@book {316, title = {Development of agriculture in the Sudan: An annotated bibliography with an introductory essay}, series = {Sudan library series no. 19}, year = {1994}, month = {1994}, pages = {478}, publisher = {University of Khartoum, Institute of African and Asian Studies, Khartoum University Press}, organization = {University of Khartoum, Institute of African and Asian Studies, Khartoum University Press}, address = {Khartoum, Sudan}, abstract = {

Subjects discussed:

}, keywords = {agricultural development projects, agriculture, aquatic resources, economic aspects, Sudan}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/32608519}, editor = {Medani Mohamed M Ahmed} } @article {846, title = {Using rapid rural appraisal techniques of Dache Gofara Peasant Association in Boloso Sorie Wereda: Report of diagnostic survey}, year = {1993}, month = {April 1993}, institution = {FARM Africa}, address = {Addis Ababa, Ethiopia}, abstract = {

This is a report of a Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA) survey which was carried out in the area of the Dache Gofara Peasant Association (PA) of Boloso Sorie (Areka) Werenda in the North Omo zone, South Ethiopia. The objectives of the survey include: to identify crop production contraints and their effects on specific crops produced; to assess ways and means of maximising production and utilising the available limited resources in the PA; to survey natural and socio-economic conditions that influence production systems in the area with the view to identify farmers\&$\#$39; priorities or solutions for the constraints and their \"best bets\" development options; and, to identify the needs of women, and ways in which they themselves could actively participate in their specific development activities. (author)

The farmers identified three types of soils in the PA area. Perennial crops, eucalyptus trees, and a variety of other tree species cover the area throughout the year.

}, keywords = {agriculture, agroforestry, Ethiopia, livestock, social structure, water resources }, url = {https://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=ET19940094237}, author = {Simon Adebo} } @article {688, title = {The influence of karit{\'e} (Vitellaria paradoxa) and n{\'e}r{\'e} (Parkia biglobosa) trees on sorghum production in Burkina Faso}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {17}, year = {1992}, month = {February 1992}, pages = {97-118}, abstract = {

Sorghum grain yields under the karit{\'e} and the n{\'e}r{\'e} are reduced by an average of 50\% and 70\% respectively, in comparison with yields in the open field. Soil fertility, limiting primary production in the region, is at least as favorable under the tree canopies as in the open field. Reduced light intensity, to a minimum of 20\% under the n{\'e}r{\'e} canopy, is probably largely responsible for low sorghum production under the tree canopies. Benefits from the tree products are more valuable than losses in cereal yields, explaining why trees are maintained on the agricultural fields.

Pruning of tree branches, selection of (shade-) crops and tree selection could reduce crop yield losses but cannot be expected to increase tree- and crop production.

}, keywords = {agriculture, forestry, Parkia biglobosa, parkland, savanna, shade influence, tree management, tree-crop relations, Vitellaria paradoxa, West Africa}, doi = {10.1007/BF00053116}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00053116}, author = {J. J. Kessler} } @article {601, title = {Karit{\'e} (Vitellaria paradoxa) and n{\'e}r{\'e} (Parkia biglobosa) associated with crops in South Mali}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {18}, year = {1992}, month = {May 1992}, pages = {89-105}, abstract = {

The effect of two tree species, karit{\'e} (Vitellaria paradoxa) and n{\'e}r{\'e} (Parkia biglobosa) on soil condition, development and production of cotton, sorghum and pearl millet, main crops in South Mali, has been investigated.

The soil under the trees is slightly richer (organic matter content and several cations) compared to adjacent tree-less sites. Also tree-specific effects exist.

Soil enrichment, however, is mainly a matter of redistribution of locally available nutrient resources.

Of the six associations studied, only karit{\'e}-cotton shows no tree-induced reduction in crop production. All other associations suffer greatly from reduced crop outputs caused by the trees, usually in the order of 60\%.

There are at least two reasons that explain tree-induced yield reduction. Because of increased humidity in the immediate surroundings of trees, in both soil and air, lower numbers of crop plants survive up to maturity, presumably because plants are attacked by fungi. Secondly, crop plants that mature show reduced output because of inter-specific competition for light and nutrients.

In case of n{\'e}r{\'e}, in order to minimize the trees\&$\#$39; negative influence lopping is advised. Such practice, however, is less suitable in case of karit{\'e}, because of its assumed lower potential to regenerate, as compared to n{\'e}r{\'e}.

}, keywords = {agriculture, Butyrospermum paradoxum, cotton, forestry, Mali, Parkia biglobosa, pearl millet, sorghum, tree/crop interface, Vitellaria paradoxa, West Africa}, doi = {10.1007/BF00115407}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00115407}, author = {L. J. M. Kater and S. Kante and Arnoud Budelman} } @article {504, title = {Agricultural diversification among smallholder rattan cultivators in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {13}, year = {1991}, month = {January 1991}, pages = {27-40}, abstract = {Many developing countries are trying to promote agricultural diversification among smallholders because they feel that smallholders are too dependent upon a narrow range of crops. Fieldwork among smallholder rattan cultivators in southern Borneo, Indonesia, suggests that smallholders do maintain a poorly diversified portfolio of agricultural activities. Farmers rely heavily upon rattan because of its superior profitability. A number of economic and agronimic constraints however prevent farmers from diversifying out of rattan into other crops. (author)}, keywords = {agriculture, central Kalimantan, diversification, dry rice, forestry, profitability calculation, rambutan, rattan, rubber}, doi = {10.1007/BF00129617}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00129617}, author = {Ricardo A. Godoy and Tan Ching Feaw} } @article {509, title = {Agroforestry, attitude towards risk and nutrient availability: A case study of south Indian farming systems}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {15}, year = {1991}, month = {July 1991}, pages = {1-15}, abstract = {Introduction of two systems of agroforestry to the farmers portfolio is evaluated for their changes in cropping pattern, input use, income generation, farmers attitude towards risk and nutrient availability. Two different types of farmers are studied under both irrigated and dryland farming systems. Farm survey data collected from south Indian villages have been used with a mean-variance framework to identify the risk aversion levels of farmers. The results indicate that the risk-taking preferences of farmers should be given consideration in evaluating the impact of agroforestry systems. Among the two agroforestry systems analyzed, the one with drumstick is shown to increase the risk of crop production while the one with leucaena reduces the risk and enables farmers to invest in more risky cash crops. The impact of agroforestry on crop allocation, input use and income differs due to the differences in resource availability of farmers. The influence of agroforestry on nutrient availability of the farm households also differs based on the components of agroforestry, orientation of farming and the nature of farming systems. It is argued that design of agroforestry systems should consider differences in resource constraints in farming systems and risk attitudes of farmers towards their allocation decisions and that such considerations would largely enhance the successful adoption of agroforestry in developing countries.}, keywords = {agriculture, economics, farming systems, forestry, India, mathematical programming, mean-variance analysis, nutritional availability, portfolio theory, quadratic programming, risk attitudes}, doi = {10.1007/BF00046275}, url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00046275}, author = {S. C. Babu and B. Rajasekaran} } @article {499, title = {A diagnostic survey of shifting cultivation in northern Laos: Targeting research to improve sustainability and productivity}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {13}, year = {1991}, month = {February 1991}, pages = {95-109}, abstract = {About 25\% of Laos{\textquoteright} four million people practise shifting cultivation (mainly of rice) on a third of the country{\textquoteright}s cropped area. Official policy is to eliminate shifting cultivation by the year 2000. Diagnostic surveys of shifting cultivation were conducted in Luang Prabang and Oudomsay Provinces in northern Laos to understand the practice from a farmer{\textquoteright}s perspective, to observe fields, and to identify and give priority to problems and research to address problems. Weeds, low and possibly declining soil fertility, intensification of the cropping cycle, rats (plus birds, wild pigs), and insects lowered rice yields or reduced system sustainability. The forest ecosystem has been degraded by logging, burning, and rice monocropping; and potentials for environmental rehabilitation through natural succession are minimal. Farmers cannot adopt high labor and cash cost innovations; and improved fallow is needed as an intermediate step prior to crop diversification, adoption of agroforestry technologies, and sedentary agriculture. (author)}, keywords = {agriculture, deforestation, forestry, government policy, improved fallow, shifting cultivation, sustainability, weeds}, doi = {10.1007/BF00140235}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00140235}, author = {S. Fujisaka} } @proceedings {478, title = {NFU{\textquoteright}s Annual Conference 1991}, year = {1991}, month = {23-24 May 1991}, publisher = {Norwegian Centre for International Agricultural Development, Agricultural University of Norway; Norwegian Association for Development Research}, address = {Aas [{\r A}s], Norway; Oslo, Norway}, abstract = {

Can researchers from different disciplines, especially the natural and social sciences, work effectively together? Can they complement each other, or are they mutually incompatible, speaking contradictory, or simply different, languages? What can the various disciplines--together or separately--offer to the decision maker? Are the imperatives of research and policy so different that they cannot, and should not, be directly linked? (author)

These issues were addressed at the seventh annual conference of the Norwegian Association for Development Research (NFU). This book contains the papers presented at the conference. Papers presented at the conference covered topics such as:

}, keywords = {Africa, agriculture, agroforestry, agroforestry development, environment, farmer research, farmers, food security, gene resources, interdisciplinary, interdisciplinary research, multidisciplinary teams, natural resources, Norsk forening for utviklingsforskning (NFU), Norwegian Association for Development Research, nutrition, participatory research, property rights, social justice, social sciences, Soil Productivity Research Program (SPRP), sustainable development, Zambia}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/29625062}, author = {NORAGRIC} } @article {627, title = {No Hunting! Biodiversity, indigenous rights, and scientific poaching}, journal = {Cultural Survival Quarterly Magazine}, volume = {15}, year = {1991}, month = {September 1991}, pages = {14-18}, abstract = {The policies concerning the use of indigenous plants for commercial uses have historically protected those with the most to gain. In most cases, it is the pharmaceutical companies which benefit from the profits. Often the knowledge shared from indigenous people is essential to the research of these plants. Scientists are calling this the "golden age of plant hunting" because of the growth of pharmaceutical companies and their research on indigenous medicines. There are many proposals to protect the rights of indigenous people and land from which the plants come. The Kuna Indians of Panama have established their own rules about how research is to be conducted on their lands. These rules are to keep the Kuna Indians from being exploited. These methods and others could possibly help to avoid situations such as that in Madagasgar with the development of vinblastine and vincristine from the rosy periwinkle.}, keywords = {agriculture, biodiversity, ethnobotany, ethnomedicine, indigenous knowledge, indigenous plants, intellectual property rights, plant hunting}, url = {http://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/panama/no-hunting-biodiversity-indigenous-rights-and-scient}, author = {Jack Kloppenburg} } @article {702, title = {Traditional agroforestry practices in Zimbabwe}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {14}, year = {1991}, month = {May 1991}, pages = {99-111}, abstract = {Traditional agroforestry systems in the communal areas of Zimbabwe are described. There are systems centered on main fields, on home gardens, on homesites and on grazing areas. In the main fields, the major tree-related management practice is the conservation of preferred indigenous fruit trees. Fruit trees are also the focus of forestry activities around the gardens and the homesite; but here it is the planting of exotic species. In a localized area of Zimbabwe Acacia albida is important in fields. There is almost no use of tree fallows in Zimbabwe. Trees in grazing areas have numerous roles, but at present there is little knowledge about traditional management practices in these areas. In the development of agroforestry systems in Zimbabwe it is suggested that those systems designed to improve fodder production will make a significant contribution to farm productivity because of the importance of cattle in the farming system and the present fodder shortage. Interventions involving the planting of fruit trees are likely to be very successful, as there is much interest in such planting. Another area that needs to be developed is that of tree plantings to improve soil fertility.}, keywords = {agriculture, fodder trees, forestry, fruit trees, gardening, grazing lands, species composition, traditional agroforestry, Zimbabwe}, doi = {10.1007/BF00045726}, url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00045726}, author = {B. M. Campbell and J. M. Clarke and D. J. Gumbo} } @book {393, title = {The 1986 to 1989 project summary of the Kerr Center for Sustainable Agriculture, Inc}, year = {1990}, month = {1990}, pages = {148}, publisher = {Kerr Center for Sustainable Agriculture}, organization = {Kerr Center for Sustainable Agriculture}, address = {Poteau, OK}, abstract = {The Kerr Center for Sustainable Agriculture (KCSA) has now been in operation for over four years. Much of our initial task was simply to identify what our work should encompass and how to go about it. We eventually began a number of demonstration and research projects we believe address approaches to sustainable agriculture in our region. Most of these projects have now been active long enough to begin showing some initial results. The purpose of this report is to present the initial information generated from KCSA demonstration and research projects from 1986 through 1989. (author)}, keywords = {agriculture, sustainable agriculture}, url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=3U4bAQAAMAAJ}, author = {Kerr Center for Sustainable Agriculture} } @article {598, title = {Iterative increase of economic tree species in managed swidden-fallows of the Amazon}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {11}, year = {1990}, month = {June 1990}, pages = {175-197}, abstract = {

Fallow utilization schemes are becoming increasingly popular in agroforestry designs. However little attention has been given to the fate of valuable fallow plants after the end of the initial fallow cycle, and over successive fallow cycles on a regional or inter-fallow level. Evidence is presented here for the spontaneous long-term community enrichment of an area with valuable plants in a cyclic or iterative fashion, in the context of an existing fallow utilization scheme in the Amazon. Review of the ecological processes which operate at microsite, field and community levels indicate that:

}, keywords = {agriculture, agroforestry, Amazon, fallow utilization, fruit trees, frugivores, spontaneous community enrichment}, doi = {10.1007/BF00838727}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00838727}, author = {Jon D. Unruh} } @article {604, title = {Land-use by immigrant Baoul{\'e} farmers in the Ta{\"\i} region, South-west C{\^o}te d{\textquoteright}Ivoire (Ivory Coast)}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {11}, year = {1990}, month = {1990}, pages = {101-123}, abstract = {

This paper discusses the cropping system of immigrant Baoul{\'e} farmers in the rain-forest area of South-west C{\^o}te d\&$\#$39;Ivoire (Ivory Coast). The area harbours one of the last substantial rain-forest reserves of humid West Africa. Part of it is known as Ta{\"\i} National Park, and has been adopted as one of UNESCO\&$\#$39;s Man and Biosphere Programme areas. The park area is threatened by farmers in search of land. Soils in the area typically show a low intrinsic nutrient content (particularly phosphorus and potassium), low pH values, a low CEC, and, locally, high levels of gravel. In the Baoul{\'e} cropping system fields are kept under perennial crops, mainly cacao, after having been used for food crop cultivation during the first two years. Yam, the most important food crop is grown on mounds. Next to the inherent poverty of the soil, this cropping technique, which disrupts the structure of the top soil is seen as one of the causes for low yields of cocoa on Baoul{\'e} farms in the area. Yields per ha amount to c. 60\% of that of the national average. The conclusion is that the Baoul{\'e} agricultural production system is ill-adapted to the local ecosystem. Measures to improve adaptation include: Introduction of crop species adapted to adverse soil conditions (e.g. rubber, oilpalm), to buffer cacao plantations through planting of shade trees, to apply fertilisers, and to make use of biological nitrogen-fixation. Generally, the remedies proposed involve investments in terms of cash and labour on the part of the farmers. It is argued that farmers will not change their current cropping practices as long as there is forested land in the vicinity. The presence of the Ta{\"\i} forest, c. 300.000 ha of virgin rain-forest, impedes the process of change towards more intensive land-use practices.

}, keywords = {agriculture, cacao, Humid C{\^o}te d{\textquoteright}Ivoire, Ivory Coast, land shortage, soil fertility, transition shifting cultivation, yams}, doi = {10.1007/BF00838724}, url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00838724}, author = {Arnoud Budelman and Peter M. Zander} } @article {667, title = {Temple forests in India{\textquoteright}s forest development}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {11}, year = {1990}, note = {accepted 22 January 1990; published September 1990}, month = {9/1990}, pages = {199-211}, abstract = {

Historically the temple forests in India have served many spiritual and religious purposes. This paper stresses on the use of the underused repertoire of sacred acts to integrate the benefits of temple forests in rural development. The tree/plant species, planting design and the rituals related to their worship documented in the great epics, vedas and upanishads are of great value especially in the context of promoting forest development and the forest development led agricultural development. The Star, Planet and Zodiac forests contain a large number of native tree species ideally suited to tropical stress and drought.

The promotion of temple forests would help developing forests in the upstream areas which can help create climax forests and aid in soil and moisture conservation to help improve the productivity of downstream agriculture. As the chief utilitarian value of these temple trees and plants is in terms of the native (ayurvedic) medicine, their propagation would not only develop the downstream farming opportunities, but also promote the native medicine sector. (author)

}, keywords = {agriculture, forestry, institution, medicinal plants, planet, ritual, star, temple, traditional medicine, worship, zodiac}, doi = {10.1007/BF00045899}, url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00045899}, author = {M. G. Chandrakanth and J. K. Gilless and V. Gowramma and M. G. Nagaraja} } @article {717, title = {Use of native browse by Fulani cattle in central Nigeria}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {12}, year = {1990}, month = {December 1990}, pages = {217-228}, abstract = {Shrubs and trees browsed by Fulani pastoralists{\textquoteright} cattle in two areas of central Nigeria were identified by means of interviews with the pastoralists and observations of browsing cattle. Thirty-nine plant species were identified, many of them indigenous economic trees. The species were ranked by pastoralists according to importance in cattle diet. Chemical analyses of plant parts eaten and investigation of frequency of occurrence of the species in the study areas revealed that the pastoralists{\textquoteright} ranking reflected not only the plants{\textquoteright} relative abundance but also their nutritive value.}, keywords = {agriculture, agrosilvopasture, browse, cattle, forage resource use, forestry, subhumid zone}, doi = {10.1007/BF00137285}, url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00137285}, author = {Wolfgang Bayer} } @proceedings {421, title = {Workshop to develop an Agroforestry Technology Information Kit, November 4-13, 1989}, year = {1990}, month = {1990}, publisher = {Philippene Dept. of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR); International Institute of Rural Reconstruction (IIRR); Ford Foundation (FF)}, address = {Quezon City, Philippines; Silang Cavite, Philippines; Manila, Philippines}, abstract = {The "Agroforestry Technology Information Kit" was prepared for the use and guidance of the Social Forestry Officers and Technicians of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources. This kit was meant to help our forestry officers and technicians be effective in their role as extension workers for the upland dwellers. It is full of narative know-how and skills that make life in the uplands more meaningful, profitable and ecologically sustainable. It is well-prepared and if properly operationalized and seriously implemented, it is expected to create a new dimension in the struggle for upland rehibilitation that can only be maintained through concerted and sustained effort of the government and the people. This kit is Philippine- focused: it is intended for use primarily in support of the training of DENR{\textquoteright}s 1,200 technicians for its Social Forestry Program nationwide. This program of DENR aims to give the Filipino uplanders access to forest lands for a tenure of 25 years or more. (author)}, keywords = {agriculture, agroforestry, conservation, ecology, Filipino, fruit, home-lot, livestock, management, natural resources, Philippine Department of Environment and Natural Resources, plants, seeds, soil and water conservation (SWC), sustainability, Taungya System, trees, water }, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/51168241}, editor = {Francis Korten and Romulo del Castillo and Julian Gonsalves and Jaime Roquillo and Forester Nicanor Iscala Jr} } @book {314, title = {Developing a partnership of indigenous peoples, conservationists, and land use planners in Latin America}, series = {Policy, planning, and research working papers -- Environment (WPS 245)}, year = {1989}, note = {See also: http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/500811468776777817/pdf/multi-page.pdf}, month = {October 1989}, pages = {96}, publisher = {Latin America and the Caribbean Technical Dept., World Bank}, organization = {Latin America and the Caribbean Technical Dept., World Bank}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {Policy, Planning, and Research Working Papers - Environment Recommendations for working in partnership with indigenous peoples, recognizing their land rights, incorporating their environmental knowledge into wildlands and native area planning, and paying more serious attention to the economics and resource implications of local activities to harvest wild resources - especially in environmentally delicate areas such as tropical rainforests. The major finding of the report is that a fundamental shift (a paradigm shift in the language of the historian of science Thomas Kuhn) has started in the way in which the international conservation community has come to view the issue of planning in areas which are occupied and used by indigenous peoples. Under the traditional paradigm, represented by several National Parks, wildlife reserves and other types of protected areas where indigenous peoples have aboriginal claims, indigenous peoples are allowed to continue to occupy and use the resources of these areas but only so long as they use the natural resources sustainably. This use, agreed with the park authorities, should reconcile the needs of both the indigenous peoples and the conservationists. Experience has found that these needs can be reconciled and made compatible, although this is far from being routine. Clearly major deforestation or firearm hunting for commerce by indigenous peoples are not compatible with wildlands protection. Where indigenous people and park authorities do not agree, then either the park or the people are encouraged to move. (author)}, keywords = {ache, acquatic resources, agriculture, Alaska Whaling Commission, Amboseli National Park, animal protection, Annapurna Conservation Project, aquaculture, Arctic Research Establishment, Aripuana Indian Park, Australia, Awa Ethnic Forest Reserve, Beni Biosphere Reserve, Bolivia, Brazil, Caribou Management Boards, Chile, Coburg National Park, Colombia, Conservation of natural resources, Costa Rica, Cuyabeno, Darien Biosphere Reserve, economic conditions, ecosystem management, Ecuador, environmental policy, Eskimo Walrus Commission, ethnoecology, ethnology, forestry, Honduras, Huaorani, Indians of South America, indigenous peoples, Kakadu National Park, Kenya, Kuna Yala Project, La Amistad Biosphere Reserve, La Planada, Lake Titicaca National Reserve, land tenure, land use planning, Latin America, Lauca National Park, Makivik Research Center, Manu National Park, Mbaracayu Wildland Area, Mexico, national parks, Native Americans, Nepal, NGOs, non-governmental organizations, oil exploration, Pacaya Samira National Reserve, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, rainforests, Rio Platano Biosphere Reserve, Sian Ka{\textquoteright}an Biosphere Reserve, Sierra de Manantlan Biosphere Reserve, Siona-Secoya, sport hunting, subsistence economy, subsistence hunting, Tagaira, UNESCO , usufruct rights, wildlife , World Bank, Xingu National Park, Yanomami Indian Park, Yasuni National Park}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/29810664}, author = {Peter Poole} } @book {361, title = {Land and water strategy: Sustainable development. A summary of public input: What you told us}, year = {1989}, month = {November 1989}, pages = {57}, publisher = {Province of Manitoba}, organization = {Province of Manitoba}, address = {[Winnipeg, MB]}, abstract = {Because our activities on land affect our water resources, it is vital that we manage our land and water resources together. This is the position that the Government of Manitoba has taken, and why it has proposed a Land and Water Strategy for the Provience. Conserving the environment while creating economic activity is the objective of the Land and Water Strategy--an objective consistant with the principles of sustainable development set out by the National Task Force of Environment and Economy. The Task Force defines sustainable development as "...development which ensures that the use of resources and the environment today does not damage prospects for their use by future generations." The key concept advanced by the Task Force is that the economy and the environment can no longer be viewed in isolation. We must use our resources to survive and prosper, but we must also manage them wisely if they are to be there in future, for our children and grandchildren. In the past, the economy and the environment were viewed as mutually exclusive. That is no longer an acceptable view. We can conserve our resource base and generate economic activity at the same time. The Land and Water Strategy points the way. (author)}, keywords = {agricultural land use, agriculture, alternate land use, conservation, drainage, education, environmental policy, environmental protection, fisheries, flooding, hydro, land use planning, Manitoba, minerals, natural resource conservation, recreation, saline soils, soil conservation, soils, tourism, water conservation, water supply, wildland, wildlife }, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/29312143}, author = {Provincial Government of Manitoba, Sustainable Development Coordination Unit} } @book {360, title = {Land and water strategy, the process begins: workbook on water}, year = {1989}, month = {1989}, publisher = {Provincial Government of Manitoba [Manitoba Natural Resources, Water Resources Branch]}, organization = {Provincial Government of Manitoba [Manitoba Natural Resources, Water Resources Branch]}, address = {Winnipeg, MB}, abstract = {The Government of Manitoba has established a Land and Water Strategy to enable them to manage their water resources in a sustainable manner. The Strategy is based on the following objectives: 1. To sustain and enhance resource productivity and improve the environmental quality of Manitoba; and 2. To improve and diversify income and job opportunities. This book contains sections on: Land and Water Strategies; A Strategy for Water; Water Policies-1. Water Quality; 2. Conservation; 3. Use and Allocation; 4. Water Management Infrastructure; 5. Flooding; and 6. Drainage - a Questionnaire; and a Glossary.}, keywords = {agriculture, Canada, economic aspects, environmental protection, fisheries, forestry, land use, mineral resources, natural resource conservation, North America, Province of Manitoba, soils, sustainable development, water , water resources , wildlife }, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/56232838}, author = {Provincial Government of Manitoba, Water Resources Branch} } @article {691, title = {The need to build upon farmer practice and knowledge: Reminders from selected upland conservation projects and policies}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {9}, year = {1989}, month = {October 1989}, pages = {141-153}, abstract = {

On-farm research and development projects in SE Asia\&$\#$39;s uplands have addressed problems of ecosystems degradation. Farmer adoption, however, of land conservation technologies has generally not resulted or has not been sustainable. This paper examines four agroforestry projects and two policy approaches meant to protect upland resources. Promoted innovations and farmer adoption are described. Six lessons are reemphasized:

Overall, variable scale diagnosis and design that is unbiased towards pre-selected technologies is needed. Lessons learned contributed to farmer-participatory agroforestry research being conducted in an upland rice-based system in the Philippines. (author)

}, keywords = {adoption, agriculture, conservation, diagnosis and design, farmer knowledge, farmer participation, farmer practice, forestry, labor, participatory research, resource management, rice, slash and burn, soil erosion, sustainability, swiddens, upland farming}, doi = {10.1007/BF00168259}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00168259}, author = {S. Fujisaka} } @inbook {795, title = {Rural development and the careful utilization of natural resources in the Peruvian Sierra}, booktitle = {Report on the Workshop-Seminar held in Achoma (Arequipa), Peru, 31 March to 9 April 1987}, year = {1989}, month = {March-April 1987}, publisher = {Deutsche Stiftung für Internationale Entwicklung (German Foundation for International Development)}, organization = {Deutsche Stiftung für Internationale Entwicklung (German Foundation for International Development)}, address = {Berlin, Germany}, abstract = {The Workshop-Seminar held in Achoma was the third in a series, its closest antecedent being the meeting held in 1984 in Feldafing (Federal Republic of Germany), which was likewise organized by DSE. On that occasion, the participants, who had been mainly concerned with analysing the ecological and development problems facing Peru, concluded and agreed that "If the quality of life in the Sierra does not improve, the country as a whole will be unable to make progress. Here lies the central problem of rural development in Peru." (author)}, keywords = {agriculture, Callalli, camelidae, Colca Valley, ecology, integrated management, Jalca, livestock, Maca, natural resources, Peru, Puna, rural development, Sierra, soils, Suni, trees, water , watersheds}, isbn = {3-924441-44-8}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/243201934}, author = {Mar{\'\i}a Ang{\'e}lica Salas} } @book {390, title = {Sustainable development: Land and water strategy: A summary of public input}, year = {1989}, month = {November 1989}, publisher = {Provincial Government of Manitoba [Manitoba Natural Resources, Water Resources Branch]}, organization = {Provincial Government of Manitoba [Manitoba Natural Resources, Water Resources Branch]}, address = {Winnipeg, MB}, abstract = {Because our activities on land affect our water resources, it is vital that we manage our land and water resources together. This is the position that the Government of Manitoba has taken, and why it has proposed a Land and Water Strategy for the Provience. Conserving the environment while creating economic activity is the objective of the Land and Water Strategy--an objective consistent with the principles of sustainable development set out by the National Task Force of Environment and Economy. The Task Force defines sustainable development as "...development which ensures that the use of resources and the environment today does not damage prospects for their use by future generations." The key concept advanced by the Task Force is that the economy and the environment can no longer be viewed in isolation. We must use our resources to survive and prosper, but we must also manage them wisely if they are to be there in future, for our children and grandchildren.{\textquoteright} In the past, the economy and the environment were viewed as mutually exclusive. That is no longer an acceptable view. We can conserve our resource base and generate economic activity at the same time. The Land and Water Strategy points the way. (author)}, keywords = {agricultural land use, agriculture, alternate land use, conservation, drainage, education, environmental protection, fisheries, flooding, hydro, land use planning, minerals, recreation, saline soils, soils, tourism, water supply, wildland, wildlife }, author = {Provincial Government of Manitoba, Water Resources Branch} } @article {508, title = {Agroforestry systems in the Garhwal Himalayas of India}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {7}, year = {1988}, month = {December 1988}, pages = {213-225}, abstract = {Agroforestry systems, though at subsistence level are well established in Garhwal Himalayas. The farmers undertake cultivation of various crops, seasonal and biennials crops with trees all in mixtures on the same piece of land. Farm animals and poultry form an essential component of the systems. The intimate association of different species provides both subsistence and commercial products which give additional income to the farmer. The paper describes the general scenario of socioeconomic condition and existing agroforestry practices and some suggestions for their improvement in the Garhwal Himalayas. (author)}, keywords = {agriculture, agroforestry, Garhwal Himalayas, Grewia optiva, mixed farming, multipurpose trees, socioeconomics}, doi = {10.1007/BF00046970}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00046970}, author = {K. S. Dadhwal and Pratap Narain and S. K. Dhyani} } @article {645, title = {Revival of an ancient starch crop: A review of the agronomy of the sago palm}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {7}, year = {1988}, month = {December 1988}, pages = {259-281}, abstract = {Since 1971 there has been a revival of interest in the possibilities for cultivation of the true sago palm, Metroxylon spp. Agronomic and economic research shows that the palm can become an important starch producing crop. Many queries concerning the agronomy of the crop have been solved. The palm is especially suited to humid tropical lowlands. It is fairly salinity tolerant, but less tolerant to swampy conditions than generally thought. Research programmes to solve the remaining problems have been started in Sarawak on peat soils and will be started in Indonesia on mineral soils, both regarding the cultivated crop and exploitation of natural stands. Yields of 5 tons of dry starch per ha and year in the first year, increasing to 15 tons in the tenth, are to be expected in good quality natural stands under cultivation and on mineral soils. In new plantings there will be no yield in the first eight years; after that yields will increase rapidly to 25 tons per ha and year, tapering off slowly to 15 tons. Yields on peat soils under cultivation are expected to remain 25\% lower. In both natural stands and plantings an extensive drainage system is to be provided, which also allows the trunks, the raw material, to be floated out to the factory. Both systems of cultivation are expected to be economically viable with an internal rate of return estimated at 10\%.}, keywords = {agriculture, forestry, metroxylon, natural stands, palm agronomy, perennial crop, planting, sago palm, starches}, doi = {10.1007/BF00046972}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00046972}, author = {M. Flach and D. L. Schuiling} } @article {532, title = {Clearcutting Brazilian Caatinga: Assessment of a traditional forest grazing management practice}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {5}, year = {1987}, month = {December 1987}, pages = {429-441}, abstract = {Clearcutting is a common practice for removing woody vegetation in the semiarid tropics of northeast Brazil. The prevalent belief is that clearing increases carrying capacity for livestock by increasing herbaceous vegetation, yet little empirical evidence exists to support or refute the contention. We investigated the implications to small ruminant nutrition of clearcutting in the semiarid tropics of northeast Brazil. We found that biomass of herbaceous species increased sixfold following cutting of trees, but much of this increase was in the form of poorly palatable stem. The large supply of leaf litter from woody species that was typical of uncleared areas during the dry season was replaced by persistent green foliage on coppicing trees the year following clearing. This green foliage may enhance the nutritional quality of the diets of sheep and goats foraging on cleared areas during the dry season.}, keywords = {agriculture, clearcutting, coppice, forestry, goat and sheep nutrition, herbage chemical composition, herbage production, leaf litter production, semiarid woodlands}, doi = {10.1007/BF00047177}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00047177}, author = {R. D. Kirmse and F. D. Provenza and J. C. Malechek} } @article {534, title = {Compound farms of southeastern Nigeria: A predominant agroforestry homegarden system with crops and small livestock}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {5}, year = {1987}, month = {June 1987}, pages = {153-168}, abstract = {Compound farms are a homegarden-type of agroforestry system involving the deliberate management of multipurpose trees and shrubs in a multistoried association with agricultural crops and small livestock within the compounds of individual houses. In addition to the advantages of diversified production, risk minimization, improved labour and nutrient use efficiences and soil conservation, compound farms represent germplasm banks containing many of the useful tree/shrub species currently disappearing due to indiscriminate clearing of forest and woodlands.}, keywords = {Africa, agriculture, agroforestry, compound farm, forestry, germplasm conservation, home gardens, Nigeria, tree improvement}, doi = {10.1007/BF00047519}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00047519}, author = {J. C. Okafor and E. C. M. Fernandes} } @article {561, title = {Farming, fishing, and fire in the history of the upper R{\'\i}o Negro region of Venezuela}, journal = {Human Ecology}, volume = {15}, year = {1987}, month = {March 1987}, pages = {1-26}, abstract = {Studies of R{\'\i}o Negro subsistence farming and fishing activities are used to estimate the human carrying capacity for the region and the likely pattern of human land-use during prehistory. Ceramic evidence suggests human presence in the region more than 3,000 years ago. Traditional farming is labor intensive and relatively unproductive. Nevertheless, farmers achieve an energy return of 15.2:1, and produce 2,600 kcal per work hour. Fish are the major protein source, but fish catch per unit of effort and fish yield per hectare of floodplain are very low; fishermen are probably exploiting local fish resources very close to their limit. The low human population density would suggest that the R{\'\i}o Negro forest has been relatively undisturbed. Nevertheless, charcoal is widespread and abundant in forest soils. This charcoal is probably from anthropogenic or natural wildfires. These results suggest a much more complex history for Amazonia than previously thought. (author)}, keywords = {agriculture, Amazon, energetics, fire, fishing, subsistence agriculture, Venezuela, wildfires}, doi = {10.1007/BF00891369}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/4602829}, author = {Kathleen Clark and Christopher Uhl} } @article {839, title = {The half-hidden economic roles of rural Nigerian women and national development}, year = {1987}, note = {Research monograph prepared for the World Bank}, month = {October 1987}, abstract = {As Nigerian oil exports flourished, its agricultural production floundered from 45 percent of the Gross Domestic Product in 1970 to 25 percent in 1987. However, in order to understand the full measure of the Nigerian agricultural stiuation, and assess its impacts on hindering or facilitating national development, one must understand just how women fit in the various farming systems of the country. This manuscript starts with an overview of Nigeria{\textquoteright}s recent oil and agricultural situation. Next, the paper presents a glimpse of Nigeria{\textquoteright}s major variance in ethnicity, ecology, and the division of agricultural labor and resources by gender. Then, the manual examines the gender division of labor and resources in the agricultural sector, and looks at recent changes. In section four, the paper draws links from micro to macro levels, and identifies the gaps in our knowledge of gender and agricultural systems in Nigeria. Finally, the text concludes with a summary of the major findings and a series of policy recommendations.}, keywords = {Africa, agriculture, animal by-products, animal husbandry, crop by-products, economics, farm forestry, female agriculture, harvesting, marketing, national development, Nigeria, oil, processing, rural people, soils, sowing, storage, tending, transporting, weeding, women}, author = {Rae Lesser Blumberg and Lorna Lueker} } @article {576, title = {Homestead agroforestry in Bangladesh}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {5}, year = {1987}, month = {June 1987}, pages = {139-151}, abstract = {

The Homestead agroforestry system is very important in the economy of Bangladesh. The many woody species grown in the homesteads are a significant source of fuelwood; they also provide fodder, building materials and other forms of wood. In the context of the prevailing shortage of fuelwood and excessive deforestation in Bangladesh, this homestead agroforestry system needs to be strengthened. A field survey was undertaken to assess the prospects and feasibility of initiating a programme for the improvement of homestead agroforestry systems. It showed that the prospects for improving homestead agroforestry systems are good because most respondents own their homesteads and believe there is room for more trees on them. Although they know that raising trees is relatively difficult and requires special practices, they are familiar with the government nurseries and local agricultural extension officers, and are confident about the success of the programme. Results also indicate that multipurpose trees and specific modules for involving women in the farm operations are likely to enhance success of the programme.

}, keywords = {agriculture, Bangladesh, farmer opinion, forestry, fruit trees, homestead agroforestry}, doi = {10.1007/BF00047518}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00047518}, author = {William A. Leuschner and Kibriaul Khaleque} } @inbook {782, title = {Managing natural resources for sustainability}, booktitle = {Sustainability Issues in Agricultural Development: Proceedings of the Seventh Agriculture Sector Symposium}, year = {1987}, month = {1987}, pages = {167-181}, publisher = {World Bank}, organization = {World Bank}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {I believe that sustainability with respect to natural resource management has a solid economic underpinning. It implies maintaining the productivity of the resource base. In fact, it implies more. In precisely those countries where populations are rising more rapidly, the poorest, the relative importance of natural resources in total productive capital is greatest. If those larger populations are to be enabled to improve their standards of consumption, the productivity of the asset base must increase. Yet, in these same countries and others, a wide range of natural resources are becoming less productive through depletion and deterioration. There is an issue of intergenerational equity. I do not propose to plunge into the arcane subject of social rates of time discount--one I gladly leave to more sophisticated theorists. But I raise the question: Is it fair to leave for a population that will inevitably be much larger (whatever to be much better off) a natural resource base that has been depleted and rendered significantly less productive than it is today? (author)}, keywords = {agricultural conservation, agriculture, agriculture and state, biodiversity, biological diversity, congresses, desertification, development, economics, forestry, irrigation, management, natural resources, salinization, soil erosion, sustainability, Third World countries, tropical, waterlogging, watersheds}, isbn = {0-8213-0909-9}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/925356016}, author = {Robert Repetto}, editor = {Ted J. Davis and Isabelle A. Schirmer} } @article {657, title = {Spatio-temporal variations of soil properties under cocoa interplanted with kola in a part of the Nigerian cocoa belt}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {5}, year = {1987}, month = {December 1987}, pages = {419-428}, abstract = {Spatio-temporal variations in soil properties under cocoa interplanted with kola in 15- and 40- ear-old plots were considered in a part of the Nigerian Cocoa Belt. The study shows that no significant variations occur in soil properties when both cocoa and kola are 15 years old. However, significant variations in many soil properties are recorded when cocoa and kola are 40 years old. At that time, soil conditions from sample points directly under kola and between kola and cocoa were similar while soil from the sample point directly under cocoa differed significantly, in most respects, from the other two points. Soil properties appear to improve under kola over time while the converse is the case under cocoa. It is adduced that these differences result from apparent differences in growth habit and nutrient extraction of kola and cocoa over time.}, keywords = {agriculture, forestry}, doi = {10.1007/BF00047176}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00047176}, author = {Olusegun Ekanade} } @article {694, title = {The role of agroforestry in the farming systems in Rwanda with special reference to the Bugesera-Gisaka-Migongo (BGM) region}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {4}, year = {1986}, month = {December 1986}, pages = {271-289}, abstract = {The Rwandan farmers, faced with a perpetual land shortage, have evolved certain intensive systems of organic agriculture. These systems, particularly the homestead (compound) farming, involve the combination of food, fodder and tree crops. to a certain extent these systems can satisfy the multiple needs of the subsistence farmers living under several risks and constraints. However, they cannot cope with the expanding food demand of the rapidly increasing population. Some multipurpose, low-input technologies and agroforestry approaches have been designed to improve the productivity of these traditional systems; these include inter/mixed cropping systems and rotations, alley cropping with leguminous trees and shrubs, use of planted {\textquoteright}fallow{\textquoteright}, planting tree legumes on anti-erosive lines, mixed farming,community forestry and woodlots, and tree planting on farm/field boundaries. The essential aspects of these technologies are briefly discussed. (author)}, keywords = {agriculture, agroforestry, forestry, homestead farming, intercropping, land tenure, low-input technologies, organic agriculture}, doi = {10.1007/BF00048104}, url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00048104}, author = {V. Balasubramanian and A. Egli} } @inbook {927, title = {Traditional agroforestry in West Java: The pekarangan (homegarden) and kebun-talun (annual-perennial rotation) cropping systems}, booktitle = {Traditional agriculture in southeast Asia: A human ecology perspective}, year = {1986}, month = {1986}, pages = {132-157}, publisher = {Westview Press}, organization = {Westview Press}, address = {Boulder, CO}, abstract = {This chapter looks at the role of kebun-talun and pekarangan in the Javanese landscape. Kebun-talun (rotation system between mixed garden and tree plantation) is a traditional system that increases overall production and serves multiple functions by sequentially combining agricultural crops with tree crops. Pekarangan (homegarden intercropping system) is a traditional system located in the villages that provides both subsistence and commercial products and serves multiple functions by simultaneously combining agricultural crops with tree crops and animals.}, keywords = {agriculture, agroforestry, animals, crop rotation, ecology, farming, home gardens, Indonesia, intercropping, Java, Javanese, kebun-talun, pekarangan, rice, tree crops, trees, upland farming}, isbn = {0-8133-7026-4}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/12975293}, author = {Linda Christanty and Oekan S. Abdoellah and Gerald G. Marten and Johan Iskandar}, editor = {Gerald G. Marten} } @article {565, title = {Food, coffee and Casuarina: An agroforestry system from the Papua New Guinea highlands}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {2}, year = {1985}, month = {December 1985}, pages = {273-279}, abstract = {An agroforestry farming system is described from the Papua New Guina highlands (1400 to 2100 m) that has been developed by village growers since about 1960 and has expanded rapidly since about 1970. Major components of the system are numerous species of annual and perennial food crops (especially bananas), arabica coffee and Casuarina oligodon. It provides food, a cash crop and timber for construction and fuel. It is likely that returns on labour inputs are very favourable, but no formal assessments have been made. Evaluation of the system as a whole, and research on certain key components (Casuarina ecology, banana cultivars, timing of operations) are suggested as high priority areas for systematic studies.}, keywords = {agriculture, Casuarina, coffee, food crops, forestry, highlands, Papua New Guinea}, doi = {10.1007/BF00147038}, url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00147038}, author = {R. Michael Bourke} } @article {724, title = {Women and agroforestry: Four myths and three case studies}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {2}, year = {1985}, month = {December 1985}, pages = {253-272}, abstract = {Women are traditionally important participants in both the agricultural and forestry components of agroforestry production. Women are frequently ignored in the design of agroforestry projects because of commonly held myths about their participation in both production activities and in public life. The involvement of women in agroforestry projects and activities are examined in case studies from the Dominican Republic, India and Kenya. Considerations for including women in agroforestry projects are discussed. (author)}, keywords = {agriculture, forestry, women}, doi = {10.1007/BF00147037}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00147037}, author = {Louise Fortmann and Dianne E. Rocheleau} } @article {681, title = {The economy of the Batek of Malaysia: Annual and historical perspectives}, journal = {Research in Economic Anthropology}, volume = {6}, year = {1984}, month = {1984}, pages = {29-52}, abstract = {This paper describes and provides an analyses of the economy of one Semang group, the Batek De{\textquoteright} of Kelantan. The paper focuses on the variation in economic activity, both seasonally and historically (since 1875), and attempt to determine the principles that govern these variations. Also, an attempt to explain why the Batek follow a hunter-gather lifeway rather than another possible way of life (i.e., swidden) is made.}, keywords = {agriculture, aquatic resources, Batek, Batek De{\textquoteright}, economic anthropology, economics, fishing, gathering, hunter-gatherer, hunting, Kelantan, Lebir River, Malaysia, peasants, rattan trading, Semang, trading}, author = {Kirk Endicott} } @article {530, title = {Characterization and evaluation of agroforestry systems: The case of Acosta-Puriscal, Costa Rica}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {1}, year = {1983}, month = {June 1983}, pages = {101-115}, abstract = {

The characterization and evaluation of agroforestry systems is exemplified for the Acosta-Puriscal region in Costa Rica.

After the physio-biological and socio-economic description of the study region, it was stratified into two homogenous areas, and the prevailing agroforestry systems classified into the principal groups:

  1. coffee and trees,
  2. pasture and trees and,
  3. live fences.

The analysis of agroforestry production systems recognizes the following steps: Identification of farmers\&$\#$39; production objectives, identification of the elements in the system, study of relationships between elements, analysis of the performance of the system, and, finally, the analysis of production incentives of agroforestry systems.

Whereas classification of agroforestry systems has to be carried out according to the specific site conditions, the methodological approach used to analyse them can be applied generally.

First results of the analysis on coffee in combination with trees indicates that the coffee variety caturra has a high production potential also in combination with trees. With an increasing number of shade and fruit trees, costs of external inputs can be slightly decreased. With an increased density of trees, however, coffee yields were decreased. Incremental yields of other crops and reduced costs of external inputs off-sets the loss in coffee-production.

}, keywords = {agriculture, agroforestry systems, external input, forestry, homogeneous area, live fences, production objective}, doi = {10.1007/BF00596352}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00596352}, author = {J. Lagemann and J. Heuveldop} } @conference {923, title = {The role of trees in agroforestry: Some comments}, booktitle = {Plant research and agroforestry: Proceedings of a consultative meeting held in Nairobi, 8 to 15 April 1981}, year = {1983}, note = {

Proceedings of a Consultative Meeting held in Nairobi, 8 to 15 April 1981

Chapter 18

}, month = {1983}, pages = {257-270}, publisher = {International Council for Research in Agroforestry}, organization = {International Council for Research in Agroforestry}, address = {Nairobi, Kenya}, abstract = {

In agroforestry land use systems, the woody perennial components (\&$\#$39;trees\&$\#$39;) play a role in both productivity and sustainability. Some general characteristics of woody perennials are outlined and the need to consider the possible advantages or disadvantages of these in relation to specific agroforestry systems is emphasized. In deciding about introducing trees on farm land the challenge is to answer the questions: What trees? How many? How are they best arranged? Answers to the first of these will arise from the many existing and planned trials with multipurpose trees now being established worldwide. This paper addresses mainly the second question: How many trees?

Three-dimensional diagrams are used to illustrate the effects of a replacement series (tree-crop, crop-tree) on changes in total productivity and soil status with time. The types of response surfaces produced are discussed and various \&$\#$39;scenarios\&$\#$39; shown to illustrate the value of this approach. Such diagrams are less a predictive tool than a means of comprehending the plant and environment changes involved.

The final section briefly discusses tree/shrub arrangement, which will depend on management considerations, soil/water conservation needs, and biological aspects of optimizing productivity. (author)

}, keywords = {agriculture, agroforestry, botany, community woodlots, crops, fuelwood, rainforests, tree crops}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/11698847}, author = {P. A. Huxley}, editor = {P. A. Huxley} } @conference {932, title = {Village-forest-gardens in West Java}, booktitle = {Plant research and agroforestry: Proceedings of a consultative meeting held in Nairobi, 8 to 15 April 1981}, year = {1983}, month = {1983}, pages = {13-24}, publisher = {International Council for Research in Agroforestry}, organization = {International Council for Research in Agroforestry}, address = {Nairobi, Kenya}, abstract = {Indonesian village-forest-gardens are distinctive types of agroforestry land use. They are species rich and possess sophisticated spatial structures and dynamics. Although mainly centered on subsistence production surplus products can provide a valuable cash income. Sustained yields are achieved under the present system of home-gardens and village-forest-gardens without any significant input of fertilizers or pesticides. They represent, for the mass of the rural population, the only asset for survival and material autonomy. Until recently, they have been studied only cursorily but these systems, which are far from "primitive," have many lessons to teach, and they are still susceptible to improvement if we learn enough about them. The two types of gardens are described in some detail and their importance to the farmer is discussed. (author)}, keywords = {agriculture, agroforestry, botany, congresses, crops, research , tree crops}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/11698847}, author = {G Michon}, editor = {Peter A. Huxley} } @inbook {856, title = {Agroforestry in the Amazon basin: Practice, theory and limits of a promising land use}, booktitle = {Amazonia: Agriculture and land use research}, series = {CIAT series no. 03E-3(82)}, year = {1982}, note = {

Papers presented at the International Conference on Amazonian Agriculture and Land Use Research, Cali, Colombia, April 16-18, 1980 (1st: 1980: Centro Internacional de Agricultural Tropical)

Sponsored by the Rockefeller Foundation [and others]

}, month = {[1982]}, pages = {339-351}, publisher = {Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical}, organization = {Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical}, address = {Cali, Colombia}, abstract = {This paper explores the potentials for agroforestry in the Amazon Basin. Agroforestry systems are "sustainable land management systems that combine the production of crops including tree crops, forest plants and/or animals simultaneously or sequentially on the same unit of land, applying management practices that are compatible with the cultural practices of the local population." Agroforestry is a term that covers an enormous range of land uses at all scales of tenure and investment, ranging from subsistence to plantation farming, and from dozens of species to only two or three. Agroforestry usually involves multiple canopies, either in space or time, and more than one harvestable stratum. (author)}, keywords = {agriculture, agroforestry, Amazon River Watershed, land tenure, land use, natural resources}, isbn = {84-89206-13-9}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/16754729}, author = {Susanna B. Hecht}, editor = {Susanna B. Hecht} }