@book {398, title = {The cultural dimension of development: Indigenous knowledge systems}, series = {IT Studies in Indigenous Knowledge and Development Series}, year = {1995}, note = {

Wim H.J.C. Dechering, Technical Editor

}, month = {December 1995}, pages = {xviii, 582 pp.}, publisher = {Intermediate Technology Publications Ltd [Practical Action Publishing]}, organization = {Intermediate Technology Publications Ltd [Practical Action Publishing]}, address = {London}, abstract = {This book presents evidence from many countries and sources of the validity and usefulness of indigenous knowledge in the success of development projects. Part I consists of chapters with a focus on indigenous knowledge systems including: Ethnobotanical knowledge systems, Taman Obat Keluarga: Indigenous Indonesian medicine, Neem in Niger, The Lari Soils project in Peru, indigenous soil classificaton in Northern Zambia, Agroforestry in the Central Hills of Nepal, indigenous communication, and International rice research. The chapters in Part II show how indigenous knowledge is used in decision making: Raised Beds and Plant Disease Management, Famine relief in the Horn of Africa, Gender and socioeconomic status in the Philippines as a reflection of decision making in agriculture, Forest Gardens of Highland Sri Lanka, Indigenous decision-making in American agriculture, Indigenous Taxonomies and decision-making of Rice Farmers in South India, Crop Varietal Selection, and Patterns of medical choice among working-class families of Oaxaca, Mexico. Part III focuses on the role that indigenous organizations play in the decision making process in the following examples: Community Forestry Management in Nepal, Natural Resource Management among Pastoralists of Arid and Semi-arid Africa, Balinese Water Temples, Kpelle Farming, and the Niger River Fisheries project. Part IV deals with indigenous experimentation and innovation including: Indigenous horticultural approaches in tropical regions, Farmer Know-how and Communicaton for Technology Transfer in Niger, Duck Farming in Indonesia, Technology off the farm, Design of on- farm experiments in the Philippines, Soil and Water Conservation in Djenne, Mali, Kpelle steelmaking, and Protection of the Agricultural Environment in Eastern Africa. The chapters in Part V describe how different development institutions such as: CIKARD, LEAD, CIRAN, IUCN, IIED, ILEIA, CLADES, UNESCO, NISER, and REPPIKA, are using indigenous knowledge to facilitate the development process. Part VI consists of bibliographical essays on the attention given to indigenous knowledge in the literature of the past decade in the areas of agriculture and rural development and resource management.}, keywords = {Africa, agroforestry, Bali, ethnobotany, ethnoveterinary medicine, Horn of Africa, India, indigenous decision-making systems, indigenous development, indigenous experimentation, indigenous knowledge, indigenous organizations, Indonesia, Kpelle, Mali, Mexico, Nepal, Niger, Nigeria, Peru, Philippines, Sudan, Zambia}, isbn = {1-85339-264-2; 978-1-85339-251-1; eISBN 978-1-78044-473-4}, url = {https://www.worldcat.org/title/257046951}, editor = {D. Michael Warren and L. Jan Slikkerveer and David Brokensha} } @article {811, title = {African biodiversity: Foundation for the future. A framework for integrating biodiversity conservation and sustainable development}, year = {1993}, note = {Biodiversity Support Programme, a USAID-funded Consortium of World Wildlife Fund, the Nature Conservancy and World Resources Institute}, month = {1993}, institution = {Biodiversity Support Program}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {

This report reflects our belief that any effective conservation and development strategy for Africa must directly address the concerns of Africans themselves. During the conceptualization and writing of the report, we drew upon the guidance of a team of advisors \— mostly African women and men \— with experience in a variety of African geographic regions, institutions, and ecological systems. The input of these experts enabled us to focus the report on African priorities for biodiversity conservation. (author)

}, keywords = {Africa, biodiversity, conservation}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/30593020}, author = {K. Newman and J. Webster} } @article {549, title = {Economic incentives for conserving biodiversity: Lessons for Africa}, journal = {Ambio}, volume = {22}, year = {1993}, month = {1993}, pages = {144-150}, abstract = {Economics provides a useful perspective on issues of biodiversity, at three levels. At the international level, governments may need to consider the impact of global economic policies, such as commodities prices, on biodiversity; and because the conservation of biodiversity provides global economic benefits, economic incentives should be provided to governments at the international level (for example, through the Global Environment Facility, but also through terms of trade). At the national level, governments need to be able to assess the impact of their policies on the biological resources of the country, and consider the utility of using a combination of economic incentives (such as differential access to resources, compensation for animal damage, subsidies and grants) and economic disincentives (such as fines and withholding of benefits) to promote conservation objectives. Governments need to address, the problem of "perverse incentives" - economic instruments which promote the destruction of biodiversity). Many government subsidies and foreign assistance projects have had such effects. At the level of government agencies responsible for conserving biodiversity, incentives can often be used to enhance the performance of staff, improve relations with surrounding communities, and provide long-term financial support to the agency. Examples from throughout Africa are provided to show how economic incentives can enable governments and the private sector to support national conservation objectives more efficiently than can traditional regulatory approaches.}, keywords = {Africa, biodiversity}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/4314059}, author = {Jeffrey A. McNeely} } @book {308, title = {Conservation of biodiversity in Africa: Local initiatives \& institutional roles: Conference programme \& abstracts}, year = {1992}, month = {8/30-9/3/1992 }, pages = {66}, publisher = {National Museums of Kenya}, organization = {National Museums of Kenya}, address = {Nairobi, Kenya}, abstract = {

Contains information on:

}, keywords = {Africa, biodiversity}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/32051866}, author = {National Museums of Kenya} } @conference {771, title = {Indigenous knowledge, biodiversity conservation and development}, booktitle = {Paper presented at International Conference on Conservation of Biodiversity in Africa: Local Initiatives and Institutional Roles, August 30-September 3, 1992, National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya}, year = {1992}, month = {08/30-09/3/1992}, publisher = {National Museums of Kenya}, organization = {National Museums of Kenya}, address = {Nairobi, Kenya}, abstract = {Global awareness of the crisis concerning the conservation of biodiversity is assured following the United Nation{\textquoteright}s Conference on Environment and Development. This conference was held in June 1992 in Rio de Janiero. This presentation provided an overview of recent studies that show the active role that rural communities throughout the world have played in three major areas. They have helped to generate knowledge based on an understanding of their environment. They have devised mechanisms to conserve and sustain their natural resources. Lastly, they have established community-based organizations that serve as forums for identifying problems and dealing with them through local level experimentation, innovation, and exchange information with other societies. This active role that they are playing will help to preserve their resources well into the future.}, keywords = {Africa, biodiversity, cooperatives}, url = {http://www.ciesin.org/docs/004-173/004-173.html}, author = {D. Michael Warren} } @proceedings {478, title = {NFU{\textquoteright}s Annual Conference 1991}, year = {1991}, month = {23-24 May 1991}, publisher = {Norwegian Centre for International Agricultural Development, Agricultural University of Norway; Norwegian Association for Development Research}, address = {Aas [{\r A}s], Norway; Oslo, Norway}, abstract = {

Can researchers from different disciplines, especially the natural and social sciences, work effectively together? Can they complement each other, or are they mutually incompatible, speaking contradictory, or simply different, languages? What can the various disciplines--together or separately--offer to the decision maker? Are the imperatives of research and policy so different that they cannot, and should not, be directly linked? (author)

These issues were addressed at the seventh annual conference of the Norwegian Association for Development Research (NFU). This book contains the papers presented at the conference. Papers presented at the conference covered topics such as:

}, keywords = {Africa, agriculture, agroforestry, agroforestry development, environment, farmer research, farmers, food security, gene resources, interdisciplinary, interdisciplinary research, multidisciplinary teams, natural resources, Norsk forening for utviklingsforskning (NFU), Norwegian Association for Development Research, nutrition, participatory research, property rights, social justice, social sciences, Soil Productivity Research Program (SPRP), sustainable development, Zambia}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/29625062}, author = {NORAGRIC} } @book {399, title = {The gene hunters: Biotechnology and the scramble for seeds}, series = {African Centre for Technology Studies research series no. 1}, year = {1989}, month = {1989}, pages = {288}, publisher = {Princeton University Press}, organization = {Princeton University Press}, address = {Princeton, NJ}, abstract = {As biotechnology grows in the agricultural world, the race is on for better seeds. The potential impacts resulting from biotechnological advances could be devastating. These changes will be unpredictable transformations in the global organization and distribution of production. This book examines the history of botany in the field of biotechnology. Various topics dealing with plant breeding and the seed industry discuss options Africa has for the future. Intellectual property rights and their protection are discussed. A case study involving germplasm and Kenya{\textquoteright}s agriculture is featured. This is a broad and encompassing discussion of the seed war.}, keywords = {Africa, biodiversity, botany, developing countries, economic policies, food security, forecasting, germplasm resources, intellectual property/germplasm, plant biotechnology, socioeconomics}, isbn = {0-691-00378-5}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/19269376}, author = {Calestous Juma} } @article {834, title = {Survey report for increasing food production and its development plan in Africa: Zimbabwe}, year = {1989}, month = {March 1989}, institution = {Association for International Cooperation of Agriculture \& Forestry, Japan}, address = {Tokyo}, abstract = {In the first half of the 1980s, African countries, particularly those located south of the Sahara Desert, faced a serious problem of food shortage that was caused by population increase, progress of desertification and continuation of drought year. Although the food shortage has been somewhat alleviated in the recent years due to favorable climatic conditions, the increase of food production continues to be the fundamental problem as no improvement has been made on the fragility of food production in these African countries. Cooperation and support from the developed countries are needed in solving this problem. The role of Japan would be to actively provide cooperation to the African countries in the domain of agriculture and forestry. For this purpose, AICAF has been conducting a survey to grasp the actual conditions of food and agriculture in the African countries since 1985 under the consignment from the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. This survey has been conducted on twelve countries by the end of FY 1987.}, keywords = {Africa, aquatic resources, desertification, drought, food production, Zimbabwe}, author = {Association for International Cooperation of Agriculture \& Forestry (AICAF)} } @article {731, title = {Annexe 3: Rainwater harvesting in Turkana}, year = {1987}, month = {February 1987}, abstract = {

The population of the Turkana District, northwest Kenya, is approximately 220,000, of which 165,000 are pastoralists. The remainder are centered around the settlements and Food-For-Work (FFW) camps. Pastoralism -- goats, sheep, cattle, camels, and donkeys -- remains; therefore, the primary economic activity, supplemented by fishing and agriculture in some areas. The FFW camps originated in 1980, following a severe famine in the north of the district, which lead to a total of 80,000 people receiving relief food aid through an EEC-funded project. This number has steadily declined, and figures for 1986 indicate that about 10,000 people were employed on FFW schemes in the District. Much of this FFW has been on large-scale water-harvesting related schemes. (author)

This paper includes sections on:

}, keywords = {Africa, animals, food, Kenya, OXFAM, pastoralism, rain, Turkana, women}, author = {Adrian Cullis} } @article {534, title = {Compound farms of southeastern Nigeria: A predominant agroforestry homegarden system with crops and small livestock}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {5}, year = {1987}, month = {June 1987}, pages = {153-168}, abstract = {Compound farms are a homegarden-type of agroforestry system involving the deliberate management of multipurpose trees and shrubs in a multistoried association with agricultural crops and small livestock within the compounds of individual houses. In addition to the advantages of diversified production, risk minimization, improved labour and nutrient use efficiences and soil conservation, compound farms represent germplasm banks containing many of the useful tree/shrub species currently disappearing due to indiscriminate clearing of forest and woodlands.}, keywords = {Africa, agriculture, agroforestry, compound farm, forestry, germplasm conservation, home gardens, Nigeria, tree improvement}, doi = {10.1007/BF00047519}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00047519}, author = {J. C. Okafor and E. C. M. Fernandes} } @article {839, title = {The half-hidden economic roles of rural Nigerian women and national development}, year = {1987}, note = {Research monograph prepared for the World Bank}, month = {October 1987}, abstract = {As Nigerian oil exports flourished, its agricultural production floundered from 45 percent of the Gross Domestic Product in 1970 to 25 percent in 1987. However, in order to understand the full measure of the Nigerian agricultural stiuation, and assess its impacts on hindering or facilitating national development, one must understand just how women fit in the various farming systems of the country. This manuscript starts with an overview of Nigeria{\textquoteright}s recent oil and agricultural situation. Next, the paper presents a glimpse of Nigeria{\textquoteright}s major variance in ethnicity, ecology, and the division of agricultural labor and resources by gender. Then, the manual examines the gender division of labor and resources in the agricultural sector, and looks at recent changes. In section four, the paper draws links from micro to macro levels, and identifies the gaps in our knowledge of gender and agricultural systems in Nigeria. Finally, the text concludes with a summary of the major findings and a series of policy recommendations.}, keywords = {Africa, agriculture, animal by-products, animal husbandry, crop by-products, economics, farm forestry, female agriculture, harvesting, marketing, national development, Nigeria, oil, processing, rural people, soils, sowing, storage, tending, transporting, weeding, women}, author = {Rae Lesser Blumberg and Lorna Lueker} } @conference {796, title = {Seeing the forest for the trees}, booktitle = {Paper presented at Farming Systems Research Symposium: How Systems Work, October 18-21, 1987}, year = {1987}, month = {October 1987}, address = {University of Arkansas}, abstract = {A grassroots approach to implementing alley farming is described in this paper. The approach emphasizes the participation and cooperation of Nigerian farm households in farming systems research. Strategies were developed to present the critical concepts of alley farming in a culturally acceptable, sustainable, and self-perpetuating manner. Findings are based on three years of field work with the International Livestock Center of Africa and the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture.}, keywords = {Africa, agroforestry, alley farming, cassia, Cassia siamea, farming, farming systems research , fertilizer, FSR\&D, grassroots organizations, IITA, ILCA, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, International Livestock Center for Africa, legume, luecaena, Nigeria, OFR, on-farm research}, author = {Kristin Cashman} } @conference {808, title = {Use of ethnoecology in agroforestry systems research: An example of AF technology and pest management research in Kenya}, booktitle = {Paper presented at Annual Symposium on Farming Systems Research, October 18-21, 1987, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville}, year = {1987}, month = {Oct 18-21, 1987}, address = {University of Arkansas, Fayetteville}, abstract = {This paper looks at the benefits of combining ethnobotany (human ecology and ethnography) and agroecology (environmental systems science). This detailed look at an ICRAF agroforestry research project in Mbiuni, Kenya (Machakos District) provides a positive outlook on the role of indigenous participation in identifying and solving development problems. Through small group meetings and informant interviews, many potential research areas were discovered. The most important of these being domestication of indigenous plants and trees, pest control (termites), and off-farm flora collection. Included also in this paper are the results of some local experiments in the above research topics. Also contains ideas for further study.}, keywords = {Acacia, Africa, agroecology, agroforestry, conservation, ecology, ethnobotany, eucalyptus, indigenous technical knowledge , Kenya, pest management, resource management, soil conservation, sustainable development, termites, trees, women in development}, author = {Dianne E. Rocheleau and Luis Malaret} } @article {812, title = {African traditional ecological knowledge: A preliminary investigation of indigenous or traditional ecological knowledge and associated sustainable management practices in Africa and relevance to CIDA{\textquoteright}s environmental policy}, year = {1986}, note = {Includes a letter from lalonde to Gerard McKiernan dated May 1991. This may be the outline for a book chapter in "Traditional Ecological Knowledge: Concepts and Cases" edited by Julian T. Inglis.}, month = {1986}, institution = {Canadian International Development Agency}, address = {Wakefield, Quebec}, abstract = {

The Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA), reviewed and synthesized wide ranging literature on \"alternative\" systems of African indigenous peoples\&$\#$39; traditional ecological knowledge (TEK), as revealed by indigenous land-use and renewable resource management practices. International involvement in this area by the UN, the World Bank, and various NGO\&$\#$39;s (IUCN, IIED, etc.), was also investigated to help identify the present scope or practical interest of TEK and possible future directions.

Main traditional livelihoods and land-use practices which sustainably exploit the ecosystem include sedentary and shifting agriculture, nomadic pastoralism, hunting, fishing, food gathering, rainforest use and limited agro-forestry for food, materials and medicines, etc. This is demonstrated, where possible with case-studies involving the following regions of African tribal groups: Kenya - Maasai; Tanzania - Pare; Zaramo, Luguru; Niger - Fulani; and the San of the Kalahari, etc. The report also investigated the nature or ambiguity between indigenous and post-colonial \"traditional\" practices of rural Africa and the constraints or challenges this poses to the current transmission and respect for TEK among indigenous Africans and development planners alike.

}, keywords = {Africa, agroforestry, Canada, deforestation, desertification, education, ethnoconservation, ethnopharmacology}, author = {Andre Lalonde} } @book {395, title = {The agroforestry survey in Kakamega District: Final report}, series = {Kenya Woodfuel Development Program Working Paper 6}, year = {1985}, month = {May 1985}, pages = {38}, publisher = {[Beijer Institute]}, organization = {[Beijer Institute]}, address = {Nairobi, Kenya}, abstract = {This document includes the summary and conclusions of the survey mentioned above. It discusses activities of The Kenya Woodfuel Development Programme, and the main subjects of interest in the survey, which were: the present woody biomass situation on the farm, the activities undertaken by farmers to try to maintain present woody biomass and the present fuelwood supply situation within the households.}, keywords = {Africa, fuelwood}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/16875028}, author = {Berry Van Gelder and Paul Kerkhof and Kenya Woodfuel Development Programme} } @article {620, title = {Multipurpose leguminous trees and shrubs for agroforestry}, journal = {Agroforestry Systems}, volume = {2}, year = {1985}, note = {Adapted from a paper presented at the International Symposium on Nitrogen Fixing trees in the Tropics, 19-24 September, 1983 Rio-de-Janeiro, Brazil}, month = {September 1984}, pages = {145-163}, abstract = {There are various ways in which farmers deliberately incorporate trees and shrubs on farm production fields. Many of the species so incorporated are legumes. The role of such woody perennials in agroforestry systems can be productive and/or protective. Legumes offer by far the maximum range of choice of woody species for agroforestry in terms of their economic uses as well as ecological adaptibility. In addition to the several leguminous woody species that are well known in agroforestry, there are many more whose potentials have not yet been fully understood. An evaluation is presented of the agroforestry potentials of a few leguminous species from the point of view of their growth characteristics, ecological adaptability, combining ability with other species and uses/functions. The science of agroforestry is still in its infancy. There exists no research data on the various management aspects of these potentially promising group of plants. ICRAF, in its capacity as an international research council, has assembled several multipurpose leguminous trees and shrubs of agroforestry potential at the Council{\textquoteright}s recently-established Field Station in Machakos, Kenya, primarily for demonstration and training purposes. Initial results from these trials are presented in the paper.}, keywords = {Africa, agroforestry systems, coffee shade, ecological adaptability, Leucaena leucocephala, woody perennial}, doi = {10.1007/BF00147030}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00147030}, author = {P. K. R. Nair and E. C. M. Fernandes and P. N. Wambugu} } @article {734, title = {Fuelwood, agro-forestry, and natural resource management: The development significance of land tenure and other resource management/utilization systems}, year = {1984}, note = {Prepared for U.S. AID/PPC/PDPR under Purchase Order OTR-0000-0-00-3441-00, April 1984}, month = {April 1984}, publisher = {Institute for Development Anthropology}, address = {Binghamton, New York}, abstract = {

Traditions of tree planting vary. Some societies saw no need to plant any trees, others planted a few for fruit, shade or poles, a few others had elaborate agro-forestry systems, making effective use of many species. In nearly all societies, people knew a great deal about trees and their properties, as demonstrated by the many detailed ethnobotanical studies. (author)

Looked at in this paper are the topics of tree planting - who plants and why, factors in tree planting, seed supply, soil, rainfall, pests, etc., along with a list of trees planted in different parts of Africa.
This paper contains part (G)-Tree Planting-of the manuscript Fuelwood, Agro-Forestry, and Natural Resource Management: The Development Significance of Land Tenure and Other Resource Management/Utilization Systems. This paper also contains a working bibliography for the manuscript; however, one page is missing.

}, keywords = {Africa, agroforestry, ethnobotany, forestry, fuelwood, land administration, land tenure, natural resources, Tanzania, trees}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4433438576}, author = {David Brokensha and Alfonso H. Peter Castro and Manasendu Kundu and Barry Hewlett} } @article {745, title = {Why do people grow trees?}, year = {1982}, month = {1982}, abstract = {This paper examines the reasons behind the shift from not planting trees to planting trees in the last few decades. The author opens the paper with a series of questions concerning and gives the answers to the questions in the paper citing case studies of tree planting practices in Zanzibar, Malawi, Kenya, Mali, and Sudan.}, keywords = {Africa, agroforestry, fuelwood}, author = {Noronha Raymond} } @conference {751, title = {Agroforestry practices in high potential areas of Kenya}, booktitle = {Proceedings from Kenya National Seminar on Agroforestry, Nairobi, Kenya, 12-22 November 1980}, year = {1981}, month = {October 1981}, pages = {287-308}, publisher = {International Council for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF)}, organization = {International Council for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF)}, address = {Nairobi, Kenya}, abstract = {

This document looks at the Shamba system of reafforestation and afforestation in Kenya. This system employs the traditional African method of farming known as shifting cultivation, which combines both forest and agricultural land use. This document provides a description and an historical summary of the Shamba system. It includes sections on: silvicultural applications; the economic importance of the Shamba system; and, social, political and administrative considerations in agroforestry projects.

}, keywords = {Africa, agroforestry, eucalyptus, Kenya, wattle}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/10924821}, author = {F. H. M. Wanyeki} } @conference {781, title = {Management of agroforestry systems in Kenya}, booktitle = {Proceedings from Kenya National Seminar on Agroforestry, Nairobi, Kenya, 12-22 November 1980}, year = {1981}, note = {Organized jointly by the University of Nairobi and ICRAF}, month = {October 1981}, publisher = {University of Nairobi and International Council for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF)}, organization = {University of Nairobi and International Council for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF)}, address = {Nairobi, Kenya}, abstract = {

The key factor in forest management and agricultural practice is suitable land. That is what Kenya is short of; about two thirds of the country being semi-arid or arid. Forests in some areas of Kenya occupy prime land. Although Kenya has relatively little forest, the future may see some of this converted to agroforestry, a land use system that combines production of food and forest products, preferably on the same unit of land and on a sustainable yield basis. (author)

This document, on agroforestry management in Kenya, looks at aspects of agroforestry in terms of: soil fertility, animal feed, human needs, microclimate amelioration, the provision of nitrogen in soil, soil structure improvements, a domestic energy supply, and as a potential supply which can be maintained on a sustained yield basis. It also looks at: management concepts in agroforestry; land tenure and agroforestry; and the selection of appropriate species for agroforestry projects in regard to altitude and soil type.

}, keywords = {Africa, agroforestry, East Africa, Kenya}, url = {http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?f=2013/US/US2013014353410006998.xml;US201301435398}, author = {D. M. Kamweti}, editor = {Louise Buck} } @article {729, title = {Agroforestry practices in the dry regions}, year = {1980}, month = {October 1981}, pages = {419-434}, publisher = {ICRAF}, address = {Nairobi, Kenya}, abstract = {

Several diagrams are included which relate to the items listed below.

This document looks at agroforestry practices in regions characterized by prolonged dry seasons of eight to ten months, low summer rainfall of 200 to 600 mm, exhibiting high yearly fluctuations and high temperatures which often exceed 40C. In this region evaporation, which is accelerated by high temperatures and dry wind currents, is very high, possibly reaching over 20 mm/day during the hotest months. (author)

Sections in this document include: land use practices in Kenya; and, examples of agroforestry practices--Gum Gardens in the Sudan, the Bougag{\'e} Land Rotation System in Niger, and, the use of multi-purpose farm trees.

}, keywords = {Africa, crop rotation, fallow, fuelwood, multipurpose tree species, shifting cultivation}, author = {A. G. Seif el Din}, editor = {Louise Buck} } @conference {800, title = {The law in relation to land practices in Kenya}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the Kenya National Seminars on Agroforestry, 12-22 November 1980, Nairobi, Kenya}, year = {1980}, month = {Nov. 12-22, 1980}, pages = {171-173}, publisher = {KRAF}, organization = {KRAF}, address = {Nairobi, Kenya}, abstract = {This document looks at how the law affects agroforestry in Kenya. It points out that there are two basic types of choice which influence the structure of laws: private choice and public interest level choice. It describes the prevailing conceptions in agroforestry in relation to current laws and it gives a prescription for the future in regard to changes in legislation which will better serve to practice of agroforestry.}, keywords = {Africa, agroforestry}, author = {H. W. O. Okoth-Ogendo} } @article {618, title = {Market structure and social organization in a Ghanaian marketing system}, journal = {American Ethnologist}, volume = {6}, year = {1979}, month = {November 1979}, pages = {682-701}, abstract = {

Models of market structure, borrowed from industrial organization economists, are employed to analyze the relationship between social organization and economic conditions in a Ghanaian marketing system. Comparative analysis of vegetable, fish, and yam marketing identifies three distinct modes of social organization\ \— pure competition, ethnic monopolization, and associational monopolization \— and explains differences in social patterns in terms of underlying supply and distribution structures.

}, keywords = {Africa, associational monopolization, economics, ethnic monopolization, fish, Ghana, market system, marketing, pure competition, social organization, social patterns, vegetables, yams}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/643564}, author = {Brian Schwimmer} } @inbook {870, title = {Experience with individual species}, booktitle = {Tree planting practices in African savannas}, series = {Forestry Development Paper no. 19}, year = {1974}, note = {Chapter 7}, month = {1974}, pages = {42-44}, publisher = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations [sold by Unipub]}, organization = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations [sold by Unipub]}, address = {Rome; New York}, abstract = {

This excerpt deals with specific native trees that can be found in the subdesert zones and their traditional environmental value. The specific species discussed are: Acacia albia, Acacia nilotica, Acacia senegal, Azadicachta indica and Conocarpus lancifolius. All, except for the Acacia senegal, rely on extraneous water supplies for adequate growth. The Acacia senegal relies on rainfall alone for its moisture.

Uses of these trees vary from conservers of soil to economic sources. One example of this is the Acacia albia, it is used mainly for fodder and refertilization of the soil. The Acacia nilotica is the most important species in the Sudan, because of is drought resistance. Gum extraction and fuel use are the economic functions of the Acacia senegal. This is one of the only trees that can be grown for economic purposes in subdesert zones. Each one fulfills a specific purpose in the Sahel.

}, keywords = {Acacia albida, Acacia nilotica, Acacia senegal, Africa, agroforestry, Azadirachta indica, Conacarpus lancifolius, economics, ethnoconservation, planting}, url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/2931603}, author = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)} }