@book {358, title = {Land and tree tenure in humid West Africa: A bibliography}, year = {1987}, month = {1987}, pages = {33}, publisher = {International Livestock Centre for Africa}, organization = {International Livestock Centre for Africa}, address = {Addis Abada, Ethiopia}, abstract = {This bibliography covers land and tree tenure systems in countries all or part of which are in the humid zone of West Africa. A national, rather than strictly ecological approach was chosen to reflect the focus of much of the literature, which frequently deals with countries as a whole. Within the region diverse customary systems and land use modes have been affected by national policies of different ideologies and degrees of effectiveness. References are listed alphabetically by author, and subject and geographical indexes are also provided. (author)}, keywords = {agroforestry, Benin, Cameroon, Cape Verde, chiefs, collateral, commons, communal tenure, customary law, forestry, fragmentation, Ghana, Guinea, inheritance, Ivory Coast, land ownership, land reform, legislation, Liberia, litigation, nationalization, Nigeria, property transfer, public ownership, security, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo, tree crops, West Africa, women{\textquoteright}s rights}, isbn = {92-9053-091-X}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/17341746}, author = {Paul Francis and Getachew Bulfeta} } @article {712, title = {Tree gardening and taungya on Java: Examples of agroforestry techniques in the humid tropics}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {1}, year = {1982}, month = {March 1982}, pages = {53-70}, abstract = {Agroforestry is a general concept for a land management system combining trees and agricultural crops. For application, various specific techniques can be chosen. Each of these techniques is adjusted to a specific set of environmental as well as socio-economic factors. Agroforestry cultivators or managers belonging to varying social strata and institutional groupings may practice different forms of agroforestry, even within the same general region. This is demonstrated on the basis of two contrasting types of agroforestry which are found on the Indonesian island of Java. Tree gardening or the cultivation of a wide variety of crops in a multiple-storeyed agroforestry system is an indegenous practice on private lands, while taungya or the intercropping of young tree plantations with staple crops is practiced on state forest lands. Both systems are described as to their management characteristics, past development as well as possibilities and constraints for further development. These two practices are then compared as to various attributes, like producer group, production purpose, area of cultivation, land ownership situation, structural organization of crop combinations, possibilities for improved cultivation techniques, and suitability for application in rural development for specific target groups.}, keywords = {agroforestry systems, gardening, Indonesia, Java, land ownership, private land, state forest, young tree}, doi = {10.1007/BF00044329}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00044329}, author = {K. F. Wiersum} }