@article {811, title = {African biodiversity: Foundation for the future. A framework for integrating biodiversity conservation and sustainable development}, year = {1993}, note = {Biodiversity Support Programme, a USAID-funded Consortium of World Wildlife Fund, the Nature Conservancy and World Resources Institute}, month = {1993}, institution = {Biodiversity Support Program}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {

This report reflects our belief that any effective conservation and development strategy for Africa must directly address the concerns of Africans themselves. During the conceptualization and writing of the report, we drew upon the guidance of a team of advisors \— mostly African women and men \— with experience in a variety of African geographic regions, institutions, and ecological systems. The input of these experts enabled us to focus the report on African priorities for biodiversity conservation. (author)

}, keywords = {Africa, biodiversity, conservation}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/30593020}, author = {K. Newman and J. Webster} } @article {587, title = {Indigenous Kikuyu agroforestry: A case study of Kirinyaga, Kenya}, journal = {Human Ecology}, volume = {19}, year = {1991}, month = {1991}, pages = {1-18}, abstract = {

This article analyzes agroforestry practices among the Ndia and Gichugu Kikuyu of Kirinyaga, Kenya, at the turn of the century, before the onset of colonial rule. It describes ways in which people adapted to competing pressures for retaining and removing tree cover. It shows how religious beliefs, tenure relations based on a communal property-rights regime, and farm forestry practices contributed to the conservation of trees.

Such strategies were not aimed at reversing deforestation, but mitigating its impact by incorporating valued trees into local sociocultural and household production systems. The article points out that indigenous agroforestry practices need to be viewed in the context of local socioeconomic and ecological differences. It also considers the impact of the caravan trade on land use during the late 1800s. Tree scarcity in the late precolonial era is briefly contrasted with the area\&$\#$39;s \"woodfuel crisis\" of the 1980s.

}, keywords = {agroforestry, common property, conservation, firewood, forestry, fuelwood, indigenous technical knowledge , Kenya, Kikuyu}, doi = {10.2307/4602996}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/4602996}, author = {Alfonso H. Peter Castro} } @book {310, title = {Conserving the world{\textquoteright}s biological diversity}, year = {1990}, note = {in conjunction with International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources; World Resources Institute; Conservation International; World Wildlife Fund (U.S.); World Bank}, month = {1990}, pages = {193}, publisher = {International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources; World Resources Institute; Conservation International; World Wildlife Fund-US; World Bank}, organization = {International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources; World Resources Institute; Conservation International; World Wildlife Fund-US; World Bank}, address = {Gland, Switzerland and Washington, DC}, abstract = {

The elements now exist that will reverse the trend toward the biotic impoverishment of the world. Novel approaches, new financial mechanisms, and new policies need to be applied at the appropriate level of responsibility to translate the new approaches into a reality of improved human well-being and secure biotic heritage. New partners in conservation need to be found, involving all ministries, departments and private institutions that are directly dependent on biological resources. National parks departments, for example should be joined in habitat management by a wide range of other institutions to represent all interests. Furthermore, other line agencies need to develop the capacity to manage biodiversity of particular relevance to their respective missions. Contains following sections:

}, keywords = {biodiversity, conservation, development, natural resource management, policy, rainforests, sustainability, tropical forests}, isbn = {0-8213-1384-3, 0-915824-42-2}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/21193600}, author = {Jeffrey A. McNeely and Kenton R. Miller and Walter V. Reid and Russell A. Mittermeier and Timothy B. Werner} } @proceedings {421, title = {Workshop to develop an Agroforestry Technology Information Kit, November 4-13, 1989}, year = {1990}, month = {1990}, publisher = {Philippene Dept. of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR); International Institute of Rural Reconstruction (IIRR); Ford Foundation (FF)}, address = {Quezon City, Philippines; Silang Cavite, Philippines; Manila, Philippines}, abstract = {The "Agroforestry Technology Information Kit" was prepared for the use and guidance of the Social Forestry Officers and Technicians of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources. This kit was meant to help our forestry officers and technicians be effective in their role as extension workers for the upland dwellers. It is full of narative know-how and skills that make life in the uplands more meaningful, profitable and ecologically sustainable. It is well-prepared and if properly operationalized and seriously implemented, it is expected to create a new dimension in the struggle for upland rehibilitation that can only be maintained through concerted and sustained effort of the government and the people. This kit is Philippine- focused: it is intended for use primarily in support of the training of DENR{\textquoteright}s 1,200 technicians for its Social Forestry Program nationwide. This program of DENR aims to give the Filipino uplanders access to forest lands for a tenure of 25 years or more. (author)}, keywords = {agriculture, agroforestry, conservation, ecology, Filipino, fruit, home-lot, livestock, management, natural resources, Philippine Department of Environment and Natural Resources, plants, seeds, soil and water conservation (SWC), sustainability, Taungya System, trees, water }, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/51168241}, editor = {Francis Korten and Romulo del Castillo and Julian Gonsalves and Jaime Roquillo and Forester Nicanor Iscala Jr} } @book {333, title = {Forestry and nutrition: A reference manual}, year = {1989}, month = {1989}, publisher = {FAO}, organization = {FAO}, address = {Bangkok, Thailand}, abstract = {The first section provides a brief overview of the links between forestry and nutrition and a review of the findings from the literature. This is followed by an annotated bibliography which includes 239 references. Subject and geographic indices are included to facilitate use of the bibliography. The purposes of this reference manual are to highlight what is known about the linkages between forestry and nutrition and to provide a guide for further research into this area. It is directed to foresters and nutritionists alike and draws on information from their respective literature as well as from other areas of relevant study. Although the reference manual focuses on nutrition and forestry in general, it is directed to those working on forestry and nutrition issues in developing countries, and thus, focuses on regions of the tropics and subtropics. (author)}, keywords = {agroforestry, conservation, ethnobotany, ethnomedicine, fodder, fuelwood, livestock, medicinal plants, plant foods, rural development, wildlife }, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/66373043}, author = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Regional Forestry Officer} } @book {361, title = {Land and water strategy: Sustainable development. A summary of public input: What you told us}, year = {1989}, month = {November 1989}, pages = {57}, publisher = {Province of Manitoba}, organization = {Province of Manitoba}, address = {[Winnipeg, MB]}, abstract = {Because our activities on land affect our water resources, it is vital that we manage our land and water resources together. This is the position that the Government of Manitoba has taken, and why it has proposed a Land and Water Strategy for the Provience. Conserving the environment while creating economic activity is the objective of the Land and Water Strategy--an objective consistant with the principles of sustainable development set out by the National Task Force of Environment and Economy. The Task Force defines sustainable development as "...development which ensures that the use of resources and the environment today does not damage prospects for their use by future generations." The key concept advanced by the Task Force is that the economy and the environment can no longer be viewed in isolation. We must use our resources to survive and prosper, but we must also manage them wisely if they are to be there in future, for our children and grandchildren. In the past, the economy and the environment were viewed as mutually exclusive. That is no longer an acceptable view. We can conserve our resource base and generate economic activity at the same time. The Land and Water Strategy points the way. (author)}, keywords = {agricultural land use, agriculture, alternate land use, conservation, drainage, education, environmental policy, environmental protection, fisheries, flooding, hydro, land use planning, Manitoba, minerals, natural resource conservation, recreation, saline soils, soil conservation, soils, tourism, water conservation, water supply, wildland, wildlife }, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/29312143}, author = {Provincial Government of Manitoba, Sustainable Development Coordination Unit} } @article {691, title = {The need to build upon farmer practice and knowledge: Reminders from selected upland conservation projects and policies}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {9}, year = {1989}, month = {October 1989}, pages = {141-153}, abstract = {

On-farm research and development projects in SE Asia\&$\#$39;s uplands have addressed problems of ecosystems degradation. Farmer adoption, however, of land conservation technologies has generally not resulted or has not been sustainable. This paper examines four agroforestry projects and two policy approaches meant to protect upland resources. Promoted innovations and farmer adoption are described. Six lessons are reemphasized:

Overall, variable scale diagnosis and design that is unbiased towards pre-selected technologies is needed. Lessons learned contributed to farmer-participatory agroforestry research being conducted in an upland rice-based system in the Philippines. (author)

}, keywords = {adoption, agriculture, conservation, diagnosis and design, farmer knowledge, farmer participation, farmer practice, forestry, labor, participatory research, resource management, rice, slash and burn, soil erosion, sustainability, swiddens, upland farming}, doi = {10.1007/BF00168259}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00168259}, author = {S. Fujisaka} } @article {626, title = {Njukiine forest: Transformation of a common-property resource}, journal = {Forest \& Conservation History}, volume = {35}, year = {1989}, note = {Africa{\textquoteright}s Forests: A Special Issue and a Conference Notice (Oct., 1991) Aug 1989 is a draft.}, month = {8/1989; 10/1991}, pages = {160-168}, abstract = {

This paper examines the processes of socioeconomic, institutional, and ecological change at Njukiine Forest in Kirinyaga and Embu Districts, Kenya. It traces the area\&$\#$39;s transformation from a woodland managed on a common property basis by kinsmen and neighbors to a plantation forest operated by state-controlled organizations. The presentation highlights five aspects of this transformation:

  1. the precolonial common property regime, including the interplay between deliberate conservation practices and unintentional circumstances that protected the forest;
  2. population movements, commercial activities, and conflicts about tenure in the colonial era that undermined the old regime;
  3. protracted negotiations about Njukiine between the colonial state and the Embu Local Native Council, its designated institution for representing local interests;
  4. the short-lived management regime under council auspices; and
  5. the takeover of Njukiine by the Forest Department and its trusteeship by the Kirinyaga Districty County Council. Some implications of Njukiine\&$\#$39;s conservation history for contemporary community forestry efforts are discussed in the conclusion. Archival research and field work in Kenya during parts of 1982, 1983, and 1988 provide the basis for this study.
}, keywords = {agroforestry, colonial, common property, conservation, conservation history, Kenya, Njukiine Forest, plantation forest, population}, doi = {10.2307/3983495}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/3983495}, author = {Alfonso H. Peter Castro} } @mastersthesis {447, title = {Sherpa settlement and subsistence: Cultural ecology and history in highland Nepal}, year = {1989}, note = {

Chapter 9: Sherpa Forest Use and Management. Chapter 10: Forest Nationalization and Environmental Change. Maps; charts; figures; tables. (Has since been published as Claiming the High Ground. University of California Press. 1993.)

}, month = {1989}, school = {University of California, Berkeley, Department of Geography}, address = {Berkeley, California}, abstract = {

\"Submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Geography in the graduate division of the University of California at Berkeley.\" A detailed analysis of forest conservation amongst the Khumbu Sherpas of Highland Nepal. Stevens outlines forest uses of the Sherpas as well as giving linguistic definitions of different indigenous conservation programs. Includes the effect of national government intervention on forest conservation in Highland Nepal.

}, keywords = {agroforestry, conservation, ecology, environment systems, government intervention}, url = {https://ehrafworldcultures.yale.edu/document?id=ak06-013}, author = {Stanley Francis Stevens} } @book {390, title = {Sustainable development: Land and water strategy: A summary of public input}, year = {1989}, month = {November 1989}, publisher = {Provincial Government of Manitoba [Manitoba Natural Resources, Water Resources Branch]}, organization = {Provincial Government of Manitoba [Manitoba Natural Resources, Water Resources Branch]}, address = {Winnipeg, MB}, abstract = {Because our activities on land affect our water resources, it is vital that we manage our land and water resources together. This is the position that the Government of Manitoba has taken, and why it has proposed a Land and Water Strategy for the Provience. Conserving the environment while creating economic activity is the objective of the Land and Water Strategy--an objective consistent with the principles of sustainable development set out by the National Task Force of Environment and Economy. The Task Force defines sustainable development as "...development which ensures that the use of resources and the environment today does not damage prospects for their use by future generations." The key concept advanced by the Task Force is that the economy and the environment can no longer be viewed in isolation. We must use our resources to survive and prosper, but we must also manage them wisely if they are to be there in future, for our children and grandchildren.{\textquoteright} In the past, the economy and the environment were viewed as mutually exclusive. That is no longer an acceptable view. We can conserve our resource base and generate economic activity at the same time. The Land and Water Strategy points the way. (author)}, keywords = {agricultural land use, agriculture, alternate land use, conservation, drainage, education, environmental protection, fisheries, flooding, hydro, land use planning, minerals, recreation, saline soils, soils, tourism, water supply, wildland, wildlife }, author = {Provincial Government of Manitoba, Water Resources Branch} } @inbook {875, title = {Genetic conservation and the role of botanic gardens}, booktitle = {Botanic gardens and the world conservation strategy: Proceedings of an international conference, 26-30 November 1985 held at Las Palmas de Gran Canaria}, year = {1987}, month = {1987}, pages = {161-173}, publisher = {Academic Press Inc.}, organization = {Academic Press Inc.}, address = {London}, abstract = {

Botanic gardens -- although historically of great importance in the introduction of exotic materials often linked to cash crop development -- were part of the plant introduction systems out of which developed the genetic resource programs in the past few decades. But they have been less than successful in conserving plant materials. With the rapid growth in the nature conservation movement and the economic recession limiting funds, many have realized they have changing roles. Much of this has been sparked by dramatic appeals from botanic gardens in developed countries to help in conservation of the rapidly eroding tropical rain forest.

Current compartmentalized action needs to be coordinated, not from the viewpoint of assuming roles and responsibilities which will only exacerbate the inactivities of many organizations over the past couple of decades, but to produce fruitful liaison based on good science and not emotional or financial considerations.

To this end the authors outline a number of scientific imperatives which could lead to positive action and enable all organizations at this conference to assume their moral and evolutionary responsibilities. They may require radical changes in thinking (but after all evolution is based on genetic change in relation to environment). The manipulation of plants by man has led to a wealth of diversity for food, fiber, shelter and medicine. Now we have the chance to manipulate at the molecular level. We must stand ready with our material available, well documented and with clear priorities for future action.

}, keywords = {botanical gardens, conservation, rainforests}, isbn = {0-12-125462-3}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/16718888}, author = {J. T. Williams and J. L. Creech}, editor = {D. Bramwell and O. Hamann and V. H. Heywood and H. Synge} } @conference {808, title = {Use of ethnoecology in agroforestry systems research: An example of AF technology and pest management research in Kenya}, booktitle = {Paper presented at Annual Symposium on Farming Systems Research, October 18-21, 1987, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville}, year = {1987}, month = {Oct 18-21, 1987}, address = {University of Arkansas, Fayetteville}, abstract = {This paper looks at the benefits of combining ethnobotany (human ecology and ethnography) and agroecology (environmental systems science). This detailed look at an ICRAF agroforestry research project in Mbiuni, Kenya (Machakos District) provides a positive outlook on the role of indigenous participation in identifying and solving development problems. Through small group meetings and informant interviews, many potential research areas were discovered. The most important of these being domestication of indigenous plants and trees, pest control (termites), and off-farm flora collection. Included also in this paper are the results of some local experiments in the above research topics. Also contains ideas for further study.}, keywords = {Acacia, Africa, agroecology, agroforestry, conservation, ecology, ethnobotany, eucalyptus, indigenous technical knowledge , Kenya, pest management, resource management, soil conservation, sustainable development, termites, trees, women in development}, author = {Dianne E. Rocheleau and Luis Malaret} }