciences, plant systematics, taxonomy}, doi = {10.1007/BF02859077}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/4254676}, author = {Janis B. Alcorn} } @article {682, title = {The evolutionary potential of Lacandon Maya sustained-yield tropical forest agriculture}, journal = {Journal of Anthropological Research}, volume = {36}, year = {1980}, month = {Spring 1980}, pages = {1-30}, abstract = {As centuries-long residents of the southern Maya lowlands, the Lacandon Maya of Chiapas, Mexico, have developed and preserved ecologically sound strategies for sustained-yield food production in the tropical forest biome. Their traditional system of agriculture and food extraction emphasizes successful exploitation of the rain forest environment in a manner compatible with forest regeneration and preservation. The authors describe the Lacandon systems of agricultural production, wildlife management, and forest maintenance, then explore the potential these strategies hold for investigation of ancient Maya food production systems and the development of modern resource utilization schemes in the humid tropics.}, keywords = {Maya, Mexico, Milpas, montane forests, old growth forests, fruits, corn, rainforests, sustainable agriculture, tropical forests}, doi = {10.1086/jar.36.1.3629550}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/3629550}, author = {James D. Nations and Ronald B. Nigh} } @article {517, title = {Appropriate technology in rural Mexico: Antecedents and consequences of an indigenous peasant innovation}, journal = {Technology and Culture}, volume = {19}, year = {1978}, month = {January 1978}, pages = {32-52}, abstract = {

This paper describes some of the social, ecological, and economic conditions that led to the development of the seed plow in the Valley of Temascalcingo. It briefly examines the history of the plow, documents the socioeconomic changes its use has engendered, and concludes with an exploration of the theoretical and pragmatic implications of this case of modernization.

}, keywords = {corn, edijos, innovation, maize, Mexico, seeder plows}, doi = {10.2307/3103307}, url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/3103307}, author = {Billie R. DeWalt} } @article {552, title = {El manejo de las selvas por los Mayas: Sus implicaciones silv{\'\i}colas y agr{\'\i}colas}, journal = {Bi{\'o}tica}, volume = {2}, year = {1977}, month = {1977}, pages = {47-61}, abstract = {

The Maya culture is one of the very few outstanding cultures that flourished in a tropical rain forest area. Their land use strategies, as a part of the great Middle America civilization, for agriculture, horticulture and forestry remain up to date scattered among the Maya communities that have conserved their Indian heritage. They are based in a diversity of crops and land uses that are adopted to the different climatic regions of the Maya area. They used the space in the past in a magnificent way using horizontal and vertical strategies. They had channels, terraces and drained fields for intensive agriculture. They used shifting agriculture in soils where no other alternative seemed to be better. They used their wild plant resources and developed forest practices to enrich their forest with desirable species composition. The present floristic composition of many rain forests of the Maya area is a result of ancient silviculture practices. All of these practices were part of a single land use strategy. For these reasons we cannot blame the fall of the Maya culture to an \"ecological collapse\" as has been proposed.

We feel that the answer can be found in economic, political and social reasons. There is a lot to learn from the Mayans to solve some of the present day problems for the management of biotic resources of the tropics. (author)

}, keywords = {ecology, fallow, Mexico, Native Americans, tropical forests}, url = {http://www.reservaeleden.org/agp/libro/lec/Cap23_manejo_selvas.pdf}, author = {A. Barrera and A. Gomez-Pompa and C. Vazquez-Yans} }